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Borders and Boundaries Limites Et Frontières Spring / Printemps 2009 Spring / Printemps 2009 Borders and Boundaries Limites et frontières GUEST EDITOR/ RÉDACTEUR INVITÉ : Susan W. Hardwick CONTRIBUTORS/ CONTRIBUTEURS : James M. McCormick Carol A. Chapelle Godefroy Desrosiers-Lauzon Jack Jedwab Hector Mackenzie Richard Jensen Jack Little Roderick A. Macdonald Includes Vol. 3, No. 1 of the Canadian Journal for Social Research, Migrating Identities / Comprend le Vol. 3, nº 1 de la Revue canadienne de recherche sociale, Identités en mouvement Spring / Printemps 2009 Spring / Printemps 2009 3 45 Introduction Comparative Nativism: The United States, Susan W. Hardwick Canada and Australia, 1880s-1910s Richard Jensen 7 American Knowledge of Canada and Quebec: 57 A View from Middle America Americans into Canadians: National Identity th James M. McCormick and Carol A. Chapelle North of the 45 Parallel, 1792-1850 Jack Little 19 Borders and Boundaries: Geographies 60 and Identity in Canada and the U.S Human Rights and Identity – Human Identities and Rights Susan W. Hardwick Roderick A. Macdonald 27 Canadian Snowbirds as Migrants Godefroy Desrosiers-Lauzon 33 CANADIAN JOURNAL FOR SOCIAL RESEARCH REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE SOCIALE Are Good fences necessary to preserve good neighbors? rd e Migration Flows across the Canada-US Border and the 3 edition / 3 édition Desired Proximity of Canadians to the United States Migrating Identities Jack Jedwab Identités en mouvement 39 Mapping Canada’s World: Depicting Canada’s International Relations in the Twentieth Century Hector Mackenzie Canadian Issues is published by Thèmes canadiens est publié par Canadian Studies Program Programme des études canadiennes PRESIDENT / PRÉSIDENT Canadian Issues / Thèmes canadiens is a quarterly publication of the Associa- Minelle Mahtani, University of Toronto tion for Canadian Studies (ACS). It is distributed free of charge to individual OUTGOING PRESIDENT / PRÉSIDENT SORTANT and institutional members of the ACS. Canadian Issues is a bilingual publica- The Honourable Herbert Marx / L’honorable Herbert Marx FRENch-LANGUAGE SECRETARY / SECRÉTAIRE DE laNGUE FRANÇAISE tion. All material prepared by the ACS is published in both French and English. Claude Couture, Campus St-Jean, University of Alberta All other articles are published in the language in which they are written. ENglISH-LANGUAGE SECRETARY / SECRÉTAIRE DE laNGUE ANglaISE Opinions expressed in articles are those of the authors and do not necessarily Desiree McGraw, Sauvé Foundation reflect the opinion of the ACS. The Association for Canadian Studies is a volun- STUDENTS’ REPRESENTATIVE AND TREASURER / tary non-profit organization. It seeks to expand and disseminate knowledge REPRÉSENTANTE DES ÉTUDIANTS ET TRÉSORIÈRE Nehal El-Hadi, University of Toronto about Canada through teaching, research and publications. The ACS is a BRITISH COLUmbIA AND YUKON REPRESENTATIVE / scholarly society and a member of the Humanities and Social Science Federa- REPRÉSENTANTE DE la COLOmbIE-BRITANNIQUE ET DU YUKON tion of Canada. Jean Teillet, Pape Salter Teillet QUEBEC REPRESENTATIVE / REPRÉSENTANT DU QUébEC Canadian Issues / Thèmes canadiens est une publication trimestrielle de Caroline Desbiens, Université Laval l’Association d’études canadiennes (AEC). Elle est distribuée gratuitement aux ONTARIO REPRESENTATIVE / REPRÉSENTANT DU ONTARIO membres de l’AEC. CITC est une publication bilingue. Tous les textes émanant Irving Abella, York University de l’AEC sont publiés en français et en anglais. Tous les autres textes sont PRAIRIES AND NORTHWEST TERRITORIES REPRESENTATIVE / REPRÉSENTANT DES PRAIRIES ET DES TERRITOIRES DU NORD-OUEST publiés dans la langue d’origine. Les collaborateurs et collaboratrices de Dominique Clément, University of Alberta Thèmes canadiens sont entièrement responsables des idées et opinions expri- ATlaNTIC PROVINCES REPRESENTATIVE / REPRÉSENTANTE DE L’ATlaNTIQUE mées dans leurs articles. L’Association d’études canadiennes est un organisme Maurice Basque Université de Moncton pancanadien à but non lucratif dont l’objet est de promouvoir l’enseignement, EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR OF THE ACS / DIRECTEUR géNÉRal DE L’AEC la recherche est les publications sur le Canada. L’AEC est une société savante Jack Jedwab DIRECTOR OF PROGRammING AND ADMINISTRATION / et membre de la Fédération canadienne des sciences humaines et sociales. DIRECTEUR DES PROGRammES ET ADMINISTRATION James Ondrick Canadian Issues / Thèmes canadiens acknowledges the financial support of DIRECTOR OF PUblIcaTIONS / DIRECTRICE DES PUblIcaTIONS the Government of Canada through the Canadian Studies Program of the Sarah Kooi Department of Canadian Heritage for this project. DIRECTOR OF RESEARch / DIRECTEUR DE REchERchE Siddharth Bannerjee Canadian Issues / Thèmes canadiens bénéficie de l’appui financier du Gouvernement du Canada par le biais du Programme d’études canadiennes du ministère du Patrimoine canadien pour ce projet. LETTERS/COURRIER Comments on this edition of Canadian Issues? Spring / Printemps 2009 We want to hear from you. GUEST EDITOR / RÉDACTEUR INVITÉ Write to Canadian Issues—Letters, ACS, 1822A, rue Sherbrooke Ouest, Susan Hardwick Montréal (Québec) H3H 1E4. Or e-mail us at <[email protected]> EDITOR-IN-CHIEF / RÉDACTEUR EN CHEF Your letters may be edited for length and clarity. Jack Jedwab MANAGING EDITOR / DIRECTEURS À LA RÉDACTION Des commentaires sur ce numéro? Sarah Kooi (Association for Canadian Studies) Écrivez-nous à Thèmes canadiens EDITORIal ASSISANT / ASSISTANT ÉDITORIAL Courrier, AEC, 1822A, rue Sherbrooke Ouest, Montréal (Québec) H3H 1E4. Marissa Figlarz Ou par courriel au <[email protected]> Vos lettres peuvent être DESIGN / GRAPHISME modifiées pour des raisons éditoriales. Bang Marketing : 514 849-2264 • 1 888 942-BANG [email protected] ADVERTISING / PUBLICITÉ [email protected] 514 925-3099 ACS ADDRESS / ADRESSE AEC 1822, rue Sherbrooke Ouest, Montréal (QC) H3H 1E4 514 925-3096 / [email protected] INTRODUCTION Susan W. Hardwick The first decade of the st21 century witnessed a process of defining the differences between two unprecedented changes in the politics of the Canada-U.S. groups—of distinguishing oneself or one’s country from border as well as dramatic increases in international others. These and other definitions of identity raise a migration worldwide. This special issue on boundaries series of intriguing and timely questions about the and borders provides a geographical, historical, and comparative processes of identity construction, especially political overview of the patterns, issues, and relationships the emerging identities of Canadian and American linking Canada and the United States. As a set, the migrants. articles that appear on the following pages provide an We begin with a foundational look at basic analysis of some of the key processes shaping the fluid knowledge of Canada as expressed by a group of intersections of geography, migration, and identity north American university students based on a pilot study and south of the 49th parallel. conducted by James McCormick and Carol Chappelle. Despite a plethora of published work on interna- Data gathered and analyzed from this Iowa State Univer- tional migration during the past decade or so, remarkably sity assessment of undergraduate students’ knowledge of little has been said about American migration to Canada Canadian geography, politics, culture, and languages or the migration and settlement of Canadians in the serves as a cogent reminder of the persistent lack of basic United States. This is particularly surprising considering knowledge about Canada among many if not most the many shared historical, economic, and cultural ties Americans. Based on student responses to questions linking these two neighboring North American countries. posed to Political Science and French Language students Likewise, to date, scholars in a variety of fields have spent in this assessment, a great deal remains to be done to a great deal of time comparing and debating the national educate American students about their largest trading identities of Canadians and Americans (see, for example, partner and northern neighbor. Lipset 1989, Granatstein and Hillmer 1991, Konrad and Next, we have Geographer Susan Hardwick’s Nicol 2008 among many others). However, despite article on American migration, settlement, and identity ongoing attention to the impacts of migrant flows in other in Canada. Driven in part by an escape from the ultra- parts of the world, other than the historical analysis of conservative policies of the former U.S. President Americans in Canada during the Vietnam War years by George W. Bush era, as well as a desire for safety and John Hagan (2000, 2001) and earlier work by geographer security, multiculturalism, universal health care, gun Randy Widdis (1997) and a few other scholars, very little control, and more open policies toward gays and has been accomplished on this topic. Even less has been lesbians, Hardwick’s article shows how there are said about Canadian migration into the United States now more Americans in Canada than at any time since with the notable exception of Jeffrey Simpson’s Star the Vietnam War era. Following her spatial analysis of Spangled Canadians (2000). The goal of this special issue the migration flows and settlement patterns of is to help fill this gap in the literature on migration, U.S.-born migrants in Canada, Hardwick then turns her identity, and place in Canada and the United States. attention to uncovering some rather surprising findings Identity is a
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