REPORT ON THE FOR ST RESOURCES OF EAST Be SOUTH DISTRICTS OF Sl KKIM
FORE ~ ,-U OF INDIA EA. TERN ZONK ]988 REP Om' ON THE F'OREST RESOURCES
OF .J" EAsr & SOurH DISTRICTS OF SIKKIM. fir'
FOR.E5r SlmVEY OF IIDIA F..AsrERN ZONE
FEBRU.~RY, 1988 pnEFACE
This report re1ates to ~ore8t inventory in 50~th and East Districts or SLkk1m State" The ::Ciel.d vorl.: was (_ -<-L.l,;'ried out :Crom Decemberw 1985 to Harch. , 9870 rho "'ark "as done jointl.y by the Forest Survey . ::. Of' rnd~a. East.ern Zone and the State Forest Department~ 5i Idci.m. Two ca togories of sampl.i.ng des igns were
l2doptnd:- (1) Upto ~1+00 rtl a1titude - Sikkim design Il.i.tb 1 SqbkmO ~rid size in which ono square p10t 0:C 0 01 hag was 1aid out in I!rid contre (2) above 2400 m al.titude \oIith Fore~t SurveyOr India dO!Jir.n i"e" two pl.ots were l.aid out.
each of' 0 .. 1 ha" in a e:rid size of 2·~ 'X 2~ I.. Thus, tho i.ntensity of' snmplinl~ :in the Sikkim and Fore!Jt Survey Ct'" Inrtia ~osi~ns is OQ1~ and O.Ol~ respective1yu Four d-istinct strata WOro roeoanlsed in both the districts based on the. nl. ti tUdinal. variations C1Jd the data 'Was procossed ::Cor roaerved and unreServed ::Corests separatol.y. '1'hb f'"ic1d 1;(orlc was supervi.sed .by Sbri 1·'.Sencuptaj1"F.S. the then DOJ)uty Diroctor, under ovor-a~1 guidance of Shri S.C. Doy.I .. F.S .. the then Joi.nt Djrert:.or, Forest Surv4lly Of' Co Indi a ~ .£ as to r11 Zone u
Resorve ~orests occupy ~1 .95~ and 36 .. 82% o~ tota~
eooe-rn phica1 Ur(' a in Ea."! t ::tnd Sou th dis tric t.6 respac ti ve1y ..
On account of' al ·ti Tudinal. variation" fl varie tjr or forest vegetation i9 obtained :!.n the two distri.cts. The llIixed broad-1eOoved for'eats wi.th aSai' c.s tlle ~~~'dhri1inant
9 pocies. and a cor'd.l'or as'Rocia tion (j't' rlr~ h~h;,16~lc and Spruco J represent the tv'o e:i:treole'e".
No comprehensi.ve t':orking 'Pian has yet been prepared by the State Forest Oapa.i·tmont.. The survey re'su1ts may be uso.cu1 :f"or the pZ'8parLlt.ion of" tho same.
-#' 'rhe totl'.1 geo[:,z'o.phical. and reserved f"oreRt area of" both East n nd South d1.t"tr:iet:6 aro 1~48 km!! Una C!>!:; • .r>·; jQ~ respectivel.y. Unreserved :Core~t orca 1.0 ceLcuJ.ated· to be 11t3 .. 1 G l..:m:2 on1y ::Cor bo th the d:i s tric ts.
'the tota1 growing stock of' timber is est:imated as '::.5.58946 m.3 and 2877655 m.3 :Cor reserved :f'orest areas f"rom Eafi't and South Distri.cts r~spective-l.Y.. The swne ha~ been calculatc.d :for unreserved forest of both tho d:L!!'It1·:f. Ct's ,,,l·:'Cll ~arn e~ to :2572.58 m.3 Anu 214363 m:3 rospoe t:ive1YI> 2
It may be montioned that preponderance of' trees i.e
withJ.n 10-29 cmg diameter e1nss p wbich i.ndi.eates the good status ~r vegetation in the nrea. The growing stock f'or both the districts comprises a 1arger number of' eommercia1ly
important tree species i~ irregu10r mixture. In abSenCe
of' growth da-t•• o~ these trees in natural conditionp yie~d I is ~e~plated ~~"1~e.].culatod by area only.. Annual. yiald ~om the ·r~'i.rved :f~;:;8-t is 58718.687 m3 :tor the t",o dietrio't••
'I· Aport :f'rom inventory. 0. wood OODsamption study ""OS al~o made. The total ennua1 eonsUttption of' timber for house construction. f'urniture and nericultural imp1ements ie 53J6 rnJ and J31'5 mJ :f'or East and South districts respectively. The total annua1 f'uelwood roquirement is 152832 m) and 21621 m3 in rura1 and urban sector respectively in East qistrict whereas the same i.n South district are 111565 mJ 'and 75.11 m3 only. Soil erosion poses problems J.n certain areas and
soil conservation progral!lm.~:.n.cds to be immediat01.y .~,,-,~.,~. l.nunchedo
The prtlc tico of' Shi.:tit.ing eu1 ti.'7ation is. Cortunntel.y not prevalent in the d:l.striets o The report has been cocmpi.led by Shri R-:' M~D·as • Joint ~i.rector, Forest 'S·U'i4r~~ifO:f' India; 'kast'ern Zono •• ith tho us :sista1'l~~ Yi'om ·S/ShR S:oK.. San"J·J".S.;,:A~ and ~Swp_pan Sarka.r~ J .. TD~" Th"c effOrts of' '~lous {>f-f-i.'C,t'"rB ·and tho 8~~t:f' in tho 1'i.f:;I1d York and in 'tho p;¶ti~~,"h 'b't- ~~Wb~\; is 'appreeia ted.
so/::l. ~.L"-L. nYiiEcTon CON------'1' E N T 5
~PT:c:R: I: B,l\.CKGROtJN:l------INFORt-1!l..TIONs rnt roduction 1 .. 1 1 Need, for the Survey 1.2 1 Situation and • ')undary 1.3 2 Are?,,; :Jtat ement 1.4 2 Loca'.:J!J.ty factor 1.5 2 I"' Clim~te 1.5 0 1 2 I Tenlperat.ure 1.5.2 3 I Ruin:::a.ll 1. ').3 3 I Rela~ive hurnidity 1.5.11 4 i\lti1;:_ude 1.6 4 River syzten 1.7 5 Geol<:">IJIr, :cock .an('\ soil 1.8 5 Minepal resources 1.8.1 6 Lanause pattern of the st- ~ Ite 109 6 People and their socio-econcmic condition 1.10 7 Forests i.11 8 Con.1fer forests 1.11 ~ 1 8 -t 't,~ Lega.l status of the forests 1".12 8 1 1 ~ Rights and privileges 1"-13 9 , .. ~ Management practices 1 .... 14 9 ... _...... ,,1,;...... Cl! :. l'l':R: II: I NVES'rIG;'l.,,'l'I01'L AtD H;:;:'rHODOLOGYt ------~-- Objectives 2':.1... 10 Aer.ial 'recor'ma'lssance 2'::2 10 J_ Photo iM~rPr6t-atir2(n ';it'tla 'RI~p'i?i"ng '2~3 10 Salnplin 9 'des!. gn 2.4 11 Upto 24,XI r.1etre a -i't1.'t.... lde 2 '.4:1 11 Layil1') outf <> f plot 2~.'~C:2 11 Standard Forest Survey of I'ildta design above 2400m altitude 2.4.3 11 Oi at.ribution o 'f gr'lds 2.~·.. 4 12 Hethodology 2~5 12 sii s
CHAM' I-;~: r:r T I l2.~·.!::~_~~~~.!2!2 I General' 3.1 14- Manual processing 3.1.1 14 Processing on unit record machine 3.1.2 14 Process~nq on computer 3.1.3 14 Calculat. . ',n of area 3.2 15 • "re~ densi.ty study 3.3 15 5trdtum-:I-upto 900 m, Rf:~:'J(l.cve fon.!:3ts-Sollth disLr.1ct 3.3.1 16 Str;-.lt1liil-I-upto 900m, Unreserved forests-South. district 3.3.2 17 Stratum-II-900-180~n-Reserven f rJrests-South distr.ict 3.3.3 17 St.ratuu-II-900-1E!OOm-Unreserved for,::!st.s-Sout 1"1 di strict 3.3.4 18 Straturn-II-1800m-24:)Qm, Elaserved forests-South Uistr.1ct 3.3.5 18 . Stri.1t. t.rn-ITI-V3("JO-2400m, Unreserved foreats-Sout.h dintr·.··t. 3.3.6 19 St.rat urn-I'V- 2 400m above-Res(~rVed forests-Solltll district 3.3.7 19
Strat~n-I-upto 900m-Reserved :forests-East d.is·trict 3':.3~8 20 Strat Ll'1l-l:-upto gOOm:' unreserved foreGts-East dist?iet .. 3~3~9 20 St. rat. Ulll~ I I;..900-1.'lOOffi-:,R.es'cl.--ved forest s~Ea'st d.i~_.;t.r..tc't 3'.3: 10 21 Stratun-I 1-9 b~)-1800i-n=' Unres'erved fnrest·s=Ea.'s"t dis'tri:::t 3~3·.il 21
St rat.\'2~n=-l:Ii=18do=-24 '()511\=-}~e~'e~I.~ , ~ 1 forest's-Ea:st 'lli'stri'ct 3:3.12 22 Stratufo-III-180()-24:)Orn-Unreservoo._,-' .• __ _. , .....- ' or ' ,. " ". -rAc:::a.,....~j"~ .,_ fore·st.!:i:"Ea:s·t '<-n~rj:ct.. '3: 3:'13 Stb'\t::Utn'~:IV -2·406r.l raooVe- Re-s' e~v";d , :;, 1,' forcsts::....t;;as·t dis:tr£Ct 3':'3".14 23 -s_:~ 'rree voltii'ne study 3.~ 23 StoCk tJibl'e 3:5 25 V01ume 5t~dies-str~tlrn-I upto 9()Orn-f{es0.rved forests South di~3trict 3 .. 5.1 25
Vol~e ztudies-strdt~n-I u,·)to gOOm-unreservec!'l t!orests- South district 3.5.2 25 Volume stud!es-stratum-II - 9DO-1800m-Reserved £orests Sout.h district 3.5.3 26
V.-,l Ui\P. 6t udi es-st rilt LEn-I I ,)OO-1800m-Unres~rved fore.ts- 50uth distri.ct 3.5.4 26 , Volume ~tudies-stratum-rII-
1300-240um-Reserved forests- 0 South district 3.5.9 27
Volume studies-stratUn-III~ 1800-2400m-unresE • 'ed forests- South di strict 3 • .5.6 28. Volune studies-stratum-Iv-• 240Jrn above-Reserv~ forests- South ctlistrict 3.5.7 I 29 Voll..llne studies-stratwn-I llpto 900rn-Reserved fore:Jts- ~asc,district 3.5.8 29 Volume studi~s-stratum-I- Unreserved forest.s-East district 3.5.9 30 Voll.lffie studies-St:r.1'itum-II- • ,J-1.800m-Res0.rved fIX ests-
. !ast. district 0 3.5.10 30 I rVbl ume st:lldies-Stratum-I:[- ~ 9bO-180C)rn-Unreserved fore.!3t::;-· ~st district 3.5.11 31
Volu~e studies-Stratum-III lSOO-240Om-Reserved forests East district 3.5.i2 32 Volume studies-Stratum-III- 1800-240Om-Unreserved forest% East district 32 Volume studies-Stratum-IV R~served forests-Eaot distriOc-t 33
." Error calculation 3':,6 I 33
piot, data analysis 3~7 34- Forest area by ~egal status 3.7~1 34 Forest area by landusE! 34 Forest area by soil depth 35 Forest area by soil erosion 3~7~~ 35 Forest ar<;;d by origin of stand 3~ 7':.5 36 Forest area by top heigtlt cl:ass·e's3-:, 7-;6 3 0 6 Forest a rtfa by size class. 3.7~7 37 Forest area by regencrati.on 3.7.0 3'1
Forest ar~a by injuries to crop 3.7.9 38 Forest area by fire incidence 3.7.10 3B FOJ:Hst ,"':lrt3;.:! by grazing incidence 3.7.11 39 Forest area by degrada.tion an;l st.:ltus of forests 3.7.12 39 FO~~$t area by topography c1asses3D'.13 40 I: . , : HI,'.
!:~£.2_!'le· ~9~_E!:?·
3.7.14 40 . 3.7.15 41 F.or~r;t dred by rockiness 3.7.16 41 li·or~':'(... area t?~".'·'.~Oil colollr 3.7.17 42 'II . .{'" - • 'iff!~! FOFm.; far,~a bY ' SOil co'!sistency 3.7.H1 42 Fcrest area by texture 3.7.19 43 l;'orest area by COd,rse frdgments 3.7.20 4 ill Range-wise informati.on 3.8 114 Oi strict.-South 5i kkirn 3oB,,1 44
District.-1:-~ast Sikl<;..1m 3.3.2 45 ell" 'TE • • V: GROWIN".J ~j"rCCK AND YIELD s ----~------~------"1 Estj 11tion of total grow,ing stu" • -1.1 47 r('<;>~n.F.' ~lume 4.2 47
Objects of lLmnutJ€1nent ~!t"~) 4 0 3 48 Rotation dn('l conv'3rsicn period 4.4 48 Annual yJ.e1
Con swnption of Elect.ricity 5 0 7 55 Con surnpt -Lon by small-scale industry 5.8 55 "
Surnrnclry G.l .lclllSions 6.2 B IOJ...J (,]Gftl\PHY
~'J J('!'(lJR8, II D.i:<-;trihut:ion'. of ')cicts by re.36t:verl, unl.-""'sE.'L-V,zrl, c..:snge. Sl:rcltwn, no.of st:dlls/plot and plot VOlliTIe-So'.lth Sil~k.1.m 63 ~:J.JE:",URl:':: XI: D.1. stribution of. grids by r'::3erv(;~1, urlresc-=rv(~d, r 1.n Cje, st(" S1. Dist- 9/ Stri:1- Table Page -. !fS!2.. ______Particulars _ _!:!2!.. ____ ~..! __ _ _E'1.,....i~__ Un. ~~-- 1. Stern,/ha .. by species and R I 1.1 73 d1..ameter c.l East R XI 1.2 74 30 -do- East R III 1 .. 3 76 IV - 4 Q 'rotal s:.em ( 100f) No. >by East R I 2.1 78 g"eci.cs cl.n.:i dia,neter c lasses( in cm.) 5. -do- East R II 2.2 79 6. -do- East R III 2.3 81 7. ':';t sn,/ha .. by speci.es and East U~ r 3 .. 1 83 diaInet.er c1asses(in cm. ) . • -do- East Un. II 3.2 84 9. -do- East UR III 3.3 87 South 10. St.em/ha.by specie::> ilnd ~ R I 4.1 B3 diameter classes( in an. ) 11. -do- Sout.h R II 4.2 ,':'9 12 .. -00- So ...th Ii. III 4.3 91 IV ... ** .j • Total sterns ( IO')J lloG. ) South H I 5 0 1 93 14. -do- nouth H TT 5 0 2 94 ., ~ e re:fer t_'\bl~ i-b. 3.u .. * -k t- 11":,:\ s-= .....~ :'lI i Cor td,.ble b. 1 ~ 2.1 .·1 ,-"'~ '~ " 3erved U1l; UnrC3s8r.vf~' sr:- --·.-P.;t=tIr:i.ir;ii:£--:------, .. ---- 'oIst:':---IV- ---St:ra::---l'nhl(~ -pa.jl:! ------.r(). ------riel:. ------UR ------turn ------Nu. _tJ2~ __ 1:.J. Total stems/( 1000 Nos.) South R III 5 e 3 96 It> • Stf"..rns/h-'l.. by s[)()(!ies and S01.1t11 un. T. G.1 98 'liarn.?t,"?l.- cldss(~s(in 0110) 1'7. -do- 3oi..ttc-1 Ui1_ II 6.2 l >! Q 51:. ,-,,,ro/hu • . ./ sf.>~cies ani .'3outn !J1 <- III l.) .. 3 dia.1K1ter.·W c~assesC 1.'0 em. ) .;.-t------·\»14;s on Volume:______(rn3 ) ]. . VOllJIne/ha.Lby sf>ccir.;!s and J::ast R I 7 .. 1 102 c1ia.elas<,..:s( in ClO o ) 2 ... -do- II 7.2 1'... 3 -do- III 7.3 1,)4 :rv *" 4. T~ta1 v)l >( '(),) )ln3)by specles Eat'lt R I 8.1 l'")5 and did.. n ~ _ c1a.ss0s(in ern.) c· >3 '} ::.>. c;ast II .~ 1")6 lj., 6 ,._ -c1o- East R III · ~o 3 In? 70 Vo1ume/ha.by spE" ·8. -do- UR II_,( 9.2 109 UR III ("'). -do- J::,/~t 9.3 111 ].J. VDl Ll.'TIl:l (In 3 ) /ha 0 by :.;'t ... ecil;!S S~uth R I 1':; .. 1 112 ~.if <:H,,-l (liar I'~ter elas!;(~.;:; , 11. -do- Sout:h II 10.2 113 12. -do- Soul:.h R III 10,,3 114 IV ** 13. Total volwne ( • () J ' )103) hy species South H. I 11.1 115 and diaH1ec.er cld~;3(~'3 (in em.) 1<1. -do- R II 11.2 116 -(10- H. III 11.3 11'7 3 16. V )111:.1("/11",. (m )by sqeci(~5 South UR. I 12~1 lId .nd di,.. 1l1"~t.(:::r cli'!.!:>30s (i n em.) -00- SOLlth II 12.2 119 18. -do- South III 12.3 12-:) -), Please "Cpfer: l:.ilble r.ro.4,,6.1.4 ** I~leasc rc:fer tdble :·0.2.2.1.4 R:I~. c · - -~1 Urt : l.!; 1,- r.;vc-d Vii: ------R/ Tr3')le <:>1.J PartJcl.llars Dist.- Ran- Stra- Page N. ,. rict, 9'3 'm t trr. No. ,'0. ------_.-... _------_.. __ ------_ - 1 . ::3teo/r1a. by Sr)dC~J.·~ c· .'iod .South !..irVj.1o. In I ()i ~'l. "l~t (~r cld:;;;, (;'! 'I. ) 1.1 .::': .. 1 121 ,. f~ . :1 .. ~alflchi { 1: 1 .. 1 .1 1~2 ~j -~ " " ~r~\.I.~~~J:i "T'" -~- I 1 .. 3- .... .1 l~ ~ f J. .. -, ;0- It HI, lJ.,.i (,', I 1 ~'i .. 1 .. 1 124 l,; .. -d.)- I, 11,d Ii 1m J 1., ....1-. ~ .1 1 "'S 1) 0 -do- li L.1clqm,'1 tJR II 1 .1 .'2.2 12.6 -do- " " Kabangla R II 1..2.1 .2 127 8. --do- II Raba.og1a IJR IT 1,,2.2..2 1.28 --do- ., ~J'"t[.lchi. i~ II 1 .3.1 .2 12 ) ~0. -(1( -" .. II Nd'l1C'1i l"-{ II 1 .3.2.2 13:1 -(""'- N,,,:lli :~ TI 1 .4.1 .. 2 1 :-i2 12 .. -dqr;. .. rle11i (.n II 1.·1.,,:.'1 _, . )l,t 133 1'" -do- "II Lill'J.1d d. III 1 .1 .1. 3 13,1 14. -Cio- " ,{a ",)4 'J:J1 ,"t ,1- III 1 .2.1.3 135 15. -do- .. u;:{ Rabdnglil III 1 .2 .2 .3 136 .16. -do- H 'Ja'nchi R r:i:I 1 .3.1 .3 13'} 17~ -('1-:.>- I ·h " ICI'jj. lIn III 1 .3.2 .3 13<.) -do- Ra')t'in,)la n. IV ':"1" t" 1 . :~. 1 .4 1 ,:1-.) ~l: ------~- P "IT_tic ul ' rs 0ist.- Range R,t' Str<1-,' ,,':)le tr1ct UR 1-:. till I·b. ------_._-----~----~------1. Vol-.llh~/h--t~ hi' species and Souttl :r.·l.:rn(~hi }i. I .. ~.1,.lql 141. <1..1 ~rkC,l. 'r c: 1 as e',> ( i. n em.) -(Jo- .. N.~'lclli IJe{ :r :.. ") ." . 1 1~'12 -do •• t'!elli E :r .2 ,,"!. .. 1 .1 1 .. 3 I 4. -do- " ,Ie 111 U:< .r :' •.~.:: .1 144 -d )- u 1... 1.. nq. rla t.Tq II 2.1.2.,1 145 6. .. .. ~·!·ll:>cl n .] 1 ,-'\ R 'II ~.2.1.2 146 7 .. -do- "'.d )03hgla U7{ II ::!.. 2 .. ;' .. ~ 147 -do- II .'!al'1chi R II 2.3.1.2 1-1,8 II u -do- • .fameI11 R II 2 .. .3.2 .. .l 149 11 ,-li.::!lli A II 2.4.1.2 15:, J'-; ~l. -dO-l " r 'l(~ll i h II 2.-1..2.2 1 1 t u 12. -do- Lingma ~ IIT. 2.1.1.3 152 ,. 13. -00- " Ral) .:~ ngaa R III 2.2.1.3 153 ,t i.4. -do- "':~hbllngla UR III 2.2.2~3 15<1· 1 " . -do- " Namch.i It ITI 2.3.1.3 155 ... · It;~21 [ ;IC .I).i 1 ...... -'.10- do{ IT1: 2.3.2.3 156 n 171. -do- Rffba nQ 1 - ~ ------,- _._- -: - .... - ...... - ... ~ ...... ' Particulars Pis~ Ran,g§, IV Stx::a- Table ric;t UR tum lb. - ... -~ - - -- - ~, - - ~ ~ - - '_ 1. Stem/ha. by species <'ino O(lngtok ~, I 3 0 1 • 2. .1 1 58: :ii.;\!'Ileter cl~s ses ( .1 n : ~n" ) I. 2 -c1~.. ~ Singtam R r 3.3.1.1 159 II ~ -dO- SinQtam UR I' 3 .. 3.2.3. 160 4 -do Pakyong ~ I 3 .. 4 .. 1 .. 1 161 ~(;~h 5 ~ d~ Pakyon9 UR I 3.4.2 .. 1 162 6 -do- Oangtok R II 3.1.1.2 16(;. . '. -do- Gangtok 'ORA II 3.1.2.2 164 .. I, I~,.. - . '\ -do- Ranipool Jt II 3.2.1.2 106 trR.lir" y , 'l: ~~," , -do- .. Ranipool 'UEl" XI 3.2.2.2 167 lOt -do- II S.:i,ngtam R II 3 .. 3.1.2 168 11 -do- II Singtam till ':II 3.3.2.2 169 L !"do .. Pakyong R II 3.4.1.2. 170 1'3 ~ ~dG- rI UR II 3.4.2.2 ~73 111 ... I"1 3.5.1.2 1,72 - , t -dSi~'" " f~<1,. l '1'5','; -~' ' ''i-!~ , .. ,II 3 .. ~",2 .. 2 173 - , ~.- l~.~ -do- },. • ' "1 . ~. 25 -d~ tv.lri~ ~l.i. OR r'Il: ~. 5;:1, ':3 195 :, 26 -do- J. II :f. 5':2'.3 11.34 I. rIX 3.6.1.3 1~:; 2? -do:;- / ' 28 -do- II II UR III 3 ,:6'";2.-3 188 29 -do- .. R :tV 3 '.6.1.4 189, , ai , LIS'!' OF 1,1APS .''\N.) DI.b,.GR~-1S 1. Itap of India(showing project area 1.n South and East Dist.rict - S.i"-ld.lr ,,?cale 1: 150,00,00'). 20 Hap of Sout:l1 and East Sj.kl~im Distrlct(SiJ~J .... In .... JIII_.'I,'Y .k,:,• .l'JIl 1(.)L· j';,'\uL ,1I1.'t ~(;lIILII ~1'_1{1 ~~S~9E~~~2_!n!~~~~!2~ 1.1 Introduction:------Sikk.im whJ.ch became an integral State of Indian Union in May,1975 is situated between 88°00 1 5S" am 88°55 1 25" longitudes East and 27°04 1 and 28°07 1 48" lat.1tudes North in the snow clad hilLs and mountains of the Eastern Hiioalnyas. It is bounded by "'lbet in the North, Nepal in the Hest and Bhutan in the ~ast. In the South, it shares the boundary with the State of '>lest Bengal. In .its dimensions th e state stretches for abou t 112.70 km. .i n the N-S d.1rection and about 64.·1(). m . .L1l itu \'.:-i" trnnd. 'rlllHl the tol.;..-\l '}ro'\ of t.he St.:lte is about.:. 7299 krn2. S.l.k.I<.:.Lm hau four adn.iniotr.ltivo cliGtricts n;unnly North, SO':1th, East and Weat.. The present report peft.ains to forest inventory ih South E. East districts aE Sikkim. " The 1nvnnt.:.ory of th~ -rarest rcg6\lrc~s 'Of South & E.-"lst Sikkim dlstric'ts o"f "slk"klffi Stt,t_"e ~.as un'dert'ilkeh fran Decanber,l985 to Marehil'987 as 'deslre mar]e to furnish infonnations range-wise in each d.iGl:.rict. 0\ I 2 I .,., BiluRt~oD apd boundarY ~be ~roj eo't 'area conaiate o~ 'two disti.not part. i.. a. South and ~ast Si~kim distriote. The geogra~hiOal 100ation o~ theee 'two di.et~ic'ts are as f01~owe : East Sikkim , Lati'tude 27°7Y2" to 270 25" Eas't and ~ongitude 88°27Y2 to 88°55" North. I ~ou'th ~ikkim ;-Latitude 27°5" to 27°27Y2 ~ast and ~ongitude 880 17Y2" to 88°32Y2" North. The ~oundari.es o~ the two d.i.striots are shown in the maP enclosed. 1.4· AFeR Btatemgnt : 'I I 1(i.)I R~eserve d fOreot area 1 il The geographioal arOa of East and South Sikkim districts ,are 9~1 km2 and 697 km2 respeo'tivs1y. ~he forest areas of the two. di.stricts are furnished be~ow ehow.i.n.g B'ep~atel,y the area.s of eaob administrative unite a Distriot Di.vision East Bast 'Gaii1i1;ok R&n1.~oo~ 'S'iWgt'BiD P8,k-Y'Ong Ron~~J1. xy on'gn"ii1'o1a South South ---256~64 { ii} unr eaer.yed :for@gl·-'q'8a. ': , . ., ' ... The 'unr'.'so'rved ':f'OT'{I;st ~U '"b'f al.\.t 83.64 km2 an"d. 59.52 'km2 're~pebtiv.l·y'. C 1 ;L PI A t ,tt : The varia;ti:ons 'ih. ·~el.·e··~v~a· P~e-mon8oon ~a~n~a1~ ~ake8 P~ace in ~he month o~ March-APr~~. Men.ooD oPera~e~ norma1~ ~rom the month o~ May and oontinuee upto earl-¥ Ootober. TemperAture a Mean. temperature ~n the 10wer a1t~ 'tudi.n~ zoneS o~ the districts varies between 4.5°C to 18.5°C whereas at higher al.t~tudina~ zone" ~t Var~o8 from 1.50 C to 9.50 C. Temperature var~ee ~ith a1ti~~d. and 810pe. As oan be expeoted tempera- ture decreases with the i~orease in a~titud •• The maXimum • temperature is recorded usually duri~ Ju~Y' and August and mini.mum durine December and January. Biti.~ oo~d ie experienoed at p1aces in tbe winter months and snow~a~ i.s &180 not unconmon during this peri-ode Foa ie a oommon feature in both the diBtr~cte and maY be .xper~enced from May to September. ~he temperature data at Garigtok (1980) • at a hei.ght of 1756 motre above the NSL ie givon bo1ow : • 1'1 0 nth January 'it. 13;9 4.2 February 1 4l. ~'() 5.5 March '8~8 8.5 APr~1 ~1~1 ,~.O 1 May '. 22~; 13.9 'foE-- Juno " ~2".·8 16.1 'I ., 4 Ju.l.y lll'~ '2'2 . "8 17.1 August Vk.7.. 'So'pt'emb't;jr 15.7 ' "', 4 ~ .. Ootober ~1"".9 :(2. :5 "'\"P Novomber 1~8~.· 5 8.6 tf; >lb- December 1.~~.7__ ,._ , .• _,'5·.8 bel..ow s : 4. Month Total rainfall(mm) Total number of ______- __ - ___ -----_-_--E2!~~92l~ ______ J",nuary 43.7 2.9 February 56.1 5.0 I-1arch ., 142.4 8.7 April. 222.1 12_1 '-lay 493.2 22.1 June 6'1' \ 1 24_9 July 663.0 27.0 August 588.2 27.5 Septenber 476.2 21_1 October 152.1 8.1 Novcrnb(~ 35.5 3.0 Dccomhor 15.2 1.4 I 1.5.4 The relatJ.ve humidJ.ty for the year 1980 in Gangtok is given in the following table rnoh'th-wises ------~------~~!!!:b__ !1~!~!:f~~;.;.!}~!s'!~ii_==_=~l January 787.0 - , Febru':lry 78-;.0 March 70;0 April 7~.O May H'4:'o c.r, ~ Jl.ihe 90~'O a" .J"\ July 92.0 ~...... -, August 89:'0 September 82-:6 "").h• ....l ;.. Oct(.1b~~r 74.,0 ._, ..... , , Novembl?..r 7-1.'0 Dec anb er '82":6 __.-,_ -. - .... _...... ,...... -.:. ------" 1.6 Altitude: ------. ' ,.' "I C'l Boch tile dist r.let"s ar'e nl~ihly r'noLlnt.aneoUs with qc-eat varidt.t.::nfJ .in ult:..1tl'(~. • 1i'ihi:. 1,'"-&II<"'1.Lrs ttp.ur.ae ClrHl th.:lt too O-:::CllC"S only .1n sCdt:.tored l'o.tchoa. In the present. inventory, four altJ.tudinal. strata have been i.den ti.fied namel.y areas upto 90Om. bet.ween 900-1800 In and 1800-24DOm and above 2400m. 'I'he dist.ribution of reserved • , 5 I, and unreserved foreet areas under the &for.ea~ a~t1tudinaL o~aes.e :1 s £1V en. be~ov ,- , I nt:1tudi.naJ. Eayt "=Ii,kkm D;istri,9-t .,guth pi,kki.m Di@trigt c~aBa . I . R.F .ar•• Peroe- U.R .F. Perae- R of.are), Pera.- U.R.F. l'eroen- i (:in km2) ntQB. area otaa. (:in km2 nta,ge area tag. (in ~!'tI2). Lin km 2 } Jpto 900 m! 13.11 3.29 9.01 10.77 38.07 14.83 7.20 12.10 ;)00-1800 mi • 26.35 6.61 5'.'~ 61.15 14.68 5.92 25.16 42.21 1800-2400m! 120.'16 .,0.27 2'.48 26.C· 91.00 Y{.t30 27.,6 45.63 a,b ov. 2400m 238.71 59.133 -'_' 4_ 106.69 41.0.5 398.93 100.00 83.64 100.00 256.64 100.00 59.52 100.00 I I 1.7 River ovetom I Thoueh there area a number of streams and ri.vll1.te in S,; L:_:i.m~ the Ti.sta is. the rea~.1y ~ara. river i.i:l Sikld.m·_ The eo;1.r. S:1k:ki.m state i.e situatea i.n the cat(ilim-ea~ 'of T1.s-i '1 a r:1"ver. Twv' rivera name1y Rangit aRe. Rongiii are 1:S~ tri.Bu·~8.:riee I o~ !t~Bta which f erma the mai.·n-.aF·a-iiiaie 'ey'ite~ 3.B. tha ·aF~a.. F.rtb.er. there are 180 perenii'i.l. i.ak'6& o';t cf1.'f1>er4trtt 'alii~a~ Moreover. a number of hot epr':1nlilS ~t'i e'BB~'61l'd 1B. is'd;B. ~Rd ! Bast S:l.kki.m dietr:1ote 0'£ -tIi. Stat'.~ • , .6" Geol-ogy, rock, Md 801.1. , " In South ana ·hfi.~t 'S:U-Cli.:'t-m. ai"·tri~t'B. tYl~ 't"l(, 'Predom:1nant groups ''b-~ r'O'Oicrs i'"d1t'ri~i~i~ "'~'a 'fi""alhT,i:;. :Cift¥»\t1Wl&i :\ ••r:1 •• and D~J.i.' n'ii 'is'if.i I super:1mposed aue -to vo.ri'O"'a'i ~'lt'O~~~~'Z.i ~'l>'611s"A"t.~ rn lli': reg i.onl5 of hj.'Uh'tn" ·e~'~t~~ .., 'hi'i Iia":u:'Iii ~ifri':.7. t';.~~ ti~~1~J.~y I cbaneed i.n't'O 'ini:cir. '&O!l~"b1:'"S':, Til.. 'f,'b\YN'd~1":'~ ~-:'l~c;~~ ":6':Ll\~ j and Gn.:1·ssos. 'ee-r·:t:ea -nr.. 1H--..a'&Lti- -a%1i ~~~ ~?l~~ 'b~~~~~ b-:' · trao.d out: pr-oper~y ~. T'h. 'G~~1"[r"O:6",r; ~~1.7.1. i~ ~~it ~11t:'i! j d;Latri.·ot j:e h'i_'gl'1::ly iir'i.ca.'CttO'u,,~ 'i-l\~ i-'O'l,fc~ -:if... w'~"11. "f~rf;t~d I .., . "'u.~. <:.l_.(!n ..... A"" A ~ ,,-t;h, of ~, :!Znoou.1".J .o.nd ,. and tb.e orYBtaJ..J:.:1n-e 'Oo'.mv~ex QOn.S.j,Bts both of :1gneous and ,c eedi.ment·a;ry ~-O·OkB. 1~e;nds 'of ~~7b-t~ 1;-::& ~.. :i-:'~ ~:;~=~~~: i'ri I· 'tb.e 'trane:1ti.onfU, 'Zon"8'S n{::L'c'a'oaetout. ~~lli~l~ ~: ~=~~: t';i.}i ; cJ.ay • .1at.a wi:th :.tirick: ' Mi.peral. rpeouroR. , ~h. Btat. ~. endow.d v~th r~Ch m~ner.l. reeourc.e. ConB~derabl.e depoe~t. o~ var~ou. m~n.ral.. are report.d :1n £.ol.O&:1oal. ~nve.t:l.gat:l.o:n.. Coal.:1. ~BO reported ~n Rang:1t-Namoh:i val.l.e~. ~h. bae. metal., oonst:1tute th.'main r.souroe. o~ the Stat... ~h. deposit o~ oopper at Rongpo :1s at preB.nt. be:1n& extraoted by the Sikk~m Mining Corpor- ation. b ••idee z~o, Lead and Do~om~t. deposits are H a~BO ~oUQ4. It '.9 Landuae pattern 0: tho Stat. I 1]' ~'J I" A. both the d~.tr:1ot. are ~ountan.ou. with ~nnumer- ab~e r~dg.B and spurs, t.rrao.d cu~t~vatio~ ie the common ~eature in agr:1cu~tur~ s.otor. ABr:1ou~tur • .i.e the major l.andu.e :in Sikk~ Stat. and :l.t £orms the ma~ OCCuPation ••...,1' the 1.00al. peop..1... Peddy" Maize. Whea't and .f.luatard are the oommon a8riou~tur~ crop. C'-U.t:1vati:on of Cardi.ciUm and , . - ~ Orange t'loX'e a~BO w:ide~y pra.~t~ced :1n tli. b.i.~l.;'. !rh'o :inst- ance o~, ehi:f'tin& o~tiva1;"ion:1& t:n-a:cti.oa,UY UlUi::iiown i,'n, this a.r;~. ~he l.'andus. p • .t~~n o~ the Sta:t'o l.n ,fen.ra.l. :1s cl.assifi.d in the following ' cat'8~'or'i~'$ i I' ( .. ~'F1J:. ".-: ..-'" '" ~ ) ._ ------__ .,---._-. ,:Ai-"'O. 1..0 ','3'0'0 Land ue. Pattern ==h &.pyar'ii@ 13arr.n "flt'll,.:: :2U'9~'01 l.and put to n·("n-aar'io·u].:tura~ 'O~ "6'9~~'6 Fermanent pae~ur•• aaa ~~~~ ,~~~t~ :l.and :l:no~u·di.n~ 'OUi·t ~i.vabl.. w'Q:ete~ f). ~fJ"r Land Uhdo1" ' iiii.'6'e"e~l.·an4eou'8 'tr~1t b.57 or op and 'erase. Por. st l.and '3%,:'34 1£>.B3 Souro. , State -R'.~'ort , -" .... ~h"'- .)..,,~n~ :It ie I,.en '1::b.s·t a 'Su.i)8t~ti'A:L f;%i-'i.~~ ~f thi': l.a.nd :1" barren. OU't '0'£ 'tli-O tata:l; i~ tllUi.~'i- -gi)~1~i~~;i fi~l:~~ 82.' 2~ :1.._ ~4aS" _OP. g ,,~g," .to.J.;J.:ow ana B;3~* ii;ii ~~:tt':bt: , for oul.t:1.vat:l.on • 7 1.10 4:>cal. popul at.1on in the v.111a ges i.e most ly agric ul- turist rnvolvement of the local populat.1on .In other trade 13 practically insignificant., The £ollo~.1ng table i.i;lustrates perc0'7tage distr.1hution of workers .In aqriculture and o't.l"v'r'. trd(les: ------Cultivation Agricultura_l Househol..d Other works !'olale Female Total. labourers industry Male Female Tota ... ------~~!~_!'~~~!~_!2~2! t!~!~_!:~~!~_!£'~2! ------'" 33.45 66.39 42 .. 63 2.43 2.68 2.50 1 0 53 1.47 i .. 51 62.59 29.56 53.:! ------South Sikkim District 1.74 1.44 1.64 1.53 0.23 0.81 32.34 11.79 25.3 -~------.------. . ..' .;;--;;.------.... ~cal population cdn:...:i...st of rrfainly Nepalese,:r.;-ep:chas and Bhutlas. The East' Sik~d,m ~stri'ct is predominant.lY of Lepch.'ls .~__ .:. . ~'. _ of...... : :::.', .... -\ II ~.. ~.""'" :.\ j : ... uhereas the Sout.hern district is mainly "of Nep'ale"se 'and Rhutiu~; Regarding the socio"';;:eultural adffiixture of "'lir.1'ous stOCks. it i~J found that ,:>"riginal1y there ~ere 'tt\r'e'e Witt1.'i\ ·st<5ck"§:'~borj,ginal inhahi.tant s 0 f Sikk1m Who w~}"e f.c·ncNJn -a'S R?:N{?J h'A~i~~ their Nepaleec Litle 'UeI)ct1"cis. }~~t ·irn "~%plQ')_Tt'~?fCe ~~% t'h~ :(hampa _ Kamho. I-U'graslc's ~rOm 'Tl\Y-Eft ?->'j"-:?-;V/l?fc~ ~f ~ty...~?-. ~~ i;btnrnonly known as Bhut.ia's. m'e 'g'eWeral 'EJC?ltfcWi?: (6'bW~1~l~~ '61£ t.:'le people 1m '1:roC:h 'tl\'e 'distri'Ct~ -is tf?i'r Yr'dr'h ~~ff.~ ~ra%~o~Y~. Tne "l t-....f 1 -f ..... ~-F " ... :-- ~.~ • [In- J h1.11y terr.ai.i1 ana non:,:,:-a·v '1.11 Forestss ------The forest!) 0 f S.1kl<.1.m Stat:.~ h~ve bo-on 01. aoa.i :I!.1.Qd cn~ identi:f.1ed i.nto three distinct ~ypee 3 on the b"'l.~is of' r3infal.l, aspect and to[>ographys a) Lo\.. er hill forests-Irlhic'n correspond to Char(\,,).ion F< Seth's type :V::/CIa(i)C3h(U9to <)()')m r~vised • altitude) Theee ~ower hi~~ £oreBts are furth~ Bubd:1.vided into thr •• typee (1.) Sal. foreete (ii) Dry mixed £oreet. and lii1.) Wet mi.xod foro ete • b) l=l ;l.dd~Q h;i~~ fgrD.IU.J:l - whioh oorrespond to Cho..mpion and Seth's revised type 8B/CIt900-1800m a~~itude) Con.poeition ; Sohiln. }'!A~~i.9hii. C.lI.stAllQP!!J:». hYstr 1x. AlnuB l' iJolene1.e, SympJ.ooo!' theifQ~j,a. RWYa iaPonigo. .to. 0) Upper h;ill. tors..... f~ -(above 15eOm. a,.1.titude) which correspond to Champion and Seth's type 11B/CI Kaet H:1.m~aYan Wet temPerate forests. Xn this zone the vegetat ion cov er changes pronoun~e~y w i.th change i.n al-t:1.tude. 1.) H~OOm - 2400m e.~t:1.tude : C ompoei.1; ion, l\'la,obil.t,is aQea iOB. A~nye .o6Pa1 ens i. e. Queroue lengcaefolia, Quergue lame1lQsa.. ~snplo 90a theifo~ :1.0.. Eng elherdtia BPi gA~.1 etc. i:1.) Above 2400m altitude . Compo a:i. t 1. on Ab1.ea .sl!m.,Wl.. l>'Achi.J.u~ opegi..il!!.. Potul.a AJ-no1.dea, Rbodod Mdroo arboro\,J,lU eto. ~here i.o a. di.etinot oonifer be~t in the atra.tum charac teriaed by TSyXQ ~oniAAa, ~i.CPA moripdoides and Abies denes. 'f , .12 Lega.l atotue of the f ore eta . : The state owned ~oreats are divided into tho fo~low~ng three ms~n groupe : :1.) Reserved foreets. ii.) Gocharan forestS. i.i~) Khse fore at e • Doth 'Gocharan and 'Khae' :f'orest bolong to 'Uncl.saeed· forest i.e. area which are not c~asai:f':i.ed a.s reserved or protect forest but which are Government lQnde.'Gooharan' land ~s used mai.n)_y for graz i.ng purposee. I 9 I Other forest areaS ~hj_oh are not under oontrol. of the Forest Department are Gumpha forests and pr~vate forests. Tho areaD of the reserved forest have been Duppl.~od by the State Forest Department. but for Gooharan. :f'oreets, Khas :i:'orests. eto.,. no f:igure was avai..l.abl.e from them. For deta~1s para 3.7 and 3.7.1 of Chapter XII may be referred to. , .13 :! Y'\- t.hu rooo:r;'Ved forooto. no ri.4Iht. and oooouuo:iono ex~at. ~n Gooharan foreeto. tho nat:ive POpu~at~on hsB Q right o:f gra.zing aod o ol._·""ct :ion of f':irewood. But :in no Oe'''O they 0..:1:"0 a1l.owed to lOut treGS. ~n Khas forestl3. they huvo bucn urc.nted fJ~lnLLo...r typo of ri.ghts. ,fJut it lr.(A.Y be fl. en t: ion ad that the eLovo oon ooooiotlo u,ro a,J.. ... owud :in vi. ew of ~oe servi.oe by the vi~la.uurB for ol. oar i..u~ forest boundary 1:1.noa • .No Ull-to-cia,te working pl.a.n hac yet been prepo.:red by tho Utat.o Foro ct Department. ~he last work:ing pl.an dates back to 1950 for the ma.nage~~t of the foreets of ~:ikki.m i:)tate. W~th gradual devel.opment OA ~nrr~btructure ~nd opening up or now ro.,.d..... ~t :iD :imperative thoreLore, to h_v 0 an i.nteneive roroat manoaemunt. .At presont. the f creot e aru workod undor Se~ootion Felli.n~ ay st em. Ocoaoione.~ mark i..ng ard :f'8~1:iua of trees ar~ ?arr~ed out in ~he Reserved foreotB near the vi.l~o..:;:t) Bitea for construct~ona~ purposes and furnitur'o 1Ile.ki.n~. SOlDe suitabl.e ei~ eS are worked under c~ear fel~:ing wi.th artifici~ regeneration eyatem • The Fi.r. Spru.ce a.nd Juniper foreets are worked under Select:ion system and. Qxtracti..on ie ~indted to the extent of remova~ ~f dead. dyi.ng a.nd fal.~en trees onoe in ~wo years. The Juni.per f~reeto £"_ ~ _ C' "t ~ .. are eubjooted to on~y Sol.ection Fel.l.ing based on exp~oitab~e girth olQseee. ~he sOP'i; 'oree:t~d hy s~i~atl<6'ii F:;iil~i i~ Fi.r. . n''''")'\1 "!;'~t"_ 't t..j._' o':ti"!'" Spruoe. Juni.per f"or8a~8 'e,r-e r~atoolu,d ;J.:tlior by -;:._~ _ ..... or naturaJ. means. 1101 Chapters II Investigat~on and Methodology ~ .. 1 Ob jectJ.v(!s: - The pr.imary objcctive~ of the inventory set forth in coneultdtion ,,,ith the· L,'orest Dep;3.rtment of Sikkim State are t.o collect ade<~Iuate data in order to fulfi 1 the follo\rdng con ditions:- a) to arrive at a reliable estimate 0 f the toti:ll gro,"ling stock in eadl district, b) to ascertain the av<.U.lability of 'resources in Res~rved and Un-reserved (Gocharan,Khasnal etc.) Forests in each district, • c) to assist the ~!-.ate Forest Department in prepa rat.ion of the ~lork.,lng Schemes by furnishing data available .in the inventory with a view to evolve improved management techniques for the t\V'o districts. Besides, the findings of the present inventory of the two ~stricts is expected to higL ~ ...:..ght relevant info :onations down to a micro +evel planning i.e. ranges which will be of immense help to the State Forest Department to implement their development schemes for speci fie areas i.n a district, d) to estim·:lte consumption of wood, both domestic dnd irrlustrial _ 2 • 2 Ae r.t d ~ ree onna! s S_9..!J£.2 s No aerial reconna.i ssance was carried out for the area. 2.3 Photo-in~9l:).')retnt.lon and mappinu' No photo-interpretation and maps ,,,ere aVi1ili.lble for the are;:,.. Hm... ever, the field inventory was carried out with th e dva1.1able toposheets ( Scale 1.50,000 ) as under s : 11 : -.------. _....- .. ..- ...... - .... ~ . Sl. Toposheet D~v~s~on/D~strict No. Na 1. 78.ry11 East Sikk.im 2. 78-'\112 -do- 3. 78V1S -do- 4. 78.1\1'16 -do- 5. 781V7 I East & South • 6. 78l\/8: Sikld.m ., 2.: ______2§.:Y-~_. J______---______.~ ", - . 2.4.1 Upto 2400 metre alt~tude , A systemat~c samp1~ng was adopted t.o estimate the • )rowing stock of the project area. Systematic gri.ds of size 1 km. x 1 kIn. were laid out over the entire district below:, '_ 'JOn,altitude as shown :in the diagram No.1. It was deci.ded to layout only one 'square plot of size o;i ha. C31.62 m x 31.,62 In ) at eac:ll grid c·entre. '. 2.4.2 Laying out of elot : The plot of size O;i ha~ (::[as J.a id out~ lceep.1'ng the gr.id centre as th~ 'c·entre. 0£ t.t\'e plSt By t-aR1Ha 22:~ 'in (horizontal) :in th~ N6rth~ so\it\1~ East -aBd west tll-rfbgtlons by Ccmpass ahd Tap'e ana j'Oln1a'g tR'e ePt'ds: m~ lSy bUt-. of plot is clearly depiCted in 'di-agrati\ N6-:'~-; 2.4.3 Standard Forest . survey ..Of; .1:ndla . -:a~~!.9n ~ above . ~400 m_'a:l tIt Ude * TPt-e 'Sgmjpli-?l~ *esl;?M £::'&\'?A~t~ ?, ~ 1~~~&1Wg E~ ~ample poii'lts i.'n 'each {~r'.1.'d "0£ 21-1' x 2!-.j -'tN. :-i.=s'5o~l666 ~(itill~ ·~'t,.-;!.,e'~ '2,'f India toposheet ~ 'Nio i'i:indCln 'n6inh'~"S ~~~~ '~ele;~~d 1:r.6;n ra;;d~;;; h __,",=",~ ..-1. +-o' '-' 4'=- - l-n.:_;a '" ~O- ' \-w:'r 'J..'"" , .... I ": Ilu'l\ber tapl'e which formed the X and Y co-ordinates of the centres of £i rst sample pi8t; The ~'OUER=t€~t '~C:;f~e~ ~f ~ach 2~ x 2~ grid is c3nslaeFet1 ~~ t~ 3FlgiH ~Ha ~flO~thg ~~t~~~~~ :110ng X .... axi§ ana r-&X.i§ ttM.rlf tHe p81Rt: wfacii:; .i~ id~nt~~:i~~ ao p~ot 000"",...0 &f' ~ ft~5't ~t~e: :t~ §lowh Hi di~af~ iJg:1: To locate the second plot join the first plot centre with the grid centre and extend this line in the oP?osite direction. Mark a point at an equal distance in th e opposite r'trect.i.on o f the grid cent.re which will be the plot centze of - the second plot .. 1 . J 12 r 2.4.4 D~atr1but10n of gr1d2' Number of plots surveyed waDe calculated at 297 ~n East d~str~ct and 208 ~n South district. D~stribution of plots by Reserved", Un-reserved and Stratum are as unders- ------~------Stratuml Stratum Stratum Stratum oth- Total • I II III IV ers ------~-~------~------Reserved 16 34 72 15 69 297 (East Sikk1m) Un-reserved 11 66 14 Totals 27 100 86 ~.5 fl<.) Reserved 37 21 43 a 44 208 ( South Sikldm) Un-reserved 7 36 12 ------~------Total. 44 57 55 8 44 T 2'.5 t!2~~g22!2S:l· 'rhe field data~. ~ollected by a team cons~sting of one J.T.A../Dy .. Ranger assisted by one Dy.Ranger/tl.... o Fie1dmen and One Forester/One forest Guard from State Forest Department", Kha1asia and labourers engaged locally. Th e Crew Leader carries th t toposheets alol'XJwith a sampl e po~nt already marked on tfi~ to the £~eld. A set of measuring instruments sueR as S~lva Compass, Callipers, Measuring Tapes and Ranging Rods etc~,'W.ere carr~eO 1-,.:( them. On a particular work day~ the crew leader decides t.h e grid nurit'ber ana plot "t:a be surveyed;. He f~,£gtres nea:r to t.he samp1~llg point eo a pronanent phys1.Sai ~~ttlt-e which .is shown 'on Ene toposh'eet 'ahd al'so can s~ l'deriti~ied on the groUitd. NOImally t'fie re£erefiS'e r,31nt.s ~r~ ~'el~ct-.ed frcm the follhwlng ':fea.tUres'S i) Bench mark~ ~1) Trianguiat~6n polnt~ iii) Vl.lla'ge t rl~ jUR'Ctlon i)'oiSt": ~v) Old Brlag-es anti cUi;;erti$~ v) Old temples, Churches, Mosques, vi) Crossing of railway tracKS w.it.h roads",ri.vers antI s~ r,,,oma, vj,J.) ...TIUlI~t.toll ."Jf. r!vttJ:'u, tJtr"u\lIlti nnd rottdo", v_t~1. ) J tlnc t.l 0 n () f r5t r.-U.'lfIlO .. ix) Junction of roads, • x) Prornl.nent b ends on roads; ri vers and streams", I l:l I xl) Old po n (:if'I .In<-'1 wt31Is, xi.I ) Spr.Ln,]s, xiii) PromE:oent. feat.ures in hilly areas such as Spurs, Knot.s etc., ; xv) Il.Hu1dacy IJ·l LldrH( Tnt(!r.lvlt.iofl \ L, 'St.. d:. •. !, D j . '1: .-.ncl FOt'O" I:'ll) promin.. n·t Aft.er:- rocatilvJ the te:it.uC'I~9 011 the (Jl. •• 'lI1.1 u.od on,1~~e t.l.lponheet. 9 . Ll"I,_ • dist.a.nce ,\I1d ho. .! ("i nq of t.IH·~ sample poi nt is measured ~rom t.1l,::, Ilidp. TliC":! be.) r.inq .i s measured with the help of S11v."'j. CornIJdss. At t.he reference po.1nt # t:h e Crew Leader rec'·).cds dC'tt1.1ls of t:.',l(~ ref<~l.-(~nce £e."ltures e.g. b03il.r.tng and distance of t.he sarrq.le po.1nts frClln the r~f"rence po.1nt., the nan":! of the sampling places, '1:IH~ time table to ca.,p.lete tre ,,,ark of plot d.p·Jroach form. Ill' . Th.1s is recorded so that at. a -future dat.?: t.his ~£er.enc:e paint rna)' be relocat.t~d. Fr-n!·\. th e refen=;nce point. the Cre\-1 , Leada~:~rf~v'.!r.ses t .he dist.d,oce as lI\easured. on the map .1n the dir-ect.:1.on of the sacnple plot and reo.l.ch there. Aft.er laying out of the plot .. the arm..., leader wit.h help of otJI(~r l1lernu~ rs collects the data in the fo:tlowing formsi a) £:!:2~_~eg!:,g~S'2_EQpnl meant. for t.ime study and help in ehec)~ .. vi:'..lts at a later st.age, \,. b) £1~~_Q~~~E~2~!~~_E9~~: it includes informat.ions on admin..lsl:.rative (l.ivi sian, ~l1d use and lecJal st.at.us, topography etc. c) Plot Mnumt':~ r '1 t.ion form I for r,::cording trees by T------species dnd didrneter, and d) ~~~E.!~_!£~~_.E!?:E'I!! s to record sample tree (1.:lta. One form is used for ten trees. 14 ell 'tpters III 3 .. 1 9~!l~.!:~! : . There are thIX!(~ broad components in i:he d'H:, Tr)CI~S(1' i0 ; 0 SY~:!31l n<'"~mely manu."l ~ eckj nl]; P COC''!';; .,it'teJ on un.it~ c~c(r d m act ti n~ and p roc t?!s<:: .lnfJ o!. Comp ut: er. !' It involves the followin~ steps:- i) proper dOC1.111ent -It lon of the fi'31d forms .. checking of the e);:.i,stence of all field forms ~Jith refecenc~ to the IrldSl:l~r list of s;lmplcs, : .... ) codin,] the info I-"lt.ion in the field forms which has not be(~n alr<.:!ady incorporated.. r,l'~nua.l cCieckinq 'Of the val.idity of t:he coc1es use,'! in variollS c01U1nns of infonnations and iv) reconcili~tion of discre~~ncy, if any. 3.1.2 P.cocet"l!'.lirn on Unit. Recor-d maL : .• I)e: ------1-~- '.('ile foLlo'vling steps are carried r.)ut I)n t.he Unit Reeor-d loach:{ ne e .i) ptlllCllirU infonn at.ion on cards, ii) verif.ic<":lt..ton of t.he C1.lr(lS~ .iil ) I:><:Irt.1ng and co11at.ing the c,1.rds and iv) l.ist.in g of the d~ta. On completion 0 £ t.he preparation of .input. data, the £0110.. l1n') operat.i.ons are carr-ied out. on Cc:xnputer: .i) loadin.-J 0 f tIle data or) IIH'hlnetic tape .. ii) consistency check.ing of the data and it.s corr-:=.:ction!J~ iii) cdlcullti<:ln of tree and plot volume, iv) prepdrdti on of st.and "lnd stock tai">ie and v) prepat.ltton of orovting stOl'.:!k t.ahl e as inci uded if! til e ob j ect.i v(:!s. , 15 , 3 .. 2 CQ.~9l.u.U!£.n of u.:r6a : The geoCIruphi.ca~ .reao of ~a.at aDd South Sikki.m di.atricta arc 951 km2 and 697 kln~ roap", ctive~y. (Source Sto.t-e :f'or es't DopartDlent of 6:1kk.:lm Stato) '1!h~ to'ta~ :foreot (I,%"Ca of' 'th.e two di.a-t;rict~. nawal,y Eust and South. have boen otrati.fied :into :f'our a~titud_ina.1. otrutt\ on tho basic o-f the cha,l1,U:ce i.l' ~h() vC&l€l'l.a"\.. i.vCt c:.no.ro.C+e r" 'W .i.th a11; j,t uri o. 'f u.rl(:!U o~t;1.llALLte for r(;JBorvcd -forests of the t""O distri.cte were o~ou1atod by dot ari.d method • . ~~ B9.wove:a'. :for un.t>(l_6~~va.d :f"oroate 0.£ tho t\o-Jo di.ut.ri.cto th e area oat i.mat e unO bae~~ on !l:.:"o!'o:r-t .Lonal we:it:rh \:U.Ue 1.0 each ll~O't fa~]. i.n" in d i.:f£ orcnt strata e:ince t hero wa.S no cl(!a.r deu.a.rco:~i.C1n oi' the foroo;; boundary. LDiat:Z'i.ct Jlo.a~rv ad -f' g 1.' tHl.l: ]._ Tota,1 '~~e -- Ii. t ! t ~ c1 e 1J I23i:2 2QQm 202 -] eO,QlD. 1600 -2400ru nb,aVQ 240Qm /i)i'lrt.r:i 01; i Ii QUth ~jkk:i rei "T' l1 4C,il$,lI'Yt.'d fO:F2!U. , ,l" i.na;llHi' 0.61 " .~4 12.41 24.26 Ua.ba.ng~o. 1 ,68 64.94 93.50 160 .. '\ 2 Namchi. 3.65 10.32 20.82 0.98 35. SI7 l'Iio~~i 34.22 2.07 36 .. 29 Tota,l. 3i> .. 07 14.6& 97.00 )06.89 256.64 Unreserved .Forost 7.20 25.16 27.16 Grund Total. 45.27 39.B4 '\ 24.16 106.69 )16.16 'rhe d..iat-:a'ibuti.on of eta-me per hec't.o.ro by species and di.a.me't~.r C~o.e6oB hUB been co.lcu1.ated whioh i.e given :in 'l'u.b~o No. 1.1 to 1 .. 3. 3.1 to 4.3 and 6.1 to 6.3. The number of uterus per hectare by atrata £or both the die-1.ri.c't.o are fur ni. ah. ad hO:X-EJunde:a' ,- 16 ------ I 900m . '2"):) • 62:> I" ·1 6 • 3 " ., II 900-.L8oorn '164·.375 180.0?1 ." rII l-BOO-24QQr!l 2<15.330 1<14.289 IV • ,. A:bovc 24r)Om 232 .. 500 I ~o )ffi 239.216 20"7.147 r:r ;)..) 'l-lHOOm 14Es.098 178.903 III 1',1) )- >A )(JiO 209: 3t1.C) 136.361j ~~ - -- ;1-- 1'\11 .lfk\lJ ~1!~ 01. <,.llO .jt..~n t:. Ihl b) It. 1 s ev,tc1cnt, til erefore, that about no. 5T'~ "i. th(~ Lot: d. stHIUS li(~ belo'[., ~.)cm. diumeter class. c) f3dl i ~ e .. 2.!.qQ~'l .'(_~?_ll§.t___"! .is t.he pr.i nc.ipal ~ !i',p,,!ci(~s in t.his fStr:at.u'tl and co.-,t.rlbutes B2.26:' of the totol st.~:-f1~} in tl1.c arci:l Cln~' is present upt.o dia.lnp.tcr. class 59cm. PeJ:"Cl~nt. .<\ lon<]\ll.lt.h stem pl'~r 1 lI'?Ct"L 'cl~ d.nd p0rceJ'~tage 'di st.ributioll are as follo'W~: ')1i_C!1.:<=.2:;:: _!;:2t~:!ll.~A 196.77B 82.26 0_s.!:.9.~ _ The olXOber of stens per hectare in this stratum is 207.147. §l'.£>..F.!:~_!.1 ....r..9P~~~_!:.~__ is tho pr,incipal species and conrributen 86 .2~% of the total number of st0t'!ls in t.1.1 s str.:l.tum.. ~(;g,H~1 n'O di. ------~ - - -- -Speeies nd.ne ------NO.Of SLQlTls/ha. % dist.ribution t Shot'., ._.______e6l .cObllst,cl _ 1103.515 86.21 ~:;:~~~'!!.~ ~!~!];!sb'!:!' 10.000 4.a3 'J'eT.tn_____ i 'nal 't. i.;it_ ... bel____ erica .. ___ _ 5.714 2.76 , 9~~!:S!:!~j,.~?!.2~~.::: 2.85'7 1.38 £~~!:~!.~+;~!?2~~ ,~ iq.\,1 .. 429 0.69 -~ ,~~l-~l~'~ ' - -- - -_ .... ------St:rat.\'lIn-XT-900-180()tn-Reservcd forests-South dintrict:, ------... ------~-~~-... -----~------..... ~ From the i.~nal.YBis of th.e data in this stratwn1th e follo~... in g inferences in 'lY bs_ :~fi~)"ln rega rding dtstribution of stemn:- • '1) 'rIH~ OL.1fHher of: st.;.(lI'l1~~/I'\i::l. i.o 148.D98 only. Unlike 'L~hO pn-n'iou::::; e:tr.1t:.a. nt.ans are Illora or lesn equally distri but:.~d in c11altlet.er:- clas~:lE:O 10-190111. and 20-29cm. 'l.~he l:>el.-cent.age of stems in these d1..lmet.er cl<3sses arc 33 .. 76~" and 32.48% respectively. b) It i.13 also observ~d t11 it st.ems are evenly dist.ri-, but-ed oVO!r:" a 11 th~! diameter classes. c) l'reponderence o~ trees in lot"er diameter class is About 81.03"'~ of stems lie beleM 40cm .. dlameter clas.ses. 'I'he prin'::'::inal sp: cies alongwith stems/ha.and,l1 percentage eli stribution as as under" - - - - ~ ------Species namE: No.of stems perL)'"la. % d.il3t~riblltion ----~.. ~- _' - ==-----St10rCd --.----_rc:>busta 17.143 11.58 Schi.ma w,~ llichii 16.191 10.93 ~------~------Eu £~~ J~_'_:.~1:'2~ 11.905 8.04 §.)'.!~lQ9.9,S ~-!l~!.f~!d:,~ 10.9053 7.40 Quercus ~;.pecies 9.524 6,,43 'J" ,. .: 18 3 .. 3 .. 4 Stratum-Ir-900-1800m-Unrosarvcd forests-South district. I .... ~-~-..,.------""'!""------~~~~-~'!""'I.~,~'":',-~~~.-~-~--... __~ , . . ''' ', . ., . t Th~ number of stems per h~tar~ in this stratum . • . '_' . ,...... ,,~" .-. ~.,- . "~" • -.' .. -- 1P. . ;ts 178 .. 99~.. !-!p!!~ !1~:!1~n~!~ if? ~he dgninant; ~ci~s , '~...... - which .,const.:1.tut;:eQ. 20.961:(. 9£ the 1;:,Qtal, sterns ;followed l;>y sChJ:tna wall ichLi, \'Ii'lich forms .1~.3S% of t.he total .... -':'"':!~~:-~ -----' -- - : - , number. at" st~.~~.. ~ega~~D9 the 4.1str.lbut~on of ~tems in f!:~~,~.. er Ol'~t~~6' it ~is observed that r'tlo~t of the stl.:!1\~IJ~9 .12<:~) fall .1n (_;._. ~ , ;Ieter classes lU-19cm. £oll~~~~d by 2:)-29clO. ~~f,j~a6ses. where 27 .95,)~ of the st.{;rns are present.. 'I'na' principa 1. specie~ 'Iin thi s stroCltLIm a~ongwi tj"l st·~s/ha.and percentagq d.1stribution t a I:"e <:l e; under: ------~ ------~ - - ~p!::~!e~ !2(lJ~e_ _N_~t~n~a.:. %- -distribut.ion------;~"'he:oalensis 37,~503 20.96 :'2QllL • .L)~lichii 23.891 13.35 9.01 8.85 6.21 ~ - .- ,~ . ~ ~ ------~ -- - I '-<'; '~' "':f.:' 0.------J ,3,,3 .. 5 2!:.!:~!:~=11f!.~29.l!!~2122~_=-B~~~~~~~~2~~;l~~;~~!!t.~,..g~~t~~:s; s The I"~urnpl,';)r of $t~n~ "p €r hect.a.re is 299.340. Notable fe~tures ia this .~~~~~ :are app'$n~e'¢ .~~~O\-l : a) Haximum Concel1~'~~~~on 6f .trees at;~ .fq\ind in lO-19cm. and "-20-29c;(I -. 'dt,axne'f:;er c l -a.sS!:e'a which const.tt,.ut-c;;: 31.44~ .and 30 .'3~% 9.t: the total. number .of seans __3 ~" . :~ ....;\! :, .._ 1:?) Trees .are preS,el"lt ov.e;:- ~11, t;.he dJ.- dril~t.~r clilsses i.e. 'there .is~ ~n ~verl re.Il17~.~gri~~t.1Ol"l. o.f ~ll. the diarnet,.e~ clas~~a Xn -t;h'ii;s. ,Ftrattm ~ / 1' Important species, stems l?§tr h £¥!'t;:.a);e and pere'ent.;lge distFibution are as 1;0119\'1$; ...... - - - ~ - - - - - Spec.:ies name -S1;(}fn$-- per- - hect'i:l.re- -' .. ~-. 'C\~-- ~~ril?9t~Qh- - - Symp.locoa thei£olia 39.775 1,9,,00 Machi. 1 1,ls. BEcoie~ 2·7.~4'1 . ~ ·.;:;~::a.4 lQ~·llJ J<:U[":YZi j~l?on;lca 21.8(l4 Ca~tan ' 'f.)sls hyst. rix ,16.515 7 .. 89 6.89 '. Rhodcrl·:!odron :3pe~ 14.42.1 ------...... ------3.3.6 Stratum-III-1800-2400m-Unrese ~§~~=~!~~E!§~t------ The number of stem in this stratum is 136.365. I't. is, observed that in this 3tratum of Unclassc"," forests, no single SI • The major species in this str~ tum ~e ~:iI:!J!2.!2~.'2E theifoi.ia (12.0')%) • HegardiClJ distribution of ------st'3ffiS in differ;:;;. ~ diameter c asses, it is ol:)served that about 39.33(' of stems bel ng to 1 0-19cm. dia. classes followed by 30.67% in 2J-29cm.diameter classes. The principal specie , ste~IS per hect.are and perdentage distribution i this stratum are as under: ------"_ - ~~~~!~~~2 ~~~!~!~2 16.364 12.00 10.67 Alnus------nel)ale nsis 14 .. 546 s:~§.!::~!}g2~;h~ tll::2~E.!?s_ 1<:).546 10.67 ~~El~ 1~E90!~2 1~.999 8.00 6.00 ~~E!~92 !~~E~~~ 8 D 182 ------3.3 .. 7 soutfi-aIstrlcE7------St rat.um-IV-2400m'. and - ilbove;;.;.Res _rv__ ed __ ,_f_o_r_e_s_t_s ------The nU"Tlber of st.ens/ha· ,in thi's stratum is observed t.o 1-)e 305,.001. The aLsoCia'te"s '~re ma'lnly .8h.Q19d~ndron arboreum.Abies"dehsa,Machilus spp. ~~E!~S~~ !:b!;:~~!!~'~~~SX1~!':9~t!! spp.and ~~!:;~.!~ alnoides etc. NU'Tlber of steins s maj:jd':mt..iin in the ~~~~;~~; classes(10-19)cm • ~i, h":l.". 2·~i.51% of the total stems follo\....red by 22 .. 72%t1n 20::"29crr:.. ~aml;:!ter class~s. St=ms are dist. ibut.ed over all the diameter classes .. The stens/ha above 60crn.dia.classes l is only 52.143 Which accounts '0 17.. '69: ·~ only. Sterns/tla • .c percen"ta,a. £0£ EO~e_o! ~h~ !m20rta~_SE~~~S-iE ~. .i-'ye~_b~l9W.!. - I §p~~oy n~e ______s~emsiha. ___ p~r£~n~a~e_ - Rhododendron_ ,______.•.--- urboreum__ -.-- --- 6 5 .43.i 21.78 35.0)0 ~1.47 7\'bies densa i ------~-- 34.28p 11.24 Hachilus------S':lp. 32.141 10.54 §~U1Q~9~ ~b~i£o~ia .25 • DC) . 8.20 3i.J.Q9QQDD.dr.QO spp .. 2').0) 6.56 ~s;!;;y1~ .iJ.lD.Qid.es ------20 .: 3.3.8 Stem per hECt.are is 2ClO.625 in th.is str'1tLl'I. The follovling observa.tions are rnad~ £r(l!1\ t.he dist:r.i".lti"y) of sterns in this stral;:;ur:1: a) s.i;ell'ls are lw::>st.ly concentr<7.it~d in t.he IT,v~L tliameter class o£ 1 ')-l9c:n. a!1d C!onst.it.u':.e I} .. 1. ::''':I"':~ . b)' Trees al::>ovp. 80.'J9c;f\. d1.a'1ct2r elas es is practically absent. e) Trees above 49cm. di'.''l"'l0t.3r c lass;6 is ah ~ut. 9.3'1"~ 0f the tot").l nurnl')(~r of seems d) rI'he eO:-ilposit,i0rl of sD(~ies 'in t.his str ,t.U'rt\ mainly are Shore'3. robust.a,T'eet.ona gC'3.ndis, SC'li',1a hlallichii .. Te.cm:i. .:l,:..lia er':='1ul:ata and 'C'erminalia myri<-;>carpa . 'lre fUJ:'":1ishod belo;·;: ~2E~~ E~~~~1;:~ 111.250 !~~~99~ .9E~~9!~ 26.25':) 13.08 SCll.ima wallichii 25.000 12.46 ----.. - ~- ---_._ ... _._-,_ 'rennina1id crenu1ata 3.125 1.55 ------3.125 1.55 3.3.9 'I'he number or ste:'t)s ;:_l(;'r hectare i.n t.his str.l.':~t!n .is 146.365. '{'he principa.l species in t.his sL:.r·,tUt'1 are as ~.f:)W under: ~I:!~E~~ E92~E~~ 30.9'"1,] 21 .. 11 Sciiima ''Jall ichii 30 .. 000 2 ).,49 ----~------~!~~§! !!~:~!2!]~~~ 21.818 14.91 ------~ngelhardtia ------s~ic~ta 6.364 11.35 9~~~9~~ ~~~~~~1~~~ 6.364 4.35 Host: of the st.(~ns ~ro conc.nnt:. L· .; ~t.I~' in til diamet.er class es cespectivel~ .. 21 : 3 0 3.11) St rdt ll!1- I I-9,Y)--.'!. '3 )();n-- p.es(",rvf~d :foro;.;t s-I';ast (li s t l:icl: : ------_._-----_ - - ---_ ..... _._._ ------_-__ ._._------._.__ ...... --- -- ';'0 an.llysis of t:.he data in this str:ltlJrll r02'JcHls the folloHing conclusions:- a) '1'1:,-, rllul)her of stP.-ilS ,.")~r hectar~ in t:.his str,.tUi'l i~ 104.375. h) 4.1.82% o ·f th e st:. ·3i!13 ~ire cone ent. r .').\:. ~1"1 in l -)-1 )CI '. diameter- ct. ..05 f oll''')Hec1 hy 29. 54 -~, 13.';; '3 ' iHlCl ~1.75; i.n. 2Cl-29c!:.. ,3'J-39c!ll. and 4J-49c'a • c1.iurn'.lt.(;!r classes res!?(~ctively. c) l'r'~('s 'l.c~ '")r~s~nt '!l;!'\ost in a:l the cliam._~c:'~r cl :lSSG':-_;~ .. d) '3\:'1=')5 above 69c:'l.di-:'l"1eter cl<1.s3'-~~> are pr'lc::i. cully v8r:r i.nsi'1nific:lnt. \.?) 'i_-'he- · ... r~in sp''X~ieD :In thi,".> s\:.r;)tUf:) is j..!£I,Y.§ ~~:.?~!.~. .! .':.l::?:~§. Stem ""'~r hect.1.rt':! f'?r some of t:.h'~ im·J1:)~t.ant . )ecies ar-e as £ollo,,",s: S,'ucies :1a.'ne Stan/ha. Percentuge -" lnl.ls n~l:>'"i it::! osi s 15.59 ------~------2~·-'::' ·2l~<:.~~ .t=!2~lE2!!~ 12.813 7.79 §~E~'~ i~..!2!:!:i~~ 11 ...\ ...... ,') 6.34 ~!~b~!~~ ~~eci8S 11'.;,250 6~'34 Scliima '.·la.llichii 9.063 --,------5.51.. 9. 0 63 5.51 ------Stral:.nrn-II·-9t )')-l '3'1lm-Un?0:servacl forest s7..East '(list riet: ------~------~- - ~------ The numher of stane per/ha...~. i 'o the stratlL"TI is 1':3 1).071. Principal specl~s in this Strntur~ arc ~!!}.0.§ ~2i21_!-::0~!~ ilrld ~~!~:ir2~ ~~J!f~t!-i~. The importnnt sgecies :in th:i.s str'lt.U'll ar-:'!: ~lnuR nepalGnois 47.267 __ .. _------26.24 Schimct '·Nill.i.ehii. 36.557 2 ').,30 ------Eu.cy .:t jClponica-- -- 1 ':J a 71') 5.95 ------~_::nr J..-~ll1, : l rrit. i;3, -----sDic':lta-- 1') .424 5.79 ~;y;ll·')lo-::::os t:'1elfoli.'\ 9.nS3 --.--.. ---- ~- - .------22 l'he distr.ibut.ion o£ stans is maximllm(48.14-"';) in 10-19cm. oiazneter class £0110',-Ied by 3).2:3"~,13.'J,) ", and 3.49% in 2')-29cr:1., 3")-39cm•• and 40-49c:n. ,llametl~r classes. Stans a!,") Salip.nt f '='tt~l:Ce..S in this ~x.rlt.u.m ace aooended )"'""low: - a) ·J'1.'T1f-)~r of stans "~r hect.::lre in this str<'tt,PI i'~ 2 11 ~J • 3 3 ') • ';) Stt:; 'rhe fol1o',_ing o')S,:!cv~lt:ions h a ve oeen niade in rc!'":pect. of this St.l>3t.um: a)1"lle OU;',ll) 2 r of st'em:3 "H~r n6ct',rC'! ,i.s 144.21',). b) l'ilC prJllci!'>i3.1 ~pecies in t.llis str,3.t.urn is l\l.'1uS n'2pa l.~nsis follo'-lecl by SYTlplo-co~ tHei:f::>lLct aM.l ~ ·'YS"'l'l. J"lv"ln.lcd.. c}:·lost. of t.hn st. ~_ !'ns are -:;(')ncentr.:1.ti"~d in 10 "AC! [" di a met ,~r c La S~l~':l5 ,i. e. 1 )-1 'lC'!1. dia • classes c~nDtitut.ing 5~-59~ folloW91 by 2?-29c~.dia. clil.sr:c G c")nst:iCut.ioq 2'1.72 " rC:3:.)'';!C!tively. 23 d) Stems,...., above 6()cm.diameter class is practically absent. Stems per hectare for SCIlle of the important species \.,.ith their percentaqe are furnished belo'Vl:- :p~:e ~ ~a~e _.:;~! :;_ Ste:n/ha. Percentaoe ~. ·i~ 1 ..., .. .\l~us ,nepalensis 21.429 14.85 -----S ',rrnp locos thei f01 L"'l 17.143 11.88 NYS'J3 idvanica 15. ()'lO .1,).39 ~ur}'a javanica 5.714 3.96 !-lac lrang:3. dentic1.l1-:tta 5.714 t 3.96 Yihucnu'1'l sDe ( ~ies 5.714 3.96 . ------.------.. ------3.J.14 str..:ltum-IV-2400m.and------. above -Reserved forest-Bast district: 11' ,.. ".,~e fll.rllhHr of st.ensjha. in .the str~i:.um is o'"Js0.rved to be' '232! 5 '-)0. ·rh0. ass ociates :ire mainly Ab:l-as densa, ~'. .' ~~~:~ ------~~9.0.~<:!s:!]9E2!? sp8ci8::>, ~c:~E'l <·S~J2~~!.!:!.!, £!~E2:l> ~-!.!.!.2~~ and ~1!r.:!.:!:.e~f:9;:§! .r£9~~'~~: N\.. lrnb';~r of stems .is m-aximu:n in (lr.Y=-ig)cm:,·d1.ameter class ·.-Jh.ich is 52·.lS% of tIl . )'I:i:ll stems. Stem'¥/ha~.-ahove • """ . _. • ...... ' ~.. ,'~', __ .,...... ~ , ~ .. "l" 60cm. diamet~r ~s_ ~nlY 25.o·~~l~i:hi:~,amco:ts... ~.~<1 ,O:7~5% only . •'5tems;/ha. for ~~crne of tho::> ~mpo'r'tant species is given ---.. - -- .....- ::. -- ..:.. ----_.""bif1s densa----- 70·.OQO 3D.!1 Rhododendron spp'. 51"'. 25() 22:04 ~2~E S~!!ll2e~h!!! 32.501 13:~;'8 ' , )' - .. , Pieris viliosa 23.750 iO:'2'2 ------,- ., ,Tl)'nloerOllS rtk:urva 1-1. sod 7:53 , ... ,.... Betula llti 1.1 s 12.500 5.38 ------~ - - ~ ------'rrel! volllme study: 3.4 ------_____-6 No trees '.'Jere felled for developi.ng general volume all equ~tions since local volume tables far the important ,eei€!3 ,,,ere a'vaila':>le from Kali:npong Forest. Div.lsion of Hest 13enrJal Stat.e Forest De:?3.rtme-n t for estimat.ion of ~6lwne. volu';e tab l.~ of di ff:erent species as adopted in Kal~ong }'orest Di.vision is shown in ne~... t page. -, o o o o o o o o a o o o o c ro o o o o 8 o o o r- ro 8 t- o ro .-l l(l r- M • • o • .. • • ~ ~ M LO M • ("') '"• • • • N M r- ~ M o+ o rot o o o 8 o 8 o o o o o o o o 0\ N 8 o o o c o o ...t' o o C' 0'1 0 o 8 o o o o o l(l 8 o 8 o o o o o r- r- (J\ M ro N I • • • • 0\ 0\ .-4 ~ o o ~ o • • • l(l o o c ~ ..-4 o o o o o o o o o o o 8 o o 8 o 8 8 o o N LO t- LO r- \0 r- \0 .--i • o • . . \0 (J\ r- rot o • . • · o o C o C o· ~ a o o 0'1 o o M o o c o o o I o 8 8 o 8 o o o o o o r- M m o o ....., 0. c 0. og- (I), .,....., s 25 : 3.5 Stoc------k Tab~es s Timber volume per hectare by species and diameter chsses are given in Table 7.1 to 7.3, 9.1 to 10.3 and 12.1 to 12.3. Timber volume is the underbark volume of trees of all the species having D.B.H.(O.B.)30cm. and above. An abstract of the volume/ha. in the t\-J'O districts for reserved and unreserved forests strata-\>lise is appended below: ------Stratum AltitUde Volumelha. (m3) South district East district Eeserved Unreserved Reserved Unreserved ~~.atlJ _ ~or..,t~ __ P'~~a. _ ~~a.ta. I Upto 900m 25.706 4.000 49.438 47.182 II 900-180Om 41.477 42.503 34.750 29.688 III 1800-240Om 90.344 38.637 45.510 26.786 IV Above 2400m 172.380 77.625 ~2~~fi~~~~~~=~~£~~~=!_~~2_22~=~~~~£y~_E2~§~§- 22~ __ £::~~£:S!= : a) The vo~ume per hectare in this stratum is 25.706m3. It is observed that Shorea robusta is mainly concentrated upto 60cm. diameter class. b) Concentration is mainly in diameter class 30-49cm. which accounts for 80.23% of the total volume in this stratum. Volume contribution of stems in higher diameter classes above 70cm. ~s practically absent. Tije distribution of volume by major species .1.n this stratum is as under :- Species name Volume/ha. (m3) % of volume Shorea robust a 19.056 74.13 Scmma wallichii 1.784 6. :::1'4 Tectona grandis 1.40,5 5.47 Garuga pinnata 0.703 2.73 Terminalia belerica 0.378 1.47 3.5.2 Salient featUres in respect of volume in this stratum are as under: a) Volume/ha. in this stratum is only 4.00Om3. b) Schima wallichii is the prinCipal species and contributes 57.15% of the total volume. 26 , c) V.olume of trees above 40cm.diameter is practically absent d) Concentration of volume is found in diameter c~ass 30-39cm.only which const~tute 100.00% of the total vol ume_ e) Important spec~es in this stratum are as follows' ~ -- - Species name Volume/ha. Cm3) Percentage ~h!~~ ~~1!!£Q!! 2.286 57.15 !~~~~!!~ ~~1~~!~~ 1.143 28.57 _~S~2E~~ E22~~~~ 0;571 14.28 ------II Volume studies-stratum-900-1800m.-Reserved £orests------~------ An analysi s of the data in respect 0 f volume in this stratum reveals the followsMgs- a) Volume per hectare in this stratum is 41.477m3. b) Volume is distributed upto 99cm.diameter classes .. but mostly concentrat~ in the diameter class 30-39cm.and 40-49cm. and accounts for 20.90% and 22.04% of total volume. c) The major volume contributing species 1n this stratum are J------Species name VolumEVha. (,m3) Percentage 9~~ES~~ spp. 11.572 27.90 Schima wallichii 4.667 11.25 ~l.2!:?E~~ E9~~~!: 3.667 8.84 7.46 ~~~~~~~e~~ ~~~~E~~ 3.095 ~~S~!!~~ species 3.648 7.35 2.905 7.00 ~~3~!~~~2~~ ~E!S~~~ ------Volume studies-stratum-II-900-1BOOm-Unreservedforests------~------§9~~l.2_9.!2!:;:!~:- The following observations are made from the analysis of volume datas a) Volume per hectare is 42.503 rn3 b) Schima wallichii is the major volume contributing species in this stratum :fi:> 110,.... 00 by Engelhardtia sPicata and Alnus nepalensis. : 27: c) Regarding distribution of volume in, di£ferent d'iametet:- classes, it is observed that volume is mostly concentratAd in the diameter. class 30-39cm., 4Q-49cm. and 50-59ctn. 'In-dch accounts 20.52%, 22.83'% and 14.977' respectively. Volume is evenly distributed OVer all the dianeter classes. d) Major important species are as follows:------Species name Volume/ha. (m3)- Percentage------Schima------!':'~.!!~£t!:!:! 6.778 15.95 ~!,l2~!~~E~!=!~ ~E!£~~~ 5.389 12.68 Alnus ----- !2~~.!~~~:!~ 4.852 11.44 ------Quercus spp. 3.851 9.08 ·Quercus------!~~S~~~!~!!~ 3.500 8.23 ------3.5.5 y~!~~-~~9!~~=~~E~~~~!!!-=~~22=~~92~~=~~~~EY~~_!2E~~~2~ §9~~t!_2!~~!£~:- An analysis of the volume data in respect of this stratum are furnished hereunder:- a) Volume per hectare in this stratum is 90.344m3. b) Volume in this stratum are more or less, distributed ewer abhost all the diameter classes. c) The major volume contributing species in this strat::um are :------Species name Vohme/ha. (m3) Percentage ------f2~~~~ge~!2 ~~~~£J~ 20.957 23.20 ~~2!:!.!~§ SPp. 14.119 '15.63 9~~E2~~ ~~~!!~§~ 9.362 10.92 Q~~E~~~ E~£E~t!~~!~ 4.792 5.30 !~~~~ i~':!~!}!s~ 4.187 4.63 ------28 : The disbributi9n of vol.ume by different diameter classes is.as unders ------Dia~eter classes(in em.) <"/0 of vOlume ------30-39 9.68 40-49 15.83 50-59 1~.23 60-69 15.27 70-79 18.40 80-89 13.64 90-99 4.48 100 and above 9~47 ------~9!~~_~~~9~~§=~~E~~~=!!!=~~Q2=£~22m=YU£~~~EY~_!E£~§~~ es?~~!L9.!2~£!~~ z The om ervations in respect of this stratum are as underl a) The volume }:e r hectare in this stratum is 38.637m3. b) Mature trees are significant and represented Upto 99cm. diameter classes. Maximum Vol trne is observed in diameter class 70-69~m. which accounts 23 0 76% of the total volume. Contribution of volume in diameter class 30-39cm.,40-49cm. 50-~9cm. is 13.8R%, 22.12% and 16.0:)% respectively. c) The major volume contributing species are: ------Species name Volume / ha.{m3) ------Percentage Quercus------linea.ta 7.000 18.12 3~~E~~~ !~~1!~~~ 6.727 17.41 ~~~~~~~£~~ QZ~~£!~ 6.182 16.00 r:!~2~:!.!~ SPP. 4.000 10.35 ~~~!S~EE~~ ~~~~S~EE~2 2.00C) 5.18 ------29 ': 3.5.7 Vol une st Udies-stratum-IV-2400m. and above-Reserved ---~------!2E~~~§=~2~h~9~§~~!~~1 The volume/ha.is 172.38Om3 in this strotum. Abies densa contributes the major portion and it is 29.Ql% of the total timber volume fbl1.o\ved by Quercus lamellosa,Machilus SpD. ,Betula alnoides. Volu'l\e is uniformly distributed in ail the diameter classes. Contribution of volume is found even after l00cm.and above diameter classes. Maximum volume is observed in the diameter class 60-69cm. which is 20.63% of the total volune. Volume above 60cm. diameter is 90.52Om3 ..,hich is 52.51% of the total volume. 'rhe volume per hectare and percentage for major ;TOl.UDl& L species are fUrnished below: LQontr:1.buti.ng ------Species name Volume/ha.(m3) Percentage ------Abeis ----densa 50.0 )0 29.01 9~~E£~~ !~~!!2§~ 24.976 14.49 ~~S~;!;~~ Bpp. 20.639 11.97 Betula------_--alnoides 14.000 8.12 ~~2~2~~ S~Ee~~~!! 9.567 5.55 ------3.5.8 ~~!~~-~~~£~§~~~~~~~=!=~E~9_~QQ~~=~~§~E~~9_E2E~§~§ ------Bast district: The main observations in respect of v~lume studies in this stratum are as follows: a) Volume per hectare is 49.438m3 b) Volume is distributed upto 89cm. diameter classes. c) The prinCipal volune contributing species in this stratum is 2h2E~~ E2~~~~~~ It contributes about 54.99% of the total volume. The vo1ume of Shorea robusta is ------.--- represented upto 89cm.di.a.class. Next in order comes ------Schiroa ------wallichi~, which contributes 20.23% of the total volume. d) The distribution of v~lume by different diameter classes shows that ,about 78% of the tOtal volume lies within 59cm.diameter class only. Maximu~ volume is obs erved in the diameter class 30-39cr.\. \I-/hich accourt:. s 28.32% of the total volume. Hajor vol ume contributin g species in this stratun are as follo,·r.u- 30 E ------Species name Volune/ha. (m3) Percentage ------~t!~£::~ P2e~~!:.~ 27.187 54.99 ~~h!!!12 ~~!.!.!<:.l:!!! 10.(){)0 2(").23 Terminalia------crenulata------2.125 4.30 ~9!~~ S9£9!£2!!~ 1.250 2.53 ~~~£~~~~~!~ E~EY!£~2~~ 1.063 2.15 ------up'to 900m 3.5.9 Y~1~~_2~~9!~2=~~£~~~~=!t~~E~~~~~2_E~£~~~2=~~22~ . 9!~~E.!S!:!, The following observations have been made in respect of volume analysis of this stratums a) volume per hectare ,1n this stratum is 47.182m3, b} vol\..DTle is represented upto BO-89cnt.diameter class only.. c) the major volume contributing species are ~t!~E~~ £~!:?~~ follovled by 2Sh!r.!!2 ~21!!sh!! and ~!!J~2 D~2~!~~2!2 d) the distr~bution of volume by different diameter classes indicate that it is uniformly present in the diameter classes 30-39cm.,40-49cm. and 50-59~. which accounts 24.66%, 24.28% and 25.05% of the total volume.Volume above 60cm. is only 23.89%. Important v.e1".' contributing GRaci-a,B.• _ are as follo'...ts: Species name Volume /ha. ~l:!2£~~ E~~~~~ 13.637 28.90 2S~!~~ ~2!!!St!!! 11.9')9 25.24 ~!~~2 ~~E~!~~~~~ 2.545 5.39 !~~!~~!!~ ~~~!~~EE~ 2.545 5.39 ~~2~~~~e~!~ !~~!~~_ 2.000 4.24 ~~!~~_~~~~!~§=~!:.E~!:.~.!!=!!=~~2=!~~~~=~~~~E~~9_!2~~::: ~2~_9!~~E!S!:':" The observations in respect of volu~e distribution in this stratum are as under: a) Volume per hectare in this stratwn is 34.750m3 b) Volumerr~presented over all the diameter classes. 31 , c) The major volume contributing species in this stratu~ are S~~~~~~E~!~ ~~~~£!~,9~~£~~§ species and ~~9~!h~~g~!~ ~~!S~~~· d) Distribution of volume is ma.ximum in 3Q-39cm. diameter class follo';/OO by 40-49cm. 50-59cm, and 60-e9an. diameter. classes, ,..Jhich contribut.e 32.73l;~,15.83%,19.69%. and 17.63% respectively •. Contribution of volune above 60cm. dia~eter is 31.75% only. VO~UUl. oont:r:1.buti.zuz e) Principal/specl.es are as folroNs: species name Volume/ha. (m3) Percentage 9~~~~~~E§!~ ~~2~f!~ 4.813 13.85 9~~ES~ spp. 3.969 11.42 ~E~!Q~E~~!~ ~2£S~~2_ 3.156 9.08 ~.!~~~ ~~e~!.~~~!:! 3.000 8.63 ~~E£~2 !.~US~~~E9!42 2.750 7.91 3.5.11 Y~1~~_2~~Q!~2=~~E~~~=!!=~Q2=!§QQ~=~UE~2~EY~9_E9£~§~§ ~§~_Q!2!:.£!~~: The main ob servations in this stratum are as under: a) The volUme/ha. is 29.688m3 only._ -.. b) Principal volume contributing species in this stratum are ~!~~~ ~~E~!~~~!2 and 2S~!~~ ~~!!!SQ!!. c) Volume is represented upto 99cm. diameter class. t:1.. d) VolumeLmainly concentrated in 30-39cm.dia.class which accounts 39.39% of the total volume. Volume above 60cm. diameter class is 25.83% only. e) Cohtributio!1 of volume of important species are -as- follo'""s:------ ~lE~2 ~_e~!~~~!E 6.497 21.88 ------Schima wal.lidlii------6.355 21.44 9~~ES:~§ SPp. 2.171 7.31 ~~9~!~~E~~!~ ~e~s~~~ 1.514 ?10 ~~~ s.~e~.!:.!:f~ 1.185 3.99 ------32 3.5.12 Vol\~e studies-stratum-III-1800-2400m-Reserved rorests------~------~~~_9!~!:£:!:::.;s.: A close stuq,r of the volume dnta in this stratum leads to the following conclusionss a) volune ~r hectare in thi.s strat~n is 45.510m3, b) volune is distributed over all the diameter classe:Ci .. c) the major volume contributing spec~es in this strat U'1l are as undelts --§p~a:e.2~ - !:!al!!e_--- _ _ - _ - _ g~~E~~~ 1~~~~~!~~!~ 6.055 13.30 9~~££~~ !~~1!9~~ 4.841 10.64 - Machi------1 Us spp. 3.199 7.03 ~1~~~ ~~E~~~!~ 3.199 7.03 ~E90!:!!£~Ee~~ 9~~X~~EE~~ 3.056 6.72 d) The distribution of volu~e by different diameter classes is as under: ------Diameter class(in cm. ) Percentage of volume ------30-39 25.26 40-49 22 .. 56 50-59 15 .. 06 60;~9 15.09 70-79 9.95 80-89 4.17 90-99 2.79 100 and above 5.12 ------It is evident from the above distr_ibution that though the timber volume/ha. is poor, contribution of mature trees in this stratu~ is however, significant. It appears to be due to less inteference of biotic factors including human agencies owing to difficult terrain condition of the stratum. 3.5 0 13Volurne studie s-stratu:n-III-1800-2400m-Unreserved forests------~------§~~!:._~~!::E!~~:- ~e main observations in this stratum are: a) Volume per hecta~e in this stratum is 26.786m3. b) The major volume contributing species is ~!9~§ ~~e~~~~~~§,followed by 9~E~~~ !~~~~~!~!~~. c) Volune is present. i .. all the diameter cl~sses ••.•.•• 33 upto 99cm. The m~ Alnus neoalensis 8.643 32.27 ------~------2~~fS~2 l~~S~e~£g!!~ 4.072 15.20 ll~~~~ i~~~~Se 2.357 8.80 ~!!~~~~!~9~~ E~~~E2h!~~2 2.286 3.53 --_----uuercus ------lamellosa 2.000 7.47 ------2400 -a:. above - 3.5.14 Y21~~_~~!~§~2~E~~~=!~tE~~~~~~_E~E~§~~!~~~_2!~~~!S~c Per hectare volume of crop in this stratum is 77.6 L 5m3. ~!~~ 2~~~~ contributes a major port~on of volu~e to the extent of 63.500m3/ha. £allowed by 9~~~~§ 1~n~~~~£9!!e,~g9~2~~9E~~ 2E32;-~~ and ~~E £2-~Ee~!!!!. The volume,/ha. \-lith percentage Jtior some of the important species are appended be 10.... ': Abe~s densa 63.500 81.80 Quercus 1anceafolia 6.375 8.21 ~~~99~~E9!: ~E!?9E~~ 2.500 3.22 ~s.~;: £~E!?~.!.!:!! 2.500 3.22 ~~~!E~E9~~ E~S~E~2 1.375 1.77 ------The volwne is evenly distributed in all the dia~eter classes upto 90.99cm. The volume above 60cm. diameter class is 43.7Sm3 which is 56.36).~ of the total volume. 3.6 ------Error calcUlation: Standard error has been estimated separately for each stratum in both East and South districts for reserved forests only. Percantage of error for each stratum in the di-stricts !s_g!v~n_a2 ~nge~:_ Stratum: -F~r;s~ ~~a-i~ ha. -V~l~~a: -S:E:(~)-~~~ (in m3) t cifV7 East District: I (Upto 90:)m) 1311.000 49.438 II(900-1800m) 2635.000 34.750 III(1800-2400m) 12076.000 45.510 rv(2400m+ ) - - - - - 23871.000 77.625 -- ~ ------39893.000 64.136 : 34 : Strat...rn ---- -FOrest area _(!n_h~·l South districts I (upto 90Om) 3807.000 25.706 II(90Cl-1800m) 1468.0'00 41.477 III (1800-2400m) 9700.000 90.344 rv( 240Om++) 10689.000 172.380 Total: 29664.000 71.796 12. 7 ~9/-"'~ ------~ ~--;_ tf7. t5D 8" Plot data analysis: (~ 1\nalysis of plots tackled during inventory is ~ ~1(f'Jt.l 01.,...- summarised in the fol.lowi.ng paragraphsl- ~b~~ V-/.= lb -1 .Distributi.on of forest area by legal status, ...-{"o~ ...pI' ~ - ~ ;~. ~,_.t."£" u. f, ------______~ _y~\l Legal status Percentage area '\J"f ~ East district South district ------Reserved forests 50.0 57.2 Protect.ed forests 0.4 1.6 Unclassed forests. ~t_ : , 46.4 36.6 . ,-. J...,,!.... I Undeterm~edforeBts 3.2 4.6 ------Total: 100.00 100.00 --- ""'!"" - -- - The above tabl.e clearly shows that major portion of the forest area l.ies in reserved areas. Percentage of protected forests in East S.ikkLm is very negligible. Unclassed Government forest land in both the distr.icts is 'qu:1te appre<.::iable. D~stribu~on o~ ~orest. area bY , ~arid-Use,-,- - ._ _.. ~-- - ;: - An apa1ySis o~ the landuse e1asses as per inventory data ~or both -'East~ aha- South 'D~stricts is' shoWn i.'n the' tOble' belo...,:- ... ,. Landuse Percentage area ------East------d.istr.ict South district Dense forests Moderately dense forests Open forests ScrUb fore sts Bamboo forests Shiftinq cultivation Young plantation Govt. grass land 1~1 1.5 Barren land 1.1 1.9 Agricultural land without tree 1.1 4.1 1.1 Agricultural land w.ith trees 3.3 =~n-forestry plantat.ion 3 •. 6 Habitation 1.5 5.2 4.1 other land 1.5 - -- - - 1.0 ------___1.QO~0 _____ . . 35 Dense forests constitute 9.7% and 10.3% of the tot:..al forest area in East and South districts respectively.Moderately dense furests constitute a major portion of the area in both the districts comprising 46.1% in East an:] 55 ..2% in South districts. Open forests in both the districts is consi~erab~y high with 24.9% 1.n East and 20.• 1% in South districts indicat ing depletion of forests due to ?iotic inteferences. Qf2~~!e~~!9~-9~_!9~~~~_~~~_~~_29!!_9~E~hs Percentage of forest are<:l by various soil depth classes is given below: Soil depth classes Percentage area No soil 0.4 1.9 Very shallow 2.8 0.9 Shallow . 8.2 2.3 HedJ.un 38.3 48.3 Deep 34.0 33.0 Unrecorded 16.3 13.6 ------Total I 100.0 100.0 ------Major portion of the project area has a soil depth mediun to deep for both the districts.. Therefore, both the districts will support good vegetation. Q!2~E!~~~!9~_9!_E9E~2~~~~_e~_~2!!_~E~§f9~: The extent of soil erosion in both the districts is given in the following tablel------Soil er03ion Percentage area East district South district ------Mild 50.7 66.5 Moderate 28.4 15.3 Heavy 4.9 4.7 Unrecorded 16 ..0 13.5 ------The aforesaid table clearly points out that heavy erosion <:::c curs in about 5~~ 0 f the areas in East and South districts. 36 : Major portion of the area in both th e districts falls in mildly and moderately eroded belts. The districts as such lie in Eastern H~alayan ranges with unstable geological fbrmations rendering land susceptible to soil 6Osion. Some particular areas in the districts have some special erosion problem. The Tista river which is silt laden, though apparently ca~ in the dry periods, turns out to be destructive in the monsoon. The rain water drifts sown to the hills slopes damaging the fresh and unstable surface soil layer thereby exposing the land cover. Soil conservation measures are to be adopted in both the distric~s by structural means as well as by adopting afforestation techniques in critical belts. 3.7.5 ~!§~£!e~~!gn_2!_£g~~§~_2~2_e~_gE!2!9_2E_§~~~g: Percentage area by origin of forest stand is given Origin of stand Percentage area ~~t_d!s~r!c£ _S2u~h_d!s~r!~ Natural forest 72.4 75.5 (seed origin) Mannade forest 6.0 4.3 unrecorded 21.6 20.2 The present study shows that in the two districts the forests are mainly natural forests of seed origin. 3.7.6 ~!~~~!~~~!2~_2~_~2~§~_~~~~_~~_~2E_~~!2n~_~!~§§~~: The top height classes for the trees to both the districts are as underl- Top-height classes ---- -Percentage area- -- East district South district Upto 10 metre "2.8 2.3 10-20 metre 56. '7 3'7.7 20-30 metre 1 5.6 33.0 30 metre+ 1.8 0.9 Unrecorded 23.1 26.1 Total: 100.«) 100.0 In both the districts majority of the trees is Observed within 10-20 metre top height class. Hm.... ever, in South district. prevalence of trees in 20-30 metre top height cIa ss is also existent. 37 The s.ize class is dependent on the the use to which the~tree crop of a stand can be put. Percentage of area for both the district in respect of size class is as under: Size class Percentage area Regeneration 1.2 1.4 Pble crop 28.0 14.8 small timber 15.6 23.4 Big timber 36.9 34.4 Mixed class 3.2 3".8 Unrecorded 15.1 22.2 ------Total:- - - Both the districts cover crops of big sized timber to a large extent. Small timber is 23.4% in South district ·Nhereas pole crop ia East district is 28%. Percentage of small timber in East district is comparatively low having 15.6% only. Both the districts bear regenerati.on crop (beloW 10an.diarneter)below 1.5%. 3.7.80 Distribution of forest area by regeneration As per 8'uidelines laid down in the " Manual of' f'ield instructions for f'ield ~nventory " of the F.S.I., regeneration status was considered only For some of the important species namely Shores robusta. Sehimn wallichii~ Quercus ~pecies. Albizia procera. Alnus species, Miche~.ia 8pec_ies etc. Thus the pre~_e~ _ study does not reflect the general • ~ "Ui Reeeneration Percentage of area intensity East Distri.ct South District ~ ------ProFuse 1.4 0 0 9 Adequate 9.9 4.::> Il1adequate 26.9 1702 Absent 3403 5).1 Damaged 1.7 1.4 Unrecorded 25.8 2).1 To tal: 100.0 100,,0 38 c _~!E~E~~~~~9~_2!_t~~~~_~E~~_~~_!~1~E!~~_~~_~E~E: Injur1.es to crop includes Borer attacl<, top drying, girdling, scarring etc. The percentage area affected by various injuries 1.s as follows: ------Injury Percentaqe a rea Borer at.tack 0.3 0.9 Top dryin:;} 1.0 Girdling 11.7 18.6 Scarring 0.7 1.4 Lopping 9.2 7.6 \'{ind damage 0.7 0.9 Other damage 36.8 17.7 No injury 15.6 33.0 En£eso£d~ _21·Q !_9 ~O_ ~OQ.Q It is thus evident that crops in the south district • is subjected to less 1.njuries than the East district. HO\-lever, damage by human agencies, such as girdling and lopping are ~ 18.6% and 7.6'·'{" in south district which calls for protective measures in vulnerable belts. In East di'strict,injuries by human agencies are noticed also appreciably. Suitabl§J steps are recru1.red to be taJ~en in this respect. !-atural injury in both the districts are not significant. e!~~E!~~~!2~_2t_!~E~~~_~£~~_e~_!!E~_!n~!g~~~~: Percentage area affected by fire incidence in both the districts is as under: ------Percentage-area --- Pi re incidence _~~ 2i~tEiSt __ S~u~h_d!s~r~c~ Very heavy 0.9 Frequent 1.0 2.3 Occasional 23.0 50.7 I'b fire 52.8 26.0 Unrecorded 23.2 20.1 ------Total, 100.0-- 100.0 ------: 39 , It is evident that there is no appreciahle incidence of heavy fire. Occas~onal fire occurs in both the districts from time to time and extends to 23% of the area in East district and 50.7% of the area in South district. Preven tive measures are to be taken in both the distr.ict s specially in South to prevent occasional fire. Q.!~~£!e!!~!~9_~!-£~~~~~_~'£~~!?l:'_~£~~4:~g_!!:!9!9MS~' The intensity of grazing for both the districts is as under' ------Grazing incidence------Percentage- - - area- - ______E2s!: ¥~t~Igt __ S5?u~h_d!ss;r!c!: Heavy 5.3 4.3 Medium 21:.2 12.9 Light 31.9 39 ..7 l'b grazing 18.0 23.4 Unrecorded "23.6 19.7 Total: 100.0 ~OO.O It can be concludedthat in both the districts medium to l.ight grazing occurs over 50% of the area. Grazil'I] causes harm to recruits and al.so deteriorates soil. conditions It is, therefore, suggested that grazing should be eliminated in areas of natural regeneration and reforestation. As an alternative, it is to be e>q:e rilBented if rotational. grazing Can 1:e introduced in certain demarcated areas for the cattl e population. 3.7.12 ~~~~~~~~~~_Of_~~~~~~~~_e~_g~S£~~~!2~_~~~~~~_g! ------I:oresl;.SC The degradation status of wrest for East and South districts is given in the following tables ------Degradation- -- - - status- - - -- ____ East Percentage area - - - - - ~·=t.£i£C_ ~o~th g:t§tEigt _ Heavy 5.3 4.7 Moderate l.a.3 9.5 Mild· l.5.2 2l..5 Not degraded 22.3 32.0 Heavily (due to natural calamity)degraded 0.7 0.9 ~~derately degraded(du~ to natural calamity) 12.4 2.3 Mildly degraded ( due to natural calamity} 10.6 9.5 l'bt degraded l.9 Unrecorded ------22.2 17.7 Total: 100.0 l.00.0 ------= 40 : The above table reveals that -in East and South districts mi1.dly to moderate1.y degraded areas are 49.5% and 42.8% respectively. Heavily degraded areas account for 6% and 5.6% in East and South districts respectively. East district is subjected to much more degradation than the South district. Suitable afforestation measures are to be taken in degraded areas on a priority basis. Q!~~E!~~~!~9_~£_£2~~~~_~~~_~~_~~e2g~~E~X_S!~~~~S General topography is recorded around the centre of the plot. The percentage of area under v3.rious topography classes is as under: ------Topography class Percentage' area - - - Flat Gently rol1.ing H,illy 1.4 Very h.i1.ly 13.8 13.8 83 .. 3 73.6 l'n,EeSo~d~_ __1~5_ _11·2 _ ------!,OQ.Q _ Both the districts are high1.y mountaneous. Lofty hills# inaccessible ridges and spurs interspersed with valleys are the cc:mmon feature in both the districts. 3.'l.14 E!~~£!2~~!2~_2£_!gE~~~~E~~~~_~~~~: Presence of Humus in both the districts is e.rident from the fol.lowing table: ------Percentage -area- - - -- _H~!:!B - - - ~s~ g.i~t!:i£t - 2°~h 9i~tE'is:t Shallow 39.7 Mediun 42.1 10.6 11.4 Deep 0.7 No humus 32.6 Unrecorded 33.0 16.4 13.5 - - - - - .... - - - - Totalc 100~O 100.0 ------rt is clear from the alX>ve tab1.e that deep humus layer is practicallYrabsent in both the districts. Shallow humus layer is the predominant feature in th e two districts. 41 : The distribution of area by various aspect classes for the two districts is shown as unders ~spect- Northern 10.9 9.0 N-Ea st ern 8.1 9.0 Eastern 4.6 10.0 S-Eastern 13.1 16.2 Southern 9.2 8.1 S-Western 11 ..3 16.2 Western 12.0 7.1 N-Western 21.9 11.9 No aspect Unrecorded 8.9 12.5 ------Totall- - 100.0- 100.0 ------~spect varies widely in both the' districts. However. a close study of the above table reveals that in East district, maximum area (21.9%) is under NW aspect while in South district, maximum area(16.2%) falls under SE aspect. Minimum forest ar~a (4.6%) lies in Eastern aspect in East district whereas in South district,minimum forest area (7.1") fall s in western aspect. 3.7.16 e!~~£!2~~!~~_~~_!~E~~~_~E~~_~l_E~~!~~~2: The percentage of area by rockiness classes in both the districts is as underl Rockiness Percent age area East district South district High 2.1 0.9 Medium 19.9 7.1 Low 33.6 26.3 No rock 34.8 53.5 Unrecorded 10.2 12.2 Totals , 100 ;:0 100.0 It is evident from the above table that percentage of rockiness is not high and most of the project areas in both the districts lie wit~n moderate rockiness •. 42 : The colour of the upper horizon of the soil below the humus layer is detennined. Percentage of area with.re.spect to soil colour is given as below: ------Soil colour Percentage- area Black 1.4 0.4 Brown 81.9 85.1 Red Others 0.4 0.9 Unrecorded 16.3 13.6 ------Total: 100.0 100.0------In general, it is ors erved that the soil colour is brown in both. th e districts. 3.7.18 Q!~~E!~~~~2~_9!_~~~~~_~~~~_e~_~g!!_2~~~!~~~~~~z Soil consistency comprises of the nature of the soil material. Percentage area by various soil consistency classes is given belo\o1: ------Soil consistency Percenta(le area ------Friable 8.1 1.9 Slightly com~act 74.4 88.7 Compact 0.7 0.4 Cemented Unrecorded 16.8 14.0 - - - -- Totals 100;0 100.0 Soil consistency in maximum portion of the project area is slightly compact. This soil ~onsistency which is Ireva1ent in lIlOst of the areas supports good forest crop. ., 43 I Texture of so~l refers to relat~ve occurrence of clay, s~lt and sand. Percentage area in respect of so~ 1 texture classes for both t~e, districts is as underI ------So~l texture - - Percentage- area- - .... ---- -East- -district-- - - -South- -- district- - - - Clayey Clayey loam 28.0 11.4 Loam 15.6 48.8 Sandy loam 36.9 25 .. 3 SaDdy 2.8 Unrecorded 16.7 14.5 Totai. 100.0 100.0 In South district, major port~on of the area falls under loamy zone(48.8%)whereas the same in East ~strict ~s· under sandy loam (36.9%) • Loamy and sandy loamy texture are axcellent for growth of vegetation. 3.7.20 E!§~~!~~~!9E-2!_£2~~~~_2~~_~_~~E~~_E¥~~~~~§' Coarse fragnents ~ncl~de gravel, bouJ.ders,~oose stones. Percentage area for the coarse fragments classes is as below.._ - - -~- - - -- ~ -- _" - Coarse ---fragments- -Percentage- -- area- - East distr~ct South district ------Loose stone s 11.9 21.9 Boulders 24 •.4 17.7 Gravely 32.0 30.1 No coarse fragnents 18.1 13.9 Unrecorded 13.6 ·16.5 ------J .------Total, 100.0 100.0 ------'------It is .seen from th~ above table that in most of the areas of the two districts, the coarse fragne nts are gravely in nature. 44 . RangeMW:iee ~n~ormati.ons Dis~r:ict - South Si.k~m ------~ ------vo1ume/ha.- Major- - vo1.ume-- Range Stratum R/UR .~tem/ha. X-portant species contr:tbuti.ng epeci.es ------... - Name hi I R 176.666 Sborea )8 0 661 Schi.ma robusta wa11i.chii. Namchi I 21).))) Sborea 7.999 Schim8 robusta wa1.1i.chi.i. Me]'1!. I R 249.066 Shoree. 24.996 Shore. robusta robusta Me11!' x UP. 1 54.000 Sborea 0.8 Shorea robullta robust- Li.gmo OR 40.000 Sobi.ma wal1i.chii Ligmo XI OR Duabanga )0.664 OnabanSa grandif"1.ore srandif"1or& Raba ng1a IX R SymPloco. 82.650 Quercus SPP. tbeJ.f"o1.ia Ra bang1a XI OR 187.068 A1nus 48.69.5 Quercue nepa1ensi.a 1ance&ef"oli.a Mamchi. :II R 12).000 Eurya )9.400 Quercus sPp. japoni.ca Namch:i Xl: OR 181 • .500 A1nus 48-. )00 Schi.ma nepa1ensi.s wa11:lchii. Me11:i Il: It 18.:.,.260 Shorea 2).990. Shorea robusta robusta Ma1.]'i. :XI OR :shoree. 20.992 Engelhardtta robust_ spioata LiglllO T:tX n 70.000 Nyssa 41.200 NyseD. javani.ca javanice RD.bang1a III R 250.020 Symp1ocos ~07.842 Castanopsis theif"o1!a hystri.x Rabang1a :x:rI UR 180.000 Symp1ocos 87.)00 Quercus 1aurJ.na 1ama11osa Namchi. III R Eurya 69.702 Castanop~:ls jllponica hystr!.x Namch:i. III UR A1nus 27.940 Quercus nepalens.i8 1in_ata Rpbang].a xv R Rhododendron 172.)82 Abi.es den.e arboraUJll - ~ - - - ~ ------~ ------~ ------ B = ReserYed !!!! - Unreserved 45 3.8 .. 2 D:lstrict - East S:lkk:lm ------Range Stratum R/UR- stem/hoe- Important . Vo1ume/ha. Major vo1ume speci."," (mJ) contri.buti.ng speci.es 1 2 4 5 6 7 Gangtok r OR 99.999 Alnus nepalensis :Schima S:1.ngtam R 214.290 Sho~ea robusta 50.644 wal1iehii. ShareB Si.llgtaln I 1 J,. 000 Schima 55.62.5 va]'11.ch:l:l robueta Pakyong I R 14,.000 Shoree 47.000 Shoree. robusta robuata Pakyong I OR J7• .500 Ol!!ltodes 16.,00 Moru!I pan:lcu1ata l.a.v:1.ge.ta Gangtck I:J: R 155.4,6 Alnus 49.091 Alnus nepelensi.s nepal.ns:1.s Gengtok II UR 151.340 Alnus 2).4" Alnus nepalene:l. nepalene:ls Ran:lpcol n R 200.000 Dapbn:iphyllum 43.2.50 Caetanops:ls himalayanse hyatr::f.x Ranipool 1:I 'OR 142.146 Alnus 29.34) Scbi.m8 nepalen.i.s wa11i.ch:l:l Sborea I:) ingt am II R 145.000 ShoreB 22.000 robusta robusta S:lngtam II 187.,00 Sch:lma )0.62.5 :Scbi.I'la wal1:lcbi:l wall:1ch:l:l Pakyong II R 116.000 Alnus 15.000 Alnus nepalons:l. nepBlens:i1l Pakyong II OR '73.070 Sch:lma 20.2)0 Scb:ima wal.l.:lchii. wal1i.cbi.i Rongoli. I:I R 230.000 Sch:1.ma 20.000 Caatanops:ls val1i.chi.i hystri.x Fongol:1 I)': OR 112.000 SChi.ma 23 0 800 ~ camba111i. val.l:lcb:l:1. Kyongole IT R 1090999 Alnus 11.000 ~ch:1.lDa nepalens:1.1!!1 va 1. J. i.ch:1.:1. Gangtok TrI R 200.J13 ~ymplocoe 4 1hOOO Quercus the:lf'olt.. lame1los. Gangtok II:J: un ~J'.OOO SymplOC08 24.728 Al.nus tho :1. 1'01.:la nepalens:l.s Ranipool III R 190.015 Sympl.ocoa 38.948 M:1chel.:la eppo the:l1'ol:le Ranipocl. III DR 10,. 000 Alnus 2.000 napal.en8i.8 S:lnBtam II:J: R )11.522 Quercus 85.716 Quercus l.anceaef'o1.:le. l.anceae1'oli.a S:lngtam III OR 40.000 Nyssa javani.ca 46 ------" 2 4 5 6 7 ------III R A.1nus 26.001 A.1.nus nepal.enlSi.e no pn1en s ill A1.nu$ yong III UR 140.000 A1nUB 2.5. 000 uepal.ensi.8 nepa 1ensi8 26 .. 666 Eeh::l.noea rpu8 ngo1~ III R 259.997 EUryB I japoni.ea dasycarpus III UR 180.000 !:!YISS& 9.000 Nyl'''& rng01i "aveni.en Javaniea I A1nuB ;yongo1a III R 63 .. 333 A1nus i n2pa1ensi.s ne p&1en.s is I Cyongo1a III UR 25.000 Nyss. 2.000 Enfe1hnrdtJ..& Javan::l.ea sp cata I Abie8 ~yongo1a :tv R 232.500 Abies 77 0 62.5 dens. denae ------~ ------~ R = RESERVED 1!!!. a UNRESERVED C HAP T E R .- IV 1 CnOrlmG STOCK AND YI)~LD 4.1. Estim~tion of totn1 growing stock: P. The tota.! number of' stems i.n East and South districts bo th for reser.... ed and unre serve-d f'ore ste in di1'f'eren t strate'_ are summarisod be10'W'·: - ------~ ------Dis tric t Stratum Total l>"_~ Reserved ~-,_/- } . Scuth I (Upto 90Om) 910.69:3 1 1, 9.1 4.5. II (900-1 80Om) 217.408 450.120 III(1800-240Om ) 20JO. !;98 :3 69.00:3 IV (2400m+) J26~r-~+-~~~~~ Total. : '61i"1S.85 East I (Up to 900m ) 263.019 II (900-1 80Om) 921 • c6J III ( 1 800-24 OOm ) :3:38 •.790 IV (2400m+) To tal. ! 4.2. 1.'0 tal Yo l. u.'T10 : TO.tal. gro .... i.ng stock 6f' timber in Sou~b and East districts is 28,77,655 m:3 and 25,58,946 m3 respectively for reserved forests and '2,14,:368 m3 and 2~57t258 rnJ · r~spect:ive1y fer unrese.ved fore8ts. An abstract of' total. growing stock by district and stratum is appended- below:- ------_. - - - ~ District· Stratum - Total. Vol.ume('OOO m:3) .;:;;.. . .. Reserved Unreserved ------..,. ------South I (Upto 9 0 Cm) 97.861 2.880 II (900 - 1 80Om ) 60.888 106.937 III (18 oo-.::!40Om ) 876.:):37 1 Oft. 551 IV (2400m+) 1842. g69 Total: 2877. 55 -r- 214.:)68 East I (Up to 90Qn). 64.81) 42.511 II(900 - 1 80Om ) 91 .56.6 III(1800-24oOm ) 54?~8:3 IV(21~ oOm+ ) 1852.984 To tal. : , 48 s 4.3 2El~~~~_~E_~9~9~~~~1 There ~s no valid Working Plan operat~ve in the project area. However, the object~ves of general pattern of management of the forests of the area areC- a) to preserve and ~prove the vegetational cover allover the area so as to prevent denudation and soil erosion in hill slopes and conserve soil and moisture regime, b) to convert mixed ~rregular wet miscellaneous forests into regular even aged forest of economically important species. c) to cover as quickly as possible barren hill slopes with tree cover of suitable species. d) consistent with the above objectives, to obtain maximun annual yield in perpetuity of forest produce. Thu s the present management emphasizes on produc tion of forest produce which are required for meeting the demand of the local population alongwith f~est conservation measures. 4.4 B~~~!~n_2n2_9~~~~~~E_~£!~1 .On too bas.1s of data collected fran si.lvi.cultural di.vision, West Bengal Forest Department, it is observed that most of the broad-leaved sIa cies in the adjacent Darjeeling and Kalimpong Divisions attain exploitable diameter in 80 years. However, during~un~ survey, it war noticed that a sizeable portion of the growing st.ock particularly above 2400 m.altitude in the two districts is mature and ovennature. Thus a conside rable portion of the growing stock ~s not available for actual utili sation due to decay and over maturity. rn spite of the aforesaid fact, the rotation period for l::r cad-leaved species cannot be brought down as the growth rate of braod-leaved species is rather slow. rt is. therefore, suggested that a rotation period of 80 years for broad-leaved spec.1es be adopted in general. Further,20% of areas above 2400 metre altitUde is reccrnmended to beset apart as a pr..... tection belt in vie..... of the severe soil erosion problem in the area and therefore, no fel.ling \.,ill be carried out there. The annual yield for various strata is calculated as given the f~llowing paragraphst 49 , Annual. Yiel.da Ap attempt has been made to calcu1ate the annual. y~e~d ava~1ab1. from reserved forest areas onl.y. Since there is no regu1a r managemont practice for unreseJ."V'e,d ".:f9re8ts"~nnual. yie1d bas been cal.oul.ated hom such arens. _. . The growing stock in the present invontory ~or East and. South districts comprises a 18rge number o~ commer c~a11y important tree species in irreg~ar mixture. The-age gradation and diameter class distribution are a1so strik~ngl.y laCking in uniformJ. ty. )loreove~. grow th data of these trees in n~t~a1 condition are not avail.abl.e. Under such Circumstances. ;t.:t is not possibie to control. yieid by v01ume •._ ", . l' _ _ '- .j, \ Thus in the present yield estimation fOr both the district, yield is regulated- and calculated by area only. :It may be pointed out that 20% of the area in Stratum-:IV is reserved as a protection bek in View of serious soil erosion problem in the area. During ground inventory, it became evident that in areas above 2400meter,a sizeable portion of the growing stock is mature and ove:onature-which may lead to a gross wastage of the forest capital. It is, therefore, sugC]ested tha.t 80'" of the area in this stratum may be worked out for yield. Strattm::I A:cea of the stratumc 1311.000 ha. Workable area( area to be worked at 80 years rotation) 16.388 ha. Timber volume/ha. 49.438 m3 Total yield 810.189 m3 StratU1\s IX Area of the stratum 2635.000 ha. Workable area(area to be worked at 80 years rotation) 32.938 ha. Timber vo1umE;/ha. 34.750 m3 Total yield 1144.595 m3 Stratums III Area of the stratum 12076.000 ha. t'lorkabl e area ( a rea to be worked at 80 years rotation) 150.950 ha. Tinlber volume/ha. 45.510 m3 Total y:Jeld 6869.735 m3 Stratum:rv(2400m and above) Area(tota1) of the stratum 23871.000 loa. Area reserved for protection be1t(20%) 4773.20 ha. Effective area 19096.80 ha. ~'lorkable area(area is worked at 80 years rotation) 238.71 ha. Timber volume/ha. 77.625 mJ Yeid1 from the stratum 18529.86 m3 -rhus total yield fran East district '.'(orks Q.l t as : 27354.379 m3 , 50 c sourH DI SI'RICT Stratum:'I ------Area of the stratum: 3807.000 ha. Workable area( area to be worked at 80 years) 47.588 ha. Timber volume/ha. 25.706 m3 Total yie1d 1233.297 m3 Stratunc II " Area of the stratum: 1468.000 ha. Workable area(area to be worked at 80 years rotation) 18.350 ha. Timbe r volume/ga. 41.477 m3 Total yield 761.103 m3 Stratum:III: Area of the strattlnc 9700.000 ha. Workable area(area to be 'worked at 80 years rotation) 121.250 ha. T.iml::e r vol Ulle,/ha. 90.344 m3 Total yiel.d l,0954.210 m3 Stratumc:IV: Area(total.) of the stratuml 10689.000 ha. Area reserved for protection beltC20%) 2137 ..800 ha. Effective areas ,.;. 8551.200 ha. Workable area(area is worked at 80' years rotation> 106.890 ha. Timber volune/ha. 172.380 m3 Yield from the stratum 18425.698 m3 Thus the total yield available from South district works out as 31364.308 m3.; -I An abstract of the ,annual yield available from both the districts a is as su-nmarised in 'the following table': --- - - ~ ------District ______A~n_n~u=a=~~~~d by district/stratum Total I II III IV ------~ -East--- - 810.189 --1144.595-- 6869.735 --18529.860-- - 27354.379- -- South 1223.297 761 • .103 10954.210 18425.698 31364.308 ------It may be clearly noted that the aforesaid yield estimate is based on the timber volume available(i.e: above 3() an. diameter) fran the reserved forest areas onlyf I 51 ChaptersV . t'food Consunption St Udy 5.0 ~j~~!y~~1 Present ~nventory ~n respect of consum9tion of wood ,for East and South districts were carried. out wi.th the follo\'iing objectivesl a) to st:1udy the consumption of wood for various categories namely Household, agricultural implements etc., b) ,to find out actual quantum of consumption 'of fuelwood by the population of the di stricts namely East and South districts, and" c) to estimate the total quantum of wood consumed annually by the small scale industries in East and' South districts. 5.1 ~~e!!~2_~~~!2~s The level of wood consumption is markedly different for rural and urban sectors. ~ordingly a two seage stratified sampling was adopted. Sampling units were first stratified into rural and urban sectors. Households in both the sectors consituted the second stage of sampl~ng. Villciges were selected at randcm by selecting random numbers from randan table. NUmber of households were selected. at random with the obligation of ae~ect~~· J at least one from Pudca,Semi-pucca and Kacha houses in the selected villages. NUmber of households were decided so that overall intensJ.ty of sampl~ng remains at a level 0 f 1%+ for the two districts. The i.ntensity of sampling attained is gWen in the following table for the two d1 strictSI a) SamE!!~9_!~£~~~!~~_£~~~2~!~~2!~_;_~222_~2~~~E~!29 East Distlti.£!::_ ------_------Strata Total Total- No • No. of Houses Sample Intensity of popu.la- of occup~- samp.led covering sampling(%) t~on ~ reside- popula- ntial tion -- - - b°!:!s~s ------Urban 43.242- 8228 - 101- -565 1.31 Rural 95.1;)20 18028 199 1278 1.34 - - --- ...., ------Total, 1,38,762' 26,256 300 1,843 1.33 ------:- - - - 52 s b) §~!!~2_!~~~~~!~~_!2E_~9~~~~~!~_~22~_~2~~~e~!2~ South------district Strata Total Total No. No.of houses S ampl.e Intensity of popula- of occu- sampled cover sampling (~") tion pid res~ ing dential. popula houses tion ------Urban -5365- 1115 20 10'7 1.99. Rural 70611 12505 108 701 0.99 ------Total'- 75,976- 13,620- - 129 808- 1.06 ------5.2 tl9E~~2!g_S2~~~~!9E! Househo1.d consumption study for the fol.l.owing items were conducted, 1. House construqtion 2. Furniture 3. Agricultural ~plements 4. Fuelwood. A sampl.e of 1 ..33% of the tota~ popula tion for East ~strict and 1.06% for South district were surveyed randomly and data obtained in the prescribed :fb:rmat ~0IIl randanl.y selegted househol.d in each vil.l.age. Fol.lowing considerations were made vvh1.1.e cal.culat1ng annual consumpt1ons- a) the life o£ a house is assumed as 25 years and annual. requirement of wood for house construction would be 5% of the wood which is in use now. For repai~s of house, wood required is 10% of 'WOod required for new construction, b) furniture items being kept indoor and k as exposed to weathering, the average life is taken as 25 years and the annual requirement of ruuniture wood will be 1/25th of the wood r,>resently in use. e) agricul.tural implements are replaced ever:y ... two years, and d) firewood col.lect~ is consumed dur.ing the year. Per capita consumption of differe nt forest produces ,.,ere. calculated on the basis of the above sampl.e household study. The aforesaid facts have been taken into consideration while aFri.ving a.:. the consumption of "I.-Jooo under vario.ls categories. 53 , 5.2.1 ~~~~~-~2~~~~~~f~~' Major portion or the houses in rural area are Kachha ~ semi-kachha with mud' and ba..-nboo and thatched roofs or tiles. Wood is used for making dooe and windows. Quantity of wood used for making wooden parcels is quite large. The net ,.,cod consumption for house construction during the survey is 2691 m3 for South district and 4438 m3 for East district. The net wood consuinption for h01 se construction and repairing is given as belowl District- --- RuraI(In-m3)- _- ---- Uroan(In-m3)- - Grand totar Per capita Total Per capita Total. 'rural+urb:l n _ _ in m3) ------~st 0.0309 2951 0.0344 1487 4438 Sikk.im South 2.535 S.ikJ(.im_- 0.0359 0.0292 156 2691 ------5.2.2 ~2~_S2~~~2~!2~_E~~_!~~~~~~E~1 Need C£or the people . for furniture .in rural and u roan sector .is limited and it estimated that per capita consumption in South district for rural sector is only 0.0030 m3 and for urban sector 0.0040 m3. In East Sikkim, per capita consumptim in rural sector remains unchanged while in urban sector, it is 0.0081. The furniture items generally used are wooden Cots, Chairs, Chowkies, and wooden Almirah. The net present wood estimated for furnitUre items is about 636 m3 for East district and 233. m3 for South district. The per capita consumpti01 and total c onsu.... nption is given as under. ------District Rural(in m3) Urbane in m3) Grand total Per capita Total Per capita Total rural ... Urban ------(in m3) South 0.0030 212 0.0040 21 233 East 0.0030 286 0.0081 350 636 ------It may.b~ pointed out that while calculating annual consu~ption for furniture, it is assumed that the life of furniture has been taken as 25 years. j.2.3 ~~~9-E~~E~~~~_!~~~2riS~~~£~_!~!~~~~1 Items like Plough pieces, Yoke, Toea handles, Dekhi and Dhaw etc. utilized in agricultural work has been considered. These imple rrents are mostly used by rural popUlation and their use in urban sectlor is very limited .. 54 The net wood requirement for agricult ural implements in the two distr!cts is given as underr ---- Rural fin m3J - Urrban-Cln-m3)- -Grand-toEa! District Per capita Total Per capita Total rural+urban (in m3) ------East 0.0022 210 0.0012 52 South 262 0.0059 416 0.0005 3 419 ::It should be pointed out that agricultural implements have an average Life span of 2 years and they have to be replaced at an interval of 2 years. 5.2.4 ~0~_r~~~~~t_f9r_f~e!w~ so~s~Et!OQ: Firewood is consumed both by rural and urloan population. The major fuel used. are wood, Kerosene oil and animal dung cakes. Besides,agricultural wastes are also being used by rural population. In urban areas, major portion of fuel used are coal and kerosene oil. All the rural popUlation is totally dependant on the local forests. The total fuelwood requirement for the two districts is shown as under: ------District------. ------Rural (in m3) urban (in m3) Grand total. Per o:lplta Total Per capita Total rural+urban (in m3) ------East 1.60 - 152832 0.50 21621 174453 South 1.58 111565 1.40 7511 119076 ------5.3 ~~~2~~n~_2!1_E~~E~~~_£~E_S9n~~2~!2E! Kerosene oil is used in both rural and urban areas for burning and lighting purposes. In Urban area, . it is also used for cooking purpose and replaces the use of fuelwood to same extent. The tota l consumption of Kerosene oil for East district is estimated to be 899 kilo-litres fbr urban area and 1452 kilo litres for rural areas and p;. r capita consumption for respective sectors is 20.80 litre and 15.20 litre respectively. In South district total consumption of Ke rosene oil fcc urban area is 96 kilo-litre and for rural areas it is 579 kilo-litre. Per capita consump tion for urban sector is 17.9 litre while for rural sector it is 8.2 l.itre. : 55 5.4 Cons~~ption------of Charcoal: Coal is mostly used in urban areaa. A small fraction is hmolever, used by the rural population. Per capita consumption of Charcoal in urban sector is 21.50 kg. in East district. The total quantity of coal consu'TIed in East district is estimated to be 23242 bags(each bag containing 40 kgs. of Charcoal) for urban sector while for rural sector the consumption is practically nil. In Sout.h district, consumption of Charcoal is rractically negligible. 5.5 £2~2~E~!2n_2!_S2~~s Coke is mostly used in urban areas of East district. In South district, use of Coke is practically absent. Per capita consu~ption of Coke for urban areas in, East district is 12.60kg. and the total consumption is 545 tonnes. 5.6 S2~~~~E~~~~2£_~2~: Consumption of Gas in the form of Gas Cylinders have been estLmated for both the districts. It is observed that use of Gas is restricted to Urban areas only. Per cap ita consumption of Gas(Unit No.of Gas Cylinders) is 0.60 for East district and 0.2 for South district. Total consumption ofGas for East district is 25945 Gas ;Cyl.inders while for South it is 1073 Gas Cylinders. 5.7 £2~~~~£2U_2£_~!~~~!S£~~' Electricity is consumed both in rural and urban are as. The Level of consumption in urban areas is n more t h an rural areas. It is observed that in East district per cap ita consu'TIp tion of electri city is 62.30 K~~for urba sector and 26.70 KWH for rural sector in East district. In South district, per cap ita consu'TIption for urban and rural s e ctor is 36.2 KWH and 12.9 KNH respec tively. Total con S1..lr'1pt ion for East distrl c t is 5.24 Meg.K1'1fi(2.69 Meg.KWH for urban consumption is and 2.'55 Meg.KWH for rural) while in So uth Sikkim the total consumption is1.09 Meg.KWH ( 0 .18 Meg.KWH) for uroa n and 0.91 Heg .KIM in rural. 5.8 ~n~~E~!2~_e;L~~1L~S21~_!~9~.!;£~: Sikkim is u indUstria lly a back ward State due to v a rio us r e t a rding f a ctors like inaccessib le terrain lack of raih.,a y linkage a nd non-a vailability of s killed wo rke rs. However, the p r e s e nt inve ntory in the t wo dis tricts showed the follo win g quantum of wood cons umed annually by vario us c a t e gorie s of small sca le industrie s: : 56 , District Small scale indUstry Qty. (m 3 )/yc-=ar East Sikkim 1-lood Industries Ltd., 1400.00 S~ngta.rn. Sikl Total' 10673.46 ------ South M/S Shankar Furniture Shop Jbrthang, South Sikkim 10.08 M/S Sankher Furniture Shop, Jorthang, SOI~t:.h Sikl<:im N/S S\-Iastik Hood Products l .Torthang 90.8 129.68 57 CHAPTER-VI SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 6.1. Summary: 1. Geographica1 areas in East & South Districts are 951 ~ and 697 km2 respectiv e1Ye 20 Reserved forest area in East district is J98 0 9Jkm2.• 'Wbereas the same in South district is 256.64 km2. Sirni.1ar1y; unreserved forest area in East district ie 83 .64 km2, whereas the same in South district i~ 59~5~ ku2 on1y. J. East di.strict occupies 41095% of resorved forest area whereas South district occupies 36.82% reserved forest Urea of the tota1 geogr.ap~ca1 area. The,percentage of unreserved forest areas for East & South district· is . a.~9~ and 8.52% respective1y. 4. Four altitudina1 strata have been form~d in each district amongst which stratum IV i.e. area above 2400m altitude occupies 59 0 83% and 41.65% in East & South districts respectively. Stratum III(1800-2400m) occupies 30027~ and 37.80% in East Bnd South districts respectively. Percentage area in stratum I(up to 900m) and stratum II(900-180Om) in East District is ~.9o% where the same in South district is 20.55%. 5. Per hectare estimated stems and volume in different strata have. been computed both for reserved and unreserved forests as fo110ws:------District Stratum No.of stems/be Vo1ume/ha(m3) Reserved Unreserved Reserved Unreserved ------4 000 South ItUpto 900 m) 239$216 207.147 25.706 0 II 900-1 800m) 148.098 178.903 41.477 42.503 III 1800-2400m) 2090340 136.365 90.J44 38.637 IV above 24oOm) 305 .. 001 1720380 East I(Upto 900m) 200.625 146.365 49.438 47.1 82 l:X(900-180Om) 164.375 180.071 3 fl.750 29.688 III(1800-2400m) 245.)JO 144.289 45.51 0 26.786 XV(abovo 240Om) 2)2 .. 500 77.625 ------~ - r respectively. The total number of stems in unreserved ~orest Z,reas 01: East and South districts are 1.39 mil1ion and 0.96 million respectively. The tota1 growing stock from Unreserved i'orest area of' East &. South districts is 257256 :. m) a.nd 214~68. m3 respective1y. 58 s 7. The estimated annual availability of timber is 3 - 3 calculated as 27354.379 m and 31364.308 m in East and South districts respectively. 3 8. The total annual consumption of tL~ber is 5336m 3 and 3345 m for house construction, furniture and agricultural implements for East and South districts respectively. . 3 9. The total annual fuelwood requirement is l52832m 3 and 21621 m in rural and urban sector respectively in East district ",hereas the same in South distrio:::t are 111565 m3 and 7511 m.3 10. 20% of rarest areas have been set apart as protection belt in stratum IV of each district. 6.2 ~2Q9!~!g!1~: 1. The availahility of tLmber in two districts is 3 58718.687 m annually from the reserved forest areas. This timber volume is calculated for trees above 30cm.diameter. Trees below 300m. diameter-were not taken into consideration at allw This is sufficient enough to meet the requirements of house construction, furniture and agriCUltural implements of both the districts as well as small scale industries. Apart from this, the surplus tL~ber can cater the needs of constructional, box planking, Inatchwood, ply",ood, saw milling by various utility classes \dthin or outside the two districts. A proper planning is needed for utilisation of these vast resources comprising various categories of \-lood available in surpl us, v1hich have hitherto not been put to any commercial/ econanic use. This will not only be effective in utilisation of locked up resources but also provide ample employment opportunities. 2. Equal amount of fuelwood as that of timber volume would be made avail.:.ble from the th'O districts from the reserved forest areas, i.e. 58713.687 m3 of firewood .. The total £uel'rlood req:uirement both. in the urb...":in and rural sector in t".,o districts is estimated as 293529 m 3 thus leaving a deficit of 2,34,810.313 m 3 • . 59 : In the present _yield estimation" yield from reserved forest areas has only been taken into account. But it may be recalled that the percentage of forest areas other than reserved forests is considerably h~gh _ 50% in East district and 47.2% in South district. Accordingly, it may be safely assumed that the availabi lity from those forests would be about 75% of that of reserved forests. Thus the total wood available from the forest areas other than reserved forest will be 3 about. 90"O~O m- • The trees in these areas are mostly miscellaneous species which have no market value as structural timber and are mostly used as fuelwood. Further, a sizeable portion of the deficit is met from the lops and tops, branchwood, dry leaves and unextracted material fran the working cOUpes of the ~orest Department. It is estimated that about 10% of the deficit is met fran this source. Th.1s would approximately work out to be 23,481m3 • Thus the net 4 deficit of fuel wood reduces to 234810 - (90,000+23481) = 1.,21,329 m.3 3. It is observed that there is a huge gap betNeen danand and SUpply of firewood.. It appears that fuelwood is bein9' collected by local popUlation by way of unrecorded removal fran forests, particularly- from unreserved forests. This may be attributed as major reason-' for gradual depletJ.on of forests. Therefore,J.t is necessary to augment the fuelwood reserve by affores ting blank and barren hill slopes on a priority basis as well as taking up socJ.al forestry plantations outside the limit of reserved,/unreserved forests. 4. Improved logging and extraction faciLitJ.es do not exi st in the State. It is suggested t hat to optJ.mise logging costs, feasibility of introduction of skyline cranes, power chain saws etc. may be worked out, particularly in high hills above 240Om+ altitude, where sizeable quantity of forest produce are locked up in overrnature and mature conditi.ons. , 60 J 5. In view of the fact that the areas in the two districts ,are susceptible to soil erosion, substantial area is blank and devoid of any vegetation. These need treatment on a.-9 priority basis by way of proper structuraL works as well as afforestation measures. 6. Incidence of grazing is quite appreciable. This is evident from the fact that medium to light grazing occurs over 50% of the area in both the districts. This requires special attention by suitable amendrcent of laws. The system of introdUction of rotational grazillJ may be explored al so. 7~ . A close st~dy on the analysis of forest area by injuries to crop reveals tl"a t considerable damage is being caused due to girdlJ.ng and loppin 9 of trees in: both the districts apart fran other damages like .illicit felling etc. These two factors account for 20.9% and 26.2% in East and South districts re~ectively. Effective protection measures are x:equired to be taken in this respect. 8. The earlier survey was carried out by the erstwhile Pre-investment Survey Of rarest Resources inl the year 1976 mn South-western and South-central part of sikkim: over an area of 232.89 km~. Out of this, an area 2 of about 70 ~ only in South district is overlapping with the present inventory area .in t:he same district. A compara tive study to analyse the change in forest cover over a cycle of 10 years coul.d only be drawn over this/ limited area so far as the number of stems per hectare in different diameter cl.asses are concerned. The following tabl.e shows the distribution of stems/ba. in different diameter classes of the present survey and the earlier survey carried out ~n_l~7~: ______Year of -DIameter cl.asses In-cm.- --- ;0;a1 inventory 10-19 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60- 70-80-90-100+ - - 69 79 89 99 ------... , ~ ...... Inventory 90.7 55.5 29.5 18.9 11.8 aarried 7.8 4.0 2.2 1.2 7.1 228.7 out in 1976 1985 - 103 .6 51.7 15.0 16.1 8.6 6.4 5.0 2.5 1.4 219 2 1986 '" 0 ------. ------: 61 : '!'he 'above table indicates a ma#"ginal de~rease in total number of stems in the present inventory. This is due to decrease in number of stems in d.iameter class 30-59 em. and over lOOcm. Reduction in number of stems in 30-39 em. diameter class is quite aprr eciable whereas the same in 40-49cm. and 50-S9cm. diameter classes is marginal. Marginal increase in number of stems is observed in dJ.ameter classes lO-19cm.,and 60-69cm. Reduction in nunber of stems over 100em. diameter indJ.eates removal of stands both mature and overmature. As the area in question more or less conforms to stratun III(1800-2400m altitude) of the present inventory in high altitudinal zone as well as L~t appe reserved forest areas,Lfram the distribution of stems arB in lower diameter class,.' . . that protection of forests did not pose much problem. As the comparison was restricted over a very small area, the above findings may not hold good for the entire project area. 62 : BIBLIOGRAPHY------ 1 • Seventh Five Year P ~an 1985-90 by P~anning & Development Department- Govt .0 f Sikkim 2. Loca~ Vo~ume Table for Mi.ddle and oWer Hi. ll1- J.L. BAKER Foresta. Directorate of 3. Census of :India,.1981 Census Operation. 4. Uhpub~i.shed li.terature and data of Fores~.Department - Govt.o£ Sikkim Govt .of SikJd.. m. 5. Statistical Hand Book , 53 , ~~~§.:.~ Di.stribution of grids showing Reserveq!Unreserved,Range, Stratum, No.of Stems per plot and plot volume in South district. '§l: Grld- Plot- V -Range- Stratun -Nb.o£- Plot- - Remarks NO. 1>1:>. tb. UR Stems volume (m3) ------1 2 3 4 5 6 7-- - 8 ------9 1 709 1 R Rabangla XV - 34 27.7- - 2 809 1 R II rv 29- 13.7 3 809 2 R ~ II IV 39 21.3 4 909 1 R .. rv 26 14.0 5 1007 2 R .t Iv. 19 14._3-- 6 1008 1 R .- .XV 3S 15.2 7 908 2 R .. IV 29 19.3 8 7440 1 R Melli r 21 9 7540 1 R II r ,Junction of road and nala 10 7552 1 UR Nainohi r 16 11 7640 1 R Melli. r 32 7 ...000 12 7738 1 R .. r 1,6 n 8.300 13 7739 1 UR \ . I: 19 14 7750 1 UR ~~ch.i r 17 15 7751 1 UR Ill. II: Confluence of .;, nala 16 7771 1 UR Rabangla I:II: 14 0.800 17 7838 1 R Melli. I: 32 7.000 18 7839 2 R ~ .. I 31 0.400 19 7841 1 UR II I: 1: 24 20 7843 1 R II I: I: 06 1.100 21 7847 1 R N:unchi. I 21 22 7848 1 R II I: 17 23 7849 i R • II: -do- 24 7850 1 UR II :II -do- 25 7938 1 R Melli r 31 26 7943 1 R Namchi II 10 2.100 II 27 7950 1 UR - I: 1: Plot comes in blank area 28 7951 1 R .. rI Plot unapproachable 29 7956 1 R Rabangla I:II 19 6.500 30 7962 R II I: Habitati.on 31 7963 1 UR •• n: 19 5.300 32 8037 1 R Melli I 34 3.200 33 8038 1 R II I 28 34 8 0 51 1 OR .NaJxblai III 10 1.500 35 8052 1 UR Namchi II 15 5.000 36 8053 1 UR . Rabangla I:I 27 16.600 37 8056 2 R II I:II 25 10.000 38 8055 3 R II III 26 17.500 39 8057 2 R tI III 14 8.700 40 8061 3 UR •• rI: 19 1.500 41 8062 1 R •• III Felling area 42 8063 2 R I' I:Il: -do- 43 8054 1 R •• III 15 6.700 44 8065 1 R II III 20 9.100 45 8137 1 R Melli I 28 II 46 8138 1 R ~ 28 47 8149 1 R II II: 17 1.500 : 64 : 1 -_ - - 2 3 4 5 6 7 ------8 9 48 8150 1 ------R Namchi IX 18 4.700 49 'I 8151 2 UR III 20 50 8152 1 R .. III 51 8153 20 9.000 1 R Rabang1a II 29 23.100 52 8154 ]. R '1 XII Stan below IDem. 53 II diamet.er class 8156 1 R III 195 54 8157 1 R II III II Habitation 55 8159 1 R XII 56 8158 R .. Old tea garden III Habitation 57 8161 2 R " III 58 8160 .. 34 22.00b 2 R III 28 8.600 59 8163 2 R .. III 60 8164 38 3.300 1 R .. III 28 61 8165 1 13.700 R * III 12 11 .. 300 62 8237 1 'l Melli 63 I 38 2.400 8241 ]. R Namchi II 64 8245 24 12.000 1 UR " II 65 II Habitation 8246 1 trR II 66 8247 Scrub forest.s 2 UR .. II 18 67 II 6.100 8248 1 UR II Agrir..::ultural crop 68 8250 1 II a~and UR III 13 1.700 69 8249 2 UR .. III 70 8251 Inaccessible 1 R " III 12 71 II 3.500 8252 2 TJR III 08 72 8253 1 R III 73 8257 " 19 7.100 2 R Rabang~a II 24 74 8261 II 7.809 1 R III 32 75 8265 1 II 16.500 R III 18 76 8268 II 16.600 1 UR III 22 77 8337 2 R 16.300 Melh I 18 2.400 78 8341 2 R Namm i 'IX 79 15 5.500 8342 1 UR II 80 8345 " 10 12.700 1 R. " II 06 81 8346 1 R II 1.100 82 8347 III 16 10.300 2 UR .. II 17 83 8349 II 11.400 2 tJR II 08 84 8350 1 UR tI 85 '1351 II 34 6.600 1 R .. III 11 86 8352 II 5.200 1 UR II 38· 87 8353 1 R II 2.100 88 8354 III 23 12.700 1 UR Rabangla II 15 89 II 5.200 8355 1 U!l II 90 8359 3 R .. Card1mu~ plantat.ion 91 II 12 0.400 3360 2 R 2 III 92 8361 u 26 5.400 2 R III 58 93 8365 2 R II 28.700 94 8366 III 16 11.300 2 R " II 13 95 8367 3 u 1",500 R III 15 96 8436 1 R 2.400 97 8441 Mel~1 I 36 0.400 1 R Nmtchi II 12 98 8442 1 UR .. 2.600 99 8446 II 14 14.100 1 R .. III 100 8447 ]. 12 8 •.800 R .. III 16 101 8448 1 II 1 •. 800 UR III 07 102 8449 1 R II 4.900 103 8451 II 14 8.200 1 R " II Departmental felled al::ea. s 65 I 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 ..;. - 104 8452 1 UR Nanlchi. Xl: 22 1.900 105 8455 1 UR RcWang.ia :II Cardimum p~anta- tion. '106 8457 3 OR N XI 09 0.400 107 8460 1 R II rl::I 26 25.800 108 8465 1 R II IIX 29 10.000 109 8466 1 R .. :IXX 50 14.200 110 8536 2 R Me~~1. I 15 0 •. 400 11.1 8541 1 R Namchi XX X 12 4.200 112 8542 1 R u XIX 09 1_.800 113 8545 2 R u XXX 1.0 2 .. 200 114 8546 1 UR .. XX 50 6 ... 200 11.5 8547 2 u .. XXI 07 0 ..800 116 8548 2 R .. III OS 4.300 117 8549 1 R .. X:[]: 07 4 •.800 118 8550 2 R .. XIX 42 23.300 119 8551 1 DR If XII. 21 120 8552 1 UR II :n: 17 9 •. 100 121 8553 1 UR Rabang~a IX 20 1 ..200 122 8557 1. UR ., IX 22 3.900 123 8559 1 R .. IXX 20 9.300 124 8560 1 R .. XXX 52 1.200 125 8636 1 R t1e1l.! X 38 0.800 126 8641 2 UR Namchi XX 12 127 8647 2 OR If IIX Hab1.tation 128 8648 R u XXX Rocks .and steep sl.ope. 129 8649 1 R II XXX 12 5.500 13() B6SO 2 R II XX Barren land. 131 8652 1 UR II II Tea Garden. 132 8653 1 UR II XI 08 133 8735 1 R Me11i :r C1eal.:£el.~ed area • 134 8736 1 UR .. J: Agri. land 135 8738 2 UR U XX 04 0.400 136 8740 1 UR II :r Junct,.ion of two Nala. 137 8741 2 UR &I II 15 0.400 138 8742 UR XI Xnaccessible p~ot. 139 8746 2 UR Namch.i XI Junct1.on of two Na1a. .. 140 874$7 :2l UR II XX X ~ XU~ Rocky land. 141 874~8 ~2 R It XIX 50c09 'ShdtOO] 1.400 If 142 87~49 1 )1R XIX 51 2.600 143 8751 1 DR " II Tea Garden 144 8752 1 UR [-tel.l!. Il: 14 10.600 145 8835 1 R .. X Mala and tarXHl!it roa3• 146 8836 1 UR .. X A.gri. ~and 147 8841 UR X Junction· of road. 148 8844 1 R Namch1. XI 07 3.300 149 8845 1 UR Namchi XI 1.6 9.700 150 8848 1 UR II I Vi l.l. age side. 151 8849 1. UR .. IXX 15 2.900 152 8850 1 R .. II 07 153 8851 2 UR .. IX 07 154 8862 2 UR Idngna IX 10 2.800 155 8863 1 R .. XXX 08 3.600 156 8864 2 R .. XXI 06 4 .. 500 157 8935 1 R Melli I S1 0 •.800 158 8936 1 R .. l: 17 7.500 159 8941 IX Junction .0£ two l'la.la. : 66 ------1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 ------160 8943 1 UR 'Melli II Agric ul.t ura 1 land 161 8945 1 UR X II -do- 162 8946 1 UR Namchi II 16 3.400 163 8948 2 UR II II 06 1.500 164 8949 1 uq II III 24 7.600 165 8950 1 R II II 10 0.400 166 8964 3 OR Lingua II 05 0.800 167 9036 1 R Mell.! I 45 2.400 168 9037 1 R It I 32 13.600 169 9038 1 R It r 11 5.900 170 9039 'II 1 UR I Culti vatiCX1 land 171 9042 2 UR " II 18 1.200 172 9043 1 OR .. II 24 173 9044 UR II Agr.land 174 9048 1 OR Namchi II 14 175 9049 2 UR .. II 17 7.300 176 9050 1 UR .. II 24 177 9051 1 U~ II IX 18 178 9052 1 R II I 14 6.100 179 9053 2 UR .. I 13 2.400 180 9061 UR Li.ngmo r Agr.l~nd 181 9082 R Rabang1a IY 29.0 19.3 182 9138 1 R Melli. r - 30 7.700 183 9138 1 R .. I 28 184 9139 1 ~ II I 20 185 9142 UR I .'\gr • land 186 9144 UR I -do- 187 9147 1 R Melli r 16 188 9148 1 R -'. I 13 189 9152 1 OR It I 18 0.400 190 9161 1 UR Li.ngmo I 04 191 9164 3 OR II II 36 5.600 192 9240 1 UR Melli I agr.land 193 9241 1 OR .. I Footpat and nala 194 9247 1 R r. r 31 195 9252 1 R 'NamchJ. I 11 5.500 196 9344 1 R Melli II 12 1.500 197 9347 1 UR II I 22 198 9348 1 R II I 199 9443 r. Confluence of nala 1 UR II Agr.land 200 9444 2 R II II 17 2.200 201 9445 1 UR .. I 18 202 9446 1 R " I 28 203 9542 1 R .. I 15 204 9544 1 R II I 27 0.400 205 9545 1 R II II 30 6.700 206 9643 3 R It II 28 1.400 207 9644 2 R II I 19 4.300 208 9744 1 R II I 13 8.500 209 8844 1 R Na.mchi rI 7 3.300 210 1007 1 R Rabangla IV 42 15.300 67 J D1stLibution of grids Showing Reserveq!Unreserved,Range, Stratum, No.of stems per plot and plot volume in East district. Sl. Grid Plot IV Range Stratum NO.of Plot ·Remarks NO. NO. NO. UR stems volume (m3 ) 1 2 3 4 6 6 (J a 9 1 46 2 R S.1ngtam I 12 4.6QO 2 47 2 R II J: 34 8.100 3 48 2 UR 0' I 20 8.100 4 53 2 UR II II 12 7.100 5 55 2 U< M II Could not proceed to the rockey slopes 6 56 1 UR Rami.pool. II 06 3.600 7 57 1 UR. II IJ: 05 2.500 8 58 2 R It II 14 8.400 9 59 1 R " II 34 3 .. 800 10 61 1 UR .. II 22 1.800 11 62 1 UR .. II 21 1.200 12 63 1 lR ~angtok II 27 2.400 13. 64 1 R I, III 31 11.300 14 65 1 R .. III Juncti.on of road and nala 15 66 1 R II 23 16 67 1 tR II III 24 5.000 17 68 .1 UR II 27 0.400 18 152 1 R Pakyong III 30 0.400 19 153 1 U'1. Sj,ngtam II 26 20 154 1 UR Pakyong I 15 21 155 1 UR singtam I 13 2 0 200 22 163 1 R GAN:JT(.I< II Sl. 3.500 23 164 1 R It III 57 3.200 24 165 1 R II III Junction of nala 25 166 2 R I' III o~ 1.800 26 167 .1 l.R .. II Village site 27 168 2 UR It II Private forests 28 252 1 UR Pakyong II 27 29 255 1 UR Ranipool I Jc Outside R. F. 30 263 2 tR G.l\N3T 273 9960 1 UR . Ranipool Il: 20 0,,400 274 9961 1 UR II II 24 1.400 275 9962 1 un II II 29 2 •.000 276 9963 1 R Gangtok II 25 11.200 277 9964 1 R II Inacces sible. 278. 9965 1 R II III 10 11.400 279 9966 2 R .. III Steep slope. 280 9967 1 R " II 13 3.200 281 9968 1 UR II II 22 282 9969 1 UR II I 16 283 618 1 R Kyongnosla IV 284 816 2 R II IV 62 1.100 285 817 2 R II IV 286 819 2 R .. IV Scrub 287 917 1 R II IV Barren land 288 916 1 R II IV Scrub 289 917 2 R II rv 01 0.400 290 817 1 R It IV Inaccessible 291 719 2 R " IV 22 13.400 292 819 1 R .. IV 32 15.600 293 820 1 R " IV 21 294 719 1 R " IV 08 9.200 295 619 1 R .. IV 26 8.700 296 720 2 R It IV Scrub 297 518 2 R It IV 14 7.100 :2itiB ------\t'\ ,-t 0 0 1&\ It\ 0 1&\ 0 0 In '" C\I 1&\ 0 1&\ '" U'\ ~ Il'\ '" '" Il'\ Ln 0 0 0 0 0 Ln '" Ln Il'\ 0 .. '" U'\ C'\I C\I 1&\. C\I '" Ll'\ ('of C'\I '10 C\I &t\ .(1,1. c- C\I N N c- (',I (II NO .."" en 1.1'\. '" (1,1' ('of N \Q N 0 ... 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"\..f· ..··· ··.. ···1 .( '''~ i ~ ·····1 t B I H A R / .~ DESH "~;,,,:£~.~ ",~ ; <',.f''': ...... I...... oG~E ST • ~ ~J.t\ ~ ) ...... Bhopal "', '":: ...... ". '? ~ La: ~ "',,~',1 ".> ••• ~BENGAL ... ,_ 2 . • . Cit ' _'oJ ,. MAO HY A ~"' '''' ' ''; ( ....~ 0 cu ta • ':£ ••.L... PRADE SH I ~ ..- .. , ".-. ,;,,:.:-: .' .. - ...... " ..v.··· ·.. _····_·,_······; ..•.• S ] 0 R ISS A ...J ). :. Bl'luban... or ·-·..... l ...... '"" .t··· ...... : '\\ .. .. . MAHARAS HTRA , .., ,,.J ., _ ,... r- ...... Bomboy :-- ..._ •.i : •.• J .~""" \' '. " _,:\.. ' ...... ::~~ Hyd.robad ' ...."J .. .. ' , ...... ; , ,;' fO~ .,...... ! ~ , <:>.-., lC ':, ~'l" ;:! ,'. q ~ ..!.. J...4'9- :e' <:>'" Q:' \~~ '9-+ .::: ~...... : -.., ~Bangalor. ,. .. ,/ ...... : ...... ;:, - () ~ INVENTORY DESIGN FOR EAST a SOUTH SIKKIM 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 IKm. .1. I Km. .1 IKm. I. I Km IKm + IKm ORIENTATION OF GRIDS OF SIZE I Km . x I Km. BELOW ALTITUDE 2400 M. I SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING) , - ~ POINT PLOT SIZE O·IHA. I DRAWN BY._ 'um •• B .....c."-'l!!.o ,~ r-======---=------=~------====--~ FOR EST SURVEY OF INDIA INVENTORY DESIGN FOLLOWED ABOVE 2400 M. ALTITUDE IN SIKKIM 0'-0· ~I CENTRE POINT (SUB GRIDEI 2' / , , ! -<:>I .. _...... - ...-0 2 -0 I FIRST P'LOT IS SELECTED RANDOMLY AND THE SECOND PLOT IS SITUATED AT AN EQUAL DISTANCE FROM THE CENTRE OF THE F"IRST PLOT TO THE CENTRE OF 2'- 30" x 2'- SO" SUB GRID AND IS JUST IN THE OPPOSITE DIRECTION • CENTRE POiNT DETAILS OF PLOT DRAWN BY. _ Suman Bhattocharna, Jr. 0 /man . ¥ ~ c: . 0 , ",E .' 0: ..:' ~. c· ~ I .~ I o· ~. :E U' ::::> g. I- ._-- « 31\08~ '9 09 a::: !: . '1v 6Si-05ii en "'. I ~ en 00 en e: 6.-0. I' I I . 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