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Musonda's Dissertation INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY (ICT): AN ANALYSIS OF ZAMBIA’S ICT POLICY INITIATIVES AND THE ROLE OF MULTILATERAL ORGANIZATIONS A dissertation presented to the faculty of the Scripps College of Communication of Ohio University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy Musonda Kapatamoyo June 2007 This dissertation entitled INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY (ICT): AN ANALYSIS OF ZAMBIA’S ICT POLICY INITIATIVES AND THE ROLE OF MULTILATERAL ORGANIZATIONS by MUSONDA KAPATAMOYO has been approved for the School of Telecommunications and the Scripps College of Communication by Don M. Flournoy Professor of Telecommunications Gregory J. Shepherd Dean, Scripps College of Communication. Abstract MUSONDA KAPATAMOYO, Ph.D, June 2007, Mass Communication INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY (ICT): AN ANALYSIS OF ZAMBIA’S ICT POLICY INITIATIVES AND THE ROLE OF MULTILATERAL ORGANIZATIONS (254 pp.) Director of Dissertation: Don M. Flournoy This study analyzed the role of Multilateral Organizations in Zambia’s preparation of an Information and Communication Technology (ICT) policy. The research used the qualitative research and secondary analysis methods to gather, analyze and discuss findings. It used the political economy theoretical framework, emphasizing paradigmic approaches of modernization, dependency and globalization to explore the levels of influence from Multilateral Organizations. The study revealed that Multilateral Organizations, which included the World Bank, World Trade Organization, Southern African Development Community and Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa, influenced the Zambian ICT policy process through three mechanisms: they developed protocols and guidelines which Zambia incorporated into its ICT policy; set benchmarks and targets which Zambia was obligated to implement within a specific time frame; and utilized behavioral and resource power to extract binding commitments from the Zambian leadership involved in the policy- making process. Approved: ______________________________________________ Don M. Flournoy Professor, School of Telecommunications Acknowledgements This dissertation, while authored by me, is really a collaborative effort of many. I owe the completion of this dissertation to my dissertation chair and mentor, Professor Don M. Flournoy. For your guidance, kindness and generosity, I am forever grateful. You are indeed a great teacher and model of outstanding academic advising. Your unceasing availability and apt communication, in the midst of your other professional obligations made my academic journey an enjoyable experience despite the challenges I faced. Thank you for meticulously editing my dissertation, your constructive criticism, and regular feedback. I do appreciate the guidance and scholarly input I received from Professor Phyllis Bernt, Professor Greg Newton and Professor Jim Mosher all of whom played a key role in my committee. Thank you for widening my scope of understanding by challenging me academically. My heartfelt thanks go to my most loving, caring, tolerant and patient family. To my parents Gershom Pule and Margaret Mulenga Kapatamoyo, all those years without me at home when you needed to see me, have finally come to pass. My one and only brother, Mutale and my beloved sisters Chama-Maudy, Chama-Margaret, Kombe- Mercy, Momo and Kombe, thank you for the support you gave me when I was far away from you. My grandmother, Sabina Kafitisha, and late grandfather, John Chishala Kafitisha, you have always been my stars and I thank you for believing in me. Your words of wisdom have not landed on deaf ears. To my adopted parents Mr. Chivwara and Mrs. Felistus Phiri, who treated me like their own son, I thank you for your generous support. Ms. Susan Mulikita and Mr. Victor Mbumwae of the Communications Authority of Zambia and Ministry of Communications and Transport respectively, I applaud you both for your input and insights that have made this dissertation a worthy document for our shared country. Your help can certainly not be overemphasized. Mr. Erek Perry, the first Assistant to President for Diversity, and Mr. Sylvester James Aji, I want to thank you from the bottom of my heart for your support, for believing in me and giving me a job which I have performed for six years while completing this doctorate. Without this cushy job my life would have been unbearable. To all my professors, friends, and colleagues who helped in this dissertation and whose names I may have unintentionally omitted, I owe you a great deal. I thank you all. Dedication This dissertation is dedicated to my family, especially Mumba Mumba and Mulenga. You showed me remarkable commitment, support, tolerance and love during my academic journey and long absences from home. I am forever proud of you because you represented the terra firma which provided a unique strength and motivation for me to focus on this project. We suffered together through lean times and came out strong. I therefore remain gratefully indebted to you both. I also dedicate this work to my grandfather Mr. John Chishala Kafitisha who taught me how to read and write at a very young age. You passed away when I was just about to complete my hardest project and never reaped any benefit from your hard work and love. viii Table of Contents Page Abstract ................................................................................... iii Acknowledgements ..................................................................... v Dedication ................................................................................vii List of Tables............................................................................. xi List of Figures............................................................................xii Chapter One - Introduction .......................................................... 1 Geopolitical Situation of Zambia ................................................. 1 Background of the Study........................................................... 4 Definition of Terms................................................................. 22 Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) ............... 22 ICT Convergence................................................................. 27 Liberalization, Deregulation and Privatization........................... 30 Social and Economic Benefits of ICTs ........................................ 31 Policy Process ........................................................................ 37 Theoretical Perspectives.......................................................... 38 Purpose of the Study .............................................................. 39 Research Questions ................................................................ 39 Overview of Chapters ............................................................. 41 Chapter Two – Literature Review................................................. 43 Introduction .......................................................................... 43 Historical Context of Policy Reforms .......................................... 45 New Technologies for Development .......................................... 53 From Nationalization to Privatization ......................................... 60 Multilateral Organizations and Domestic Policy ........................... 65 Technology Determinism ......................................................... 67 ICTs and Social Context .......................................................... 70 Comparative Country Analysis.................................................. 73 Nigeria............................................................................... 74 History of Nigerian Telecommunications............................... 75 Development Planning in Nigeria......................................... 76 Regulation of Telecommunications in Nigeria ........................ 78 Structure of Nigeria’s Telecommunications Sector ................. 81 Other Players in Nigeria ..................................................... 82 Mozambique ....................................................................... 83 History of Mozambican Telecommunications ......................... 85 Development Planning in Mozambique ................................. 86 Regulation of Mozambican Telecommunications .................... 87 Structure of the Mozambican Telecommunications Sector ....... 89 Other Players and Partners in Mozambique........................... 90 ix Chapter Three – Theoretical Framework ....................................... 93 Communications Research and Political Economy Paradigms ........ 93 Theoretical Perspectives.......................................................... 94 Political Economic Paradigms................................................. 94 Modernization Paradigm ....................................................... 95 Globalization..................................................................... 103 Chapter Four – Research Objectives and Methodology.................. 106 Research Objectives ............................................................. 106 Research Procedures ............................................................ 107 Data Sources and Collection .................................................. 109 Research Population and Sample ............................................ 110 Data Analysis ...................................................................... 111 Limitations and Exclusions....................................................
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