Sikkim 2016 648422
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648422 DRA TF SIKKIM 2016 648422 State of Environment Report Sikkim 2016 Message from Honourable Chief Minister iii Message from Honourable Chief Minister iii Message from Honourable Minister of Forest v Message from Honourable Minister of Forest v Foreword Principal Secretary-PCCF Rhododendron forest along Tholung – Kishong Trail vii Foreword Principal Secretary-PCCF Rhododendron forest along Tholung – Kishong Trail vii Preface ENVIS Coordinator R. mekongense var. mekongense ix Preface ENVIS Coordinator R. mekongense var. mekongense ix Acknowledgement ENVIS SIKKIM, Sikkim Forest Department xi Acknowledgement ENVIS SIKKIM, Sikkim Forest Department xi Glossary of Terms Agricultural Labourers: A person who works on another person's land for wages in cash or kind or share is regarded as an agricultural labourer. She or he has no risk in the cultivation, but merely works on another person's land for wages. An agricultural labourer has no right of lease or contract on land on which she/he works. Biodiversity: Is the term given to the variety of life on Earth. It is the variety within and between all species of plants, animals and microorganisms and the ecosystems within which they live and interact. Climate Change: A change in the state of the climate that can be identified (e.g., by using statistical tests) by changes in the mean and/or the variability of its properties, and that persists for an extended period, typically decades or longer. Cultivator: A person is classified as cultivator if he or she is engaged in cultivation of land owned or held from Government or held from private persons or institutions for payment in money, kind or share. Cultivation includes effective supervision or direction in cultivation. Debris: A debris is a moving mass of loose mud, sand, soil, rock, water and air that travels down a slope under the influence of gravity. Sex Ratio: Is defined as the number of females per thousand males in the population. It is expressed as ‘number of females per 1000 males’. Soil: Is defined as the organic and inorganic materials on the surface of the Earth that provides the medium for plant growth. Main Workers: Those workers who had worked for the major part of the reference period (i.e. 6 months or more) are termed as Main Workers. Marginal Workers: Those workers who had not worked for the major part of the reference period (i.e. less than 6 months) are termed as Marginal Workers. Moraine: A moraine is material left behind by a moving glacier. This material is usually soil and rock. Non Workers: A person who did not at all work during the reference period. Other Workers: All workers, i.e., those who have been engaged in some economic activity during the last one year, but are not cultivators or agricultural labourers or in Household Industry. Work Participation Rate: Work participation rate is defined as the percentage of total workers (main and marginal) to total population. 71xiii Glossary of Terms Agricultural Labourers: A person who works on another person's land for wages in cash or kind or share is regarded as an agricultural labourer. She or he has no risk in the cultivation, but merely works on another person's land for wages. An agricultural labourer has no right of lease or contract on land on which she/he works. Biodiversity: Is the term given to the variety of life on Earth. It is the variety within and between all species of plants, animals and microorganisms and the ecosystems within which they live and interact. Climate Change: A change in the state of the climate that can be identified (e.g., by using statistical tests) by changes in the mean and/or the variability of its properties, and that persists for an extended period, typically decades or longer. Cultivator: A person is classified as cultivator if he or she is engaged in cultivation of land owned or held from Government or held from private persons or institutions for payment in money, kind or share. Cultivation includes effective supervision or direction in cultivation. Debris: A debris is a moving mass of loose mud, sand, soil, rock, water and air that travels down a slope under the influence of gravity. Sex Ratio: Is defined as the number of females per thousand males in the population. It is expressed as ‘number of females per 1000 males’. Soil: Is defined as the organic and inorganic materials on the surface of the Earth that provides the medium for plant growth. Main Workers: Those workers who had worked for the major part of the reference period (i.e. 6 months or more) are termed as Main Workers. Marginal Workers: Those workers who had not worked for the major part of the reference period (i.e. less than 6 months) are termed as Marginal Workers. Moraine: A moraine is material left behind by a moving glacier. This material is usually soil and rock. Non Workers: A person who did not at all work during the reference period. Other Workers: All workers, i.e., those who have been engaged in some economic activity during the last one year, but are not cultivators or agricultural labourers or in Household Industry. Work Participation Rate: Work participation rate is defined as the percentage of total workers (main and marginal) to total population. 71xiii Abbreviations BOD - Biological Oxygen Demand CES - Coverage Evaluation Survey ENVIS - Environment Information System ESI - Environmental Sustainable Index FC - Faecal Coliform FMP - Flood Management Programme GLOF - Glacial Lake Outburst Flood GSDP - Gross State Domestic Product GSP - Green School Programme IBAs - Important Bird Area’s IFMR - Institute of Financial Management and Research IPCC - Inter Governmental Panel on Climate Change IPM - Integrated Pest Management JFMC - Joint Forest Management Committee MGNREGA - Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Act MINRAS - Monitoring of National Aquatic Resources MW - Megawatt NIDM - National Institute of Disaster Management NMSHE - The National Mission on Sustaining Himalayan Ecosystem NO2 - Nitrogen Dioxide NRDWP - National Rural Drinking Water Programme ODF - Open Defecation Free PES - Payment of Ecosystem Services PM - Particulate Matter PSIR - Pressure-State-Impact-Response RKVY - Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana SAPCC - State Action Plans on Climate Change SCCC - State Climate Change Cell SDMP - State Disaster Management Plan SMPM - State Medicinal Plant Board SO2 - Sulphur dioxide SPM - Suspended Particulate Matter SSBB - Sikkim State Biodiversity Board SSPCB - Sikkim State Pollution Control Board TC - Total Coliform WDC - Water Development Committees 71xv Abbreviations BOD - Biological Oxygen Demand CES - Coverage Evaluation Survey ENVIS - Environment Information System ESI - Environmental Sustainable Index FC - Faecal Coliform FMP - Flood Management Programme GLOF - Glacial Lake Outburst Flood GSDP - Gross State Domestic Product GSP - Green School Programme IBAs - Important Bird Area’s IFMR - Institute of Financial Management and Research IPCC - Inter Governmental Panel on Climate Change IPM - Integrated Pest Management JFMC - Joint Forest Management Committee MGNREGA - Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Act MINRAS - Monitoring of National Aquatic Resources MW - Megawatt NIDM - National Institute of Disaster Management NMSHE - The National Mission on Sustaining Himalayan Ecosystem NO2 - Nitrogen Dioxide NRDWP - National Rural Drinking Water Programme ODF - Open Defecation Free PES - Payment of Ecosystem Services PM - Particulate Matter PSIR - Pressure-State-Impact-Response RKVY - Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana SAPCC - State Action Plans on Climate Change SCCC - State Climate Change Cell SDMP - State Disaster Management Plan SMPM - State Medicinal Plant Board SO2 - Sulphur dioxide SPM - Suspended Particulate Matter SSBB - Sikkim State Biodiversity Board SSPCB - Sikkim State Pollution Control Board TC - Total Coliform WDC - Water Development Committees 71xv List of Tables List of Figures Table 1.1: Sikkim Biodiversity at a glance Figure 1.1: History of Sikkim Table 1.2 : Decadal Growth Rate Figure 1.2: Rainfall Pattern of Districts of Sikkim Table 1.3: Sex Ratio Figure 1.3: Sectoral Contribution to GSDP of Sikkim Table 1.4: Literacy rate Figure 1.4: Percentage change in the Workers Table 1.5: Urbanisation Scenario Figure: 1.5: Tourist Flow in Sikkim Table 1.6: Urban Population Figure 1.6: Sustainable Development Agenda Table 1.7: Urban centres in Sikkim Figure 2.1: Status of sanctioned versus operational air quality monitoring stations Table 1.8: Status of Bazaars Figure 2.2 : State-wise Standardised Scores on Air Quality and Pollution Table 1.9: Important Tourist Spots Figure 2.4: Increase in Vehicles Table 1.10: Awards and accomplishments in Forestry, Environment and Wildlife Figure 2.5: State-wise Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) Deaths Table 2.1: Revised National Ambient Air Quality Standards Figure 2.6: State-wise Mortality Percentage due to Respiratory Diseases Table 2.2: Air Quality of Gangtok Figure 3.1: Land Diversion for various purposes Table 3.1: Important Lakes in Sikkim Figure 3.2: State-wise standardized scores on Water Quality & Availability Table 3.2: Ground Water in hilly states Figure 4.1: Land Use in Sikkim Table 3.3: Status of hydroelectricity in Sikkim Figure 4.2: Crops production Table 3.4: Sikkim's Hydroelectric Projects Figure 4.3: Earthquake in numbers and magnitude in Sikkim Table 3.5: Energy Consumption Figure 4.4: Degraded Land of Sikkim Table 3.6: Polluted River stretch Sikkim Figure 5.1: Biodiversity in Sikkim Table 3.7: Water Utilisation by sectors in Sikkim Figure 5.2: Forest Cover of Sikkim