'The importance of geographic isolation for tributed species, Scotoplanes globosa and Molpa- species formation has long been recognized for dia blakei, are in the same area replaced by the well-investigated groups of terrestrial animals. cIosely related species, S. clarki and M. granulata. The deep sea, however, with its uniform and A clinal variation is present in the deimatid stable environment and its almost complete ab- Orphnurgus glaber, which ranges from the Bay sence of geographic barriers, seems to offer few of BengaI to the Hawaiian Islands. possibilities of geographic isolation, apart from The deep sea has sometimes been regarded as the discontinuous environment of the hadal a refuge for ancient animal groups which are no zone. longer able to stand the competition at shallow The distribution and geographic variation of depths. This view of a low degree of competition a number of species of holothurians suggest that is hardly compatible with the high faunal diver- geographic isolation with a subsequent subspe- sity recently found in abyssal communities. cies and species formation has taken place in an The existence and dominance of an animal abyssal region along the Pacific coast of Central group in the deep sea depend on its ability to America and northern South America. Two wide- compete successfully in this particular environ- ly distributed species, Deima ualidum and Onei- ment. The Elasipoda is a pronounced example rophanta mutabilis, are in this area represented of a group which owes its dominance to its highly by geographic subspecies. Two other widely dis- evolved adaptation to life in the deep sea.
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Ockelmann, K., 1965: Developmental types in marine - 1895: Berichte der Commission fur Tiefsee-Forschungen, bivalves and their distribution along the Atlantic coast 16. Zoologische Ergebnisse, 5. Echinodermen gesammelt of Europe. -Proc. First Eur. malac. Congr., London 1893, 1894. - Ibid. 62: 121-148. 1962: 25-35. Ohshima, H., 1915: Report on the holothurians collected Sanders, H. L., 1968: Marine benthic diversity: A com- by the "Albatross" in the northwestern Pacific. - Proc. parative study. - Am. Nat. 102: 243-282. U. S. natn. Mus. 48: 213-291. - & R. R. Hessler, 1969: Ecology of the deep-sea benthos. - 1916-1919: Xorthwestern Pacific holothurians collected -Science, N. Y. 163: 1419-1424. by the "Albatross". - Zool. Mag., Tokyo, articles from - - & G. R. Hampson, 1965: An introduction to the study vols. 28-31, [Japanese version of Ohshima 1915, with of deep-sea benthic faunal assemblages along the Gay more numerous illustrations]. Head-Bermuda transect. - Deep Sea Res. 12: 845-867. - 1921: On the development of Cucumaria echinata v. Sars, M., 1968: Om Echinodermer og Coelenterater fundne Marenzeller. - Q. J1 microsc. Sci. 65: 173-246. ved Lofoten. - Forh. VidenskSelsk. Krist. for 1867: 19-23. Ostergren, Mj., 1938: Studien uber die Seewalzen. - Gote- - 1877: New echinoderms. - In: J. Koren & D. C. Daniels- borgs K. Vetensk.- o. VitterhSamh. Handl. 5B, 5, 4: sen (Eds.): Fauna littoralis Norvegiae 3: 49-75. 1-151. Savel'eva, T. S., 1933: Zur Kenntnis der Holothurienfauna Parker, R. H., 1961: Speculations on the origin of the des Japanischen und Ochotskischen Rfeeres. - Issled. invertebrate faunas of the lower continental slope. - Morei SSSR 19: 37-58. (In Russian, German summary). Deep Sea Res. 8: 286-293. - 1966: Class Holothurioidea. -In: E. N. Pavlovskij (Ed.): - 1964: Zoogeography and ecology of some macro-inverte- Atlas of the invertebrates of the Far Eastern Seas of brates, particularly mollusks, in the Gulf of California the USSR. Jerusalem: 294-299. (Translated from the and the continental slope off Mexico. - Vidensk. Meddr Russian edition, Moskva-Leningrad 1955). dansk naturh. Foren. 126: 1-178. Schmidt, W. J., 1925: uber die Lage der optischen Achse Pawson, D. L., 1965a: Some echinozoalls from north of in den Kalkkorpern der Holothurien und ihre Bedeu- New Zealand. -Trans. R. Soc. N. Z., Zoology 5: 197-224. lung fur die vergleichende Morphologie. - Zool. Jb. - 1965b: New sea-cucumbers (Echinodennata: Holothu- (Anat.) 47: 113-154. rioidea) from New Zealand waters.-Rec. Dom. Mus., Schoener, A., 1968: Evidence for reproductive periodicity Wellington 5: 75-82. in the deep sea. - Ecology 49: 81-87. - 1965c: The bathyal holothurians of the hTew Zealand - 1972: Fecundity and possible mode of development of region. - Zoology Publs Vict. Univ. Wellington 39: 1-33. some deep-sea ophiuroids. - Limnol. Oceanogr. 17: - 1966: Ecology of holothurians. -In: R. A. Boolootian 193-199. (Ed.): Physiology of Echinodermata. New York: 63-71. Sewell, R. B. Seymour, 1948: The free-swimming plank- - & M. B. Fell, 1965: -4 revised classification of the den- tonic Copepoda. Geographical distribution. - Scient. drochirote holothurians. - Breviora 214: 1-7. Rep. John Murray Exped. 8: 317-592. Pearse, J. S., 1965: Reproductive periodicities in several Shorygin, A. A,, 1925: Echinodermata aus den Sammlungen contrasting populations of Odontaster validus Koehler, a der Expeditionen des Wissenschaftlichen Meeresinsti- common antarctic asteroid.-Antarctic Res. Ser. 5: tuts im Jahre 1921, 1923 und 1924 gesammelt. - Trudy 39-85. plov. morsk. nauch. Inst. (Ber. wiss. Meeresinst.) 1, 8: Perrier, E., 1886: Les explorations sous-marines. - Paris. 1-27. (In Russian, Gerrrlari summary). 352 pp. - 1926: Die Echinodermen des Weissen Meeres. - Ibid. Perrier, R., 1896: Sur les Elasipodes recueillis par Ie 2, 1: 1-59. (In Russian, German summal). "Travailleur" et le "Talisman". - C. r. hebd. Skanc. - 1928: Die Echinodermen des Barentsmeeres. - Ibid. Acad. Sci., Paris 123: 900-903. 3, 4: 1-128. (In Russian, German summary). - 1900: Diagnose des especes nouvelles d'Holothuries Sluiter, C. Ph., 190la: Neue Holothurien aus der Tief-See dragutes par le "Travailleur" et le "Talisman". - Bull. des Indischen Archipels gesammelt durch die Siboga- Mus. Hist. nat., Paris 6: 116-119. Expedition. - Tijdschr. ned. dierk. Vereen. (2), 7: 1-28. - 1902: Holothuries. - Exptd. scient. Travailleur Talis- - 19Olb: Die Holothurien der Siboga-Expedition. - man: 273-554. Siboga-Exped. 44: 1-142. Petit, L., 1885: Sur une nouvelle espece d'Holothurie, le Smith, R. L., 1968: Upwelling. - Oceanogr. mar. Biol., Laetmogone jourdaini. - Bull. Soc. philomath. Paris ann. Rev. 6: 11-46. (2), 9: 9-11. Sokolova, M. N., 1958: The food of the deep-water benthic Raymont, J. E. G., 1963: Plankton and productivity in the invertebrate detritophages. -Trudy Inst. Okeanol. 27: oceans. - Oxford. 660 pp. 123-153. (In Russian). Rensch, B., 1947: Neuere Probleme der Abstammungs- - 1959: On the distribution of deep-water bottom animals lehre. Die transspezifische Evolution. - Stuttgart. 407 pp. in relation to their feeding habits and the character of
n ..--"&..=- RUIIIIJLIUIII, j. & S. wn*nrtrxm,,,sl.,L.vLL., 1921: Ober die Entwick- sedimentation. -Deep Sea Res. 6: 1-4. lung von Cucumaria frondosa Gunnerus und Psolus - 1972: Trophic structure of the deep-sea macrobenthos. phantapus Strussenfelt. - Bergens Mus. Arb. 1918-1919, -Mar. Biol. 16: 1-12. naturvidensk. rekke, no. 5: 1-99. Suyehiro, Y., Y. Okada, M. Horikoshi & E. Iwai, 1962: A Runnstrom, S., 1928: uber die Entwicklung von Lepto- brief note on the benthic animals on the fourth cruise synapta inhaerens (0. F. Muller). - Ibid. 1927, natur- of the Japanese Expedition of Deep Seas (JEDS-4). - vidensk. rekke, no. 1: 1-80. Oceanogrl Mag. 13: 149-153. Sanders, H. L., 1958: Benthic studies in Buzzards Bay, 1. Sverdrup, H. U., M. W. Johnson & R. H. Fleming, 1942: Animal-sediment relationships. - Limnol. Oceanogr. 3: The oceans, their physics, chemistry, and general 245-258. biology. - Kew York. 1087 pp. Tanaka, Y., 1958: Seasonal changes occurring in the gonad Verrill, A. E., 1885: Results of the explorations made by of Sticlzopus japonicus. - Bull. Fac. Fish. Hokkaido the steamer "Albatross" off the northern coast of the Univ. 9: 29-36. United States in 1883. - United States Commission of Thkel, Hj., 1876: Note sur YElpidia, genre nouveau du Fish and Fisheries, Part XI. Report of the Commis- groupe des Holothuries. - Bih. K. svenska Vetensk- sioner for 1883: 503-699. Akad. Handl. 4, 4: 1-7. Vinogradova, N. G., 1959: The zoogeogiaphical distribu- - 1877: Memoire sur YEl@idia, nouveau genre d'Holo- tion of the deep-water bottom fauna in the abyssal thuries. - K. svenska VetenskAkad. Handl. 14, 8: 1-30. zone of the ocean. -Deep Sea Res. 5: 205-208. - 1962a: Vertical zonation in the distribution of deep-sea - 1879: Preliminary report on the Holothuridae of the benthic fauna in the ocean. - Ibid. 8: 245-250. Exploring voyage of H. M. S. "Challenger", I. - Bih. - 1962b: Some problems of the study of deep-sea bottom K. svenska VetenskAkad. Handl. 5, 19: 1-20. fauna. - J. oceanogr. Soc. Japan, 20th Anniversary - 1882: Report on the Holothurioidea, I. - Rep. scient. Volume: 724-741. Results Voyage Challenger, Zool. 4, 13: 1-176. Walsh, J. R. T., 1891: Natural history notes from H. hf. 1886a: Report on the Holothurioidea, 11. -1bid. 14, - Ind~anMarine Survey steamer "Investigator". So. 24. 39: 1-290. List of deep-sea holothurians, collected during seasons - 188613: Report on the Holothurioidea. Reports on the 1887-91, with descriptions of new species.- J. Asiat. results of dredging. . . "Blake", 30. - Bull. Mus. comp. Soc. Beng. 60: 197-204. Zaol. Harv. 13: 1-21. Wolff, T., 1956a: Isopoda from depths exceeding 6000 Thorson, G., 1946: Reproduction and larval development meters. - Galathea Rep. 2: 85-157. of Danish marine bottom invertebrates. - Meddr - 1956b: Grustacea Tanaidacea from depths exceeding Kommn Danm. Fisk.- og Havunders., Ser. Plankton 4: 6000 meters - Ibid. 2: 187-241. 1-523. - 1960: The hadal community, an introduction. -Deep - 1952: Zur jetzigen Lage der inarinen Bodentier-oko- Sea Res. 6: 95-124. logie. - 2001. Anz., Suppl. 16: 276-327. - 1961: Animal life from a single abyssal trawling. - Ursin, E., 1960: A quantitative investigation of the echi- Galathea Rep. 5: 129-162. noderm fauna of the central North Sea. - Meddr - 1962: The systematics and biology of bathyal and Danm. Fisk.- og Havunders., N. S. 2, 24: 1-204. abyssal Isopoda Asellota. - Ibid. 6: 1-320. Ushakov, P. V., 1952: Investigations on the deep-sea fauna. - 1970: The concept of the hadal or ultra-abyssal fauna. - Priroda, Mosk. 1952, No. 6: 100-102. (In Russian). -Deep Sea Res. 17: 983-1003. - 1971: "Archim&de" dive 7 to 4160 metres at Madeira: Vaney, C., 1906: Holothuries. - Expedition Antarctique Observations and collecting results. - Vidensk. Meddr Francaise (1903-1905). 30 pp. dansk naturh. Foren. 134: 127-147. - 1908: Les Holothuries de 1'Expkdition Antarctique Zenkevich, L. A., 1963: Biology of the seas of the USSR. Nationale 2cossaise. - Trans. R. Soc. Edinb. 46: 405-441. -London. 955 pp. - 1914: Holothuries. -Deuxi&me Expedition Antarclique - & Ya. Birshtein, 1956: Studies of the deep water fauna Francaise (1908-1910). 54 pp. and related problems. - Deep Sea Res. 4: 54-64. Vasseur, E., 1952: Geographic variation in the Norwegian - - 1960: On the problem of the antiquity of the deep- sea-urchins, Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis and S. sea fauna. - Ibid. 7: 10-23. pallidus. -Evolution, Lancaster, Pa. 6: 87-100. - 2. A. Filatova, 6. M. Belyaev, T. S. Luk'yanova & I. A. Verrill, A. E., 1884: Notice of a remarkable marine fauna Suetova, 1971: Quantitative distribution of zoobenthos occupying the outer banks off the southern coast of in the world ocean. -Byull. mask. Obshch. Ispyt. Prir. New England, No. 9. - Am. J. Sci. 28: 213-220. (Biol.) 76: 27-33. (In Russian, English summary).
VI. INDEX TO NAMES OF GENERA AND SPECIES
Main entries in italics. Generic names preceded by '& refer to non-Elasipoda. Specific names in keys, diagrams of bathymetric distribution, and maps of geographic distribution are not included (see main entry to generic name).
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