Spring / Printemps 2009 Spring / Printemps 2009 Borders and Boundaries Limites et frontières GUEST EDITOR/ RÉDACTEUR INVITÉ : Susan W. Hardwick CONTRIBUTORS/ CONTRIBUTEURS : James M. McCormick Carol A. Chapelle Godefroy Desrosiers-Lauzon Jack Jedwab Hector Mackenzie Richard Jensen Jack Little Roderick A. Macdonald Includes Vol. 3, No. 1 of the Canadian Journal for Social Research, Migrating Identities / Comprend le Vol. 3, nº 1 de la Revue canadienne de recherche sociale, Identités en mouvement Spring / Printemps 2009 Spring / Printemps 2009 3 45 Introduction Comparative Nativism: The United States, Susan W. Hardwick Canada and Australia, 1880s-1910s Richard Jensen 7 American Knowledge of Canada and Quebec: 57 A View from Middle America Americans into Canadians: National Identity th James M. McCormick and Carol A. Chapelle North of the 45 Parallel, 1792-1850 Jack Little 19 Borders and Boundaries: Geographies 60 and Identity in Canada and the U.S Human Rights and Identity – Human Identities and Rights Susan W. Hardwick Roderick A. Macdonald 27 Canadian Snowbirds as Migrants Godefroy Desrosiers-Lauzon 33 CANADIAN JOURNAL FOR SOCIAL RESEARCH REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE SOCIALE Are Good fences necessary to preserve good neighbors? rd e Migration Flows across the Canada-US Border and the 3 edition / 3 édition Desired Proximity of Canadians to the United States Migrating Identities Jack Jedwab Identités en mouvement 39 Mapping Canada’s World: Depicting Canada’s International Relations in the Twentieth Century Hector Mackenzie Canadian Issues is published by Thèmes canadiens est publié par Canadian Studies Program Programme des études canadiennes PRESIDENT / PRÉSIDENT Canadian Issues / Thèmes canadiens is a quarterly publication of the Associa- Minelle Mahtani, University of Toronto tion for Canadian Studies (ACS). It is distributed free of charge to individual OUTGOING PRESIDENT / PRÉSIDENT SORTANT and institutional members of the ACS. 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Marissa Figlarz Ou par courriel au <[email protected]> Vos lettres peuvent être DESIGN / GRAPHISME modifiées pour des raisons éditoriales. Bang Marketing : 514 849-2264 • 1 888 942-BANG [email protected] ADVERTISING / PUBLICITÉ [email protected] 514 925-3099 ACS ADDRESS / ADRESSE AEC 1822, rue Sherbrooke Ouest, Montréal (QC) H3H 1E4 514 925-3096 / [email protected] INTRODUCTION Susan W. Hardwick The first decade of the st21 century witnessed a process of defining the differences between two unprecedented changes in the politics of the Canada-U.S. groups—of distinguishing oneself or one’s country from border as well as dramatic increases in international others. These and other definitions of identity raise a migration worldwide. This special issue on boundaries series of intriguing and timely questions about the and borders provides a geographical, historical, and comparative processes of identity construction, especially political overview of the patterns, issues, and relationships the emerging identities of Canadian and American linking Canada and the United States. As a set, the migrants. articles that appear on the following pages provide an We begin with a foundational look at basic analysis of some of the key processes shaping the fluid knowledge of Canada as expressed by a group of intersections of geography, migration, and identity north American university students based on a pilot study and south of the 49th parallel. conducted by James McCormick and Carol Chappelle. Despite a plethora of published work on interna- Data gathered and analyzed from this Iowa State Univer- tional migration during the past decade or so, remarkably sity assessment of undergraduate students’ knowledge of little has been said about American migration to Canada Canadian geography, politics, culture, and languages or the migration and settlement of Canadians in the serves as a cogent reminder of the persistent lack of basic United States. This is particularly surprising considering knowledge about Canada among many if not most the many shared historical, economic, and cultural ties Americans. Based on student responses to questions linking these two neighboring North American countries. posed to Political Science and French Language students Likewise, to date, scholars in a variety of fields have spent in this assessment, a great deal remains to be done to a great deal of time comparing and debating the national educate American students about their largest trading identities of Canadians and Americans (see, for example, partner and northern neighbor. Lipset 1989, Granatstein and Hillmer 1991, Konrad and Next, we have Geographer Susan Hardwick’s Nicol 2008 among many others). However, despite article on American migration, settlement, and identity ongoing attention to the impacts of migrant flows in other in Canada. Driven in part by an escape from the ultra- parts of the world, other than the historical analysis of conservative policies of the former U.S. President Americans in Canada during the Vietnam War years by George W. Bush era, as well as a desire for safety and John Hagan (2000, 2001) and earlier work by geographer security, multiculturalism, universal health care, gun Randy Widdis (1997) and a few other scholars, very little control, and more open policies toward gays and has been accomplished on this topic. Even less has been lesbians, Hardwick’s article shows how there are said about Canadian migration into the United States now more Americans in Canada than at any time since with the notable exception of Jeffrey Simpson’s Star the Vietnam War era. Following her spatial analysis of Spangled Canadians (2000). The goal of this special issue the migration flows and settlement patterns of is to help fill this gap in the literature on migration, U.S.-born migrants in Canada, Hardwick then turns her identity, and place in Canada and the United States. attention to uncovering some rather surprising findings Identity is a