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Army Explosive Ordnance Disposal Operations in Support of Army Special Operations Forces: What Changes Are Required?

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Army Explosive Ordnance Disposal Operations in Support of Army Special Operations Forces: What Changes Are Required? ARMY EXPLOSIVE ORDNANCE DISPOSAL OPERATIONS IN SUPPORT OF ARMY SPECIAL OPERATIONS FORCES: WHAT CHANGES ARE REQUIRED? A thesis presented to the Faculty of the US Army Command and General Staff College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree MASTER OF MILITARY ART and SCIENCE General Studies by MICHAEL D. EVANS, MAJ, USA B.S., Western Illinois University, Macomb, Illinois, 1989 Fort Leavenworth, KS 2004 Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. MASTER OF MILITARY ART and SCIENCE THESIS APPROVAL PAGE Name of Candidate: MAJ Michael D. Evans Thesis Title: Army Explosive Ordnance Disposal Operations in Support of Army Special Operations Forces: What Changes Are Required? Approved by: , Thesis Committee Chair MAJ Marty L. Muchow, B.S. , Member LTC Steven G. Meddaugh, M.S. , Member Stephen D. Coats, Ph.D. Accepted this 18th day of June 2004 by: , Director, Graduate Degree Programs Robert F. Baumann, Ph.D. The opinions and conclusions expressed herein are those of the student author and do not necessarily represent the views of the US Army Command and General Staff College or any other governmental agency. (References to this study should include the foregoing statement.) ii ABSTRACT ARMY EXPLOSIVE ORDNANCE DISPOSAL OPERATIONS IN SUPPORT OF ARMY SPECIAL OPERATIONS FORCES: WHAT CHANGES ARE REQUIRED? by MAJ Michael D. Evans, 110 pages Army Special Operations (ARSOF) are a significant contributing force in the Global War on Terrorism and have no explosive ordnance disposal (EOD) support other than on an ad hoc basis. The EOD support provided ARSOF, while competent and trained for conventional operations, has not undergone any unique preparation for operations in support of ARSOF. There has been no formal effort to engage both ARSOF and EOD in order to optimize integration. This study assesses what can be done to insure that ARSOF is provided focused and trained EOD in support of missions in a unique operational environment. Conventional forces have ready access to EOD support though relationships established in the continental United States, the Combat Training Centers, and past contingency operations. The Army’s Cold War focus, resulted in EOD being organized and equipped primarily to support conventional forces. The operational environment has changed. The US can no longer expect to fight predominately high intensity mechanized battles on linear, contiguous battlefields. Future opponents will employ asymmetric methods in order to avoid our strengths. ARSOF is central to combating these threats. Proliferation of CBRN technology and the continued use of improvised explosive devices in attacks globally demands a rigorous research effort. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank MAJ Marty Muchow, LTC Steve Meddaugh, and Dr. Steven Coats for their time and patience with this project. I would also like to thank the EOD and ARSOF soldiers for their thoughts and contributions. Mostly, I would like to extend my appreciation to my wife, Pegan for spending the best year of her life making sure that I had as much time as possible for this project. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page MASTER OF MILITARY ART and SCIENCE THESIS APPROVAL PAGE ................ ii ABSTRACT....................................................................................................................... iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................................. iv ACRONYMS.................................................................................................................... vii ILLUSTRATIONS ............................................................................................................ ix TABLES ..............................................................................................................................x CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................1 Research Questions and Research Relevancy to the Current Operational Environment..................................................................................1 Limitations and Constraints .............................................................................................5 Existing Structure and Missions of Explosive Ordnance Disposal .................................7 Existing of Army Special Operations Forces.................................................................13 The Textbook Unconventional War: ARSOF in Afghanistan.......................................19 CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE REVIEW ...........................................................................24 CHAPTER 3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ...............................................................46 Threats to Internal Validity............................................................................................52 Mitigation of Internal Validity Threat ...........................................................................52 CHAPTER 4. ANALYSIS.................................................................................................55 Doctrine..........................................................................................................................55 Organization...................................................................................................................57 Training..........................................................................................................................58 Leadership Development ...............................................................................................63 Material..........................................................................................................................66 EOD Support to Rangers in Operation Iraqi Freedom...................................................67 Tabulated Data...............................................................................................................70 Initiatives Currently Underway......................................................................................73 Support to Counter Proliferation of CBRN ...................................................................76 Two Ways It Could Be Done.........................................................................................78 ARSOF Development of an Organic EOD Capability ..................................................78 Develop Predeployment Habitual Relationship.............................................................80 v CHAPTER 5. CONCLUSIONS and RECOMMENDATIONS........................................83 Conclusions....................................................................................................................83 Recommendations..........................................................................................................84 GLOSSARY ......................................................................................................................88 APPENDIX A QUESTIONNAIRE...................................................................................90 REFERENCE LIST ...........................................................................................................93 INITIAL DISTRIBUTION LIST ......................................................................................98 CERTIFICATION FOR MMAS DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT .................................99 vi ACRONYMS AAR After Action Review AOB Advanced Operating Bases ARSOF Army Special Operations Forces CASCOM Combined Arms Support Command CBRN Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear CEA Captured Enemy Ammunition CGSC Command and General Staff College CJSOTF Combined Joint Special Operations Task Force COE Contemporary Operational Environment CP Counter-Proliferation CS Combat Support CSS Combat Service and Support DA Direct Action DAIRS Deployable Automated Incident Reporting System DOD Department of Defense DTA Directed Training Affiliation EOD Explosive Ordnance Disposal FOB Forward Operating Base FORSCOM Forces Command HDO Humanitarian De-mining Operations IED Improvised Explosive Device MMAS Master of Military Art and Science NCO Noncommissioned Officers vii ODA Operational Detachment Alpha OEF Operation Enduring Freedom OIF Operation Iraqi Freedom OPTEMPO Operational Tempo SOF Special Operations Forces TTP Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures USASOC United States Army Special Operations Command USSF US Special Forces USSOCOM US Special Operations Command UW Unconventional Warfare UXO Unexploded Ordnance WMD Weapons of Mass Destruction viii ILLUSTRATIONS Page Figure 1. EOD Peacetime Force Structure ......................................................................13 Figure 2. Army Special Operations Organizational Structure ........................................14 Figure 3. Tabulated Data Production ..............................................................................51 Figure 4. Research Methodology ....................................................................................54 ix TABLES Page Table 1. EOD Tabulated Data........................................................................................71 Table 2. ARSOF Tabulated Data ...................................................................................72 Table 3. Collective Perceptions .....................................................................................72 x CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION The 11 September 2001, attacks clearly demonstrate that determined terrorists will go to any lengths to
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