Africa and the Middle East 1945–Present Key Events As you read this chapter, look for the key events in the development of Africa and the Middle East. • From the 1950s to the 1970s, most African nations gained independence from colonial powers. • Israel declared statehood on May 14, 1948, creating conflict and struggle between the new state and its neighbors. The Impact Today The events that occurred during this time period still impact our lives today. • Many African nations struggle with political and economic instability. • The United States continues to work with the Israelis and Palestinians to find a peace- ful solution to their territorial disputes. World History—Modern Times Video The Chapter 23 video, “Apartheid,” chronicles segregation and its demise in South Africa. Israeli flag 1962 1964 Nelson Palestine 1948 Mandela Liberation Israel declares arrested and Organization statehood imprisoned formed 1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1957 1963 1967 First British Organization Six-Day African of African War begins colony gains Unity formed independence 700 0700-0710 C23SE-860705 11/25/03 8:19 PM Page 701 Kwame Nkrumah celebrates independence. Ghana gained its independence from Great Britain in 1957. U.S. military planes during Gulf War 1990 2003 HISTORY Iraqi attack on United States and Kuwait leads to its allies overthrow Persian Gulf crisis Iraqi dictator Chapter Overview Visit the Glencoe World History—Modern 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 Times Web site at wh.mt.glencoe.com and click on Chapter 23– Chapter Overview to 1979 1984 1994 preview chapter information. Israel and Egypt Desmond Tutu Nelson Mandela sign the Camp wins Nobel Peace becomes South David Accords Prize Africa’s first black president Inauguration of Leaders of Camp David Accords Nelson Mandela 701 Mohammad Reza Pahlavi Anti-American protesters in Iran Revolution in Iran n the 1970s, many Iranians began to grow dissatisfied Why It Matters with their ruler, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the shah of These revolutionary events in Iran IIran. An opposition movement, led by the Muslim clergy are examples of the upheavals that under the guidance of the Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, changed both Africa and the Middle grew in strength. (An ayatollah is a major religious leader. East after 1945. In both these areas The word means “the sign of God.”) of the world, Europeans were forced One observer described a political rally in the capital city of to give up their control and allow Tehran in 1978: “On Sunday, December 11, hundreds of thou- independent states to emerge. The change from colony to free nation sands of people held a procession in the center of Tehran.... was not easy. In Africa, the legacy of Slogans against the shah rippled in the wind—‘Death to the colonialism left arbitrary bound- Shah!’ ‘Death to the Americans!’ ‘Khomeini is our leader,’ and aries, political inexperience, and so on. People from all walks of life could be found in the continued European economic dom- crowd.” ination. In the Middle East, ethnic In January 1979, the shah left Iran, officially for a “period of and religious disputes persist. rest and holiday.” Three weeks later, the Ayatollah Khomeini returned to Iran from exile in Paris. On April 1, his forces History and You The Arab- Israeli war is not one war but a con- seized control and proclaimed Iran to be an Islamic republic. tinual series of struggles. Using your Included in the new government’s program was an attack on textbook and outside resources, the United States, viewed by Khomeini as the “Great Satan.” make a time line of the conflict. On November 4, after the shah had gone to the United Choose three points on your time States for medical treatment, Iranian revolutionaries seized line to highlight, then describe the the United States Embassy in Tehran, taking 52 Americans events that led to those specific hostage. Not until the inauguration of a new American presi- episodes. dent, Ronald Reagan, in January 1981 did the Iranians free their American captives. 702 Independence in Africa Guide to Reading Main Ideas People to Identify Reading Strategy • People hoped that independence would Kwame Nkrumah, Nelson Mandela, Julius Categorizing Information As you read bring democratic governments, but Nyerere, Desmond Tutu, Chinua Achebe this section, complete a chart like the one many African nations fell victim to mili- below identifying the problems in Africa tary regimes and one-party states. Places to Locate during its first stages of independence. • Culturally and economically, African South Africa, Kenya, Liberia, Nigeria Africa nations struggled to resolve the tension Preview Questions Economic between the modern and the traditional. 1. What economic problems did inde- Social Key Terms pendent African nations face? Political apartheid, Pan-Africanism 2. How have social tensions impacted African culture? Preview of Events ✦1960 ✦1962 ✦1964 ✦1966 ✦1968 ✦1970 ✦1972 1960 1962 1963 1967 1971 Blacks massacred Arrest of ANC leader Organization of Civil war in Idi Amin seizes in Sharpeville Nelson Mandela African Unity forms Nigeria control of Uganda Voices from the Past On March 21, 1960, Humphrey Taylor, a reporter, described a peaceful march by black South Africans against white rule: We went into Sharpeville the back way, around lunch time last Monday, driving along“ behind a big grey police car and three armoured cars. As we went through the fringes of the township many people were shouting the Pan-Africanist slogan ‘Our Land.’ They were grinning and cheerful. Then the shooting started. We heard the chatter of a machine gun, then another, then another. One woman was hit about ten yards from our car. Hundreds of kids were running, too. Some of the children, hardly as tall as the grass, were leaping like rabbits. Some of them were shot, too.” —The Mammoth Book of Eyewitness History 2000, Jon E. Lewis, 2000 Demonstration against The Sharpeville massacre was a stunning example of the white government’s white rule oppression of the black majority in South Africa. The Transition to Independence European rule had been imposed on nearly all of Africa by 1900. However, after World War II, Europeans realized that colonial rule in Africa would have to end. This belief was supported by the United Nations charter, which pledged that all colonial peoples should have the right to self-determination. In 1957, the Gold Coast, renamed Ghana and under the guidance of Kwame Nkrumah, was the first former British colony to gain independence. Nigeria, the Belgian Congo (renamed Zaire, now the Democratic Republic of Congo), Kenya, and others soon followed. Seventeen new African nations emerged in 1960. CHAPTER 23 Africa and the Middle East 703 Another 11 nations followed between 1961 and 1965. political reform. The ANC’s efforts, however, met After a series of brutal guerrilla wars, the Portuguese with little success. finally surrendered their colonies of Mozambique At the same time, by the 1950s, South African and Angola in the 1970s. whites (descendants of the Dutch, known as Afrikan- In North Africa, the French granted full independ- ers) had strengthened the laws separating whites and ence to Morocco and Tunisia in 1956. Because Algeria blacks. The result was a system of racial segregation was home to one million French settlers, France known as apartheid (“apartness”). chose to keep control there. Meanwhile, however, Blacks demonstrated against the apartheid laws, Algerian nationalists had organized the National but the white government brutally repressed the Liberation Front (FLN) and in 1954 initiated a guer- demonstrators. In 1960, police opened fire on people rilla war to liberate their homeland. The French who were leading a peaceful march in Sharpeville, leader, Charles de Gaulle, granted Algeria its inde- killing 69, two-thirds of whom were shot in the back. pendence in 1962. After the arrest of ANC leader Nelson Mandela in In South Africa, where the political system was 1962, members of the ANC called for armed resist- dominated by whites, the process was more compli- ance to the white government. cated. Political activity on the part of blacks had begun with the formation of the African National Reading Check Describing How did Algeria gain Congress (ANC) in 1912. Its goal was economic and independence from France? Independent Africa M editerra MOROCCO TUNISIA nean Sea 1956 1956 30°N ALGERIA WESTERN 1962 LIBYA N SAHARA 1951 EGYPT 1922 R Mor. e E d W S e S a MAURITANIA 20°N 1960 MALI SENEGAL 1960 NIGER After World War II, most 1960 1960 ERITREA CHAD 1993 GAMBIA 1960 SUDAN DJIBOUTI African countries gained 1965 BURKINA FASO 1956 1977 independence. GUINEA 1960 BENIN 1958 GHANA 1960 10°N 1. Interpreting Maps IVORY 1957 NIGERIA ETHIOPIA CENTRAL AFRICAN 1941 COAST 1960 REPUBLIC Which countries became 1960 TOGO CAMEROON 1960 independent by 1957? GUINEA- LIBERIA 1960 1960 BISSAU SOMALIA 2. Interpreting Maps 1974 EQUATORIAL DEMOCRATIC UGANDA 1960 SIERRA 1962 KENYA GUINEA GABON REPUBLIC OF 1963 0° Which countries became LEONE 1968 1960 CONGO 1961 CONGO 1960 Indian independent after 1965? SAO TOME ´´& 1960 RWANDA Ocean Atlantic PRÍNCIPE BURUNDI 1962 3. Applying Geography 1975 Ocean 1962 TANZANIA Skills Is there a pattern 1961 COMOROS to the chronology in Country that was never 1975 10°S a colony ANGOLA MALAWI which independence 1975 1963 Dependency ZAMBIA occurred in the different Countries that gained independence 1964 MOZAMBIQUE countries of Africa? What with date of independence: 1975 can you infer from the By 1957 ZIMBABWE MADAGASCAR NAMIBIA 1980 1960 20°S presence or absence of 1957–1960 1990 BOTSWANA 1961–1965 1966 a pattern? After 1965 SWAZILAND 0 1,000 miles 1968 SOUTH AFRICA 0 1,000 kilometers 1910 LESOTHO 30°S Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection 1966 20°W10°W0° 10°E20°E30°E40°E50°E The New Nations Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana, preferred an “African The African states that achieved independence form of socialism.” This meant a system in which in the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s still faced many ownership of the country’s wealth would be put into problems.