Carlow Historical and Archaeological Society

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4 To call it a Beet Factory rather than a Sugar Factory was a misnomer, CARLOW but from the start of the project in 1926 we in Carlow have never known it otherwise. BEET Hundreds walked out the Athy Road every Sunday to view the progress tnat had been made from the previous week. It is impossible to­ day to recreate the wonder of a vast steel shell filling up with machinery. FACTORY The walls came last. The speed of the project caught the popular imagination: our genera­ tion was getting their first view of a construction system which is a com­ 1926-1976 monplace concept to-day. There was a great sense of elation that Carlow had been chosen for this great experiment. This was tempered by the fear that not enough beet would be grown to make the operation viable. The prophets of doom were confounded. Carlow experienced its first Campaign. The sparkling little engines drew the beet wagons from the railway siding to the factory. Barges edged their way into the harbour. All types of road transport were pressed into service. Carlow was cushioned against the worst effects of the Great Depres­ sion which was only a few years away. With a vista of lean years again ahead, the Beet Factory hopefully stands as a guarantPe that Carlow can weather the storm. PATRICK MURRAY, DUBLIN STREET, CARLOW

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l I I I CARLOVIANA Bad News and Good i Volume 2. Nq. 25 New Serirs 1976/'77 ! Most archaeological and historical societies publish a Journal of Old Carlow Society Editor: Hugh Dolan. journal. These differ in price, content and format but have Printed by 'Nationalist' Carlow. some similarities. Through the pages of a journal, members have the fruits of their historical research published for a wider readership, a record of the societies activities is available and future generations will have ac­ cess to information about their past. Another less beneficial link between the various historical magazines is 'the increased cost of producing them. Carloviana, like many similar journals is finding it more of a struggle to Contents: exist and each year threatens to be the last.

The reasons for such a state of affairs are clear. The cost Life on a farm 100 years ago of printing and of newsprint has soared as buyers of ...... Page 12 printed matter are aware. Historical journals are not the country's fastest sellers. There is a limit to the amount the The Economic and Social Scene reader and advertiser can be asked to pay. To reduce the in Co. Carlow in the l 790's number of articles would defeat one of the purposes of the ...... Page 14 journal. The future looks anything but promising.

A Priest in Politics. Fr. Tyrell It is against this background that Carloviana 197 6/77 1823-'43 ...... Page 19 makes its appearance. To balance the bleak economic news is the fact that the number of articles submitted is on the increase and some articles have had to be held ·•\ The Normans ...... Page 22 over. This is but one example that interest in local history is as strong as ever. Out contributors deserve the thanks of Merchants and Tradesmens this and future generations. There are still plenty of topics tokens of Carlow, awaiting research and eventually publication. In an inside Bagenalstown and Tullow page our chairman develops this point...... Page 24 Articles which appear in Carloviana are by no means Pattern Day at St. Molings the final word on any subject. Some of the writers raise ...... '.Page 27 questions and the views and opinions of readers are in­ l vited. Fruitful exchange of views can result in further and deeper information on Carlow's past. A Carlow Background to two Chinnery Portraits ... Page 3 2 To continue this work the support of readers and adver- · tisers is necessary. They can ensure that Carloviana c.on­ Sir Arthur Brooke Faulkner tinues to be published. Their goodwill in the past is ap­ ...... Page 34 predated; it is vital for the future.

Chairmans Report ..... Page 36

Secretarys Report ...... Page 3 7 Cover: Aghade Bridge, Tullow, Co. Carlow. By Austin Crowe ..

11 the churn. The fireplace had a long wide grate with wide hobs which were used as seats. At the back of the Life on a farm fireplace was the parlour. The front door was situated near the wall separating the kitchen from the bedroom and the back door on the wall near the entrance to the parlour. 100 years ago The chimney was of the type known as wattle and daub. The slope of the chimney near the parlour entrance had been boarded up and was used as a cubby hole. The rafters and the This account came into my father's scraws underneath the thatch were hands through the kindness of Miss Johanna O'Dooley plain to be seen. For furniture, the Keane (former NT in Ratheniska) kitchen had a big table, well scourecl He wrote to her some twenty years and always shining, under the win­ ago, to consult her on a question dow of the front wall. The settle bed of folklore. She very kindly we washed down with water or but­ was placed along the back wall near answered his query, and sent as well termilk. Tay was given at five or six the fire. Near it was a large bin for a manuscript containing notes on the o'clock, sometimes in the fields, but flour and meal, and some shelves for subject. In this manuscript he found more often in the kitchen. Supper, holding small articles. portion of the "Autobiography of an like breakfast, consisted of potatoes, Old Lady," which Miss Keane had and buttermilk. This was the last THE KITCHEN DRESSER taken down verbatim, from the Old meal for thyworkman. After the The dresser was against the wall Lady's dictation. He found it a most Rosary, about 9 or 1O o'clock, a opposite the fire. It had a few open interesting picture of farm life in saucepan of new milk was put down shelves on top filled with pewter Laois many years ago, and sought and the master, mistress and myself plates and noggins. A dozen or so Miss Keane's permission to publish it, got a sup. delph plates 'were piled up at one which she gladly granted. There are end. Other plates of a larger size were no changes made except to omit THE FARM HOUSE placed on the bin or perhaps inside it. names of persons and places. The man of the house farmed 20 Cups and saucers and mugs were kept Irish acres. The farmhouse was a long in the bed· of _the dresser (i.e. thy' j THE STORY thatched house, consisting of parlour, lowest shelO. The bottom of the dres­ Seventy years or so ago (this was kitchen and bedroom. The man of the ser was open at both sides to hold l taken down well over thirty years house and his wife occupied the pots and things like that. Long ago ago) when I was between 11 and 12 bedroom. I slept in a settle-bed in the geese or hens were put to hatch in ( years of age, I worked as a servant for parlour; the workman slept in a this part of the dresser, and it was eight or nine months in x's. I got up settle-bed in the kitchen, on a straw done still in my time 70 years ago. at five o'clock - never later than six mattress. He had a few bits of old There were no shelves or drawers in - lighted a hard coal fire and put blankets and some old coats to cover this part of the dresser. The front was down a big pot of spuds. I then put a panelled but it was quite open at the I him. I had a nice little feather bed 1 I canvas cloth on the table. This cloth and fairly good shelter. I had two back and sides. Knives and forks I originally coveFed a teachest. It was sheets, a blanket and a drugget quilt. were kept in a knife box on top of the washed periodically and kept spotles­ In their room there was a plain table, 'bin. Spoons were slipped into a sly clean. I put a cellar full of salt on a looking glass and a towel, but no special groove made by a band of the table and a big mug of skimmed water jug or basin. When they needed leather nailed to the shelf of the dres­ milk, and a knife for each person in to wash they took in a tin basin of hot ser. the house. I then heeled out the spuds or cold water. Their room had a large FIRESIDE right on top of the table. There was press for clothes. It had no fireplace. A big wooden form was used at the no dish or skib or vessel of any kind table during meal times, When this to hold them'. We all sat down, the THE PARLOUR was not in use it was kept under the boss, his wife, the workman and The walls of this room were table astride the rungs. A short form myself (I was the girl), and we ate our papered. For furniture it had a table stood on each side of the fireplace, -t fill. in the centre of the room, a plain little and at one side you could lean back We had no butter or plates. After sideboard at a side wall, the press bed against the wooden partition which the meal the man of the house and and six good horse hair chairs. These separated the entrance to the parlour his wife went into the parlour and sat were covered in white lawn edged from the fireplace. There were also in down to their tay and bread and but­ with red. In one corner stood a three the kitchen three chairs and two ter. The workman and myself got a cornered press with glass shutters on fourlegged stools. sup when they had finished. Often the top half. This was used for china Tay, sugar and soap were kept on a last night's tay would J?e put in a and glass. There was a nice fireplace shelf over the fireplace. This shelf was It, saucepan and left stewiifk beside the with a mantelpiece, over which hung ornamented with four brass I fire and handed to the workman· a small mirror. The floor was candlesticks. There were a couple of when he had taken his spuds and tay.' cemented. In the window stood a few pegs on each side of the fireplace, Meal was scarce at that time but pots of geraniums. where you could hang wet clothes to potatoes were plentiful. We had dry. There was also a line .stretched break~st at 7 and dinner at noon. THE KITCHEN across the kitchen for the laundry and Dinner consisted of boiled potatoes, The kitchen had an earthen floor for airing clothes. American bacon and cabbage, which with a big stone flag in the centre for The walls of the kitchen and

12 bedroom were whitewashed with scald for the horses. I had to milk morning, noon and night. lime every second month, with a three cows every morning before When the new meal came in we'd whitewash brush. The outer walls of eight o'clock and every night have stirrabout, thick and strong, the house were whitewashed with between five and six. Then I had to morning and night. Skim milk or but­ lime, which had been steeped for a look after the calves, about three termilk was used with it. You'd get a fortnight, with a besom. A heath altogether. Maybe only one of them great big dish and put out plenty of besom was also used to sweep had to be fed morning and evening stirabout; then you'd get your mug thyfloor. with milk and linseed meaL and your big iron spoon and eat your -Sand was used for scouring knives For washing I had no washboard, fill. To be sure the mistress got a little I and tables and fire ashes for spoons or choice of water either. Well and for herself on a saucer.- and pewter. When the pewter was good if there was a drop of rain water cleaned the mistress used to make you could use it, but there was no ves­ FLUMMERY little round spots with her thumb on sel to catch any. You'd steep your When fresh oaten meal was to be I the shining metal. clothes tonight, we'll say, then you'd had, we made flummery. We steeped get up early and go through your the meal in cold water and we boiled THE DAIRY morning's work, after putting down the liquid. The meal used to be steep­ The churn was always kept in the the water for the washing. There was ing for weeks, all the spring. We used kitchen. It was a big dash churn. The no Rinso, no Lux - there was to make oaten bread twice a week. It milk vessels were kept outside on a washing soda certainly and starch was wet with buttermilk and baked wall and were always spotlessly and blue. You'd wash them and boil in the baker with a cover on it. On clean. They were plain tin gallons. them and wash them again and rinse Sundays we had a nice cake with cur­ Big earthenware crocks were used to them; then starch everything that rants, sugar, butter, treacle and spices hold the milk and cream when set­ needed starching, such as table cloths, in it for tea. ting. These were kept in the dairy collars, etc. The usual procedure was outside. Butter vessels, a wooden, to steep on Monday, wash on Tues­ BEASTINGS keeler, two wooden plates or day and put out on the clipped hedge The "beastings" were cooked. The trenchers, a large and a small wooden to bleach and iron on Thursday. first beastings were given to the calf - "print," a large wooden vessel for There was no sitting down or it is very rank. (Beastings - the rich holding buttermilk, a pair of butter resting. You'd sit down to your meals milk given for the first few turns after spades, and a dish for raising the but­ certainly, but there would be no delay the cow has calved). The second is ter out of the churn - these were all about it. You'd work and work 'till lighter. You'd put it in a pudding pan kept in the dairy. the eyes fell out of your head. The with nutmeg and sugar and then put The churn was washed with cold mistress worked as hard as ever she · the pudding pan in the baker and water and scrubbed with a good wisp could all day long. We'd put four or cook it gently for one hour. Then of straw twisted tightly and bound five skibs of potatoes in a lough in the you'd serve it hot and it used to be with a band of straw. The churn was yard and we'd get a long stick and lovely. That is Beasting Pudding. scrubbed while you'd be able to stand pound them to get off the dirt, and The mistress would have 12 or 14 over it, first with cold water and after then let them dreep maybe, or maybe lbs of butter for sale every week in the with boiling water. It used to be as not, but put them on a barrow and summer, and she'd keep It lbs for the white as snow and as sweet. It was wheel them to the kitchen door. It use of the house, for the rest of the always aired well outside in fine wouldn't do to come in with them week. An egg you wouldn't get if you weather. half washed either; if you did you'd laid down your life. She'd sell butter Block salt was always used to wheel them back and wash them in Athy made up in a big roll. Butter make the butter. I never saw again. If there was no mankind about was no price at that time only 4td or thymistress using any colouring stuff, I'd pulp four buckets of turnips and 5d (2tp) a pound. She'd have big but I heard tell of people using saffron have them in the cowhouse for the baskets of duck eggs and hen eggs for or grated carrot in the churning to master to give to the fat cattle. sale every Saturday, and she got her make the butter yellow. I'd polish boots on Saturday night provisions for the week for her eggs with slate polish wet with water and and butter. THE DAY'S WORK put them on a shelf on top of the set-. At Christmas we'd have a goose My uncle took me out of that place tie bed. Then I'd put the shirts and and rice and plum pudding, and the after nine months. I was paid I 0/­ underclothing to air at the fire. men would have a drop of drink. St. I (50p) a quarter. I was always ·- ! Except for a cake for tea, every Patrick's Day was another great day. overworked. I used to go down to the meal on Sunday was the same as a A goose was killed for Michaelmas. field to dig potatoes for the dinner weekday - no chicken or fresh meat Three Christmas candles used to be and the pigs, and I'd bring my ass and or any change of food. We'd get very set in turnips and lit, one was set in cart with me. It was heavy work, little butter - never any with each window but I can't remember it. because the "faic" was heavy and potatoes, and we'd nearly bless They always had something new to awkward, not like the spades now ourselves if we saw a bit on our wear on Christmas Day. The mistress used. It didn't make a posy odds bread. It used to be put on the bread might make a present of a goose to whether it was wet or dry, I had to with one rub of the knife and scraped some friend, but as a rule she only kil­ go. I used to boil for seven or eight off with another; it was only the led the three for themselves and sold pigs and chop food outside in the name of butter, just a scrape in the the rest. boilerhouse for them. I gave them middle of a chunk of bread. When the No one was allowed to carry a turnips, potatoes, pollard and maybe blackberries were in we gathered lighted coal outside. If a man wanted white cabbage, when it was in, and them and stewed them and used to light his pipe he could do so inside mangold leaves, all chopped up real them on the bread, and then you the house, but on no account would fine ... might go on with your hard work. he be allowed to carry out a live coal. At 10 o'clock at night I had to put Mushrooms were the same; when Here the old lady's account comes down a great big pot of turnips to they were in season we'd get them to an end. 13 f I The Economic and Social Scene in County Carlow in the 1790's (Part II)

Like most towns of the above shop almost had attached to it a period Carlow was essentially a rural house which is used as an inn.' 6 town depending much on the Sister Maura Duggan The impressions below of one gentleman's demesnes to supply traveller are those of most visitors to business and it was particularly for­ the town: tunate in that so many were situated As you approach Carlow, the scene within easy reach of that town. The statement for May 1794 includes the alters, the country seeming to be en­ list of shop-keepers and merchants in item 'To Neara, cooper for making 2 tirely occupied by gentlemen's parks, the Appendix indicates the nature of tubs and 2 pails, 4/4. Blacksmiths walled in, and recently planted; the demand which the businessmen prices seem to have varied even over which will appear most delightful and artisans supplied. This list gives a short period. The saddler's bill when the trees are fully grown. The no account of the number of skilled quoted below gives some idea of the town itself is pleasantly situated on surveyors, tanners, masons, amount of work involved in earning the Barrow, and makes a very cheer­ shoemakers, smiths, stone-cutters, a pound.'. ful appearance from the number of I saddlers which were on call within Thos. Whaley Esq. to Andr. white houses scattered up and down; t easy reach of the town and whose Fitzgerald. (Farrell's brother-in-law) nor are you at all disappointed when names turn up in the Faulkner 1790. you enter it, there being a cleaness 1 Papers. Hugh Faulkner found fault with the standard of agricultural Thos. Whaley Esq. To Andr. Fitzgerald. (Farrell's brother-in-law) 1790. I £ s d work, with the lack of farming August 21 To stuffing a saddle ...... Bt knowledge of Phil Kennedy, the August 29 To 3 pairs of dog couples ...... 3 3 October 10 To a strong strap for the goats ...... I I I steward/gardener of the estate but October 10 To a top strap ...... 6 I there were no criticisms of the stan­ October 10 To stuffing and mending the pannel of a saddle ...... 10 October 25 To new lining a collar ...... I 8 dard of work of the artisans then busy December 30 To a new pair of girths ...... 2 st I making the Castletown house December 30 To a pair of stirrup leathers ...... 3 3 December 30 To 3 pannels to the saddles ...... 8 It t habitable, and the improvements December 30 To 3 straps t_o the saddle, 3d each ...... 9 i then carried out, stand today as December 30 To stuffing a saddle ...... 9 ' wit~ss of the skill and thoroughness I 3 6 of t ese workmen. Since artisans Recd. contents in full this day 27th Sept. 1791 wag were usually paid in bulk on Andrew Fitzgerald. ·the c mpletion of a job of work or a major portion of it, it is not easy to discover what they were paid per That saddlers, tailors, blacksmiths, and neatness in the streets I had not day. Crumpe felt that 'Tradesmen in carpenters could give such long credit seen hitherto on this road. There was Ireland have much less cause of com­ is the measure of their bustling trade. a good flesh market, and everything plaint than any other class of Phil Kennedy saw to the accounts for wore the appearance of a good labourers. Their wages are nearly as the Faulkner and Whaley property English village. Such are the happy high as in England.' When it is con­ and saw to it that accounts were dealt effects of a little trade I For here they sidered, says Young, "that common. with what was considered promp­ have the manufacture of the coarsest labour in Ireland is but little more titude. Kennedy himself received 2/­ kind of woolen cloths, and are con­ than a third of what it is in England, per day. Like Purser a blacksmith cerned with supplying the it is extraordinary that artisans are who lived near Castletown, most ar­ neighbourhood with coals from paid nearly Jf not full, as high as in tisans probably supplemented their Kilkenny. 7 3 that Kingdom. " • Farrell in his earnings by keeping a cow and some Supplies of coal were readily memoir gives the impression that the fowl. Kennedy noted June 1794 in available from the collieries in the artisan was relatively well off. Wages the Faulkner Accounts 'By grass for Slieve Margy hills a few miles from would appear to have been Purser's cow to March 25, £2.10.0. the town. Of these 'the most con­ somewhat less than Wakefield gave The town itself was remarked on siderable of the many which are 4 as standard in the county for 1822. • for its neatness and industry than for worked in these hills, are the 1According to a Faulkner bill of 1798 a any feature of historic importance - Donaane colleries, the estate of the slater was paid 2/2 per day; in 1791 a 'a very neat town abounding with Hartpole family, but rented by Mes­ lcarpenter was paid 1/7! per day. A "houses of entertainment; for every srs. Billing and Dillon at £900 p.a.

14 Next rate those at Ardtagle and tallow were in particular demand of three acres of wheat, three of barley, Coolane, the estate of Harman Fitz­ which the average price at the end of two of potatoes. He kept four milch maurice both in his own possession. the century was seven pence per cows, four young heifers, two horses, Tollerton, the estate of J. Stapleton pound, and the woolen markets there three pigs and drilled his potatoes - a Esq .... in his own possession ... ensured a good market to all the method which he preferred: He never Rushes, the estate of Dean Walsh also neighbouring country. 12 Campbell, an employs labourers except at peak t in his own possession ...Ballilehane, earlier but more detached observer, periods but kept in his own family the estate of J. Orington ... makes his had noted the manufacture of the seven or eight workmen, who were own pits ... 8 The steam engine was 'roughest woolen cloths.' Wakefield allowed tenpence a day with their l used at Doonane Colliery only. A bar­ noted the excellent flocks of long victuals, with meat on Thursdays and ren of coal which then consisted of wooled sheep obviously catering for Sundays.' 19 This would appear a six hundredweight was sold for six this market. 14 An informer in 1798 fair picture of life on a well run farm shillings to the coal colliers, who mentioned a cotton manufacturer in of economic size in a period of retailed them through the country. Bridewell Lane whose premises were prosperity. The significance between Colliers who raised them were paid used for concealing guns. Unfor­ the status of casual labourers and resi­ half a crown a barrel for their labour. tunately his interst was in sedition dent is underlined in the differing (Coote remarked incidentally that not industry. 15 average in the Faulkner accounts. 16 there was no road through the hills Labour was paid for in money • on which troops could march and The average wage of the farm that a few insurgents should hold out labourer shows little change between Rents Charged against an army. l 791 and l 844. The shilling a day Local coal for domestic use com­ quoted by Wakefield was seldom reached except at peak season or for New purchasers of Carlow estates pared unfavourably both as to quality were normally absorbed into the and price with Whitehaven coals work such as ploughing which re­ quired some skill. In 1791 an or­ county fairly quickly. A second which were much in use in the generation of the same family houses of the gentry. In 1809 dinary labourer in March earned six pence or seven pence per day, in June emphatically 'belonged.' Frequent Whitehaven coals sold in Carlow at transfer of the property fee was thirty-two shillings per ton. Canal eight pence, in Autumn some earned ten pence.One and four pence was characteristic of Westmeath and charges were paid for each carriage Carlow only, since entailing of and as the barges would return empty paid for 'horse work.' (apparently ploughing). This was the average property seemed to obtain less there. the coal miners were content with By the end of the century most of the 9 scale throughout that decade. The fact almost nominal profit. English coal great Bagenal property, for example, cost twenty-seven shillings a ton in that in 1844 four pence was the daily wage for garden work, sixpence for was sold. One of the purchasers was a Dublin. The malsters, however, 'member of the banking family of La preferred local coals because of their cutting potatoes and ten pence for Touche and though they were not extraordinary heat, the fact that they ploughing reflects how much the sup­ ply of labour exceeded demand in the resident, efforts were made in the emitted no smoke and lasted as long l 790's to secure one of the county as three fires of English coals. 10 rising population. 17 In the l 790' s women could earn nine pence a day seats for Parliament. Other interests at such task work as tying sheaves. were too strong however. La Touche' s Labourer's Wages Much of the work was necessarily income from the estate was reckoned seasonal and the maximum number at seven thousand pounds a year and ,1';, of days worked in the week appears Kavanagh of Borris and Bruen of Oak Some coarse implements such as to have been five. Those figures are Park may have been in the same in­ reaping-hooks, scythes or shears were taken from one estate only but Hugh come bracket. The next grade was made in Carlow town unlike other Faulkner considered that Kennedy between five and seven thousand Irish towns where, Dublin expected, the steward paid far too high a wage pounds a year and the Burtons and nothing similar appears to have been Rochforts were thought to come un­ 11 and was obviously accustomed to bet­ attempted. Topham Bowden ter work for less money in the North. der that heading and perhaps one or thought it a 'considerable manufac­ In April 1795 he informed his brother two others. Many were thought to be turing town' and in contrast to the that he had at least brought about one within the five hundred and two lack of manufacturers in other towns improvement in that he got the men thousand mark but lack of sources his exaggerated language is under­ and the complexities of family affairs to work until 7 p.m. 'who formerly 21 standable. The town, he observed, quit at 6 p.m. or earlier. 18 Wakefield make it difficult to assess income. • was 'particularly famous for the best visited Carlow in l 809 and found the Perhaps the most relevant fact was spurs in Europe.' Many new buildings price of labour in harvest from one Wakefield's comment that in general were under construction and he con­ the county was tenanted by more 12 and six pence to two shillings and sidered it a rising town. Coote in other periods tenpence. These prices wealthy people than most counties. the survey already referred to, men­ probably reflect the inflation in A fact which contributed much to tioned that Carlow market afforded a agriculture due to the Napoleonic the financial stability of the county great consumption for the excellent wars. He also remarked on the was that farms were of an economic black cattle raised in Slewmargy 'be­ greater demand for meat at the vil­ size and sub-division was much less a ing thickly inhabited by gentry and lage of Myshall reflecting again a factor than elsewhere. The practice of opulent traders, its population is very temporary rise in the standard of liv­ giving leases for lives - encouraged great, and perhaps no town in ing. by Foster's corn laws and further Ireland is better surrounded with fine Wakefield recounts an interview stimulated by the opening of the demesnes, which are all resided on by with a Mr. Collier who farmed fifty franchise to the Catholic forty shilling a resident and spirited gentry. Carlow acres of land who gave him a precise freeholders - was giving rise to sub­ provided ' a good market for every account of his affairs. division at the turn of the century. commodity from hence.' Hides and "That year ( 1809) he had cultivated The rise in population which augured 15 i I

the beginning of the great land 17 September 1792 case of this county emerges during hunger of the nineteenth century may I propose to pay you forty shillings the course of the years 1797-98. also have been a factor. Walter per acre for the above mentioned It is very difficult to decide on pop­ Kavanagh of Borris stated that at the farm, which I think is its value, ulation. A population somewhere end of leases for three lives and otherwise if any gentleman who is between 58,000 and 60,000 seems thirty-one years he had a con­ a judge values it more, I will pay probable. Contemporary writers were siderable tenantry on the original the same and give you indemable aware of the rise in population and i property he had leased. Such security (sic) security for your rent. the problems involved in forming an f of tenure had made his tenants highly Murtagh Doyle assessment. And however much Ii !t independent and he regretted the ar­ Doyle claimed that he was recom­ modern historians such as Connell I~ rangement. Perhaps to exercise more mended by Captain Bunbury and and Drake disagree as to the cause· control and yet take advantage) of the other gentlemen. and rapidity of the rise in population ij rents offered during the boom in 11 October 1792. both agree that the increase rose to a ,I agriculture, the tendency at the time I propos (sic) to pay Samuel peak in the l 780's. 29 There is no '!! of Wakefield's visit was to grant Faulkner, Esq. the sum of two documentation for this county as to leases of twenty-one years and one pounds two shillings sterling by the age at which people married. life. 22 Twenty acres was considered a the acre yearly and for the farm of large farm and in view of the number land that is in Castletown for of hands which Collier kept whatever it shall be found to con­ employed to run a larger size would tain or just a survey to be made Population Increases require more capital than would nor- thereof give under my hand this 11 mally be available. . - - October 1792 ~ upon conditions io Increase in rents, the readiness to build a sufficient dwelling house offer high rents, reflects something of Robert Cornwall of Myshall con­ and one hundred barrels of lime."25 the rise in population as well as the sidered that the average rent of the Darby Clowry. buoyant economy and their inter­ county was three guineas an acre in Rents were clearly on the increase in action on each other. There is nothing 1809 and he observed that in 1787 he the 1790' s and continued to escalate to indicate that the increasing pop­ had let 900 acres in the parish of during the Napoleonic wars. The ulation gave rise to stress in this area Myshall for seven and six an acre removal of the Inland Bounties in during the last decade of the century. which would now bring him in fifty 1797 had not damaged the prosperity That was a feature of the long period shillings at the common term of three of the interior counties as Sir of deflation which followed the end lives or thirty-one years. Opinions Laurence Parsons had argued during of the Napoleonic era. At the end of varied as to what the county average the debate on the Bill. 26. Coote refers the eighteenth century the rich potato rent was (and, of course, such factors in his survey that the Carlow, Kilken­ crop· was supplemented by butter­ as the varying quality of the land had ny, Queen's County area took advan­ milk in the case of the poor and the to be reckoned with) but between tage of the export bounty and that the increase in demand for meat for forty-seven and six and fifty shillings merge was painless and profitable: ' . home consumption noted in Myshall was generally accepted as accurate, ... grain of every kind bears a good indicates an improved standard of good grazing land reaching from living. The Hearth Tax Returns for 23 price and gives advantage of Dublin three pounds to. three pounds ten. rates, which regulate their prices.'27 1791 are little help in estimating pop­ The jump in rents is emphasised by ulation but the fact that 5,503 houses the rise in rents paid by cottiers - were returned as having one hearth from about ten shillings an acre in and 484 as paying for two indicates Young's time to over thirteen shill­ Bounty Legislation on the one hand a relatively decent ings for sixteen perches in the standard of housing, and on the l 790's. 24 The Faulkner estate held This prosperity in fact gave a new other, the social and economic gap some tenants at will but the amount consequence and confidence even to between the different levels of of land it let is not stated. A lease at what was euphemistically referred to 30 society. 268 houses were exempted ' three lives and another for two lives as the 'lower orders' and alerted in as new, 1822 as inhabited by paupers. i and twenty-one years is mentioned. them a certain self-assertion. It is not Wakefield found that in Carlow the without significance that, those men t More interesting are proposals people seemed to enjoy more com­ in the county who in the l 790's forts and found that by contrast in made by prospective tenants: moved froIIl_political awareness to in­ 18 March 1790: To Samuel Faulkner Kilkenny the 'humble orders are !. The proposal of Thos. Donaghoe of volvement tended on the whole to be wretchedly poor.' Evidence perhaps ! ,,'I, Clogristie: landless men whose wealth lay in of the prosperity that goes with f I do propose to pay for that part of their intelligence and the skill of their colonisation was the fact that Irish the Demesne of Clogna lying hands rather than in landed property. was scarcely known there, though it betwixt the old turnpike road and Arguments in Parliament as to the was found aiong the Wexford I danger of removing Bounties were Kilkenny I Carlow border later than the river Barrow, the sum of one 31 pound eight shillings per acre probably to a large extent opposition 1833. tactics and the confusion of politics Travellers praised the town for its holding it yearly during Mr. 28 iii Whaley's pleasure with the liberty and economics. There is no air of prosperity but remarked also on evidence that the 1797 Bounty 11.i__ :1,1 of ploughing that part of the land the great number of beggars there.· which now lies in small ridges legislation was in any way relevant to This last fact was in one sense a com­ Iii the outbreak of unrest and sedition .ment on the prosperity, for begging ·1 formerly in the tenure of Patt. ''I:,:..'' Hughes. which was evident in this particular was in some sense an occupation and Thos. ]Jonahoe (sic) interior county that year. This is not the town was evidently a happy to say that an artificial grievance was hunting fround for them. Fairs were The following proposal was for not fostered and nursed. No evidence held at Leighlin Bridge, Tullow, twenty-five acres: in support of such a contention in the Orchard, but towns other than 16 Carlow were on the decline. 32 the people (Dublin, I 793 ), pp: 187-8. 1750-1815' I.H.S., vol. xv no. 57 Clonegal had been a most flourishing 4 Wakefield, op. cit., vol. 2 ., p. 215. (March, 1966). 5 22 town in mid century but exhibited in Faulkner Papers. Courtesy of Mr. and Wakefield, op. cit., vol. L pp. 247-8. Mrs. John Monahan, Castletown, Co. 23 ibid, loc. cit. the l 790's 'a most flourishing Carlow. 24 Crotty points out that the manner in wretchedness.' Bowden attributed 6 Wakefield, op. cit., vol. L p. 39. which the 'windfall profits were this decay to the absolute dearth of 7 A Philosophical Survey of the South shared in Ireland during the period I manufacturers of any kind. Tullow as of Ireland, in a series of letters to 1760-1815 may be judged from the fact l a market town was more prosperous John· Watkinson, M.D. From - that while prices approximately and was said to excel in the excel­ Cambell, D.D. 1777. This letter dated doubled, rents appear to have 33 August 30 1775. Cambell entered quadrupled.' (Raymond D. Crotty, The lence of its garters . . . . Carlow from Kildare via Castleder­ Agricultural Production, its volume Carlow town was, however, the mot. and structure (Cork, 1966), p. 28. focal point of interest because of the 8 Sir Charles Coote, General View of the 25 Faulkner Papers fame of its market, its attempt at in­ Manufactures of the Queen's County 26 Parliamentary Register, 1797, pp. dustry, the fact that it was the town of (Dublin, 1801), pp 192-3. Note: Lucas's 416-18 27 the assizes and meeting place of the Directory notes Linen merchants, a Coote, op. cit., p. 180 He makes no Flax manufacturer, and a Damask reference to the fall in prices and con­ Grand Jury. The impression of Weaver in the town of Carlow but tinued fluctuation in the Dublin prosperity and well-being which are there is no indication as to the extent market as shown in Returns posted in marked features of the county at this of this industry. Seven weavers are the Dublin Gazette early in 1796 and period does not belie the fact that noted as seeking compensation for which only fully recovered in April great poverty could and did exist. The damages after the rebellion in l 798. 1799. From November of that year 'poor' were accepted almost un­ Claimants' trade was seldom given so prices continued to rise. that the figure is not helpful (J.I.H.C., 28 Many of the problems in this regard questionably as part of the dispensa­ vol. 19, part l ). Weaving for domestic are discussed by L.M. Cullen in 'The tion of Providence. The poor in this purposes was naturally extensive. value of contemporary printed sources sense were not the people in county 9 Wakefield, op. cit., vol. ii, p. 621 for Irish economic history in the Carlow who were caught up in the 10 Charles Topham Bowden, A Tour eighteenth century' I.H.S., vol. xiv. no. radical movement in Ireland which through Ireland (Dublin), 1791 ), p. 54 (September 1964). reflected the euphoria which 123. 29 K.H. Connell, The Population of 11 Edward Wakefield, Ireland: statistical Ireland, 1750-1845 (Oxford, 1959); M. emanated from France after 1789. For and political, vol. l, p. 724. Drake, 'Marriage and population the poor in the eighteenth century, to­ 12 op. cit., p. 94. growth in Ireland 1750-1845,' day, was sufficient. 13 op. cit., p. l 79. Economic History Review second 14 Wakefield, op. cit., vol. L p. 345. series, vol. xvi no. 2 (December, 1963 ).. 15 State Paper Office, Dublin Castle, 30 J.I.H.C. 1792, Appendix, 'An Account Rebellion Papers, 620/37/27. of the number of houses in this 16 Wakefield op. cit., vol. i, p. 514. Also Kingdom paying Hearth-money .... 1 W. Youatt, Cattle, their breeds, Faulkner Papers. 1791 ', p. cci. As Bushe points out (see management and diseases (London, 17 Faulkner Papers. Appendix D) Hearth Tax Returns were 1834), p. 188. John O'Donovan, op. cit. 18 ibid. unreliable and difficult to assess. p. 162 L. M. Cullen, op. cit., p.72 also 19 Wakefield, op. cit., vol. L p. 420, 31 Donn Piatt, Gaelic Dialects of Leinster notes the high quality of the butter. Carlow 27 June 1809 (-, 1933), p. 17. 2 Youatt, op. cit. 20 ibid., vol. L p. 307 32Topham Bowden, op. cit. p. 106 3 Samuel Crumpe, An Essay on the best 21 Wakefield, op. cit., vol. L p 247. Large 33 ibid. means of providing employment for makes this point. D. Large, 'The

APPENDIX

A GENERAL DIRECTORY OF THE Byrne Francis, BLEACHER, MILLER Carlow and Monasterevan for KINGDOM OF IRELAND, Richard AND DAMASK WEAVER, the convenience of conveying Lucas (Dublin, 1788), vol. l l. Dublin Street goods to and from Dublin by CARLOW: COUNTY OF CARLOW. Byrne, James, ATTORNEY AT LAW, Canal. Airay William, POSTMASTER, office Chapel Lane. Cullen Pat, LIQUOR DEALER, Tul- · Rutland Place. Byrne Fronds, GROCER AND IRON low St. Alexand.er William, SURGEON, MONGER, Castle Hill. Decey Edward, SOAP BOILER and Carleton Jonathan, LINEN-DRAPER, i Dublin Street . CHANDLER, Castle Street. t Alment William, GROCER AND Tullow Street Delaney Thomas, MILLER and COAL CHANDLER, Tullow Street Carter Robert, CORN MERCHANT MERCHANT, Tullow Street Barrett John, LINEN-DRAPER, and MILLER, Burrin Street Delaney Wm., PAINTER and HARDWARE MAN AND GROCER, Carter Andrew, GUN-MAKER, Tul­ GLAZIER, Tullow Street Tullow Street low Street Dowling Redmond, BREWER, Tul­ , Bedlow Thomas, BOOT AND SHOE­ Coffey John, CABINET-MAKER, low Street MAKER, Castle Street CHINA, GLASS, Dunn James, WINE, SPIRIT, Berne Thomas, TEACHER OF WAREHOUSE, AUCTIONEER TIMBER and COAL MATHEMATICS AND LAND AND TIMBER MERCHAT, MERCHANT, Carlow Graige. SURVEYOR, Gurly's House. Burrin Street Faircloth Elizabeth, GROCER and LI­ Bogard Francis, LINEN AND Coleman John, SPIRIT and COAL QUOR DEALER, Dublin Street. WOOLEN DRAPER, Castle MERCHANT, Tullow Street. Farlow Thomas, PEINTER and Street Connolly Timothy, TANNER, Dublin BREZIER, Castle Street Brennan William, COAL AND LI­ Street. Farrell Myles, LINEN AND WOOLEN QUOR DEALER, Tullow St. Connell Wm. M.D., Chappel Lane. . DRAPER, Tullow Street. Brophy Michael, LINEN DEALER Crisp, Joseph, MERCHANT and Finn Wm., TANNER, Castle Street AND IRON MONGER, Tullow PROPRIETOR OF THE AC­ Fitzgerald Edward, SURGEON, Old Street COMMODATION STORES in Post Office Lane 17 APPENDIX Lenon Thomas Bunbury, WINE Poole Samuel, GROCER, TEA, WINE continued MERCHANT, Burrin Street and SPIRIT MERCHANT, McDonnell Wm., BREWER, Castle Dublin Street Fitzgerald Andrew, SADLER, Dublin Street Pollen Patrick, COAL and DEAL Street Maker. Edward, LIQUOR DEALER, MERCHANT, SALT and Galbally Patrick, COAL DEALER, Burrin Street TOBACCO MANUFACTUERR, Castle Street Martin James, MERCHANT, Tullow 1Castle Street Gething Arthur, APOTHECARY, Street Proctor Thomas, MERCHANT and Dublin Street Mitchell Humphry, MERCHANT and BREWER, Tullow Street l Goggin Stephen, ATTORNEY AT DISTRIBUTOR OF STAMPS, Prossor James, M.D., Rutland Place LAW, MASTER EXTRAORDINARY, Carlow Graige. Redman Mrs. BOARDING SCHOOL t COMMISSIONER FOR TAK­ Montgomery William, VINTNER, FOR YOUNG LADIES, Dublin I ING AFFIDAVITS IN THE THE YELLOW LION INN, Street KINGS' BENCH AND EXCHE­ Carlow Roney Michael, BRICKMAKER, QUER, PROTOR OF LEIGHLIN Moore James, GROCER and LIQUOR COAL AND LIME and FERNS, SENESCHAL OF DEALER, Tullow Street MERCHANT.., Carlow Graige THE MANOR of MOUNT AR­ Moore Wm. GROCER and LIQUOR Rudkin Mark, SILVER-SMITH and RAN, COUNTY CARLOW, Of­ DEALER, Castle Street HARDWARE MAN, Burrin fice no. 3 Clack's court, Dublin Nicho1son James, GLAZIER and Street and Dublin Street Carlow PAINTER, Burrin Street Searle Robert, LINEN and WOOLEN Gordon Nicholas, COLLECTOR of Nowland Edward, COACH-MAKER, DRAPER, Tullow Street EXCISE Burrin Street Sikes George, WATCH-MAKER, Gorman Francis, BAKER, Tullow Nowland John, COAL and LIQUOR SILVER-SMIJ'H and IRON Street DEALER, Castle Street MONGER, Tullow Street Graham Wm. APOTHECARY and O'Brien Daniel, BOOT and SHOE­ Thompson Richard, SOAP-BOILER SURGEON, Dublin Street M AKER and TIMBER­ and CHANDLER, Tullow Street Gurley Thomas Snr., ATTORNEY AT MERCHANT, Tullow Street Whittan Benjamin, IRON MONGER, LAW, Tullow Street O'Brien Wm. GLOVER and Tullow Street Gurley Thomas Jnr., ATTORNEY AT BREECHES MAKER, Tullow Young Francis, LINEN-DRAPER d1ld LAW, Belville, near Carlow Street GROCER, Tullow Street Haughton Samuel, MERCHANT, CLOTHIER and WOOL COMBER, Burrin Street Heappeny John, FLAX MANUFAC­ TURER. Tullow Street. VICTOR HADDEN Heappeny James, FLAX MANUFAC­ TURER, Castle Street An appreciation Holland, James, LEATHER SELLER, Castle Street Hughes John, GROCER, CLOTH, ls 'i the death of Victor Hadden our governor of Wesley College and of LINEN and WINE and SPIRIT society and indeed all Carlow has Gurteen Agricultural College and MERCHANT, Castle St. suffered an irreplacable loss, made President of the Drapery Chamber of Hughes Mary, LINEN and WOOLEN more tragic by the fact that having Trade. If, as a President of the U.S. DRAPER, Burrin Street just retired from business life he once said "A man's greatness is Hughes Roger, BREECHES MAKER could have hoped to devote himself measured by his service to his fellow and GLOVER, Burrin Street more fully to writing and research man." then surely Victor Hadden Jackson Edward, SOAP-BOILER and and the many other interests with must rate as a Colossus among CHANDLER, Dublin Street which his wide-ranging genius was Carlow men. Johnson Andrew, SURGEON, Dublin occupied. A deeply religious man his faith Street His articles in this journal, of permeated all his dealings and he Kavanagh Edward, MERCHANT, which he was Editor for several demonstrated the sincerity of his Tullow Street years are constantly in demand by beliefs in his short "Outlook" talks I Keating Edward, MERCHANT, Tul­ historians who are aware that in on T.V. and his "Thought for the .f low Street consulting them they do so with Day" on RTE. This was a side of his Keating James, LINEN DRAPER, confidence, relying as they can for rather shy personality which was a HARDWARE MAN, and authenticity and veracity on the revelation to those who thought of GROCER, Castle Street man who wrote them. His lectures, him simply as an upright honest· Kellet Laurence, JEWELLER, always illustrated with colour slides businessman. He had the honour of WATCH and CLOCK-MAKER, and drawings regularly drew a full representing his Church in Rome at Dublin Street house attracted equally by the sub­ the first Vatican Council for the King Elizabeth, LINEN and ject matter and by the close personal Laity, an event to which he was an /I: WOOLEN-DRAPER, WINE affinity the speaker displayed with important contribution. .qi and SPIRIT MERCHANT, Cas­ the people, the places and the times Our Society will miss him sorely, 11:1 tle Street he spoke of. Carlow will miss him: we can ill !iii; Kinnier Mary, PRINTING, Dublin He led a busy life at all times. As spare men of his calibre. But we can '"l!'.j Street secretary to the Arts' Council he was think ourselves fortunate that in his Laffin John, SOAP BOILER and instrumental in giving the town short life he contributed so much to '"'CHANDLER, Tullow Street many fine concerts by the most emi­ the sum of our civic good, and to a Lahea Charles, CHINA and GLASS nent musicians and singers in the knowledge of our environment and WAREHOUSE, Tullow Street country. In a broader field, he was its history.

18 ·f ! A priest in politics ~ Rev. Thomas Tyrell, P.P., Tinryland 1823-43 ' ,I 4

One of the results of Daniel O'Con­ was transferred to Tinryland where nell's Emancipation and Repeal Brother he remained until his death in 1843. movements was that it became P. J. l(avanagh Tories such as Henry Bruen of customary for nineteenth century• Oakpark, Bersford and Thomas Bun­ priests to take an active part in bury of Moyle, owned most of the political affairs. Judged from th~ land in his parish. This, as well as the a voter in the 1830s must have felt proximity of his residence to the secular and, one suspects, sometimes caught between the devil and the anti-clerical, viewpoint of the 1970s, County town, rendered his entry to deep blue sea I politics inevitable. this was a regrettable departure in While J.K.L. was Bishop of Kildare Irish public life. Seen as it should be, He was a reluctant politician at· and Leighlin he didn't see eye to eye first. In (828, when meetings were in its historical context, this clerical with O'Connell on a number of is­ participation in politics will be seen held in every parish in Ireland to de­ sues. He believed also that the clergy's mand Emancipation there is no men­ to have been necessary if our role in politics had ceased when ancestors were to make any progress tion of his having been present at the Emancipation was achieved and to Tinryland meeting. His curate was towards democracy and the extinc­ emphasise his point refused to allow tion of the system of privileges where­ there. However, in May 1830.we find the Repeal Rent to be collected at the him speaking at . a meeting in by one class, the landlords, lived off chapel gates. During his episcopacy, the backs of the ignorant and un­ Maryborough which was called to de­ therefore, the Carlow clergy took only mand the enactment of a Poor Law, protected tenantry. There were few a nominal interest in politics. leaders amongst the laity. Only the an object dear to J.K.L's. heart but With the appointment of Edward distasteful to O'Connell who believed ailing Walter Blackney, M.P., of Bal­ Nolan to the See of Leighlin in Oc­ lyellen stands out among the Catholic that hand-outs would sap the moral tober 1834 a change of policy took fibre of the Irish. At this time, and for laity of Carlow at this period, place. A general election was due in although it must be said that they had a number of years to come, Thomas January 183 5 and the clergy sought Tyrell was not a whole-hearted ad­ an equally good leader in the Protes­ his guidance as to their involvement. tant Nicholas Aylward Vigors, M.P., mirer of the Liberator. On the 24 May He replied that it was "my wish ... if of that same year he was the proposer of Old Leighlin. But what were one or it were possible, to keep aloof from all two among forty or so landlords all of a motion at a "Great Reform political concerns. This, however, Meeting" held in Carlow. resolved to maintain the status quo. It must be subject to the modification of was necessary that the clergy lend circumstances, and I am decidedly of their support to their followers. the opinion that the present critical Clerical Dispute In those days a tenant might be and important juncture of public affairs refused a renewal of his lease or not only justifies, but imperatively might suffer otherwise at the hand of calls for our most active and energetic As 1834 drew to a close it became a vindictive landlord were he to vote exertions." The "important juncture obvious that Peel's ministry could not for a popular candidate. As Lord of public affairs" to which he refers survive much longer and prepara­ Courtown, who owned 4,000 acres in was the collapse of the Tory ministry tions were being made for a General Carlow, wrote to his tenants there in under Peel and the possible coming Election. The popular side had 183 7: "It cannot be supposed that any to power of the· Whigs under "Independent Clubs" in each county landlord will quietly suffer himself to Melbourne. The latter party would in those days which would corres­ be stripped of that fair and legitimate deal sympathetically with Ireland. pond to a modern county cumann or influence which property ... confei;s The clergy took Doctor Nolan's ad­ constituency nominating committee. on him . . ." ( Otherwise he must) vice to heart and during his time, as In December we find Tyrell attending "have his lands tenanted by men who also under Doctor Francis Haly, were a meeting of the Carlow Independent are independent enough to act under most active on the political front, Club, (which had its headquarters in their own natural conviction and af­ proposing candidates on the hustings, Brown Street) held to prepare for the fection" (for the landlord of course!). supervising the registration of coming election. Parliament was dis­ The priests were the only ones freeholders entitled to the vote, etc. solved on 26 December and polling capable of negativing the influence of The most famous of these political was due to commence in Carlow on the landlords. Just as there was a priests was Rev. James Maher of Wednesday 14 January 1835. variety of landlords pressurising the whom Mr. Alec Burns gave an ac­ Thomas Kavanagh of Borris and his unfortunate voters on the one side so count in last year's "Carloviana." A son-in-law, Henry Bruen, were there was a variety of priests pres­ less well known figure was Rev., chosen by the Conservative side to surising them on the other. Just as Thomas Tyrell, Parish Priest of stand for the County. There seems to threats.- of eviction were wrong so Tinryland. A native of Ballyroan, have been some uncertainty among were threats of hell fire and other tac­ Queen's County, he had been P.P. of the popular side as to who would tics used by some clergymen, so that Doonane from 1815 to 1823 when he stand for them. On Sunday, 11 19 r i

January Thomas Tyrell visited Bruen every flying report." One piece of paraging remark made in the new­ and proposed to him that he should muck. that the Tories threw at Tyrell spaper about a "hooded monk" share the County with Nicholas at a later date was that there was a which Tyrell took to refer to himself. Aylward Vigors of Old Leighlin. difference between himself and He lost the case. Tyrell's idea was that by avoiding a Maher over the bishopric, an allega­ A vacancy occurred in the county contest political tempers in the tion that Tyrell denied. Whatever representation due to the death in county would be cooled. Bruen their attitude to each other in 183 5 London of Nicholas Aylward Vigors t refused to compromise. they were certainly of one mind by Mp, on 26 October 1840. At a On the hustings the outgoing M.P., 1841 when they worked harmonious­ meeting of the county, chaired by Walter Blackney, proposed Maurice ly for the return of the Repeal can­ Tyrell the Hon. Frederick Ponsonby O'Connell, son of Daniel.and Thomas didates (infra). was chosen to contest the resultant · ' Tyrell proposed Michael Cahill, a On 29 May, 1835 a Select Commit­ by-election. Ponsonby was a Whig young barrister from the Queen's tee of the House of Commons found and no Repealer so we can take it for County whose father owned some that -the Tories had had Kavanagh granted that Tyrell was still "a property in Carlow town. Given his and Bruen elected in January "by the Conservative Whig". He seconded own background it is fair to assume forcible abduction of voters and by Ponsonby on the hustings on 30 that Tyrell was responsible for having ·unfair_ and fraudulent schemes November. However the victory went Cahill accepted by the local political and practices" and the election was ·to the Tories in the person of Henry machine. declared null and void. (By abduction Bruen. Tyrell's efforts to reach a com­ here is meant the common practice of On 22 February, 1841 Tyrell was promise in the county elections led boarding voters in a landlord's house one of several clergy present at a O'Connell to remark of him that he - or even a presbytery! - for some meeting called to dissolve the Liberal "was not working with the people". days before an election ostensibly for or Independent Club (supra) and to Edward M. Fitzgerald, onetime their protection but in reality for fear form in its stead the "Carlow Reform Dublin wine merchant and secretary that the other side would influence Registry Club," really the old Club but of the Independent Club, said of him them. Voters submitted fairly willing­ with a new emphasis on doing all in in 1840: "We sometimes differ with ly to this treatment, were treated well its power to increase the number· of him; he don't (sic) gQ the whole hog and were driven to Carlow by their popular party voters. He was elected with us. Mr. Tyrell is what (I) would "host" on polling day to vote fot his to the committee of twenty-three of call a Conservative Whig." Henry candidate). At the ensuing election the new Club. Faulkner of Castletown said of him Tyrell seconded Vigors on the He had not been a member of the that he was the priest of whom the hustings. Kavanagh and Bruen were old Club and his political outlook Tories thought highest in the county. again voted in, however. seems to have undergone a radical The young Monsignior Cullen in a change at this time; the reason for the letter to his brother in 183 5 referred change we don't know. A _general to him as "the prudent Mr. Tyrell." In Exciting Elections election was called for July 184 l. In a public dispute which developed in Ireland it was seen as a great oppor­ the Evening Post between Tyrell and Tyrell had occasion to go to turiiry to advance the cause of Repeal. Rev. James Maher in 183 5 the former London in 1836 with his brother on Tyrell threw himself heart and soul referred to himself as a "Liberal," i.e., business connected with Carlow into the fray. On 15 June he was pre­ "half-way between Maher and politics and there seems to have un­ sent at a pre-election meeting addres­ Bruen." In or about 1835, therefore, dergone a conversion in his attitude sed by O'Connell in Clone.gal chapel there seems to have been general towards O'Connell. From London he yard. On the I 7th he addressed a agreement that Thomas Tyrell was a wrote to P. V. Fitzpatrick enclosing meeting in Muine Bheag at which conservative type of politician, a mid­ £3 for the O'Connell Tribute and say­ O'Connell was again the principal dle of the road man. He would not ing how much he had been "impres­ -speaker. On Sunday, June 20, O'Con­ always remain so. sed by O'Connell's devotion to his nell was in the St. Mullins area, ac­ The dispute between himself and country." companied by Maher and Tyrell who Maher arose from the fact that Lord About 1836 Thomas Drummond addressed a meeting at Newtown. Beresford proposed to evict some te­ was in the process of reforming the The practice of "cooping" or ab­ nants from Knockbower (in Constabulary and to give his new ducting voters (supra) was widely Tinryland parish) and Kilgraney. force a politically impartial image practiced by both sides at this election Maher, always ready to champion the was anxious to recruit Catholics to it. and Tyrell and others were said to cause of the underdog, sought to In an article entitled "The Priests have brought away seven voters from show up Beresford by writing a letter Turned Drum Majors" the Carlow Ballyloo and Linkardstown on the to the Evening Post in which he went Sentinel of I October attacked Tyrell night of June 29th. It was later so far as to suggest that Beresford was for "exercising patronage in the new reported that Tyrell accompanied pursuing a policy of replacing Constabulary." Obviously he had these voters through Leighlinbridge Catholics by Protestants on the dis­ some of his parishioners accepted on their way to Kilkenny where, in puted lands.· (There is some evidence into the force. company with about l l O others they that this policy was in operation to a Thomas Kavanagh, the sitting were lodged in an old mill until poll­ limited extent on one or two other es­ M.P., died early in 1837 and at the by­ ing day. Needless to remark the tates at this time.) "The prudent Mr. election which followed in February. Tories were also involved in the same Tyrell" was then in the process of Tyrell again seconded Vigors on the practice, 250 voters being lodged in negotiating on behalf of the tenants hustings. This time he was returned. Borris House and protected by a with Charles Doyne, Beresford's In November 1840 Tyrell brough a squadron of cavalry. Let it be said in agent, and was annoyed that Maher's libel charge against Henry fairness to both sides that the voters letter rmght harm the negotiations. Malcolmson, proprietor of the rabidly accepted this as a way of life and ac­ He replied to the latter's letter, declar­ Tory "Carlow Sentinel" at Athy As­ cepted it willingly for the most part. ing that he (Maher) "gives credit to sizes. The case revolved around a dis- Those lo.dged in Kilkenny were enter- 20 tained by Temperance bands and was driven from Carlow market on,. namely, that he was a man of his John O'Connell later complained of 29th July. Two days previously the time. People's attitudes then were the enormous quantities of food they house of his servant, Mary Doyle, was sectarian, and that a person who ate at his expense Reading back burned down because she refused to voted Tory were regarded as having over the accounts of the election it give up working on his bog. A voted against their religion. It wasn't strikes one as having_been a Gilber­ Margaret Nolan was driven from far from that idea to the idea of a kind tian affair. There was tremendous ex­ Bennekerry chapel on Sunday, of excommunication or putting off citement in the county. What with September 19th. A child of Charles from the "loyal" members of the bonfires, blazing, chapel bells ringing, Nolan had been put in a crib in flock. Another point to be considered abduction of voters, mobs in the Tinryland chapel on Sunday, 22nd is that we don't know how much it streets it seems to have sent shivers August. The Tory "Kilkenny was in Tyrell's power to control the down the spine of the Castle Moderator" alleged that Thomas feelings of the O'Connell faction in authorities who had 1400 police and Tyrell had personally supervised this his parish. The evidence against him soldiers and four twelve-pounders in "cribbing" on one Sunday. comes from Tory propaganda, but it the county for the occasion. From our point of view this vic­ holds some water nevertheless. Cribb­ Francis Bruen, brother of Henry, timisation of voters was unchristian, ing in chapels was the accepted thing was Tory candidate for the Borough .. to say the least. How explain Rev. in those days. He withdrew from the contest on Tyrell's conduct, therefore? It is a The general election of 1841 was to Sunday, July 4th - rather wisely, I sobering thought when pasing judge­ be Tyrell's last. Over a few short years think I The popular candidate was ment on generations gone by to from 1835 he had progressed from be­ Captain Brownlow Villiers Layard, reflect that future generations will ing a "prudent" man, a "Conservative son of the rector of Uffington, who fault us for conduct that we now ac­ Whig", to becoming an out and out was accompanied to the hustings on cept as normal or even proper. If O'Connellite. Perhaps "the important 5th by, amongst' others, Thomas Tyrell cribbed people - and at least juncture of public affairs" referred to Tyrell. Layard was declared elected. he can't have been ignorant that crib­ by Bishop Nolan had made him so. The county election commenced a bing was being practiced in the He died on 24 August 1843. week later on 12th. Henry Bruen and chapels of his parish - can we not ex­ Thomas Bunbury of Moyle were the tend to him the charity that we hope Chief Sources: Carlow and Kilken­ Tory candidates. The O'Connellite future generations will extend to us, ny papers 1828-41. candidates were John Ashton Yates, who was proposed and seconded by -Walter Blackney and Rev. James Maher respectively, and Daniel O'Connell, Jnr., who was proposed Rules and Constitution of by Rev. Thomas Tyrell. On Saturday 17th the Tories were declared elected Old Carlow Society by a mere nine votes. (As revised April 1976) "Cribbing"

The O'Connellites now vented 1. The Society shall be called the Chairman, who shall preside at their fury on the hapless Tory voters Old Carlow Society all Meetings, a Vice-Chairman, and their relatives. Unfortunately our 2. The purpose of the Society is to Hon. Secretary, Hon. Treasurer, chief source of information for this encourage and develop an in­ Hon. Editor and ten other period is a vicious pamphlet, terest in the History and Anti­ members. The Officers and published by an anonymous Tory, quities of County Carlow. Committee shall be elected at called the "Reign of Terror in 3. Membership shall be open to all the Annual General Meeting, Carlow" and written with the one in­ interested in the Objects of the and shall have powers of co­ tention of discrediting the O'Connel­ Society. option when necessary. lites. However, despite its bias, it 4. Intending Members should ap­ 8. Meetings of the Members shall gives us some inkling of what the un­ ply to the Hon. Secretary who be held at least monthly from fortunate Tory voters suffered and in shall submit names to the Com­ October to March for the pur­ many cases its claims are supported mittee for election. On election pose of hearing papers and dis­ by police reports. One of the ways by and payment of subscription, cussions thereon. which the populace showed their dis­ they shall be deemed members. 9. At the Annual General Meeting, like for the Tory voters - and for their 5. The Annual Subscription for to be held in April, the Hon. unfortunate relatives - was by plac­ Membership shall be £1.00 or as Treasurer shall furnish a ing them apart from the congregation approved at the Annual General Balance Sheet. at Sunday Mass. These "black sheep Meeting for that year, and shall 10. Members shall be at liberty to of the flock" were placed in a crib or . be payable on the 1st of April introduce visitors at the creel in the chapels. This occurred in each year. Meetings of the Society, with Bennekerry and Tinryland chapels 6. The Society shall have a Presi­ the previous consent of the after the 1841 election. On Sunday, dent who shall be invited to fill presiding Chairman. 25th July an old lady called Nolan, the said office· by· the Commit­ 11. The Committee shall have the two Coughlan children and a young tee. power to elect as Li.fe Vice­ Regan of Ballyloo were treated in this 7. The Society shall be governed Presidents those members who manner. A Charles Nolan, probably a and controlled by an Executive have given outstanding service relative of the lady referred to above, Committee consisting of a to the Society.

21 1 ! The Nortnans

Wherever they went, they conquered. family trace~ its ancestry back to the So it was said of the Normans. This James Westman Gherardini of Florence. Otho or t remarkable race spread out from Other of this family came to England I their adopted homeland in the North at the time of the Conquest. His son, west of France and took their power Walter FitzOtho was tenant in chief and influence to England, Ireland, cavalry who appeared to be of lands in a number of English coun­ i Italy, Sicily and Syria. retreating, suddenly turned back and ties at the time of the Domesday Who were the Normans? In 911, cut to pieces the now disarrayed Sax­ Survey in 1086. Walter had three Rolf, a Norwegian prince descended ons. Harold and three of his brothers sons, namely, William, Gerald and from the ancient kings of Norway, in­ fell on the field. On Christmas Day, Robert. Gerald was appointed by vaded what is now Normandy in I 066, William was crowned King of King Henry I as Constable of . ·Northern France with a large force of England at Westminster by Pembroke Castle. He married Nesta, Danish, Swedish and Norwegian Archbishop Aldred of York. daughter of Rhys ap Gruffydd, Prince warriors .. The French King, Charles In 1154, William's great grandson, of South Wales. His children were, III, known as Charles the Simple un­ Henry II was king and now the inva­ William, David, Maurice and able to drive him out, ceded the sion of Ireland was looming on the Angharat who married William de Duchy of Normandy to him. Rolf horizon. The following year the pope Barri, father of Giraldus Cambrensis, married Gisele, daughter of Charles was Adrian VI, an Englishman, the historian. Maurice the second son III. Having established themselves in named Nicholas Breakspear. It is said was patriarch of the Irish Geraldines .. this part of France, in a short space of that in this year he issued a papal bull He died at Wexford in 1176. He mar­ time they appear to have forsaken the commissioning Henry to enter ried Alice de Montgomery, gran­ Scandinavian language and to have Ireland. Whether the Normans came daughter of Roger de Montgomery adopted the Latin language and on strength of the papal bull or Der­ who fought at Hastings. The family customs of France. In 927 Rolf was mot's invitation remains open to was as follows, William, first Baron of succeeded by his son William as se­ query. It would seem very likely that Naas; Gerald; Thomas, ancestor of cond Duke and so down to Duke Wil­ this bold adventurous race, now es­ the Earls of Desmond, the White liam who succeeded his father, tablished for a century in England Knight, the Knight of Glyn, the Robert in I 03 5. This William was had often turned covetous eyes Knights of Kerry and the Fitz­ great-great-great grandson of Rolf. towards the neighbouring island to maurices, lords of Kerry; Alexander, the west, long before either 1155 or Maurice, and Nesta who married 1166. Harvey de Montmorency, Constable The Normans Advance At any rate, on a May day in 1169 of Ireland. The most powerful a number of ships passed ashore at branches of the family were the In 1054 William married Matilda, Baginbun Head, on the south Wex­ houses of Kildare and Desmond. daughter of Baldwin V, Count of ford coast. About 600 men comprised Other branches of this family spread Flanders. The time was now ripe for a of archers, foot soldiers and mailed to all parts of Ireland, and there is further spreading of Norman wings, mounted knights headed inland. scarcely a county without a castle of and so on the 26th September, 1066, They were led by Robert Fitzstephen, the Geraldines. In Carlow county William, later to be known as Wil­ Robert de Barry and Maurice de they had castles at Ballyloo, Bal­ liam the Conqueror, landed at Prendergast. The Normans, or more lytarsna and Castlegrace. Nearby in Pevensey on the Sussex coast. Harold correctly Anglo-Normans had ar­ Co. Kildare is the well known Kilkea the English or Saxon king moved rived. Castle. Then there was their principal· southwards to meet him. Eighteen Within a short time a vast array of seat at Maynooth, the walls of the ,. days later, on the 14th October, at Anglo Norman families had arrived. keep being 8 feet in thickness. There Senlac a few miles north of Hastings The following are among the names was another Geraldine castle at Lac­ the opposing Saxon and Norman Jf those families: De Aliton, De Arey, cagh between Monasterevan and forces confronted each other. The De Angulo, De Barry, De Ber­ Kildare. In nearby Laoise there was Saxons, mostly foot soldiers were in mingham, De Bigod, De Bohun, De the castles of Morette, Shaen and Lea. close packed formation, their shields Braose, De Bruse, De Burgo, De Castle building with the Normans almost interlocking, on a long sloping Carew, De Clare, De Cogan, De did not start until around 1200, hillside. Repeated attacks by the Courcy, De Exeter, De Gleming, De roughly thirty years after their com­ Norman horsemen failed to dislodge Geneville, De Gernon, De Grandison, ing to Ireland. At first they confined them. And then the Normans De Heresford, De Hose, De J orse, De themselves to throwing up structures repeated a feat that worked well Lacy, De la Rupe, De la Mare, De of wood and earth known as motte before for them on the Continent. Monte Marisco, De Montmorency, De and bailey. One of the first stone cas­ They feigned a mass withdrawal and Nugent, De Riddlesford, De Verdon, tles to be built was the castle at Fer­ retreat. The Saxon army rose from De Vere, Fitzgerald, Fitzhenry, rycarraig, near Wexford town. They their entrenched positions to pursue Fitzstephen, Prendergast. built the motte and bailey by raising them. It was now that the Norman Of all the numerous families that large circular mounds of earth 30 to archers came in to play. Positioned to arrived within the fir~t years after the 40 feet high with steep sides and sur­ each side of the Saxons, they poured invasion, the three most prominent rounded by a dug-out trench. There deadly volleys from their famed long in Irish history are the Fitzgeralds, De :was a flat circular area on top of the bows. To add to the slaughter, the Burgos and Butlers. The former mound on which a wooden tower 22 was built. Archers inside this Meath and Westmeath and Offaly. charge was often termed as ir­ stockade- were well positioned The village of Horseleap on the resistible and bore down all in front against any enemy attempting to border of Westmeath and Offaly is so of it. The knights body was covered in scale the steep sides of the motte. A named after a spot where he jumped chain or link mail. He wore a cone sloping wooden bridge over the his horse over a small stream there. It ~haped helmet with protective nose trench at the base of the motte con­ was at the building of a Castle nearby guard and carried a kite shaped nected it with the bailey. This was a at Durrow where he was suddenly shield. This was in contrast to the e large circular area also protected by a slain by a workman. He was buried at Irish soldier carrying axe, short sword r trench and stockade. This bailey Bective Abbey in Meath. and clad in linen tunic. Although, l served as protection for soldiers, The conquest of Ulster was under­ Giraldus stated that the Irish soldier ~ craftsmen, cattle and other provi­ taken by John De Courcy in 1177. was superior when it came to close f sions. In Carlow a good example of This was a knight of immense height, combat with the battle axe. . The 1- the remains of a motte can be found ·,ize and strength. As in the case of De Norman archer was arined with the y at St. Mullins, on the west side of the Lacy he was also a lineal descendant short bow, the cross bow and the long e old cemetery. of Charlemagne. He built strong cas­ bow. The long bow was generally l Carlow Castle is thought to have tles at Carlingford, Dundrum and used. This bow was 6 foot in length y been erected about 1207, most Kilclief. He also enlarged the and made of yew. The iron tipped ar­ f probably by De Lacy. It must formerly Cathedral at Downpatrick and row 3 ft. in length was made of ash. It ~ have been a very massive building. It erected abbeys at Strangford and Kil­ was capable of piercing chain mail at e was apparently rectangular, with lyleagh. In 1182 he married Affreca, 400 yards. A remarkable feature was drum towers at each corner, now daughter of King of the Isle of Man. the use of this bow by the Normans. It l only the west face of wall (105 feet His great rivals were the De Lacys was generally fired at an upward· e span) with the flanking towers nearly with whom he had many contests. angle or skyward as depicted on ;, 70 feet high remain. Once when cut off from his men by reproductions of the Bayeux Tapestry. l De Lacys followers he took refuge in a It then travelled in an arc like church in Downpatrick. Thinking he fashion, which was regulated by the Leading Normans was trapped, a party of De Lacys men fletches or barbs at the end. It appears pursued him in to the church, but this: then that when it turned earthwards f' gigantic Norman took up a wooden that it gained its maximum speed, What of the Normans who first ar­ cross, felled thirteen of his assailants thus having a scything effect on the f' rived: Giraldus leaves us with a good f and escaped. He died in 1210 in approaching enemy. description of the physical ap­ f France. Much has been said of the conquer­ pearance and atrributes of many of ~ '- Raymond le Gros, a Geraldine, so ing aspect of the Normans. Using the them. Giraldus (Gerald De Barri) ~ named from his size of body, was term conquest again let us compare himself a Geraldine was considered ancestor of families of Grace and the English conquest with that of to be one of the foremost scholars of Carew. He landed, at Bannow Bay in Ireland. his age. He was nominated Bishop of 1170 accompanied by ten knights St. Davids in 1176. He was the author and seventy archers. Almost im­ of Tophographia Hibernica, Ex­ mediately he was besieged by a mix­ pugnatio Hibernica and numerous ed force of Irish and Norsemen. The Taking Root other ecclesiastical works. He died in Normans already had collected a 1223 and was buried in St. David's large herd of cattle and held them William I planned and put into ex­ Cathedral. In 1185 he came with 5 ,behind a stockade. Then the in­ ecution the invasion of England on a f Prince John to Ireland. He describes genious Le Gros seized on his oppor­ large scale. In a space of about five De Lacy as of "mean,(average) tunity. His men stampeded the years, apart from odd pockets of stature, somewhat deformed, with a horned herd in to the besieging force recalcitrant Saxons, the conquest was repulsive face, and dark sunken l and during the ensuing confusion the complete. All posts clerical and eyes." l Normans charged and fought their otherwise were filled from Nor­ I· Dermot McMurrough is described way out. Again when besieged in mandy, and after some twenty years a as tall of stature, and of stout build. A Dublin it was Le Gros, his uncle Saxon England was something of the man of warlike spirit and a brave one Maurice and Milo de Cogan who led past. in his nation, with a voice hoarse the sortie out of the city. He was mar­ In Ireland it was something of a from shouting in the frequent din of ried to Basilia de Clare, sister to semi-conquest, if even it could be cal­ battle. One who preferred to be Strongbow. He died in 1184 and was led that. Henry II and succeeding feared rather than to be loved, who buried at Molana Abbey near monarchs, caught up in continental put down the nobles and exalted 'the Youghal. wars appear to have given no serious lowly, who was obnoxious to his own thought to Ireland, and it was a case people and an object of hatred to of every Norman for himself, trying to strangers. His hand was against every Weapons and Tactics carve out a kingdom for himself. man and every man's hand was In king J ohri' s reign Dublin Castle against his. What of the fighting methods and was built and an active government De Lacy came to Ireland with arms of the Normans? In the established. Sheriffs were appointed Henry II in 1171. The De Lacy's came eleventh, twelfth, and thirteenth cen­ and the jury system was set up. to England with William the Con­ turies the Normans were regarded as Markets and fairs were established. queror and were Earls of Lincoln. the foremost warriors of the age. Churches and friaries sprang up at an They were descended from the Their success in ·Ireland and increased rate. St. Patricks Cathedral Emperor Charlemagne. Hugh de Lacy elsewhere was due to their weapons in Dublin was built as early as 1191, obJained from Henry II a grant of the and war tactics. The most important on site of an older church. Its first whole kingdom of Meath. He erected ~ parts of the Norman army was the '- numerous castles particularly in mounted knights and archers. This See page 26 23 f. ' Merchant and tradesmen's tokens of Carlow, 1

l Bagenalstown and Tullow "

A drainage scheme was carried out A Mr. Malcolmson made a study of· in 1934 in the River Barrow in an at­ tradesmen's tokens with particular tempt to relieve the heavy flooding in Austin Crowe reference to the town and county of Graigue-Cullen. Islands formed by Carlow. He found that the corpora­ silting in the river near Graigue tion records had disappeared prior to bridge were removed by steam 1733 with the exception of the Royal dredger and the resultant fill emptied Charters granted to the town as fol­ by horse-drawn railway bogeys into were superseded bv issues of copper lows: William Earl Marshall 1208, bogs between Sleaty Street and the halfpence of Charles II, 1680-1684. James I 1614, Charles II 1675, James old Grand Canal Company'.s stores. Copper brass and pewter money was II 1689. Owing therefore to the loss of As children- we watched the un­ issued by James II from 1689-1691. the records information on the tokens loading and amongst the bric-a-brac Copper halfpence were issued by Wil­ was more scanty than it might we found a bayonet (probably of the liam III, 1692-1696. otherwise have been. In 13 61 Lionel '98 period - which we gave to the In 1722 "the want of small money Duke of Clarence moved the exche­ Old C.B.S., some coins and an un­ in Ireland was _now grown to such a quer to Carlow and spent £500 in usual collection of old clay pipes. height that considerable manufac­ walling in the town. This gave Most of these items are regrettably turers were obliged to pay their men Carlow an importance beyond that of lost again with the exception of a few with Tallies or Tokens in cards, its neighbour the "Faire Citie" of of the coins which found their way to signed upon the back, to be' Kilkenny but of less commercial im­ other museums outside Carlow. afterwards exchanged for money, and portance since Carlow did not strike One of the coins was a fairly good counterfeit coins, called Raps, were in the same number and/or variety of specimen of a token issued about common use made of such bad coins as Kilkenny. As previously 1800 by Robert Woodcock which had material that what passed for a stated most of the tokens struck in a representation of Enniscorthy Cas­ halfpenny was not worth a farthing." Ireland were confined to the years tle, Vinegar Hill and water lapping - Statute 9, Geo. I. 1652-1670, and a catalogue of such the castle on the obverse, while a tree tokens was laid before the Royal Irish with a shield hanging from a limb Academy between 1849-1853 com­ and the date 1800 was depicted on prising 624 specimens. the reverse. The token was similar to William Wood The following is the list of tokens , a hoard of tokens found in Scotland, applicable to Carlow:- or so I was informed by the curator of To supply this 'want' of money a Enniscorthy Castle museum to whom patent was granted to William Wood I sent this coin. Amongst other coins who commenced coinage of Carlow Town James II found was a specimen of halfpence in 1722, 23 and 24. Wood 1. John Masters, 1657 (Id.) in brass and/or gun money. This coin, a was obliged to resign his patent after Catherlough (a bull). sixpenny piece, dated 1689 and Dean Swift's "Drapier's Letters" at­ 2. Thomas Moore of (a stag) Carlow 'similar to the type with which King tacking his debased money. Wood Postmaster Od). James II paid his "Irish Army" when received the patent from The Duchess 3. Thomas Reynalds (a lion ram­ copper coinage was not available. Ac· of Kendal (who was George I mistres­ pant between three escallops) of cording to Story's "History of the Wil­ s) and who in turn received back­ Carlow, a Taner (a cross t over liamite War" that in the treasury of handed payment from Wood. ld.). King James II "that there had not The scarcity of money in Ireland 4. Edward Renolds (a lion ram­ been much above 1,100,000 L. Brass was due in part to absentee landlords pant) of Carlow, merchant (Id.) money coined during all the time it living in England with the resultant 5. Garrett Quigley (a harp) of passed. Most of the coins found in drain of money out of Ireland. The Carlow, March: d (G.Q. Id.) the Barrow have long since disap­ currency of private tokens ceased peared and I had forgotten about soon after 1760 when coinage of Bagenalstown them until recently I came across an halfpence and farthings was res­ article published in the "Kilkenny sumed under George II- and III. 6. Walter Karney (an anchor) New­ Journal" in 1869, by Aquila Smith, Tokens again appeared in Ireland in town Bagnall (W. K. Conjoined). M.D. He stated that tokens were first 1789 mainly due to the war between put into circulation in Ireland England and France, and, of course, Tullow betwe~n 1653 and 1679. Tokens is­ the usual scarcity of normal coinage 7. Rich Burchall (St. George and sued by corporations and tradesmen for Ireland. the Dragon) of Tullowe (RBD)., 24 Carlow Town pear that this was the same man who .what type we do not know. The issued the token mentioned above. 1. John Masters, dated 1657. Charter of Charles II dated 1675 in According to Mr. Malcomson, John Woodcut: Ryan's History of Carlow shows an Masters was still a thriving Burgess in Edward Renolds as being one of the 1669 as his name appeared in an Ap­ "twelve modem free Burgesses" and plotment of Vestry Cess for Dublin ranking fifth on the list. According to Street on 13 Oct. 1669, he being asses­ Mr. Malcomson this man was shown • sed at 10/- the highest on the list. A under a previous charter of James Id. Robert Brown of Tullow Street being 1614 as a deputy Portrieve of Carlow next at 9/-. The name did not appear to a Robart Brown whom he even­ ' This is the only dated token men­ again until 29 Sep. l 712 when a fee tually succeeded as sovereign. He was tioned, and the rest are dated farm grant from Henry Earl of Tho­ also a church warden with the· same between this period and 1670. Under mond to Richard Schiily (Scully?) of Robert Brown and both appeared to a Charter of James Id. 19 Apr. 1614. certain premises on the Westside of have been active members of the Carlow was more fully incorporated Dublin Street there is mention of a vestry. His last recorded attendance at than that given in the previous boundary of one "Mistress Masters.'' vestry was on 26 April 1686. Only his Charter of William Earl Marshal un­ Whether his widow or descendant is wife's name appeared in "An account der King John 1208 and stated as fol­ not known. of those that hath seats in Church of lows: "that within the said Borough Carlow 1694", and he was presumed 2. Thomas Moore of Carlo (a stag) of Carlow there be one body cor­ to have died between 1685 and 1694. (ld.) Postmaster. (See woodcut). porate and politique consisting of one This account was extracted by Mr. 1 portrieve, twelve free Burgesses and Malcomson from a transcript of "The the Commonalty." These people were Vestry Book of the United Parishes of elected annually. A John Masters was Carlow and Killeshin from 5 April mentioned in a "Compedious view of 1675 to 31 January 1715" and lodged some sufferings of the people called in the Jackson collection in the Quakers both in person and sub­ Mechanics Institute, Carlow (wher;e stance in the Kingdom of Ireland Very little is known ot Thomas is this Institute and is the Jackson from 1655 to the end of the reign of Moore. The occupation of postmaster Collection still available?) George I." (See extract: Catherlough of 1660 was much different to that of 5. Garrett Quigley. Woodcut o( County. the present day. He was mainly a post token: "Catherlough County. 1660. horse proprietor or carriage operator Thomas Weston, Thomas who also carried mails as a minor Chaunders, Henry Rose, and nine part of his operations. There was a more Friends, for meeting reference to a "John Moore" in the together in the Fear of the Lord, Vestry Assessment of 1669 residing in Catherlough, were ap­ "without the Gate". (Perhaps a prehended by order of John relative). A transcript of claims made Masters, present Portgreve, and after the Williamite Wars shows a When James II came to the throne without Examination or Mit­ Thomas Moore proving his claim to he disposed of all previous <;harters to timus, committed to Prison till lands at Ballinacarrig by a deed dated Carlow and issued a new one dated the next Sessions, and then in­ 12 March 1698 (See Ryan's History of 24 February 1689. He based the incor­ dicted, and by the jury found Carlow). Could this be the same poration of the borough of Carlow on not guilty; yet, on pretence of man? similar lines to the previous ones Fees, were kept Prisoners ,with the exception that he increased 3 & 4 Thomas Reynalds and several months, and an order the number of Burgesses from 12 to Edward Renolds. if was obtained from the chief 24 and changed the name Portrieve, 1..1 Rulers (the Lords Justices) of to that of Sovereign: He appointed a i the nation for their Enlarge­ Garrett Quigley merchant" to be the ii i: ' ment and showed to the "first and modeme soveraigne of the County-Justices, who refused to said Borough" and probably a near l!r relative John Quigley "to bee the first !Iii ' release Friends. And at the fol­ :,11 lowing Assizes, Friends were and modeme Towne Clerke of the brought before Judge Alexander, said Borough" who was nominated who reviled them, calling them for life. The name Garrett Quigley ap­ I pears again in the Vestry Cess for Rogues, Rascals, Villains, &c. 'I' (which is well known to their 1669 and that he resided in Dublin l.1 neighbours that they are no Street near the Market Cross. Tradi­ 1 such persons, being honest and tion had it that "finding the castle of 'II Carlow in ruins since. Cromwell's ' industrious men), and caused a 1 Bill on Indictment to be drawn time, he took away the oak timber 1il. up against them, and (for These tokens appear to belong to and with it roofed the houses at the '11 meeting together as aforesaid to the same family as well from Market Cross of Carlow." worship God) were by the said similarity of the name, as of the arms Having lived through reigns Gar­ Judge fined 3201." on the obverse i.e. a lion rampant. rett Quigley would appear to have .. Thomas Reynalds was a tanner ap­ steered a tricky course. His tokens It will be noted that a John parently a very important business in possibly issued originally under the Masters was "Present Portrieve" in Carlow at the time. Commonwealth, the device of a harp 1660 in Catherlough and it would ap- Edward Renolds though spelled on the obverse might be regarded as 25 ·, the Irish portion of the arms under Mr. Malcomson was unable to ob­ Cromwell, while it could also be tain any particulars in respect of The Normans taken as the emblem of nationality above token. However. a reference under Charles II and James II in par­ was made to George Dawes Continued from page 23 ticular. Burtchaell in Carloviana issue of 1969, At an Easter Vestry held in 1694 it by Mr. Gerard Slevin of Genealogical Archbishop was John Comyn, was noted that a Garrett Quigley con­ office: He stated that the Irish formerly a monk at Evesham. So too tributed £ 10 towards the "repayre of Burtchaells Armorial bearings were we have St. Mary's in Limerick and t· the church." almost similar to those of the English St. Canices in Kilkenny, both Norman Burchalls. A Peter Burtchaell was built. Christchurch in Dublin was 6. Walter Karney of "Newtown sovereign of Thomastown, Co. rebuilt by Strongbow and it is there L Bagnall." Woodcut: Kilkenny and Portrieve of Gowran. he is buried. His son David was a J.P. in Kilkenny Soon too, the Normans were and Carlow. building alliances with the Irish. However the genealogical office in­ Most of the leading Normans were in­ formed me that the armorial bearings termarried with the great Irish referred to in Mr. Slevin's article were families of O'Connor, McMurrough, dissimilar to those on the token of O'Brien, O'Neill and so forth. They The only available information in Richard Burchall of "Tullow." practised fosterage and other Irish respect• of this token would appear to Tokens 1 and 4 were in the posses­ customs and spoke the Gaelic tongue. have been the connection between sion of Mr. Malcomson, token 2 and 3 By the year 1300, such was the i this name and that of a "William with Dr. A. Smith, 5 and 7 with a Mr. situation, that instead of Norman Kearney" who appeared in a charter Haughton of Livitstown, County conquest, a better term would be issued to Old Leighlin 4 July 1688 by Kildare. Token No. 6 with R.I.A. This Norman assimilation, Norman blood James II - refer to Ryan's History of information of course was about intermingled with Gaelic and vice Carlow - perhaps this man (who was 1869. Would any of these people's versa, two great races merging once a member) of the 28 Burgesses descendants (excepting No. 6 token) together, and so to the well known was a relative of the above Walter know of the whereabouts of these phrase: Karney? tokens? Perhaps someone may be "They became more Irish, than the ~'ffe. able to throw some favourable light Irish themselves." 7. Richard Burchall of "Tullowe". on exactly who Thomas Moore, Woodcut. obverse (St. George Walter Karney and Richard Burchall and the Dragon). were, since the information of this period was very scant. Carlow Independent. Price two pence. March 29th, 1879. Mr. Crowe has raised some interesting questions in the course of his article. The NATIONAL LINE TO NEW YORK editor would welcome any comments or Largest Passenger Steam Ships sail further information. from Queenstown every Wednesday.

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26 ································~ Pattern Day at f St. Moling's

At St. Mullins the Barrow meets its nings - unless the' timeless river tide. Here the river spills over its last T. F. O'Sullivan itself, or the whispering forests, or the weir, where salmon anglers wait circle of silent hills. · hopefully for any fish that may have St. Mullins is mentioned in our escaped the drift nets out at sea. The mythology under its old name: Ros navigation canal runs on for another Art Og MacMurrough Kavanagh; Broe, the Badger Wood. In one of the half-mile to the sea-lock, where the and until late in the nineteenth cen­ tales of the Fenian Cycle it is related \ old trees of Bahanna Wood are mir­ that Fionn Mac Cumhaill, the leader rored in the still water. Everything tury their descendants, the Kavanaghs of Borris, were buried of the Fianna, was invited to join the here is old: even the lock-house here. The churchyard also holds the Leinstermen against Cairbre predates the navigation, for it was graves of a number of those who died Lifeachair, King of Tara, who at the built in the mid-eighteenth century as head of the men of the northerr, half a forest ranger's cottage. But the in the 1798 rebellion. There is an an­ cient cross and the stump of a round of Erin was marching into Leinster to forest itself is older than anything collect the Borama tribute. Fionn else. There was always a wood here tower, and a crude altar built into the gable end of a ruined building, said to marched up the Barrow to the Badger at St. Mullins, even before the place have been used for saying Mass in Wood and while camped here, was known by that name. When the penal times. Close by is a holy well waiting for the hosting of the men of holy man, Moling the miller, came Leinster, he occupied his time by here sometime in the seventh cen­ from which a clear stream flows; and the whole is dominated by a great composing a lay of seventeen tury, it was called Ros Broe, the quatrains, which began: "The Badger Badger Wood. Here Moling built his grassy mound, the relic of a Norman invasion motte-and-bailey fort built Wood is this day the resort of war­ house and his, church, so the Book of riors," and went on to predict the Tigh Mulling tells us, "and everyone on an earlier tumulus which probably dates to pre-Christian times. coming of Moling four centuries'; marvelled that a habitation was built later. Then Fionn and the Leinster there, for the place in which it was set kings met the King of Tara at the bat- up was a place of robbery and theft tle of Camross, where they defeated and outrage." Fiann and St. Brendan him and slew nine thousand of his Below the lock the village of St. followers. Mullins comes in sight: a tiny place, Every year on the Sunday before Fionn is an interesting figure,' and, clinging to the hilly left bank; an old the 25th July, people come from the not the least noteworthy thing about mill, half a dozen houses and a pub, counties round about - Carlow and him is that he probably never existed and an ancient graveyard scattered Kilkenny, Wexford and Waterford - - not in the flesh, at any rate. Since with ruins. Beyond is the mouth of to drink the water of the holy well the dissection of the Irish sagas by1 the Barrow Gorge, where the river and hear Mass at the penal altar in .scholars such as T. F. Q'Rahilly, we cuts its way through the last outliers the churchyard. The 25th July is tht:; have come to look with new eyes on of the Leinster Range, separating it feast of St. James, the patron of our Celtic heroes. Fionn, or Find, the from the sea. The sea is still thirty pilgrims. It is also one of the .Fair One, was in all probability a god, t miles away, but it sends its tides up traditional fair days and festivals held or the folk-recollection of a god, and through the gorge to push the river in Ireland from time immemorial, O'Rahilly believed him to be identical I back against the weir, so that at high when country people were ac­ with Lugh, the Shining One, the springs the water laps over the top of customed to gather at holy wells li,ke divine hero and fertility god of the the grassy quay. But when the tides this one, or on holy mountains such ancient Irish, whose feast is retreat the river rushes with a joyful as Croagh Patrick in County Mayo, celebrated at Lughnasa, at the end of roar over a rocky ledge called the partly for religious reasons but also to July or the beginning of August, the\ Scar, just below the mill. At one time celebrate the first fruits of the new harvest month. It has been postulatedj this stretch of the Barrow was called harvest. The custom of saying Mass at that the Pattern days and festivals the Garbh, or Rough River, possibly the penal altar in St. Mullins has only taking place at that time, such as the because of rapids like this one. When recently been revived, but the ascent of Croagh Patrick, or Puck Suibne Geilt, the mad King Sweeny, pilgrimage to the holy well dates Fair, derive from the harvest festival. came here to spend his last days in back beyond historical record or oral Some hundreds of years after Moling's monastery, he sang of the tradition. The people who come here Fionn, Brendan the Navigator came sweet voice of the Garbh, calling to by the thousand on Pattern Day are, to the Badger Wood. "Thirty years ti! the sea's first wave: responding to a call so old that its today," goes the chronicle, Gair na Gairbe glaidbinne, meaning has long been forgotten. But "Brenajnn, son of Findlugh, came .-glaides re tosach tuinne. they come nevertheless, drawn by a from the sea and took land and har­ St. Mullins was the burial place of force that none of them understands, bour by the stream pools of the Bar: the Leinster kings, including the great for there are no witnesses to its begin- row". Brendan is another legendary 27 ·,:~-!f::_,.: ! •. ~

character whose life story is so legend and miracle, part pagan and Conailt sought assistance against the steeped in wonder and magic that part Christian. To build his duirtheach, payment of the Borama cattle tribute ! one can credit him with more than a or wooden house, he employs the levied by the King of Erin, it was i merely historical existence. His dis­ Gobban Saer, the Irish Vulcan, and Moling who was despatched to covery of America belongs with the the wood of which it is made comes negotiate the remission of the tax. Voyage of Maelduin or the search for from the Yew of Ross, one of the five "St. Moling set out on a certain time the garden of the Hesperides rather sacred trees of pre-Christian Ireland. with the deputies of the Lagenians to than with the voyage of Columbus. He has a dispute with Gobban's wife King Ua Neill, who was then in the , His origin - "son of Findlugh" - is - herself an important figure in Irish royal fair, which was known as interesting in itself, and places named mythology - over the theft of a cow Aonach Tailltean, with his princes after him, like Mount Brandon in he had presented to her. The thief is and chiefs willing to sport in the an­ County Kerry or Brandon Hill here pursued by Moling's household and nual sport. And the Hy Neill were not above the Barrow, were Lughnasa takes refuge in a tree. Up in the tree rejoiced at the arrival of St. Moling, sites: ritual sites devoted to the he is wounded; he falls out ofit into a knowing his cause." Nevertheless worship of the fertility god, Lugh. fire and jumps from the fire into the Moling was successful in his mission, But Brendan certainly had his Barrow and is drowned: thus suffer­ obtaining the cessation of the Borama human side, and never more so than ing the ritual Threefold Death by for ever, through the exercise of an when he landed here by the stream wounding, burning and drowning. astute piece of diplomacy, or, as pools of the Barrow and looked into The Gobban Saer, incited by his wife, Whitley Stokes puts it, through "a the clear, rushing water; for the same demands as payment for his services shameful equivocation." It all de­ thought crossed his mind as will oc­ the full of Moling's wooden house of pends on what you think of the work cur to any Irishman when he finds rye grain, which is more grain than is of diplomats. Moling used ambiguous himself by a river bank. to be found in all that kingdom. But language, and obtained a promise of "Cast your nets into this haven," Moling's people fill the house with the lifting of the Borama "co Luan", said Brendan to his monks. "Belike it such corn as they have, and nuts and which could mean until next Mon­ is a place for catching fish." And apples and green rushes; and the day, or until the Day of Judgment, when the net was drawn there was a Lord works a miracle for Moling and depending on which side you were salmon in every third mesh. converts it all into rye-grain. The on. Gobban Saer takes his grain away, It is doubtful in fact, if such a thing Moling and the and thus it is found on the morrow: a as the Borama tribute was ever levied. heap of maggots! In the tribal society of that day, with Gobban Saer This incident between Moling and its constant warfare between the Now if that happened to you or me, the Gobban Saer indicates the septs, cattle-raiding and hut-burning we might consider ourselves very superimposition of a Christian cult on were an everyday occurrence, and lucky indeed, but Brendan the older traditional beliefs. Under the victorious raiding parties carried off Navigator wasn't so easily satisfied. quill of the monastic scribe the legend cattle, women and anything else of "Cast again," he ordered, and when of Moling subsumes, though it does value that they could lay hands on. the net was drawn the second time not eliminate, the legend of the No doubt many a petty king there was a salmon in every second Badger Wood, which now becomes protected his tuath against the mesh. But even tliat wasn't enough the House of Moling. The new legend depredations of a bullying neighbour for the holy man, so the net was cast is quite as marvellous as anything by making regular payments in cattle. one more, and this time there was a that went before it, even if it has a But it is another thing to speak of a salmon in every mesh. familiar ring: Moling cures lepers; triennial tribute of 5,000 ounces of Then Brendan was pleased, and casts out devils; raises the dead to silver, 5,000 cloaks, 5,000 fat cows, said to his followers: "Let us make an life; walks upon the waters. But in 5,000 fat hogs, 5,000 fat wethers and abode here, for this is a place for ec­ the long run, perhaps the most in­ 5,000 large vessels of brass or bronze. clesiastics I" teresting thing about him - surely Such descriptions of the Borama are So Brendan built the hearth of his something he has inherited from the best looked at through the same glass house there, and marked out the site earlier tradition - is his association as one uses, for instance, when of a monasterv; but an angel an­ with the kingship of Leinster, and the reading of the fabulous trappings of peared to him and said that it was not part he plays in the struggle of the the banqueting hall at Tara. But the he, but Moling, who was destined to Leinstermen against the supremacy of Borama was important as a symbol of make a dwelling there. Brendan set Tara and the Ui Neill. sovereignty, and of the hegemony off again on his voyaging, but before which the men of Erin, led by the Ui doing so he lit a fire in his hearth to Neill, sought to impose on the men of await the arrival of Moling, and that Political and Religious Leinster. The Ui Neill held the high fire burned for thirty years until Mol­ kingship of Ireland for five hundred ing came to the Badger Wood, by the Moling was of royal blood, ac­ years, until they were supplanted by stream pools of the Barrow. cording to one account of him, being the Dalcassian, Brian, in 1002. Im­ "Young, beautiful, youthful was of the race of Cathaoir Mor, King of mediately the quality of Borma at­ that cleric. White as snow was his Ireland, and seventh in descent from taches itself to Brian, who is supposed body; ruddy as purple flame his face. a brother of Crimthann Cas, first to have imposed it - again on the un­ In his time there was none equal to Christian king of Leinster. Through his fortunate Leinstermen - as a him in appearance, for the splendours sanctity and his miracles "fame and punishment for support of the Danes. of the Godhead were in his com­ renown and splendour accrued to It is quite clear that the expression pany." Of Moling's historical ex­ Moling; and the Leinstermen gave Borama · is synonymous with the istencQ- there is little doubt: he was him headship and honour and dominance which the high kingship appointed Archbishop of Ferns in the counsel, so that it was he who was a sought to assert over the kingdom of year 632. But his life, like that of high chief to them all." Thus, when Leinster. And as such, of course, it Brendan, is all intertwined with the King of Leinster, Bran Mac was important for Leinster to assert 28 Ruins of St. Mullins, from Moat. Photo by W. O'Leary, from Local History and the life of St. Moling by Patrick O'Leary. its own sovereignty by resisting the documented, There is no danger of mill and then with his own hands tribute. yourself and myself being mistaken dug a mill-race from the Glynn River, Moling's successful embassy thus for serious scholars, but I think it about a µiile away, to lead the water identifies him with the defence of the reasonable to suggest that St. Mullins to his mill. Traces of this mill-race are; sovereignty of Leinster, and this was once a ritual site associated with still pointed out. Moling regarded its episode of his legend invests him the kingship of Leinster. Here the construction as a penitential exercise, with some of the attributes of the kings were certainly buried, and here refusing all assistance in the task Divine Hero, Lugh or Fionn or they may also have been inaugurated, When after several years it was com­ Cuchulainn (all, according to in kingship ceremonies not very dif­ pleted, he "assembled very many O'Rahilly, ultimately the same) ferent from those which took place at saints to the consecration of that whose most important function was Tailteann or at Tara. Here too were rivulet, and they blessed that water, to assist in the defence of a kingdom, held once a year, probably at walking through it against the flood ~ or province or tribal entity, This ex­ Lughnasa, the tribal rites dedicated to as far as that place in which the tends to his physical appearance, the fertility of the land and to the rivulet was separated from the river,'' with a face "ruddy as purple flame", spirits which presided over it. With And Moling promised to intercede on • which forcefully recalls Cuchulainn . the coming of Christianity those tribal earth and in heaven for the sins of But his closest link is with Fionn: no ceremonies were gradually replaced those who would walk through that doubt because Fionn is mainly as­ by a Christian cult, which absorbed, water in the same way: sociated with southern and eastern however, much of the char;icter of "A branch of the river Jordan tradition. Fionn also set out from the what had gone before it. The gather­ Which passed over seven seas, banks of the Barrow to resist the col­ ings at St. Mullins remained essen­ lection of the Borama tribute, and ,tially tribal. and Moling inherited the To the north of my oratory's side; It will be communion for all." before doing so he composed a poem role of Fionn, or Lugh, or whatever foretelling the arrival of Moling four presence it was which defended the Thus it was that the custom of hundred years later. Christian saint sovereignty of the land of Leinster "wading the water" at St. Mullins and mythical hero-god are both iden- · and the fertility of its soil. became the centre of a great tified with the sovereignty of Leinster, Moling has many faces and many pilgrimage, which flourished until the and it was from St. Mullins that both roles, In his Christian legend he is early decades of this century and still sallied forth in its defence. Moling the ferryman, who rowed continues in an attenuated form, It is curious that Celtic scholarship pilgrims across the Barrow "for the Thousands came from all over has a.evoted such little attention to St. sake of Christ", and most familiarly Ireland to wash themselves in the Mullins, for the site is well Moling the miller, who built a water- water of Moling's mill-race, hoping 29 "that the filth of their sins in the In those days the Pattern Day at St. and, on Pattern Day, to be rewarded very washing will, by the grace of Mullins was also an important fair for their services. In recent years the God, through the solicitation of the day and the occasion for a great prayer-rounds in the churchyard have most blessed father Molyng, be country festival that brought crowds given way to the celebration of Mass washed away." The fourteenth­ from all over South Leinster and at the penal altar. But in other ways, century Franciscan Friar of Kilkenny, further afield; by pony 'trap and out­ nothing has changed. Here, where John Clyn, mentions in his Annals a side car and donkey cart; on foot or kings of Leinster and heroes of great pilgrimage to St. Mullins in on horseback or down the river in Ninety-Eight lie side by side in the 1348: "This year, and chiefly in the decorated canal barges. A ferry-boat dust, one has the impression of as­ months of September and October, shuttled across the river, bringing sisting at something distinct from great numbers of bishops and pilgrims from the Kilkenny shore, but what is being commemorated by the prelates, ecclesiastical and religious, no longer "for the sake of Christ," as priest, standing under the crude stone peers and others, and in general peo­ St. Moling did. Surviving descriptions arch with his back to the assembled ple of both sexes, flocked together by of the event suggest a sponJaneous pilgrims. Lashed to the cross above troops to the pilgrimage and wading gaiety; a rural self-sufficiency that is the altar, a tricolour flutters in the of the water at Thath-Molingis, in­ difficult to imagine in our own breeze. Another flies from a tall pole somuch that many thousands might mechanised. day. Brass bands from atop the Norman moat. On either be seen there together for many days; Graignamanagh and sometimes from side of the penal altar stand the oval some came on the score of devotion, New Ross played on the fair green, memorial placards that once marked but the greatest part for fear of the among the tents and standings which the graves of the men of Ninety-Eight. pestilence which raged at that time dispensed refreshment, entertain­ One of them, incongruously, bears with great violence." The pestilence ment and all manner of souvenirs of the name of King Art MacMurrough was the Black Death, which carried the occasion. One could imagine that, Kavanagh. Is all this mere oious off Clyn himself, for his journal ends as at such festivals elsewherP 1n patriotism, or are we still assisting at soon after that point. Ireland, there were pastimes that a tribal rite? harked back to the rituals of a more On the green beside the moat the Pattern Day remote time: courtship games, trials crowd circulates among fruit stalls of strength, possibly even an oc­ and ice-cream vans, rifle ranges and When Patrick O'Leary, the casional faction fight; but if so, the wheels of fortune, chairoplanes and historian of Graignamanagh, only surviving record concerns the swing-boats. All the familiar wares. published his "St. Mullins" in 1913, gatherings of young people at Cahir' s associated with outdoor gatherings the pilgrimage still flourished and the Den in the nearby Blackstairs Moun­ are on display: oranges and sticky practice of "wading the water" was tains. sweets and fizzy drinks in cans; toys still commonly observed. O'Leary On the whole, it is likely that at the and gaudy religious art and all sorts gives the following description of it: end of the day, when the tents and of colourful and useless articles of "In the present form the people begin standings were being folded up, peo­ Hong Kong manufacture. On one by praying round the well, on their ple went home quietly like you or I stall, between a row of toy trumpets hands and knees at certain places, would, minding their own business and a statue of the Blessed Virgin, a three times, and drinking of the and putting one foot carefully in front healthy-looking baby is propped up water, then 'wading of the water' by of the other. But we have a pleasant in its carry-cot, contemplating the going barefooted, praying, through glimpse of one group for whom the passing throng with fat complacency. the Theachra or Thurris, a small lane merriment had not yet ended. The The town band of Graignamanagh is through which a stream from the contingent from Graignamanagh - here, now without its ophicleide and . Holy Well flows; this lane is in sum­ those of them who could fit on board sadly reduced in numbers, but blow­ mer time full of thistles, briars and the canal boat - navigated slowly ing away no less lustily for all that. A nettles, so much so that several times back upriver, towed by their plodding stone's throw from the moat is the the person doing the pilgrimage is barge horse in the gathering dusk, pub - the only pub in the village and completely hidden by them; and the with the town band playing on deck transacting a great part of its year's place being soft under foot, with and the hold covered over to make a business on this day. It could not numerous sharp stones in the way, platform on which the merry hope to hold a fraction of the pilgrims none of which would be removed, pilgrims danced to the music of who wish to supplement their pious the reader can imagine the faith it re­ clarinet, bombardon and eleven­ draught of the water of St. Moling's quires to do this pilgrimage." keyed ophicleide. well with something stronger, if no "I have seen an old woman go on The Pattern survives today, in an less curative; so the stable yard is this pilgrimage who had to sit down attenuated but still interesting form. pressed into service and the health of to take thorns out of her feet, but not The rounds of prayers at the holy well the patron saint is drunk with fervour before she had crossed the river on and the "wading of the water" in the open air. her way up to the old ruins; there she described by O'Leary are no longer went round outside the little cell at practised, nor - so short is human the old cross three times, as at the memory - can anyone recall them. Sweeney The Madman well, and the third time, after praying But people still come by the thousand Down on the river the ferry-boat for a few minutes at the door, she to drink the water of the well, which still plies, bringing pilgrims across went inside and put a leaf in the little is still invested with miraculous from the Kilkenny bank. It plies, that narrow window at the east gable. An curative properties. In the roofless is, when there is a ferryman to row it; old man, carrying his shoes in one well-house through which the water for rowing is strenuous and thirsty hand and hat in the other, who was from the spring flows, an old man work, requiring periodic trips up to after 'wading the water: continued rinses a glass and offers it to you, in the pub to restore the strength of the all the while on his knees oraying, exchange for a coin thrown in his oarsman, if the service is to function with his head resting on the base of bag. Certain families have the at all. I happened to pass along by the t the old cross." traditional right to look after the well river when the ferry was stopped for 30 f i ! l f '\ this purpose, and was greeted with an constructs around the wild man a conscious folk-mind, with a similar urgent hail from the far bank: cautionary tale of sin, punishment cultural struggle. The clash between "Would you ever row us across?" and redemption: a tale cautionary for Ronan and Sweeny corresponds to I looked across the river and saw us all, but more particularly for those the contest between Moling and the an elderly gentleman standing on the temporal rulers who might feel Gobban Saer. Nor is it strange that Kilkenny shore, frantically waving tempted to question the authority of the nature-poetry in the Buile Shuibni his walking stick. He had not, to be Holy Mother Church. Sweeny, you recalls that of the Fenian Cycle. sure, asked me to row him across "for might say, earned himself a stroke of Listening to Mad Sweeny at the the sake of Christ," but it looked as if the crozier. Or you might put it recital of his staves, one is reminded that was what he meant. So I stepped another way, as does Mr. Shanahan of Fionn at the Badger Wood, com­ ~ into the untended rowing boat and in At Swim-Two-Birds: "The story, said posing his lay of seventeen quatrains. fetched him across to the Carlow side. learned Shanahan in a learned ex­ The author of At Swim-Two-Birds was He was a pilgrim alright, and a planatory manner, is about this fel­ familiar with Irish nature-poetry - it thirsty one at that, and I felt as I pul­ low Sweeny that argued the toss with was the subject of O'Nolan's M.A. led on the oars that I was playing a the clergy and came off second-best at thesis. In the book, begun in his stu­ small but not unworthy part in what the wind up. There was a curse - a dent days, he makes Fionn relate the St. Moling had begun. malediction - put down in the book story of Sweeny, and his translations The last legend of St. Mullins is against him. The upshot is that your of the poems are the most beautiful, that of Sweeny the Madman (Suibne man becomes a bloody bird." in my opinion, which exist: Geilt) who ended his days here. I have no way of knowing if the Sweeny was king of Dal nAraide author of At Swim-Two-Birds ever On every pool there will rain "and a man that was easily moved to came to St. Mullins. But it doesn't a starry frost; the tides of anger." He attacked St. matter. What is clear is that Brian I am wretched and wandering Ronan, who had tried to establish a O'Nolan and Fiann O'Brien and under it on the peak. church in his territory, threw his Myles na Gopaleen inhabit the same The herons are calling world as Fionn and Lugh and Mol­ psalter in a lake, broke his holy bell in cold Glen Eila ing; and like them, they are ultimate­ and slew one of his clerics. Ronan put swift-flying flocks are flying, ly identical. It is a strange world in a curse on Sweeny, so that he went corning and going. mad, lived in the woods, grew which they live: a kind of No Man's feathers and could fly from tree to Land between two cultures. The Chill icy wind, tree. For many years he wandered search for his cultural identity is the shadow of a feeble sun throughout Ireland, roosting in agony of the Irishman, accounting for the shelter of a sole tree treetops like a bird, alternately the schizophrenic, centrifugal quality on a mountain-plain. bemoaning his fate and praising the of much of our society. In O'Nolan's beauties of the wild. Finally he came work this is consciously exploited: he The bell-belling of the stag to the House of Moling and sought taps the springs of our tribal subcon­ through the woodland, the protection of the saint. "Sweet scious and juxtaposes the splendidly the climb to the deer-pass, Moling," begged the bird-king, "to archaic and the squalid present, not the voice of white seas. whom I have come at the end of my merely for comic effect - though he is Forgive me Oh Great Lord, game, protect me against hell and its the supreme artist of the absurd - but mortal is this great sorrow, harsh laughter." to probe those truths which most of worse than the black grief­ A Moling na connailbe, us prefer to keep hidden. The fan­ Sweeny the thin-groined. gus' tucus cenn mo baire, tastic world he creates in the process go nderna mo chomairge has, like the mythological world, no In later life Brian O'Nolan thought ar ifrenn as garb gaire. . time or place or form. Characters and little - or affected to think little - of episodes melt into one another; plots this first novel. "The book is of course Moling befriended the madman and counterplots duplicate and ab­ juvenile nonsense," he wrote to Brian and took him into his household; but sorb each other. The narrator in At Inglis, the editor of the Spectator, in t after some time, in fulfilment of Swim-Two-Birds is identical with Trel­ 1960, "but I understand sales are Ronan's curse, Sweeny was slain by lis, who is identical with Sweeny. enormous." But he retained the guilt Moling's swineherd. Before his death Nothing is constant: "all things fleet theme of the Sweeny legend, and he confessed his sins, and Moling led and yield each other place." developed it, in The Third Policeman, him by the hand to the door of the There is, too, a darker side, in into a novel about the damned; a • r church. Sweeny leaned against the which things do not merely fleet: story without hope, in which the r :;. doorpost and gave a great sigh, and central character is condemned to go t they fall apart; the centre cannot ' his spirit went to heaven, and he was hold; mere anarchy is loosed upon round and round for ever in a circular buried with honour by Moling. the world. Sweeny is the defender of hell. t The story of Sweeny's madness, the a culture under siege; his real sin, Sweeny was luckier than that. He Buile Shuibni, is not Irish in origin but symbolised by the breaking of drank the water of St. Moling's well, is a British import. Professor Kenneth Ronan' s bell - "the saint-bell of saints "and his spirit went to heaven, and Jackson identifies it as a sub-type of with sainty-saints" - is to have he was buried with honour by the legend of the Wild Man of the resisted the new Christian culture. Moling." One is reminded that the Woods, in which the central His madness is a cultural monkish author of those lovely character is represented in British schizopheenia and his tragedy is that nature poems was not simply out to tradition by Myrrdin, Lailoken and the of any tribal elder · who holds out entertain us. He has made his point: Arthurian Merlin, all ultimately iden­ against the missionaries. It is perhaps Sweeny in the end was a happy man. tical. But the grafting of the legend not so strange, after all. that his And may it be the same with onto- that of Moling has obviously legend should have attached itself to yourself and myself. nothing to do with British tradition. this remote spot in the Barrow Valley Extracts from this article first appeared in the Irish It is the work of an Irish monk who which is identified, deep in the sub- Times, July 8, 9, 1976. 31 The Eustaces and Hardys A Carlow background to Randolph Vigne two Chinnery Portraits

In the National Gallery of Ireland Castlemore, that fine castellated man­ Carlow has long since faded. hang two portr

33 Sir Arthur Brooke Faulkner In the little church at Staplestown -I-M-rs.-J-. M-o-na-ha-n ~, there is a white marble monument to the memory of Sir Arthur Brooke Faulkner, erected by his wife Anne, they stayed with Sam at 84 Stephens "whose union of 5 5 years appeared as Green. When Arthur first came to the happy union of a lengthened Castletown, Hugh wrote to Sam . . . bridal day." Arthur thinks this the pretyest place From what we know of Arthur he ever saw. from his letters and books, the rest of Arthur Faulkner was born in I 779 the eulogy is not just wifely exaggera­ at Wellbrooke near Cookstown, Co. tion, ... "Sound learning, refined wit, Tyrone, the youngest of six children classic elegance, love of freedom and of Hugh and Flory Faulkner. His benevolence of spirit characterized mother, the daughter of the Rev. his published sentiment and public Henry Cole and the niece of the Earl· conduct. That great simplicity and of Enniskillen, ran awiJ.Y to England the violin. He paid thirteen guineas a amiable modesty which accompanied soon after the birth of her sixth child year for a tutor for the younger boys his virtues and accomplishments. and she died there when Arthur was and sent Henry and William away to 1endeared him to all in private life and· thirteen. He was only three when his Dungannon Royal School in I 786 ,adorned the fine arts in which he ex-· eldest brother Sam died. His sister (tuition and board 20 guineas a year). celled. Kitty went to live in Dublin with her When Arthur was 14, Hugh wrote to He loved his fatherland with filial uncle Sam and his wife Catherine. Sam .... ,affection and was an eloquent and Sam Faulkner filed all his letters I am glad Hugh has begun the clas­ powerful advocate of its rights and and documents in his big alphabet sics, again. Has Willy entered college liberties. The charm of his frank and desk. When he was drowned in 1795, yet? All here are well. Arthur has polished manners brought him into the desk and its contents was moved finished the sixth aeneid of Virgil. has· intimate connection with the princes down to Castletown. In March of that read a great deal of Lucian and is now and eminent men of his time." year Hugh had rented his house and be~inning Salust and Horace. He Underneath the praying angel of1 bleach mill at Wellbrooke to a Mr. sticks so close to it he hardly takes the Faulkner crest is the motto 'Vive Greer and moved to Carlow to farm time to take his meat. ut vivas.' (The Faulkners claim to be a I Castletown for his brother. He in­ After Sam died, an old tutor, Mr. branch of the Scottish family the; herited Castletown when Sam died. Glasgow wrote anxiously to Hugh to Lords Falconer of Halkerton). Henry, Arthur's eldest brother in­ persuade him to stay in Dublin so Significantly, there · is a violin herited in 1800. Castletown passed to that the boys could live with him. carved at the top of the monument. It his nephew Hugh in 1845 whose son "It would please me much better to is said that Arthur once conducted Henry inherited in 1856. Henry was hear that you would live in town on the Berlin Philharmonic orchestra. killed in Africa in a tribal war. He their account, and when I consider His violin was preserved by -the had gone to Africa on an expedition how mw:h you used to value their liv­ Faulkner family until it was to search for Livingston. Castletown ing under the inspection of your 'destroyed in the Blitz in the Second was sold in 1874 to Charles Preston brother's eye, I am encouraged to world war. Was it the same violin Kennedy, the great uncle of the pre­ hope that you will take the same that he asked for at the foot of his sent owner John Monahan. It was, charge yourself. I know you do not eldest brother's letter in 1786 when nearly l 00 years in the possession of like living in town but what sacrifices he was seven years old, . . . the Faulkner family. It is from the will a conscientious parent make. "Dear Uncle, a fiddle, Arthur large collection of letters, legal docu­ You will say that this will subject you Faulkner." ments, maps, bills and rent books that to loss at Castletown. Certainly there Castletown Castle, the home of the we have learnt so much about the is no comparison between a trifle of Faulkner family from 1786 to 1874, is Faulkner family. property and good moral principle. about three miles from Staplestown Some of the letters are written by How much better members of society, church (the last Faulkner to be buried the notorious "Buck" Whaley, the how much more respectable and hap­ in the vault in the churchyard was rake and spendthrift. The Whaley py would the Whaleys have been Jane Faulkner who died 1896 age 81. family lived next door to Sam in with solid principles and good Jane's husband Hugh is buried beside Stephens Green and Sam was agent character, though they possessed only her. He was Sir Arthur Faulkner's for their estates. Many of the letters as many principles as they did nephew). are connected with Sam's agencies thousands." Arthur Faulkner came to live at but a large section are from Hugh to Sam's Clerk1 Michael Kearney Castletown in 1795 when he was 16. his older brother. Hugh was twenty wrote in 1796 "You will certainly be That year his father Hugh, his three three in 1764 when he was helped by anxious to hear the fate of my brothers Henry, William and Hugh Sam to erect a linen bleaching and favourite (your son Arthur). He has and his sister Kitty moved south from beetlining mill at Wellbrooke worked not, indeed fallen short of my expec­ the county Tyrone. Arthur's father by water power. tations, notwithstanding the was to farm Castletown for . h_is Hugh took a great interest in his Praemium has been given to the brotaer Sam Faulkner. That spring: sons' education. He read Greek and Filius Nobilis but Mr. Magee, (his ex­ Arthur had joined his brothers at Latin and English poetry. He could aminer) declared publicly that he Trinity College, Dublin. In term time survey and make maps and he played gave it with reluctancy intimiating he·

34 r l thought Faulkner more worthy of it. some accidental qualm, or change of Castletown, Monday, Arthur lost by a few trivial questions opinion reprieved by the relenting in­ Dear Sir, I in History but in Logic,Greek and Latin quisition. You will oblige me much if you he was superior to any lad in the divi­ This man I know well; and if poor will have the goodness to give my sion. Larry Nowlan had a vice it was a sim­ brother William Faulkner twelve That October Arthur was staying ple addiction to potheen, I knew him guineas, he is obliged to go to with Dr. McCartney and his son at to be incapable, in mind or body, of England this night in consequence of , Antrim and wrote to defend his time going beyond the jog-trot of life. The a letter received from my brother i spent hunting . . . "small enough fright left him in the state of semi­ who was lately_ on the expedition to i recompense for my hard winter's fatuous stupefaction for, I believe, the Spain and who has been since his reading when I did not take an hours rest of his days, which fortunately return taken so ill with a nervous f relaxation (unless at the time of were not long to run. I have been pre­ fever that by a letter received last eating) from November till the latter sent when acts of the most inex­ night, we have very little hope of his 1 end of June and likewise this winter cusable severity were committed by recovery. I shall, as soon as I am able 1 must go to Dublin to do the same. the yeomanry." (Farrell has similar to ride out call upon you and settle for I Arthur took lectures in chemistry, account of Larry Nowlan). the above sum. anatomy and dissection and Arthur must have been saddened Yours truly and obliged, graduated B.A. He then entered Edin­ by the execution of Philip Kennedy Henry Faulkner. burgh as a medical student who had been steward at Castletown On the walls of the dining room at graduating M.D. in 1803. from 1786 to 1795 when Hugh took Castletown hang two large engrav­ Arthur was studying in Dublin or over. ings of Wellington's Generals. The ti­ in Edinburgh during the rebellion of Arthur was, like his father, a tle is "The Peninsular Heroes". 1798 but he must have visited Carlow humanitarian. Hugh had been a fer­ Arthur retired from the army and at that time. In one of his travel books vent admirer of Thomas Paine's was knighted in 1815 and was ap­ he relates an incident. He had been "Rights of Man" a,nd had distributed pointed physician to the Duke of Sus­ advocating equal education for rich the pamphlets in the North. He was sex. He settled in Cheltenham but and poor .... one of the Ulster Presbyterians who travelled to France Italy and Ger-, "To recur to my recollections of wanted a reform of Parliament and many and published books of his Ireland, how many poor peasants equal rights for Catholics. He had travels and various letters and have I seen in the rebellion of I 798, lbeen sent for by the Secret Commit­ pamphlets. whose backs were furrowed by the tee of the House of Lords engaged in Arthur Faulkner died 23 May 1845 · lash, by the order of ministerial investigating the disturbances in the just twenty days after the death of his Rhadamanthus of the day, in order to north. One of these neighbours, Dr. eldest brother Henry. Sam had con­ extort a confession of guilt, of which Reynolds became in I 794, the verted the old castle at Castletown there was not a shade of proof. chairman of the Dublin branch of the into a farm house. Henry had added a One poor creature's fate made a par­ United Irishmen. Hugh denounced wing in the Gothic Revival style. The ticular impression on me. He the Protestant Ascendancy and wrote architect was Dan Robertson who was being carried off to the triangle, letters to the papers that were ex­ had designed Ballydarton and there to be solicited by the persua­ tremely fiery. Dunleckney and the famous terraces sions of the cat-o-nine-tails, should he -- At the end of 1800 Hugh went to at Powerscourt. The young Faulkners betray any stubborness in the volun­ England with- his son Henry to ar­ had scratched their names with a dia­ tary self-inculpation. I met him before range some business for Buck mond on quite a few of the old win­ he entered the town as he was trotted Whaley. Whaley died aged 33 · and sows in the castle. I am sure Arthur, along behind a dragoon to the bar­ Hugh died soon after and was buried on his travels often thought of racks. He was interrogated on the in Bath Abbey. Castletown as "the prettyest place he way by a talkative jackanapes of a After qualifying as a doctor, Arthur ever saw." half and half gentleman, who rode spent two years in London at the Books published by Sir A. B. close by his side and seemed to enjoy Westminister hospital and the Surrey Faulkner. 1827 Rambling notes and the poor fellow's dilemma with a Dispensary. In 1805 he received a Reflections (visit to France). fiendish delight. When asked what B.A. M.A. at Cambridge and the next 1829/30/31/32 Visit to Germany and chance or hope he had of escape, "an year M.B. and M.D. Pembroke Col­ the low countries, 2 vols, London plaze your honour, none at all," lege Oxford. In 1808 he became a fel­ 1833. 1837 Letters to Lord Brouham l answered poor Paddy with an air of low of the College of Physicians (visit to Italy). 1828 Reply to clerical nonchalance that never forsakes London and was appointed physician objections. 1829 Letters to the college, him," unless, maybe, your honour to the Forces. He served on the staff in of physicians advising them to give will speak for me." Spain, Holland and Malta. In 1810 he up antiquated privileges and assume "Your master, I know, said the published a tract "Considerations on new duties. 1834 Letter to the lord ferocious slave, "will have nothing to the expediency of establishing a hos­ Chancellor. 1840 Letter to the do with such a vagabond rebel." pital for officers on foreign service." Archbishop of Canterbury. The Dic­ "Well, well" said Paddy, God bless That year he married Anne, tionary of National Biography you at any rate. "He was hurried to daughter of Donald Macleod Esq. of devotes a page to Sir Arthur Brooke the barracks, the gate of which Lewis, England. Faulkner. yawned wide day and night for its Some time in or before 1812, * The Carlow Sentinel of 20 Aug. victims, and there carried to the con­ Arthur returned, sick, from Spain. He 1836 informed its readers that Sir fessional, scoured and let off. The had been with Wellington in the Arthur Brooke Faulkner had process from first to last, was borne Peninsular war which had thrown presented Rev. Thomas Tyrell P. P. without a groan, or rather like "Lao­ the French out of Spain and Portugal. Tinryland with an "Ascension" for coon'!:' torture" dignifying pain. An undated letter from Henry to his church - Faulkner was living or Another wretch, on the point of being Henry Maccartney on account of travelling on the continent (informa­ swung from a lamp iron, was, by Doctor Faulkner. tion from Brother P. Kavanagh).

35 Chairman's Report

This year we celebrate thirty years housework before the vacuum as a society, longer than most cleaner and the spray-on polish, of societies in Carlow. An anniversary is S. A. Fitzmaurice your work on the farm when horses a time for self examination. A time to still reigned supreme and the tractor examine what we have achieved in still caused comment, of butter­ the past, what we are achieving today there is a misapprehension of what making when it was done in the and what targets we must set our history is all about due to the way it home or of trips to the creamery sights on for the future. was taught in our schools. We all before the milk tanker took over, of The past gives us ground for self remember the horror of learning lists fairdays before the cattle marts, of of­ congratulation. We have been a fices before the impersonalisation of of dates of battles and parliamentary healthy society, our lectures and out­ typewriters and dictaphones. The list bills. As well, in local history ings have been well attended and ap­ is endless. societies, there has been an over preciated, our journal is anticipated So to the future - if we want our emphasis on earthworks but while with pleasure each year and its stan­ society to remain the vital force it has history embraces all these features dard has seldom flagged. It has been we must put more effort into it. history is primarily about people, the spread the news of our work across We must be prepared not just to sit way they lived and the way they the world and has kept many exiles back and allow the few hardworking thought. in touch with their homeland. We members and outside lecturers to do While change has always been have our museum which has earned our work for us, we must all become with us, in the last fifty years our way much praise· from those who have active, think what gifts we have been of life has changed faster than it has seen it. given that we could use for the good ever changed before. The advent of of our society. I appeal to you all - electricity, mechanisation and the shake off this apathy - everyone of us mass media has brought about a Present and Future has something to offer. Come forward world which would have seemed to with your ideas and contribute. our grandparents to have been in the What of the present - I fear that Finally, we have in the last year, realms of science fiction. We have we may be falling prey to the world­ lost several valued members but our many members who must be able to wide disease of apathy. The work of greatest loss has been the death of remember the times before all these the society falls increasingly on a sm­ Victor Hadden. He was a loyal things became common. If they feel all band of dedicated members while member for many years and for a the majority of our members seem to that they are unable to do research time editor of this journal. Others from original documents or other enjoy a passive membership. While who knew him better than I did pay more specialised forms of recording we welcome all those who wish to tribute to him elsewhere in this edi­ may we appeal to them to record come to listen to our lectures we tion but I would like to pay my own their memories. It is said that today's would ask them to involve tribute to one who served us so news is tomorrow's history. Please themselves more fully in the business faithfully in so many ways. of the society. The difficulty we have tell us of your childhood, of your had in finding members prepared to serve on our various committees has been a discouraging aspect of the last year. Committees need new blood and new ideas if a society is to remain lively. From Carlow's Past It has also been discouraging that so few members have been prepared to help in staffing the museum on Carlow Independent Carlow Independent. Price 2d. Sundays. For the committee running March 29th, 1879. Price 2d. Saturday, March 29th, 1879. the museum this has been a recurring problem. If enough members would THE CLOTH HALL, volunteer it would only be necessary DUBLIN STREET NOW OPEN to call on each of them occasionally. D. McGrath, Proprietor The old established Stationery and While we acknowledge how many Gentlemen's, Youths' and Boys' Fancy Warehouse known as the claims there are on people's time we Cloth ins:( "Carlow Post" sometimes wonder if the bulk of our Gents' Suits 17/6 to 50/ 5 5 Dublin St., Carlow James Moore, Auctioneer, respectful­ members really want their museum. Gents' Derby Coats 1 15/9 to 40/- ly informs his friends and the public Discouraging too is the lack of Gents'. Overcoats 1 15/6 to 40/- generally, that he has purchased the papers coming from our own Gents' Trousers 1 6/- to 18/- interest of the above establishment members. The prime aim of a society Vests in Every Variety such as ours is to record the history of where he intends carrying on General our area. Perhaps people are put off Youths' Suits 1 12/6 to 30/- Stationery Books etc. Fancy Trade in by two factors. Firstly I fear they Boys' Suits 1 10//- to 20/ all its branches. Valentines for the think we are looking for literary Worsted Coats and Vests of superior coming season. masterpieces. We are not, we are quality. Perfect fit guaranteed in all China, Delph and Glass. looking for records. Secondly I think garments. All the latest novelties.

36 Secretary's Report n , For the Year 1975-76 if s ,r helped the audience to fully enjoy 30th ANNIVERSARY each item. As the Foresters' Hall was e This year the Old Carlow Society [ Sean O Leary no longer available the recital, thanks y celebrates its 30th Anniversary. In to the kindness of the nuns, was in { the Presentation Secondary School. 1946 when the Society was founded Vocational Education Committee ,- people said the 0.C.S. would not last After the recital the Ladies Commit­ ' when Mr. K. A. Mawhinney spoke { tee .served a lovely tea which rounded long - perhaps a year or two. Time on "Industrial Archaeology in t off a most enjoyable evening. has proved that these prophets of Ireland". Unlike most of our talks doom were completely wrong, for which usually deal with churches, r 1976 sees the Society in a very strong TEN-MINUTE TALKS: s rr,onasteries and castles the lecturer position. At every meeting names are gave a fascinating talk, illustrated by To show what our members can handed'in of people who are desirous a fine selection of coloured slides, on do, we had on 22 January 1976 five t of joining, with the result the present structures relating to industry and ten-minute talks on various subjects, ~ membership is an all-time· high. transportation - factories, breweries, and they were an outstanding suc­ ) However, it is not alone in mere cess. ...~ distilleries, mills, roads, railways, numbers that the O.C.S. shows its canals etc. The lecturer stressed that Mrs. Crombie gave a complete l vitality but in the interest the history of the Presentation Convent I all these old structures have not, up members take in the activities of the to the present, received the attention from its foundation in 1811 to the Society, and that interest extends they deserve. He appealed to his present day. It was appropriate that even to their friends who have not as listeners to collect as much data as this talk was given in the bi­ yet joined. As a result, at the lectures possible before all these monuments centenary of Nano Nagle, the and outings we find numbers of peo­ of industry are bull-dozed out of ex­ foundress of the Presentation Order. ple who are not members. Eventually istence. He showed us how very in­ Miss K. Sheehan read a particular­ r these, we hope, will figure in our teresting the social history of past ly fine paper on Carlow Castle. r Membership List. generations can be. Mr. James Doyle, Junior, gave a I It is gratifying too, to find that the talk on Carlow's. famous Bishop views of the O.C.S. are sought when CASTLECOMER MINES: J.K.L. For a young man, James any question arises in the area on • On 20th November, Capt. R. C. treated us to a very comprehensive r questions affecting the general public. account of that patriotic prelate . The O.C.S. is much more than a mere .Prior-Wandesford gave a most in­ teresting talk entitled "A History of Mr. Hugh Dolan i:old tis of Sir Wil­ historical Society - it is interested in Ii am Temple who lived in the Carlow of the present as well as of Castlecomer Mines". As the Wandesford family have for centuries Staplestown House in the early part the past. of the I 7th century and was a noted On this 30th Anniversary we pay a been connected with the 'Comer Mines the Capt. was well qualified to horticulturist. Mr. Dolan also gave a warm tribute to those devoted people brief account of William Haughton - who kept the Society going through give a detailed account of the in­ dustry. Using a particularly fine selec­ the founder of the Haughton firm - the past thirty years. To them it must who was a well-known figure in the be a special joy to see their efforts tion of maps, diagrams and photographs he dealt with all facets Carlow of his day. crowned with such wonderful suc­ Sean O'Leary read an article which cess. of coalmining - how coal --is formed, i1 the different seams in the 'Comer appeared in "The Nationalist" in May j! THE MUSEUM: Area, the various methods of extrac­ 1952 entitled "Val Vousden - The Museum continues to attract tion down the years, the arduous life Ireland's Wandering Minstrel" - an I many visitors and exhibits continue of the miner, and finally why the account of Bill McNevin of College Street, a versatile entertainer who for to pour in. The upper room is now 'Comer mmes had eventually to close Ii~ open to the public and various as the seams became uneconomic. years was the idol of audiences all improvements were made in th, lay­ The listeners were really interested in over Ireland and Britain and whose out of the exhibits in the rooms on the talk as many of them could recall marvellous voice was frequently !t heard on Radio Eireann in his the ground floor. Once again Carlow the lines of horse (and ass) drawn I! County Council showed their ap­ beautiful recitations. The speaker coal carts pouring into Carlow over l,11 preciation by giving us a further grant The Bridge from 'Comer. gave his own recollections of that very lovable character who died in Ii of £300 which helped very much to NELLIE WALSH: I' pay ever-increasing expenses. Due to June 195 l. ~i",I On 11 December, Nellie Walsh of the number of exhibits coming in CARLOW IN HISTORY: lack of space will shortly be a Wexford paid us a welcome return visit and gave a delightful song recital problem. On 19 February our Secretary read entitled "From Beethoven to Behan". a paper entitled "Carlow in Irish INDUSTRIAL ARCHAEOLOGY: As the title suggests her songs were a History" in which he told how this Our-first lecture on 16 October was very varied selection. Nellie's voice is area figured in the Annals of Ireland under the joint auspices of the Royal still as pleasing as ever and her in­ from The Stone Age to 1916. The Dublin Society and Carlow troductory talks before each song paper was interesting as it

37 endeavoured to collect all the bits and Museum. He regretted that there was dent of the O.C.S. in charge of the pieces found in various books and still no place in which to display the Museum an Extra-ordinary A.G.M. papers into one article - a continuous farm machinery they had collected. was held on 10 June 1976. It was narrative of Carlow's history. He also regretted that it was difficult decided "that a Committee of twelve to get stewards for Sunday opening. members of the Old Carlow Society COLONEL MYLES KEOGH: Mr. Murphy suggested that a be elected to form the Museum Com­ On 18 March there was an Museum Committee should be ap­ mittee (instead of the present five­ overflow attendance who came to pointed completely independent of member Committee) and that a hear Mr. John Monahan talking the 0.C.S. After some discussion the report from this Museum Committee about that colourful figure Colonel suggestion was referred for considera­ and a Financial Statement from its Myles Keogh. With slides, specially ;tion to the MuseQm Committee and Treasurer be submitted to the A.G.M. made for the occasion by Mr. the O.C.S. Committee. of the O.C.S." Brendan Kealy, Mr. Monahan gave a The Revised Rules of the 0.C.S. ~~~~~~~~- wonderful account of the activities of drawn up at a recent meeting of the co. WICKLOW that great soldier in Ireland, in Italy O.C.S. Committee were considered Our first outing was an afternoon and in the U.S.A. John Monahan cer­ and unanimously adopted. one to Avondale, Glendalough and tainly went to endless pains to amass the E.S.B. installations at Turlough all the information he gave us about ELECTION OF OFFICERS: Hill. At Avondale the members were that world-famous Carlow man. On a vote, Mrs. B. FitzMaurice was conducted through the historic home Our last three lectures were held in elected Chairman for '76-77. Miss M. of C. S. Parnell and were very impres­ the Royal Ho.tel as our venue for T. Kelly was unanimously elected sed by what they saw and by the talk many years, The Foresters' Hall, is no Vice-Chairman; Mr. S. O'Leary, Hon. given by the Official Guide. It was longer available. Secretary; Mr. K. Kennedy, Hon. regretted that time did not allow us to Treasurer; Mr. H. Dolan, Hon. Editor traverse the planned walks through A.G.M. were unanimously re-elected. the beautiful woods surrounding the The A.G.M: was held on 22 April RURAL LIVING WEEK-END: mansion. In beautiful Gleann-da­ 1976. The Chairman in his address, loch, our members admired the lakes, The Museum had a stall at the mountains, churches, and Round said the Society had a very successful Rural Living Week-End held in the Tower. At Turlough Hill a year. He hoped that it would con­ Regional College on Saturday and Carlowman, Mr. T. C. Trundle, gave tinue to progress. To ensure this every Sunday 15-16 May. The stall attracted us ar;i interesting talk on the work in­ member should contribute something very much interest from visitors. It volved in the construction of the mas­ - a talk, a project or some fresh idea. proved to be a good advertisement for sive E.S.B. installations. Due to No one should be afraid to give some the Museum. helpful suggestion. It is on new and security reasons we were not allowed fresh ideas that a Society thrives. To EXTRAORDINARY A.G.M. to enter the installations area. give some other person a chance to Following consideration by the TIPPERARY: direct the activities of the Society he Museum Committee and the O.C.S. On 11 July we had our Annual was relinquishing the Chairmanship. Committee of the suggestion of hav­ Full-day Outing when we visited Some other person would have new ing a Committee completely indepen- Cahir, Cashel, Holycross and Thurles. ideas on what is best for the Society. He thanked the officers and members for their co-operation during his term of office. An t-Athair P. MacSuibhne am. Miss Iona Macleod paying tribute to CARLOW SCHOOL OF Mr. Kealy's fine work asked him to re-consider his decision but he said MOTORING LTD. his mind was definitely made up. (VAL SLATER) Secretary, Sean O'Leary, gave a detailed account of the year's ac­ tivities. Treasurer, Kevin Kennedy, Expert Patient Tuition. presented a Balance Sheet which Dual controlled car. showed there was a satisfactory balance on hands with all expenses Car available for Test. paid. Mr. Kennedy was com­ plimented on the state of the Society's finances. Beginners especially catered for.

THE MUSEUM: Mr. Seamus Murphy, Chairman of We can hel1(': you get your test for Motor the Museum Committee said that the Cycles, Tractors, Cars. Trucks or Buses. Upper Room had been divided, a por­ tion for exhibits and the rest as a work-room. He was glad to report that branches of the Museum Com­ For appointment call to 39 Sycamore Rd .• mittee had been established in Tul­ or Phone (0503) 41991. low and Ballon and people there . were taking a keen interest in the

38 At Cahir we were impressed with the Mr. Brian Keyes, N.T., of Kildare FitzMaurice and Mr. B. Kealy com­ marvellous restoration work done by Archaeological Society gave the pleted the praiseworthy work of the Board of Works on the Castle and history of the Kilcullen District while copying the inscriptions on the with the splendid series of coloured Mr. Michael Conway, N.T., conducted monuments in the old grave-yards at films shown to visitors. At Cashel we us around Ballymore-Eustace and Sleaty and Killeshin. It is to be hoped visited the beautiful Church of gave all the various explanations that that other members will do similar Ireland Cathedral and also the have been suggested for the collection work in their areas. famous Library in the Cathedral of standing stones popularly called At the moment we are drawing up Grounds. We marvelled at the the Pipers' Stones - an Irish version our series of talks for the coming . wonderful collection of old and of Stonehenge. Winter Session which we hope will valuable books and documents so be well attended. tastefully displayed. At Holycross we CLONMORE, KILTEGAN: saw the further restoration work On Sunday 12 September we had THANKS: completed s1rice our -last visTt-and our last outing for the season when In conclusion I should like to how the beautiful edifice is now be­ we visited Clonmore Castle where thank the officers and the members ing used for worship. Having had tea Mr. John Moriarty, N.T., M.C.C., and for their co-operation at all times and in Hayes historic hotel in Thurles we Mr. Edward McDonald gave us very "The Nationalist" which never ialls to visited all the places of interest in the informative talks on the Castle and bring the activities of the O.C.S. town. district. From Clonmore we before the public. ' OLD KILCULLEN, BALLYMORE- proceeded to Kiltegan where by kind 28 September, l 976. EUSTACE permission of Madam Hume­ Our Third Summer Outing was on Weygand we visited the lovely LOST the afternoon of Sunday l 5 August grounds surrounding Hume-wood In the Fair of Carlow, 29th March when we visited Old Kilcullen with Castle. From Humewood we A HOGGET SHEEP its Round Tower and High Cross, proceeded to the Missionary College Knockaulin with its huge ring fort at Kiltegan from which so many with red raddle strike under right eye thought to be the residence of the priests go to spread the Gospel in all and a tar brand of M on the side. Any Kings of Leinster, New Abbey to see parts of the world. information will be thankfully 1i: the famous Lester Tomb, Ballymore­ received at 7 Dublin Street. Eustace with its Cross and Church INSCRIPTIONS RECORDED: If found by a poor person a reward and the celebrated Pipers' Stones It is gratifying to report that during will be given and expenses paid. I beside the road to Baltinglass. the year two of our members, Mrs. B. Carlow Sentinel, November 29th, 1848.

i[r:

~I,,

·,1 "Robert Emmett" about 1920 Richard Hayden, Tinryland. Pat Kane, Kilmeany. :r Hugh Kane, do. Super Hayden, Tinryland. Fr. E. I. I L. to R. sitting or kneeling in front: Thomas Cummins, Campion, C.C. Back Row: Tom Dempsey, Tinryland. '· Greenhouse. Mrs. M. A. Pender, nee Murphy, Rain­ I Pat Byrne, Kilmeany. stown. John White, Tinryland. Tom Byrne, do. Dan Murphy, do. Owen Cummins, Greenhouse. Standing: Ned Hayden, father of Fr. Eamonn, S.P.M, Kiltegan. Ned 'flayden, Tinryland. Dick Hayden, do. James Patrick and Mrs. Shine, parents of Sr. -Atigustfne, Frs. Brophy, N.T. Millhouse, Rathcrogue. Stephen Nolan, Stan and Paddy, P.P. Photo lent by Fr. P. Mac Suibhne, I Ballinacarrig. Mrs. S. Shine, N.T. Patrick Shine, N.T. to Carlow Museum. 39 Officers and Members of The Old Carlow Society 1976/77

President Canavan, Mrs. M., St. Joseph's Road, Ellis. J. J. & Mrs., 17, Burnaby Park, His Lordship Most Rev. Dr. Patrick Len­ Carlow. Greystones, Co. Wicklow. non, Bishop of Kildare & Leighlin. Carbery, D. & Mrs., Green Road, Carlow. Ellis, William, Burrin Street, Carlow. Carlos, Mr. R. N., 39 Sandfield Gardens, Life Vice Presidents Farrell, Mr. & Mrs. Leo, 84 New Oak Very Rev. P. MacSuibhne, M.A., St. Blackrock, Co. Louth. · Carroll, Mr. Noel, 36 Clare Road, Drum- Estate, Carlow. Patrick's College, Carlow. condra, Dublin, 9. Fenlon, Mrs. M., "Riverville," Mrs. M. O'Neill, Wilton Gardens, Cork. Montgomery Street, Carlow. Mr. Liam D. Bergin, Editor, "Nationalist Chmelar, Edward, Rathnapish, Carlow. Claxton, P., Milford, Carlow. Fennell, Mrs. Eileen, Chapelstown,. & Leinster Times," Carlow. Cogan, Pat, Killeshin Road, Carlow. Carlow. Mr. Alec Burns, College Street, Carlow. Collins, Sean, 80 Elm Park Drive, Fennell, Mrs. J., 17 Granby Row, Carlow. Chairman Rathnapish, Carlow. FitzGerald, Mrs. D., Shinrone, Offaly. Mrs. B. FitzMaurice Connolly, Mrs. T., Ballyfoyle, Mageney, FitzMaurice, Mrs. B., Laurel Lodge, Co. Kildare. Carlow. Vice-Chairman Conroy, Miss M., Castle Street, Carlow. FitzRoy, Miss A., Montgomery Street, Miss M. T. Kelly Corcoran, Mrs. B., 132 J.K.L. Avenue, Carlow. Carlow. Foley, Joseph, Sycamore Road, Secretary Crombie, B. & Mrs .. Pembroke, Carlow. Rathnapish, Carlow. Mr. Sean O'Leary Crowe, Austin, "Sleibhte," 125 Newtown Gahan, Miss Muriel, Carrigfern, Shankill,. Park Avenue, Blackrock, Co. Co. Dublin. Treasurer Dublin. Mr. Kevin Kennedy Giddy, E. & Mrs., Athy Road, Carlow. Cullen, Rev. Cathal, C.C. Rathvilly, Co. Governey, Francis, Pollerton, Carlow. Carlow. Greco!, John L., Cleveland, Ohio, 44101, Editor Cullen, Miss Mary, Tullow Road, Carlow. Mr. H. Dolan U.S.A. Cullen, Sr. Nessa, Clochar na Trochaire, Ceatharloch. Hade, Miss P., Castle Street, Carlow. Committee Harding, Rev. B., St. John's, Kilkenny. Miss I. MacLeod, Mrs. M. Fenlon, Mrs. B. Curry, Kevin, 12 Oakley Park, Tullow Road, Carlow. Harvey, Mrs. P., Mill Park House, Crombie, Mrs. T. Smyth, Mrs. E. Fennell. Kilbride, Co. Carlow. Messrs. J. Moriarty, B. Kealy, T. Smyth, Deane, Miss M., St. Killian's Crescent, Haughney, Eamonn, Pollerton Road, M. Dooley, J. Westman, R. James. Carlow. Carlow. Delegates to Arts Council Delaney, Mrs. N., "Renselar," Graiguecul­ Hawkes, Miss S., Castle Street, Carlow. Mr. Brendan Kealy len, Carlow. Healy, Pat, Pollerton Castle, Carlow. Mr. John Moriarty Dempsey, R. & Mrs., Burrin Street, Healy, R., College Street, Carlow. Carlow. Holden, Michael & Mrs., Tullow Street, Delegates to the Historical Advisory Dolan, Hugh, 3 5 Oakley Park, Tullow Carlow. Committee of Road, Carlow. Holton, Sr. Ann, Clochar na Trochaire, Carlow Co. Council Dooley, Gerard, 14 St. Killian's Crescent, Ceatharloch. Mr. H. Dolan, Mr. A. Burns Carlow. Hosey, Gerard, Staplestown Roc1-:!, Dooley, Miss M., Athy Road, Carlow. Carlow. MEMBERS Dooley, Michael, 20 St. Killian's Crescent, Hughes, John, 1 5 Oaklawn Estate, Carlow. Carlow. Agar, J. R. & Mrs., 13 Larkfield,. Dooley, Padraig, 14 St. Killian's Crescent, Hughes, Mrs. Jos., Kildrenagh, Rathnapish, Carlow. Carlow. Bagenalstown, Co. Carlow. Agar, Mrs. M., N.T., Chapelstown, Dooley, Miss Teresa, 14 St. Killian's Cres­ Hutton, Frank & Mrs., 6 Staplestown Carlow. cent, Carlow. Road, Carlow. Alcock, Noel, 46 Staunton Avenue, Dowling, John, "Maryville," Burrin Hyland, Mrs. Sadie, "Genazzano," Kil­ Governey Park, Graiguecullen, Street, Carlow. leshin Road, Carlow. Carlow. Doyle, Mrs. B., St. Joseph's Road, Carlow. James, Mrs. E., Montgomery Street, Doyle, Mrs. C., Sycamore Road, Carlow. Behan, Mrs. C., Station Road, Carlow. Rathnapish, Carlow. James, Miss Margaret, Montgomery Bolton, Liam, Keelogue, Killeshin, Doyle, James & Mrs., Ballickmoyler Street, Carlow. Carlow. Road, Carlow. James, T. R., 82, Green Road, Carlow. Brennan, Miss Ciss, Strawhall, Carlow. Doyle, J. & Mrs., 98 Maher Road, Jones, Mrs. A., Montgomery Street, Brennan, Michael & Mrs., 2 Burrin Road, Governey Park, Graiguecullen. Carlow. New Oak Estate, Carlow. Doyle, James Jnr., 98 Maher Road, Jordan, Mrs. M., St. Mary's Park, Carlow. Broderick, Sean, Pollerton Big, Carlow. Governey Park, Graiguecullen. Brophy, Edward, Rathnapish, Carlow. Doyle, Misses M. & D., "Innisfree," Sta­ Kealy, Brendan, B.A., H.D.E., Maryboro' Brophy, Mrs. M., 35 O'HanrahanAvenue, tion Road, Carlow. St., Graiguecullen, Carlow. Carlow. Doyle, Miss Nellie, Granby Row, Carlow. Kealy, Mrs. Josie, "Sacre Coeur," 51 Brophy, Very Rev. P. J., P.P., Kilcock, Co. Doyle, Mrs. M., "Sunny Cedars," Killeshin Green Road, Carlow. Kildare. Road, Carlow. Kelly, Miss M. T., The Stream, Castleder­ Browne, John, N.T., Ballinacarrig, Doyle, Thomas, Bough, Rathvilly, Co. mot Road, Carlow. Carlow. Carlow. Kelly, Michael & Mrs., Burrin Street, Burns, Alec, College Street, Carlow. Duggan, Noel & Mrs., 874162 North Carlow. Burns, Mr. & Mrs. C., "Malasha," Kil­ Road, Rego Park, Long Island Kelly, William & Mrs., 26 St. Patrick's leshin Road, Carlow. N. r Avenue, Carlow. Byrne, Mrs. A., Little Barrack Street, Duggan, Mr. P., Court View, Carlow. Kelly, Mrs., Rutland, Carlow. Carlow. Duggan, W. L. & Mrs., College Street, Kennedy, Kevin & Mrs., 6, Oakley Park, Byrne, W. E., 34 Hillview Drive, Carlow. Carlow. Graiguecullen, Carlow.

40 Lillis, Maj. Gen. Jas., Blackrock, Co. O'Laoire, An t-Athair, Sean, Min.• Tig na Purcell, Pat, Quinagh, Carlow. Dublin. Sagart, Ceatharloch. Lillis, T. J. & Mrs., Lumclone House, O'Leary, Miss Maria, Montgomery Street, Ratusky, Mrs. M., Montgomery Street, Fenagh, Co. Carlow. Carlow. Carlow. Little, Lazerian & Mrs., Strawhall, O'Leary, · Sean & Mrs., Montgomery Carlow. Street, Carlow. Shaw, Misses Nan & Kathleen, 130 J.K.L. Little, Mrs. T., Montgomery Street, Oliver, Miss B., Dublin Street, Carlow. Avenue, Carlow. Carlow. ·oliver, Sr. M., Presentation Convent, Sheehan, Miss K., N.T., 3, St. Killian's Loftus, Mrs. G., Gurteen, Carlow. Carlow. Crescent, Carlow. Oliver, James & Mrs .• "Carralg Rua," Sheehan, R., Morristown, NJ., U.S.A. Mccarney, George & Mrs., Pacelli Kilkenny Road, Carlow. Slater, Val., Rathnapish, Carlow. Avenue, Graiguecullen, Carlow. O'Neill. James, Castle Street, Carlow. Smyth, Miss Mary, 2 Leinster Crescent, McDarby, John, Dublin Road, Carlow. O'Neill, Misses Leonie & Lucy, Barrack Carlow. McDermott, Mrs. K., St. Joseph's Road, Street, Carlow. Smyth, Michael, Newtown, Nurney, Co. Carlow. O'Neill. Miss Mary, 167 Colclough Carlow. McDonald, Mr. E., Clonmore, Hacket­ Avenue, Graiguecullen, Carlow. Smyth, T. & Mrs., 2 Leinster Crescent, stown, Co. Carlow. O'Neill, Mrs. M., Granby Terrace, Carlow. Carlow. McDonnell, Mrs. C., "Barnagree," Tullow O'Neill, Miss Mary, Granby Terrace, Stafford, Eamon & Mrs., Maryboro' Road, Carlow. Carlow. Street, Graiguecullen, Carlow. McGough, Miss M., Browneshill Road, O'Rourke, Mrs. M., Montgomery Street, Sunderland, Miss Patricia, Centaur Street, Carlow. Carlow. Carlow. McGrath, Mr. & Mrs. S., Killerig, Carlow. Osborne, W. S., Clogrennane, Carlow. Tobin, Mrs. K., 22 Pollerton Road, McGreal, Miss A., Athy Road, Carlow. O'Shea. Sean, Tullow Street, Carlow. Carlow. McKenna, Fay & Mrs., "Maryville," Gran- O'Shea, Mrs. M., St. Patrick's Avenue, Treacy, Miss Eileen, College Street, by Row, Carlow. Carlow. MacLeod, Miss Iona, Pembroke, Carlow. Carlow. McNamara, Rev. F., Askea, Carlow. Patricia. Sr. M., Presentation Convent, Waldron, Austin & Mrs., Frederick MacShamhrain, Padraig, 52 Redesdale Carlow. Avenue. Carlow. Road, Blackrock, Co. Dublin. Peter, Sr. M., Brigidine Convent, Tullow, Wall, Miss B .• Barrack Street, Carlow. MacSuibhne, Very Rev. Peadar, St. Co. Carlow. Walsh, Mrs. E., Hanover Bridge, Carlow. Patrick's College. Carlow. Phelan, Mrs. M.. Kilkenny Westman, James, "Dunluce," 23 Green MacSuibhne, Rev. Sean, St. Patrick's Col­ Archaeological Society, 10 Col­ lege, Carlow. lege Road, Kilkenny. Road, Carlow. Whyte, Mr. T., Houblow Drive, Gal­ Maddock, Mrs. P., 173 Maher Road, Purcell, Mr. & Mrs. John, Montgomery Graiguecullen, Carlow. Street, Carlow. leywood, Chelmsford, Essex. Mannion, Frank & Mrs., 30 Monacur­ ragh. Carlow. Monahan, John & Mrs., Castletown House, Carlow. Moore, Mrs. E., Chapelstown, Carlow. Moore, W. & Mrs .• "St. Anne's," Athy Road, Carlow. Moran, Mr. J., Burrin Street, Carlow. OAKLAND Moriarty, John,· N.T., M.C.C., & Mrs., Tynock, Kiltegan, Co. Wicklow. Morton, Mrs. Myrtle. P.O. Box 74, Walnut Creek, California 94597. Murphy, Miss Annie, Barrack Street, Carlow. HOTEL Murphy, Kevin, Pollerton Little, Carlow. Murphy, Miss Olivia, Pollerton Little, Carlow. Murphy, Seamus & Mrs., Pollerton Little, Carlow. Murphy. Lauri, Maryboro' Street. Specialists in Catering for Graiguecullen, Carlow. Murray, Aidan & Mrs., 25, Dublin Street, Carlow. Murray, Mrs. K., 5, St. Joseph's Road, Carlow. Dinner Dances Nicholl, V. & Mrs .. Sharon Avenue •. Carlow. Nolan, B. & Mrs., Burrin Street, Carlow. Wedding Receptions Nolan, Miss Chrissie, Burrin Street, Carlow. Nolan, Mrs. Mary, Barrack Street, Carlow. Private Parties Nolan, Mr. T., 32 Riverside, Carlow.

O'Brien. Mr. & Mrs. T., Emerald Lodge, Carlow. Conferences O'Hanlon, Mrs. J., College Street, Carlow. O'Hare, P. J. & Mrs., Rathellin, Leighlinbridge, Co. Carlow. O'Keeffe. B. & Mrs .• St. Killian's Crescent, Phone: Carlow 41308 Carlow. O'Keeffe, Miss Mary, St. Killian's Cres­ cent, Carlow. 41 1882-1976 CIGAR DIVAN Carlow

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