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A Gender and a Sociological Perspective NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF PUBLIC SERVICE Doctoral School of Military Science Mukhwinder Kaur Women in the Armed Forces: A Gender and a Sociological Perspective. The cases of India and Hungary Supervisor: Dr. habil. Zoltán Jobbágy A Thesis Submitted in Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2020 TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter I..................................................................................................................................... 3 INTRODUCTION: WOMEN IN THE ARMED FORCES ...................................................... 3 1.1 REASONS FOR INDUCTION OF WOMEN IN THE ARMED FORCES: .................. 3 1.2 THE AIM, OBJECTIVES AND THE CONCEPTS OF THE THESIS: 5 1.3 HYPOTHESES .............................................................................................................. 10 1.4 LITERATURE REVIEW .................................................................................................. 12 1.5 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY....................................................................................... 21 1.6 SUMMARY ................................................................................................................... 31 Chapter II ................................................................................................................................. 33 GENDER AND WOMEN ....................................................................................................... 33 2.1 GENDER PERSPECTIVE ............................................................................................ 35 2.2 GENDER, WAR and PEACEKEEPING 40 2.3 INTERNATIONAL REQUIREMENTS (UN,NATO and EU) ..................................... 49 2.4 ATTITUDES TOWARDS WOMEN IN ARMED FORCES 56 2.5 SUMMARY ................................................................................................................... 60 Chapter III ................................................................................................................................ 63 3.1 HISTORY OF WOMEN’s STATUS AND EMPLOYMENT ...................................... 63 3.2 WOMEN AND WORK ................................................................................................. 64 3.3 SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC STATUS OF WOMEN IN INDIA ................................. 69 3.4 SOCIAL AND ECONOMICAL STATUS OF WOMEN IN HUNGARY .................. 71 3.5 SUMMARY ................................................................................................................... 85 CHAPTER IV .......................................................................................................................... 87 ROLE OF WOMEN IN THE ARMED FORCES ................ Hiba! A könyvjelző nem létezik. 4.1 THEORETICAL APPROACH ...................................................................................... 87 4.2 NATO COUNTRIES ..................................................................................................... 87 4.3 RUSSIA .......................................................................................................................... 98 4.4 ASIAN NATIONS ......................................................................................................... 99 4.5 OTHER NATIONS ..................................................................................................... 101 4.6 STRUCTURE OF INDIAN ARMED FORCES .......................................................... 104 4.7 STRUCTURE OF HUNGARIAN DEFENCE FORCES ............................................ 107 4.8 SUMMARY ................................................................ Hiba! A könyvjelző nem létezik. Chapter V ............................................................................................................................... 117 INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEES FOR WOMEN IN ARMED FORCES ...................... 117 5.1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ 117 5.2 FORMATION OF UNSCR 1325: WOMEN, PEACE and SECURITY ..................... 119 WOMEN IN THE ARMED FORCES – INDIA AND HUNGARY 1 5.3 TERMS OF REFERENCE FOR THE NATO OFFICE ON GENDER PERSPECTIVE .................................................................................................................. 125 5.5 NATIONAL REPORTS TO THE NATO COMMITTEE ON GENDER PERSPECTIVE ................................................................................................................. 127 5.6 INTERNATIONAL MILITARY STAFF OFFICE of THE GENDER ADVISOR .... 129 5.7 SUMMARY ................................................................................................................. 137 Chapter VI ............................................................................. Hiba! A könyvjelző nem létezik. WOMEN IN THE INDIAN AND HUNGARIAN ARMED FORCES ..... Hiba! A könyvjelző nem létezik. 6.1 HISTORICAL OVERVIEW ...........................Hiba! A könyvjelző nem létezik. 6.2 TWO MILITARIES TWO PRACTICES ................ Hiba! A könyvjelző nem létezik. 6.3 MOTIVATION AND SELF ACTUALIZATION .................................................. 144 6.4 WORK RELATED ATTITUDES ........................................................................... 145 6.5 EMPLOYMENT, FAMILY AND SOCIAL SUPPORT 147 6.6 SUMMARY.............................................................................................................. 152 Chapter VII ............................................................................................................................ 153 WOMEN IN COMBAT ......................................................................................................... 153 7.1 WOMEN AS PEACEKEEPERS............................................................................. 156 7.2 INDIAN CONTRIBUTION TO PEACEKEEPING ................................................ 157 7.3 HUNGARIAN PEACEKEEPING CONTRIBUTION ............................................ 162 7.4 FEMALE PERSONNEL IN ARMED FORCES AND STRESS ............................ 163 7.5 FUTURE CHALLENGES ....................................................................................... 173 7.6 SUMMARY.............................................................................................................. 173 Chapter VIII ........................................................................................................................... 175 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS .......................................................................................... 175 8.1 SUMMARY DISCUSSIONS .................................. Hiba! A könyvjelző nem létezik. 8.2 THE MAIN FINDINGS ........................................................................................... 199 8.3 SCIENTIFIC ACCOMPLISHMENTS and RECOMMENDATIONS .................... 201 BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................. Hiba! A könyvjelző nem létezik. WOMEN IN THE ARMED FORCES – INDIA AND HUNGARY 2 WOMEN IN THE ARMED FORCES – INDIA AND HUNGARY 3 Chapter I INTRODUCTION: WOMEN IN THE ARMED FORCES “I was doing my undergrad when the governor with its ADC paid a visit to my school. While the governor was delivering his speech we had no clue what is he was talking about, but we were so mesmerized by the army officer standing beside him in ‘saavdhaan’ attention position. When we came back to our class all the girls were discussing that they would get married to the army officer only as he was so attractive in that uniform.” Thereby Miss Priya Jhingan said “well, I would like to become one.” She wrote a letter to Chief of Army staff General S.F. Rodrigues that why they do not have any policy to induct women in Indian Army? No one was expecting that a chief of army staff would reply, but to her surprise, he did reply. A white envelope stamped from headquarter addressing Miss Priya Jhingan, that we would love to have you Ms. Jhingan as the policy is underway, we need a little time and we would do it. On the eve of Army Day, l5th January 1991 General S.F. Rodrigues announced that the Army would open its doors to women, who would soon contribute to the security of the nation. The Air Force and the Navy soon followed suit. From Miss Priya Jhingan to first cadet Jhingan, her journey from a law graduate to JAG (Judge Advocate General) faced many twists and turns but her enthusiasm and passion to be a part of the Army in uniform had been passed from batches to batches. (Jhingan, 2017) Based on the theoretical aspects and the empirical findings the structure has been designed to study women in the armed forces. 1.1 Reasons for induction of women in the Armed Forces; 1.2 The Aim, Objectives and concepts of the thesis; 1.3 Hypothesis 1.4 Literature Review 1.5 Research Methodology 1.6 Summary 1.1 REASONS FOR INDUCTION OF WOMEN IN THE ARMED FORCES: Earlier the research on female service members has been conducted in the Western nations only, but with the globalisation and emergence of humanitarian missions, participating together WOMEN IN THE ARMED FORCES – INDIA AND HUNGARY 4 with the different nations including male and female service members have made the researchers around the globe to take this issue collectively.Subjects including debates and academic are conducted, for instance in 2011 Sisters in Arms: A case study of the experiences of women warriors in the United States Military by Carmen Teresa Stein-Mccormick of University of South Florida. Another study by Kimbrell from university of Baltimore
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