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Pacmars Final Report PACIFIC MARINE ARCTIC REGIONAL SYNTHESIS | FINAL REPORT ! Make a word cloud - WordItOut http://worditout.com/word-cloud/make-a-new-one " ! Create Discover! Community "#$%&%$!'#(%)*!+($,%$!-*.%/)#0!12),3*4%4! Make a word cloud5"#$'+-16! ! Random settings Redraw Number of words: 100 / 100 (100%) Save Set Target X: 0 ; Y: 0 (The point where the words centre7%)#0!-*8/(, around) ! within region impact needed northern community abundance rates Beaufort well more increased zooplankton system biological local water changing productivity patterns health industrial nearshore physical Future including ocean upper conditions coastalneeds ice!sh resources environment need ecosystem seasonal gaps distribution benthic changes growth communitiesPaci!c during sea both scale species biomass development studies research trophic area contaminants chemical many human measurements understanding Chukchi !ndings study areas food levels dynamics Bering directions PacMARSseas processes modeling mammals impacts primary important key organisms data climate through Relevance current production potential regional available marine carbon regions seabirds Major subsistence change spatial level Arctic Size width: 800px ; height: 400px ; ( 1 : 0.5 ) ! Citation: Grebmeier, J.M,! L.W.Tips Cooper,& tricks: Set C.A. a different Ashjian, target B.A. for the Bluhm, centre ofR.B. the wordCampbell, cloud K.E. Dunton, J. Moore, S. Okkonen, G. Sheffield, J. Trefry, and S.Y. Pasternak. 2015. Pacific Marine Arctic Regional Synthesis (PacMARS) Final Report, North Pacific Research Board. 259 pp. Enter text Settings: Text Word list Word cloud Word cloud Apply Customise how the word cloud will be drawn and decorated Colours Text Background colour: Font: Essays1743 ! Blend colours of the words: > 1 of 2 6/13/14 11:05 PM TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................... 1 A. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................. 13 A1. Project Objectives ........................................................................................................................... 15 A2. Research Themes ............................................................................................................................. 16 A3. Synthesis of Arctic Research (SOAR) and Upper Trophic Levels ................................................. 17 A3.1 The SOAR project ............................................................................................................... 17 A3.2 Upper trophic levels, SOAR and PacMARS ....................................................................... 18 A4. Background ..................................................................................................................................... 26 A4.1 Physical data: sea ice, physical oceanography, and hydrography ....................................... 26 A4.2 Phytoplankton and zooplankton standing stock and primary production ........................... 28 A4.3 Phytoplankton and zooplankton biodiversity and upper trophic feeding hotspots ............. 28 A4.4 Infauna ................................................................................................................................. 29 A4.5 Epifauna ............................................................................................................................... 30 A4.6 Biological "hotspots" ........................................................................................................... 30 A4.7 Chemical contaminants ....................................................................................................... 32 A4.8 Human environment ............................................................................................................ 33 B. METHODS AND DATA SELECTION CRITERIA ............................................................................ 34 B1. Physical Oceanography ................................................................................................................... 35 B2. Phytoplankton and Zooplankton in the Context of Water Temperature ......................................... 35 B2.1 Treatment of the data sets .................................................................................................... 36 B2.2 Phytoplankton (chlorophyll) ................................................................................................ 37 B2.3 Zooplankton ......................................................................................................................... 37 B2.4 Water temperature and salinity ............................................................................................ 39 B3. Other Water Column Chlorophyll Data, Bottom Water Nutrients, Macroinfauna and Sediments . 40 B4. Epifauna ........................................................................................................................................... 45 B5. Stable Isotopes and Food Web Structure ......................................................................................... 48 B5.1 Stable isotope inventory ...................................................................................................... 48 B5.2 Trophic level determinations ............................................................................................... 50 B6. Chemical Contaminants ................................................................................................................... 50 B7. Upper Trophic Levels ...................................................................................................................... 52 B7.1 Marine mammals, seabirds and fish (Federal, State and Local agencies) ........................... 52 B7.2 Demersal fishes (UAF) ........................................................................................................ 52 B8. Social Science Synthesis and Community Meetings ....................................................................... 55 B8.1 Studying the human environment ........................................................................................ 55 B8.2 Community meetings ........................................................................................................... 56 B9. EOL PacMARS Data Archive: Mapserver and data sets ................................................................ 56 C. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ............................................................................................................ 59 C1. Physical Oceanography ................................................................................................................... 61 C2. Phytoplankton and Zooplankton Data in Relation to CTD Data ..................................................... 63 C2.1 Archived data sets ................................................................................................................ 63 C2.2 Water temperature ............................................................................................................... 63 C2.3 Chlorophyll .......................................................................................................................... 67 C2.4 Zooplankton ......................................................................................................................... 69 C2.5 Spatial patterns in copepod biomass .................................................................................... 72 i TABLE OF CONTENTS C2.6 Synthesis of phytoplankton (chlorophyll), zooplankton, and water temperature distributions .......................................................................................................................... 73 C3. Macrofaunal Populations, Sediments Parameters and Coincident Integrated Chlorophyll and Bottom Water Nutrients ............................................................................................................... 75 C3.1 Macrofaunal populations ..................................................................................................... 75 C3.2 Sediment parameters ............................................................................................................ 79 C3.3 Bottom water nutrients ........................................................................................................ 81 C4. Epifauna ........................................................................................................................................... 82 C4.1 Epifauna survey effort in the Pacific Arctic 1971-2012 ...................................................... 82 C4.2 Patterns in epifaunal abundance, biomass, and taxon richness ........................................... 85 C4.3 Variability and change ......................................................................................................... 87 C5. Food Webs: Lower Trophics Prey-Base and Selected Links to Higher Tropic Levels ................... 89 C5.1 Carbon sources .................................................................................................................... 90 C5.2 Pelagic fauna ........................................................................................................................ 92 C5.3 Benthic fauna ......................................................................................................................
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