NATIONAL MUSEUM of the AMERICAN

INDIANSUMMER 2018

Food AND Drink Healthy Eating and Sovereignty THE Persistence of Chicha + War AND Peace Humble Hero of D-Day Navajo Treaty of 1868 JOIN TODAY FOR ONLY $25 – DON’T MISS ANOTHER ISSUE!

NATIONAL MUSEUM of the AMERICAN

INDIANFALL 2010 DARK WATERS THE FORMIDABLE ART OF MICHAEL BELMORE

EXPLAINING ANDEAN DESIGN

THE REMARKABLE LARANCE SPECIAL ISSUE ...... FAMILY DECEMBER INDIANS ON THE POST ART OFFICE MARKETS WALLS + A NEW VANTAGE POINT ON CONTEMPORARY ARTISTS

JOIN TODAY AND LET THE MUSEUM COME TO YOU! BECOME A MEMBER OF THE NATIONAL • 20% discount on all books purchased MUSEUM OF THE AMERICAN INDIAN from the NMAI web site FOR JUST $25 AND YOU’LL RECEIVE: • 10% discount on all purchases from • FREE 1 year subscription to our exclusive, the Mitsitam Café and all NMAI and full-color quarterly publication, American Smithsonian Museum Stores Indian magazine • Permanent Listing on NMAI’s electronic • Preferred Entry to the NMAI Mall Member and Donor Scroll Museum at peak visitor times

Join online at www.AmericanIndian.si.edu or call toll free at 800-242-NMAI (6624) or simply mail your check for $25 to NMAI, Member Services PO Box 23473, Washington DC 20026-3473 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION 17

NMAI_FALL15.indd 16 2015-07-17 1:00 PM

Contents SUMMER 2018 VOL. 19 NO. 2

18 10

ON THE COVER NATIONAL MUSEUM O F THE AMERICAN Traditional food and drink continue to sustain Indigenous identity and cultural (and political) survival. This richly carved Inka qero (wooden drinking cup) shows a mule team hauling house SUMMER 2018 beams to the highlands as a Native woman offers a INDIAN drink of chicha to the mule drivers. Colonial Inka ceremonial drinking cup. AD 1550- FOOD 1800. Near Cusco (Cuzco); Peru. Wood, paint, tree AND DRINK pitch/gum. Carved, painted, aboriginally repaired. HEALTHY EATING AND Collection history unknown; purchased by MAI or SOVEREIGNTY THE PERSISTENCE its agent from an unknown source in Hamburg, OF CHICHA Germany, in 1929 using funds donated by Mrs. George (Thea) Heye. 9.1" x 22.4". 16/6132. + This item is currently on view at NMAI – N.Y. WAR AND PEACE HUMBLE HERO OF D-DAY NAVAJO TREATY OF 1868

2 AMERICAN INDIAN SUMMER 2018 10 THE PERSISTENCE OF CHICHA From dank chicherias in small towns to gourmet big-city restaurants catering to tourists, the traditional fermented-corn beverage chicha is still being drunk throughout the Andes. It is no longer the medium of reciprocity that oiled pre-colonial social bonds, but it is still a standard for Indigenous identity. 18 FOOD SOVEREIGNTY Traditional agriculture and cuisine are integral to tribal culture. Recovery of these roots is also preserving the well-being and identity of many Indian peoples.

24 THE OLD PAPER: THE NAVAJO TREATY OF 1868 Naal Tsoos Saní, the “Old Paper” in the language of the Diné, is the Treaty of 1868 that ended the Navajo peoples’ forced relocation to the Bosque Redondo. Although it is the legal foundation of the modern Navajo Nation, its limits on traditional Diné sovereignty are still intensely debated. The 20-page document, recently displayed in the exhibit Nation to Nation: Treaties Between the United States and American Indian Nations at the Museum on the National Mall, is moving to the Navajo Nation Museum in Window Rock, Ariz., for the 150th anniversary of its signing.

32 MEDIC AT D-DAY: THE HUMBLE HEROISM OF CHARLES SHAY For more than 60 years, Charles Shay (Penobscot) couldn’t talk about his horrific experiences on Omaha Beach during the largest seaborne invasion in history. 24 Now he performs a smudging ceremony at the annual D-Day observances in Normandy, France, in honor of the 175 American Indians who landed that day. The French have dedicated a park overlooking the beach, in his, and their, honor. 40 INSDE NMAI: EVENING AT THE MUSEUM An after-hours party at the Museum on the National Mall drew a lively crowd to view The Americans exhibit behind the scenes, to enjoy food and drink and generally to enjoy themselves. 42 EXHIBITIONS AND EVENTS 32 CALENDAR SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION 3 ...... DIRECTOR’S LETTER LIVING OUR TREATIES

mong the many visitors we wel- come at the Museum – and we hope to see a great many of you this summer, from families and studentsA to tribal delegations – some bring us profound reflections on our current situa- tion. One such group came recently from the Navajo Nation. To support the ongoing conversation sur- rounding the exhibition Nation to Nation: Treaties Between the United States and Ameri- can Indian Nations, we have made a practice of opening our collections facilities and ex- hibition cases to assist Native communities in explaining how treaties remain central to daily life today. We rely on many supporters to present original treaty documents at the Museum, including tribal leaders, exhibition project donors and our steadfast partner here in Washington, D.C., the National Archives and Records Administration. It was my privilege to host leaders of the Navajo Nation and many others at the Mu-

seum this February for an event honoring AMERICAN INDIAN THE MUSEUM OF THE NATIONAL FOR AP IMAGES MORIGI, PAUL BY PHOTO the 150th anniversary of the Navajo Treaty of LEFT TO RIGHT: Navajo Nation President Russell Begaye, Director Kevin Gover, Navajo Nation Vice President 1868. By placing the treaty on display in the Jonathan Nez, and Darren Pete, director, Office of Congressional and Legislative Affairs–Indian Affairs, Depart- gallery, along with a weaving and loom made ment of the Interior, in the Nation to Nation gallery. More than 100 citizens of the Navajo Nation convened at the Museum to take part in the installation of the Naal Tsoos Saní, or Navajo Treaty of 1868 on Feb. 20, 2018. by Juanita, the wife of Navajo leader Manu- elito in the late 1800s – an equally significant approved by the U.S. Senate) from 1777 to The fundamental tenets of early treaty mak- symbol of diplomacy – we engage visitors 1868 enshrine promises our government made ing – the recognition of tribal governments and with the living history of these objects. By the to Indian Nations. But they also recognize Indian consent – are alive and well…at least time you read this, the treaty will be on its tribes as nations – a fact that distinguishes trib- for the moment. The future is untold, and ul- way to, or housed within, the Navajo Nation al citizens from other Americans, and supports timately the gains of Native Nations in modern Museum in Arizona, the first time it has been contemporary Native assertions of sovereignty times are set in fragile beads rather than carved on display there. and self-determination. in stone. Yet there is optimism in Indian Country We realize our mission to the fullest Far from being dusty documents of dubious that Americans will come to better understand through such exchanges with tribal com- relevance, treaties are legally binding and still their shared history with Indian Nations and munities and the public. I have written much in effect. Repeatedly recognized by the courts that, as a result, they will join Native people in about the topic of treaties and treaty making, as sources of rights for Indian people and their celebrating and upholding the rights enshrined and I would like to share the following excerpt Indian Nations, treaties carry the weight of the in treaties. from my foreword to the Nation to Nation past and test the strength of our nation’s com- To learn more about the 2018-19 schedule catalogue that asks (and answers) the ques- mitment to honesty, good faith and the rule of for treaty installations within the Nation to tion, “Why treaties?” law. Promises between the leaders of nations, Nation gallery or the exhibition-related cata- Treaties rest at the heart of Native American treaties inscribe solemn vows that cannot lightly logue, blog posts or symposia webcasts, visit history as well as contemporary tribal life and be broken or ignored – a verity that Supreme AmericanIndian.si.edu. X

identity. The approximately 368 treaties that Court Justice Hugo Black recognized in 1960 Kevin Gover (Pawnee) is the director of the National Museum were negotiated and signed by U.S. commis- when he declared, “Great nations, like great of the American Indian – Smithsonian. sioners and tribal leaders (and subsequently men, should keep their word.”

4 AMERICAN INDIAN SUMMER 2018 Be Part of a Historic Moment Native Americans have participated in every major U.S. military encounter from the Revolutionary War through today’s conflicts in the Middle East, yet they remain unrecognized by any prominent landmark in our nation’s capital. The Smithsonian’s National Museum of the American Indian will create that landmark: the National Native American Veterans Memorial. The anticipated dedication of this tribute to Native heroes will be on Veterans Day 2020.

“We invite you to participate in this historic moment— for our country, for veterans, and for the Native American communities whose loyalty and passion have helped make America what it is today.” —Kevin Gover, Director National Museum of the American Indian

The National Museum of the American Indian is depending on your support to CREDITS

honor and recognize these Native American veterans for future generations. Left | Native American Women Warriors lead the grand entry during a powwow in Pueblo, Colorado, June 14, 2014. From left: Sergeant First Class Mitchelene BigMan (Apsáalooke [Crow]/Hidatsa), Sergeant Lisa Marshall Learn more (Cheyenne River Sioux), Specialist Krissy Quinones (Apsáalooke [Crow]), and Captain Calley Cloud AmericanIndian.si.edu/NNAVM (Apsáalooke [Crow]), with Tia Cyrus (Apsáalooke [Crow]) behind them. Photo by Nicole Tung.

Above | War bonnets adorn uniform jackets at Smithsonian a Ton-Kon-Gah (Kiowa Black Leggings Society) National Museum of the American Indian ceremonial near Anadarko, Oklahoma, 2006. NMAI 4 AMERICAN INDIAN SUMMER 2018 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION 5

NMAI SEMINARS

DIRECTOR AND PUBLISHER: ADMINISTRATIVE Kevin Gover COORDINATOR AND & SYMPOSIA (Pawnee) ADVERTISING SALES: David Saunders EDITOR-IN-CHIEF: Tanya Thrasher ART DIRECTION AND PROGRAM ARCHIVE (Cherokee) PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT: David Beyer (Cree) MANAGING EDITOR: Perceptible Inc. James Ring Adams

CALENDAR EDITOR: Shawn Termin (Lakota)

National Museum of the American Indian magazine (ISSN 1528-0640, USPS 019-246) is published quarterly by the Smithsonian’s National Museum of the American Indian (NMAI), 4th Street and Independence Ave SW, MRC 590 P.O. Box 37012, Washington, D.C., 20013-7012. Periodical postage paid at Washington, D.C., and at additional offices. National Museum of the American Indian magazine is a benefit of NMAI Membership and constitutes $6 of an individual’s annual membership. Basic annual membership begins at $25.

Reprinting Articles: Articles may be reprinted in whole or in part at no charge for educational, non-commercial and non-profit purposes, provided the following details for the respective article are credited: “National Museum of the American Indian, issue date [such as “Winter 2005”], title of the article, author of the article, page numbers and George and Thea Heye with Wey-hu-si-wa (Governor of Zuni Pueblo) and Lorenzo Chavez (Zuni) in front of © 2018 Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of the the Museum of the American Indian in 1923. N08130. American Indian.” Questions regarding permission CENTER ARCHIVE THE NMAI OF COURTESY PHOTO to reprint and requests to use photos should be directed to the NMAI’s Office of Publications at (202) 633-6827 or [email protected]. More than 50 webcasts spanning Letters to the Editor are welcome and may be mailed to NMAI, Attn. Editor, Office of Publications, Box 23473, 10 years – and counting! Washington, D.C. 20026, by e-mail at [email protected], or faxed to (202) 633-6898. Learn more about the Museum’s intellectual home for Back issues of National Museum of the American Indian are $5 per copy (shipping and handling included), subject to the investigation, discussion and understanding availability. To order, please call (800) 242-NMAI (6624) or of issues regarding Native communities in the send an e-mail to [email protected]. Western Hemisphere and Hawai‘i. Member Services: To join or renew your existing member- ship, or to submit a change of address, please call (800) 242-NMAI (6624), visit www.AmericanIndian.si.edu/give Visit nmai.si.edu/connect/symposia/archive or send an e-mail to [email protected]. Email: [email protected] You may also write to NMAI Member Services, P.O. Box 23473, Washington, D.C., 20026-3473.

Postmaster: Send change of address information to National Museum of the American Indian, P.O. Box 23473, Washington, D.C. 20026-3473.

Smithsonian National Museum of the American Indian

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION 7 NMAI-DCOF-Ad-917_1 10/11/17 5:44 PM Page 1

THE NATIONAL MUSEUM OF THE AMERICAN INDIAN Dame Jillian Sackler, DBE Mrs. Jeannett Aspden Mr. Mel Hoefling Ms. Carol Sakata Diana and Charles Bain Mr. Stephen L. Hoffman Mr. and Mrs. Charles Samuels Ms. Edda M. Benedek Ms. Ruth Lynn Hooper Ms. Jessica Sarowitz Mrs. George P. Bissell William S. Hoover, M.D. Ms. Patricia J. Sawvel Mr. George B. Black Ms. Irene Hopper Ms. Joyce Scafe Mr. John M. Bogie Mr. Eric Horowitz Mr. Peter L. Schaffer Mr. Clayton R. Braatz Ms. Carolyn Horsman and Ms. Jacquelyn Schnabl Ms. Barbara L. Brown Mr. Rudy Rodriguez Ms. Barbara L. Schuler Ms. Jane A. Brown Mr. Ron Houston Mrs. Dolores A. Sena Ms. Janice Brown Mr. Michael Howard Mr. John F. Sicks, Jr. Mr. Gary Brownell Ms. Cheri Moon Howlett the members of the Director’s Council of Friends and the Desert Sands Circle Elizabeth Sidamon-Eristoff and Mr. David Buckner Mrs. Margaret Hunt Hunter Lewis Mr. Stewart Burchard Mrs. Robert Hyson for their exceptional generosity in making the museum accessible to Mrs. Thalia Sinnamon Ms. Doris E. Burd Mr. and Mrs. James Jespersen Mr. Bill Skelly Mr. Jon Burkhardt Ms. Rosemary A. Joyce and people across the country and around the world. Ms. Joan Slebos Ms. Mary E. Carlson Mr. Russell N. Sheptak The Reverend J. L. Richardt Mr. and Mrs. Albert H. Small Mr. James H. Carron Ms. Judith Powers and Nancy Ridenour and Ed Mason Mr. Dennis Smith Mr. Carroll Cavanagh Ms. Patricia Karp Ms. Marcia Rinkel DIRECTOR'S COUNCIL OF FRIENDS Ms. Eileen Cubbison Mr. and Mrs. John F. Hester Salma G. Mikhail Mr. and Mrs. Morton I. Sosland Mr. and Mrs. Hal Clarke Mr. and Mr s. Donald M. Kerr Mr. Andrew Rowen Elie M. Abemayor, M.D. Ms. Ory Cuellar Mrs. Lois I. Hoehn Mr. Lynn Russell Miller and Mr. John J. Sparacio Ms. Kristie Clemons and Mr. and Mrs. William B. Kessinger Ms. Jaclyn J. Rusch Ms. Nita Adamson and Ms. Leslie Jenkin Mr. Jerry Daniels Mr. Stephen P. Holmes Ms. Diane Elton Miller Ms. Mary G. Sprague Mr. James Markich Ms. Dona P. Key Dr. Louise Russell Mrs. Renee M. Alberts Miss Patricia Dixon Ms. Susan Davis Hopkins Ms. Mary Miller Mr. and Mrs. Eugene E. Stark Ms. Barbara A. Cochran Dr. and Mrs. Hoshang J. Khambatta Mrs. Lisa Ryan Mr. Syed S. Albukhary Ms. Lorraine Doo Mr. Michael Horn Rodney and Marjorie Miller Mr. and Mrs. William C. Sterling, Jr. Ms. Valeria J. Cohen Ms. Margaret Kiever Mr. Paul Sack Mrs. Lucille Alderman Mr. Roscoe Draper Mr. Larry Hothem Ms. Rebecca Milsap Mr. Richard W. Stickle Ms. Carolyn J. Cole Mr. and Mrs. Robert E. King Ms. Gwendolyn Sampson Mr. William Allen Ms. Mary N. Dryden Mr. J. Russell Hoverman Mr. and Ms. Mark Minerich Mrs. Anne J. Stoutamire Ms. Sharon P. Cole Mr. Carl Kopfinger and Roger and Lani Sanjek Ms. Clara Allison Ms. June Duffy Mr. Chris Howell Dr. Charles Mitchell, Jr. Mrs. Lucy Strook and Mr. and Mrs. Sam Conner Mr. Stephen Weitzenhoffer Mr. Carl Sass The Honorable Lynette L. Allston Mr. Garrettson Dulin, Jr. Mr. William Hudson and Mrs. Betty M. Montgomery Mr. Daniel Stroock Mr. William J. Cook Ms. Margo Kovacs Ms. Lucinda D. Scheer Ms. Barbara Altman Ms. Kate C. Duncan Mrs. Nora Gibson Mr. Robert Morgan Ms. Mary Tapley Professor Reid Cooper and Mrs. Cooper Dr. Frederick Kowal Ms. Janet Spurgeon Scheevel Dr. Bryan Arling Mr. and Mrs. Ronald Duncan Ms. Dara Hunt Ms. Patricia H. Morris Mr. and Mrs. William S. Taubman Dr. Ronald M. Costell and Ms. Annelore F. Kurtz Mr. and Mrs. Thomas Schelat Mr. James K. Asselstine and Ms. Lynn A. Dutton Ms. Elizabeth Hutz Ms. Sheila B. Morris Dr. Donna J. Thal and Ms. Marsha E. Swiss Mr. William Lafranchi Ford and Susan Schumann Ms. Bette J. Davis Ms. Karen Easton Mr. Charles H. Hyman Mr. and Mrs. Dan Mulcahy Mr. George Carnevale Mr. Clifford Crooks Mr. and Mrs. Howard Laney Mrs. Rozanne Ritch Seelen Mr. and Mrs. Phillip Backup Ms. Venita Ellington Mr. Theodore H. Jacobsen Dr. and Mrs. Larry D. Nelson Mr. and Mrs. William E. Thibodeaux Mrs. Leonore R. Daschbach Ms. Ruth Larson Dr. David J. Skorton and Dr. Sheryl R. Bair Mr. and Mrs. Tom Evans Ms. Cathy A. Jastram Dr. Sharon Nelson-Barber and Mr. Andreas Ueland Dr. Russell De Burlo Ms. Elaine C. Lee Dr. Robin Davisson Mr. and Mrs. Charles H. Baker Mr. Arthur Fairley Ms. Elizabeth G. Johnson Dr. Wayne Barber The Honorable Lynn R. Valbuena and Mr. Bruce Deemer Waishan Leung Mr. and Mrs . Michael D. Snow Mr. and Mrs. Steve Baldock Ms. Tarry Faries Ms. Brenda K. Jones Ms. Katherine Neville Mr. Stephen Valbuena Ms. Kathryn Draper Ronald and Judith Libertus Ms. Janice M. Soeder Ms. Sylvia Barnard Ms. Sharon K. Fearey Ms. Kirsten Kairos Carol and Gordon Newbill Mr. Neil C. Van R ossum Dr. and Mrs. Da vid M. Dressler Angie and BobRob Liepold Ms. Mary Lou Soller Ms. Yvonne N. Barry Mr. Thomas Fine Ms. Colleen Kalinoski Mr. George T. Newell Ms. Ann L. Vanevery Mrs. Kay K. Drey Ms. Susan B . Lindenauer Ms. Wardean D. Squire-Askew Dr. Mahnaz Ispahani and Mr. John F. Finerty Mr. and Mrs. Sheldon T. Katz Ms. Karen Nordquist Mr. Randall Wadsworth Timothy and Cynthia Dunne Mr. Michael W. Lingo Ms. Sandra Steffes Mr. Adam Bartos Mr. Joseph H. Fisher Ms. Mary Kearns Mr. Joseph E. Nordsieck and Mr. Roy Wagner Ms. Julie Edwards-Sanchez Loren G. Lipson, M.D. Mr. and Mrs. Richard Stone Ms. Marion W. Bauer Mrs. Shirley M. Fisher Ms. Carol Keefer Ms. Melanie A. Ringer Mrs. Ruth L. Webb Ms. Susan E. Eichhorn Ms. Nancy Lombaer Ms. Jeanne M. Styron Mr. and Mrs. T. E. Beck, Jr. Ms. Angela Fitzgerald Mr. Douglas Kliever Mrs. June Anne Olsen Ms. Elaine M. Webster Mr. and Mrs. Robert Elder Mrs. Alice B. Long Ms. Delores T. Sumner Mr. David G. Beckwith Ms. Kathryn Forbes Ms. Agnes L. Koury Ms. Margaret Ann Olson Ms. Nancy Webster Ms. Lee Ann Ellingsworth Carolyn J. Lukensmeyer, Ph.D. Ms. Beth Swalm Ms. Barbara J. Behrens Ms. Erica Fornari Mr. and Mrs. Joseph Kovalik Mr. and Mrs. Victor Onufrey Mr. Selman I. Welt Dr. Deborah Matthews Evans Mrs. Val Lyons Dr. G. Marie Swanson Ms. Brenda J. Bellonger Judy M. and Thomas W. Fredericks Mr. & Mrs. Andrew and Wendy Kukic Ms. Jo Oppenheimer Mr. and Ms. Arthur F. Werner Dr. G Edward Evans Mr. and Mrs. John Manley Ms. Cinda Celia Taylor Howard and Joy Berlin Ms. L. S. Freed Ms. Ann Evans Larimore Mr. John B. Osborn Mr. and Mrs. W. Richard West, Jr. Dr. Joyce M. Evans Ms. Jennifer Maria Mr. Daniel B. Taylor Ms. Donna Bhatnagar Mr. David F. Freeman, Jr. Gloria Lauriano Tom and Carol Patterson Mr. Robert R. Willasch Ms. Rebecca Fain Jeffrey and Creda Markham Mr. Thomas Teegarden Ms. M. Sharon Blackwell Dr. Thomas M. Freeman and Ms. Denise C. LeClair-Robbins Ms. Lynn Paxson Wayne and Carrie Wilson Ms. Mary B. Ffolliott Mr. and Mrs. Randolph B. Marshall Ms. Irma Tetzloff Dr. Art Blume and Dr. Karen Schmaling Ms. Phyllis Attanasio Mr. and Mrs. Michael Lesk Pechanga Band of Luiseno Indians Mr. Michael Paul Wilson, Jr. Edward J. and Debra L. Fine Dr. Larry McGoldrick Mr. Robert J. Thiebaut Ms. Melissa Blye Mr. Jamie Friedman Mr. Blake Lipham and Mr. Kirk A. Pessner and Ms. Maria Rodriguez Winter Dr. Paul S. Fishman Mr. Ellsworth McKee Mr. Wilbur N. Thomas Ms. Jacqueline Bodin Mr. Cary J. Frieze Ms. Jennifer Lipham Dr. Russell H Miller Mrs. Margaret M. Wisniewski Ms. Angela Fitzgerald Ms. Mary Anne Mekosh Robert J. and Stephenie Torres Ms. Catherine Bond Ms. Marilyn T. Gaddis Mr. Michael K. Littleford Ms. Julie Phillips Ms. Deborah A. Wisnowski Mr. Pete Ford Ms. Mary Miller Ms. Marie Trenga Mr. Austin Box Ms. Joan B. Gates David and Jennifer G. Loewenstein Mrs. Kathryn R. Polster Dr. J. Fred Woessner, Jr. Dr. and Mrs. Don D. Fowler Ms. Marlene Miller-Dyke and Mrs. Mary S. Triplette danah boyd Dr. Michelle Gaudette Ms. Jo Ann Lohman Mr. Jim and Mrs. Karla Powell Mr. Frank M. Yates Dr. and Mrs. Alan F. Frigy Mr. Donald Dyke Mr. Alex ander Tsesis Mrs. Patricia Boyd Mrs. Patricia Gilmartin Mr. and Mrs. Harry D. Ludeman Ms. Patricia Pratt Pat Zaharopoul os, Esq. Dr. and Mrs. Shayne Gad Mr. and Mrs. Michael A. Moran Mr. James H. Van Arsdale, IV Mr. and Mrs. Robert Braitman Ms. Lynne Oakes Glikbarg Ms. Kayrene Lunday Mr. and Mrs. David R. Pruner Ms. Patricia Zell and Mr. Michael D. Cox Mr. John V. Garnett Major Michael J. Motes Mrs. Barbara Van Dusen Ms. Janet Brandon Mr. and Mrs. Lawrence Goering Ms. Kat hryn Ann MacLane Mrs. J essica Quaresma Ms. Barbara E. Zelley Ms. Marianne Gerschel Mr. Harvey M. Mumma Mr. John F. Van Lennep Ms. Sue Breazile Mr. Do nald H. Goodyear, Jr. Mr. John L. Maggio Ms. M. Elaine Rand Ms. Marilyn Zimmerman Ms. Lucy Ghastin Ms. Kathleen M. Nilles Mr. Richard V. Vaughn Mrs. Jeanne S. Broome Mr. Ken Gowen and Mr. Greg Willisson Mr. Keith Magnuson Dr. Joanna Ready Mr. Emil Zuberbueler Mrs. Stella A. Gieseler Mr. Karl F. Nygren Mr. Peter von Schlippe Mr. Frederick Brown Mr. James O. Graham Ms. Jamie Maher Ms. Barbara A. Reichardt Mr. and Mrs. Richard A. Zucker Mr. Jim Goldschmidt Mr. and Mrs. Merlin G. Nygren David and Sharon Wade Ms. Jane A. Brown David Granite and Ms. Peggy Mainor Ms. Katharine S. Reynolds Mr. John A. Zyracki, Jr. Mr. Leo Gonzalez Ms. Deborah Olson Ms. Sue Wallace Mr. Edward Browne Mary Lou Oster-Granite Mrs. Jacqueline Badger Mars Mr. Howard P. Rice Drew and Myra Goodman Lee M. Ozley Mr. Kenneth A. Walz Ms. Mary G. Bullerdiek Mr. and Mrs. Gerald Grawey Mr. David Martin Ms. Lisa Roach DESERT SANDS CIRCLE Mr. and Mrs. Andrew Goodman Ms. Dorothy Parris Ms. Janice Waters Mr. Jonathan G. Bunge Ms. Joanne T. Greenspun Mr. Craig E. Martinez Ms. Caroline Robbins Ms. Kyle Adamonis Mrs. Elizabeth A. Goodwin Ms. Lois M. Pausch Mr. Mark Waters Warren F. Buxton, Ph.D. Mr. and Mrs. Stuart Grossman Mr. Mark L. Martinez Prof. Nicholas A. Robinson Mr. and Mrs. David Adcock Ms. Elaine Grudzinski Mr. and Mrs. Jacob Perea Father Peter Weigand Dr. and Mrs. Jan D. Carline Ms. Marge Newcomer Guilfoil Mrs. Susanne W. Max Mrs. Grace M. Romero-Pacheco Ms. Rachel Makool and Mr. John J. Alt Candace Haigler and Richard Blanton Mr. and Mrs. Ralph L. Phillips Dr. Anita Corman Weinblatt Ms. Ethel Tison Chaffin Robert W. Hamill, M.D. Ms. Mary H. McConnell Mr. and Mrs. James Roselle Ms. Grace Anderson Mr. James Hallowell Mr. and Mrs. James C. Pizor Ms. Eliza A. Westerfield Mr. Malcolm Chun Mrs. Maureen Hamilton Mr. and Mrs. John J. McLaughlin Ms. Tia Rosengarten Mr. and Mrs. Stephen Anderson Mrs. Gloria Shaw Hamilton Prescor, Inc. Mr. James C. White Ms. Kathryn Cochrane Ms. Carolyn Hammers Ms. Tomasita Medal Mr. and Mrs. Thomas Rowlett Ms. Pam Anderson-Taplett and Mr. Edward Hamm Mr. Robert M. Railey Mr. Paul Wilhite Mr. and Mrs. John Coletta Ms. Antoinette Hamner Ms. Judi Melander Dr. Georgia Royalty and Mr. Martin Ross Taplett Mr. Garnet W. Hammond Carol Bird Ravenal, Ph.D. and Mr. and Mrs. Timothy J. Williams Ms. Margaret A. Collins Mr. Collier Hands Ms. Beverly Melton Dr. James Spivack The Honorable Bill Anoatubby Ms. Carla Hampton Earl C. Ravenal, Ph.D. Dorothy and Robert Williams-Ross Mr. W. Dale Compton Ms. Joanne Hanifan Dr. Carol F. Meyer Ms. Marie Asselia Rundquist and Ms. Louise B. Armentrout Mrs. Caroline Heart Mr. and Mrs. Wayne E. Redmond Ms. Edith C. Wolff Ms. Antoinette Corcillo Mr. Thomas B. Harding, Jr. Ms. Pamela G. Meyer Mr. Edward V. Nowicki Ms. Constance Arzigian Ms. Heather Henson Ms. Nancy M. Reifel and Mr. Mr. Lee K. Worthen Ms . Lauralee Cromarty Dr. Shandy Hauk Ms. Patricia Meyer Ms. Nancy W. Ruskin Ms. Wendy Ashmore and Mr. and Mrs. Nor man J. Hill Marc A. Saltzberg Ms. Carole Zaima Ms. Karen J. Crook Mr. and Mrs. Jay J. Hellman Mrs. Louise J. Middlemiss Mr. Paul Sack Mr. Thomas C. Patterson Ms. Gail Hitchcock Ms. C arolyn Richardson Ms. Mary Ziino

The8 gifts AMERICAN recognized INDIAN here SUMMER were 2018 made on or before September 1, 2017. NMAI-DCOF-Ad-917_1 10/11/17 5:44 PM Page 1

THE NATIONAL MUSEUM OF THE AMERICAN INDIAN Dame Jillian Sackler, DBE Mrs. Jeannett Aspden Mr. Mel Hoefling Ms. Carol Sakata Diana and Charles Bain Mr. Stephen L. Hoffman Mr. and Mrs. Charles Samuels Ms. Edda M. Benedek Ms. Ruth Lynn Hooper Ms. Jessica Sarowitz Mrs. George P. Bissell William S. Hoover, M.D. Ms. Patricia J. Sawvel Mr. George B. Black Ms. Irene Hopper Ms. Joyce Scafe Mr. John M. Bogie Mr. Eric Horowitz Mr. Peter L. Schaffer Mr. Clayton R. Braatz Ms. Carolyn Horsman and Ms. Jacquelyn Schnabl Ms. Barbara L. Brown Mr. Rudy Rodriguez Ms. Barbara L. Schuler Ms. Jane A. Brown Mr. Ron Houston Mrs. Dolores A. Sena Ms. Janice Brown Mr. Michael Howard Mr. John F. Sicks, Jr. Mr. Gary Brownell Ms. Cheri Moon Howlett the members of the Director’s Council of Friends and the Desert Sands Circle Elizabeth Sidamon-Eristoff and Mr. David Buckner Mrs. Margaret Hunt Hunter Lewis Mr. Stewart Burchard Mrs. Robert Hyson for their exceptional generosity in making the museum accessible to Mrs. Thalia Sinnamon Ms. Doris E. Burd Mr. and Mrs. James Jespersen Mr. Bill Skelly Mr. Jon Burkhardt Ms. Rosemary A. Joyce and people across the country and around the world. Ms. Joan Slebos Ms. Mary E. Carlson Mr. Russell N. Sheptak The Reverend J. L. Richardt Mr. and Mrs. Albert H. Small Mr. James H. Carron Ms. Judith Powers and Nancy Ridenour and Ed Mason Mr. Dennis Smith Mr. Carroll Cavanagh Ms. Patricia Karp Ms. Marcia Rinkel DIRECTOR'S COUNCIL OF FRIENDS Ms. Eileen Cubbison Mr. and Mrs. John F. Hester Salma G. Mikhail Mr. and Mrs. Morton I. Sosland Mr. and Mrs. Hal Clarke Mr. and Mr s. Donald M. Kerr Mr. Andrew Rowen Elie M. Abemayor, M.D. Ms. Ory Cuellar Mrs. Lois I. Hoehn Mr. Lynn Russell Miller and Mr. John J. Sparacio Ms. Kristie Clemons and Mr. and Mrs. William B. Kessinger Ms. Jaclyn J. Rusch Ms. Nita Adamson and Ms. Leslie Jenkin Mr. Jerry Daniels Mr. Stephen P. Holmes Ms. Diane Elton Miller Ms. Mary G. Sprague Mr. James Markich Ms. Dona P. Key Dr. Louise Russell Mrs. Renee M. Alberts Miss Patricia Dixon Ms. Susan Davis Hopkins Ms. Mary Miller Mr. and Mrs. Eugene E. Stark Ms. Barbara A. Cochran Dr. and Mrs. Hoshang J. Khambatta Mrs. Lisa Ryan Mr. Syed S. Albukhary Ms. Lorraine Doo Mr. Michael Horn Rodney and Marjorie Miller Mr. and Mrs. William C. Sterling, Jr. Ms. Valeria J. Cohen Ms. Margaret Kiever Mr. Paul Sack Mrs. Lucille Alderman Mr. Roscoe Draper Mr. Larry Hothem Ms. Rebecca Milsap Mr. Richard W. Stickle Ms. Carolyn J. Cole Mr. and Mrs. Robert E. King Ms. Gwendolyn Sampson Mr. William Allen Ms. Mary N. Dryden Mr. J. Russell Hoverman Mr. and Ms. Mark Minerich Mrs. Anne J. Stoutamire Ms. Sharon P. Cole Mr. Carl Kopfinger and Roger and Lani Sanjek Ms. Clara Allison Ms. June Duffy Mr. Chris Howell Dr. Charles Mitchell, Jr. Mrs. Lucy Strook and Mr. and Mrs. Sam Conner Mr. Stephen Weitzenhoffer Mr. Carl Sass The Honorable Lynette L. Allston Mr. Garrettson Dulin, Jr. Mr. William Hudson and Mrs. Betty M. Montgomery Mr. Daniel Stroock Mr. William J. Cook Ms. Margo Kovacs Ms. Lucinda D. Scheer Ms. Barbara Altman Ms. Kate C. Duncan Mrs. Nora Gibson Mr. Robert Morgan Ms. Mary Tapley Professor Reid Cooper and Mrs. Cooper Dr. Frederick Kowal Ms. Janet Spurgeon Scheevel Dr. Bryan Arling Mr. and Mrs. Ronald Duncan Ms. Dara Hunt Ms. Patricia H. Morris Mr. and Mrs. William S. Taubman Dr. Ronald M. Costell and Ms. Annelore F. Kurtz Mr. and Mrs. Thomas Schelat Mr. James K. Asselstine and Ms. Lynn A. Dutton Ms. Elizabeth Hutz Ms. Sheila B. Morris Dr. Donna J. Thal and Ms. Marsha E. Swiss Mr. William Lafranchi Ford and Susan Schumann Ms. Bette J. Davis Ms. Karen Easton Mr. Charles H. Hyman Mr. and Mrs. Dan Mulcahy Mr. George Carnevale Mr. Clifford Crooks Mr. and Mrs. Howard Laney Mrs. Rozanne Ritch Seelen Mr. and Mrs. Phillip Backup Ms. Venita Ellington Mr. Theodore H. Jacobsen Dr. and Mrs. Larry D. Nelson Mr. and Mrs. William E. Thibodeaux Mrs. Leonore R. Daschbach Ms. Ruth Larson Dr. David J. Skorton and Dr. Sheryl R. Bair Mr. and Mrs. Tom Evans Ms. Cathy A. Jastram Dr. Sharon Nelson-Barber and Mr. Andreas Ueland Dr. Russell De Burlo Ms. Elaine C. Lee Dr. Robin Davisson Mr. and Mrs. Charles H. Baker Mr. Arthur Fairley Ms. Elizabeth G. Johnson Dr. Wayne Barber The Honorable Lynn R. Valbuena and Mr. Bruce Deemer Waishan Leung Mr. and Mrs . Michael D. Snow Mr. and Mrs. Steve Baldock Ms. Tarry Faries Ms. Brenda K. Jones Ms. Katherine Neville Mr. Stephen Valbuena Ms. Kathryn Draper Ronald and Judith Libertus Ms. Janice M. Soeder Ms. Sylvia Barnard Ms. Sharon K. Fearey Ms. Kirsten Kairos Carol and Gordon Newbill Mr. Neil C. Van R ossum Dr. and Mrs. Da vid M. Dressler Angie and BobRob Liepold Ms. Mary Lou Soller Ms. Yvonne N. Barry Mr. Thomas Fine Ms. Colleen Kalinoski Mr. George T. Newell Ms. Ann L. Vanevery Mrs. Kay K. Drey Ms. Susan B . Lindenauer Ms. Wardean D. Squire-Askew Dr. Mahnaz Ispahani and Mr. John F. Finerty Mr. and Mrs. Sheldon T. Katz Ms. Karen Nordquist Mr. Randall Wadsworth Timothy and Cynthia Dunne Mr. Michael W. Lingo Ms. Sandra Steffes Mr. Adam Bartos Mr. Joseph H. Fisher Ms. Mary Kearns Mr. Joseph E. Nordsieck and Mr. Roy Wagner Ms. Julie Edwards-Sanchez Loren G. Lipson, M.D. Mr. and Mrs. Richard Stone Ms. Marion W. Bauer Mrs. Shirley M. Fisher Ms. Carol Keefer Ms. Melanie A. Ringer Mrs. Ruth L. Webb Ms. Susan E. Eichhorn Ms. Nancy Lombaer Ms. Jeanne M. Styron Mr. and Mrs. T. E. Beck, Jr. Ms. Angela Fitzgerald Mr. Douglas Kliever Mrs. June Anne Olsen Ms. Elaine M. Webster Mr. and Mrs. Robert Elder Mrs. Alice B. Long Ms. Delores T. Sumner Mr. David G. Beckwith Ms. Kathryn Forbes Ms. Agnes L. Koury Ms. Margaret Ann Olson Ms. Nancy Webster Ms. Lee Ann Ellingsworth Carolyn J. Lukensmeyer, Ph.D. Ms. Beth Swalm Ms. Barbara J. Behrens Ms. Erica Fornari Mr. and Mrs. Joseph Kovalik Mr. and Mrs. Victor Onufrey Mr. Selman I. Welt Dr. Deborah Matthews Evans Mrs. Val Lyons Dr. G. Marie Swanson Ms. Brenda J. Bellonger Judy M. and Thomas W. Fredericks Mr. & Mrs. Andrew and Wendy Kukic Ms. Jo Oppenheimer Mr. and Ms. Arthur F. Werner Dr. G Edward Evans Mr. and Mrs. John Manley Ms. Cinda Celia Taylor Howard and Joy Berlin Ms. L. S. Freed Ms. Ann Evans Larimore Mr. John B. Osborn Mr. and Mrs. W. Richard West, Jr. Dr. Joyce M. Evans Ms. Jennifer Maria Mr. Daniel B. Taylor Ms. Donna Bhatnagar Mr. David F. Freeman, Jr. Gloria Lauriano Tom and Carol Patterson Mr. Robert R. Willasch Ms. Rebecca Fain Jeffrey and Creda Markham Mr. Thomas Teegarden Ms. M. Sharon Blackwell Dr. Thomas M. Freeman and Ms. Denise C. LeClair-Robbins Ms. Lynn Paxson Wayne and Carrie Wilson Ms. Mary B. Ffolliott Mr. and Mrs. Randolph B. Marshall Ms. Irma Tetzloff Dr. Art Blume and Dr. Karen Schmaling Ms. Phyllis Attanasio Mr. and Mrs. Michael Lesk Pechanga Band of Luiseno Indians Mr. Michael Paul Wilson, Jr. Edward J. and Debra L. Fine Dr. Larry McGoldrick Mr. Robert J. Thiebaut Ms. Melissa Blye Mr. Jamie Friedman Mr. Blake Lipham and Mr. Kirk A. Pessner and Ms. Maria Rodriguez Winter Dr. Paul S. Fishman Mr. Ellsworth McKee Mr. Wilbur N. Thomas Ms. Jacqueline Bodin Mr. Cary J. Frieze Ms. Jennifer Lipham Dr. Russell H Miller Mrs. Margaret M. Wisniewski Ms. Angela Fitzgerald Ms. Mary Anne Mekosh Robert J. and Stephenie Torres Ms. Catherine Bond Ms. Marilyn T. Gaddis Mr. Michael K. Littleford Ms. Julie Phillips Ms. Deborah A. Wisnowski Mr. Pete Ford Ms. Mary Miller Ms. Marie Trenga Mr. Austin Box Ms. Joan B. Gates David and Jennifer G. Loewenstein Mrs. Kathryn R. Polster Dr. J. Fred Woessner, Jr. Dr. and Mrs. Don D. Fowler Ms. Marlene Miller-Dyke and Mrs. Mary S. Triplette danah boyd Dr. Michelle Gaudette Ms. Jo Ann Lohman Mr. Jim and Mrs. Karla Powell Mr. Frank M. Yates Dr. and Mrs. Alan F. Frigy Mr. Donald Dyke Mr. Alex ander Tsesis Mrs. Patricia Boyd Mrs. Patricia Gilmartin Mr. and Mrs. Harry D. Ludeman Ms. Patricia Pratt Pat Zaharopoul os, Esq. Dr. and Mrs. Shayne Gad Mr. and Mrs. Michael A. Moran Mr. James H. Van Arsdale, IV Mr. and Mrs. Robert Braitman Ms. Lynne Oakes Glikbarg Ms. Kayrene Lunday Mr. and Mrs. David R. Pruner Ms. Patricia Zell and Mr. Michael D. Cox Mr. John V. Garnett Major Michael J. Motes Mrs. Barbara Van Dusen Ms. Janet Brandon Mr. and Mrs. Lawrence Goering Ms. Kat hryn Ann MacLane Mrs. J essica Quaresma Ms. Barbara E. Zelley Ms. Marianne Gerschel Mr. Harvey M. Mumma Mr. John F. Van Lennep Ms. Sue Breazile Mr. Do nald H. Goodyear, Jr. Mr. John L. Maggio Ms. M. Elaine Rand Ms. Marilyn Zimmerman Ms. Lucy Ghastin Ms. Kathleen M. Nilles Mr. Richard V. Vaughn Mrs. Jeanne S. Broome Mr. Ken Gowen and Mr. Greg Willisson Mr. Keith Magnuson Dr. Joanna Ready Mr. Emil Zuberbueler Mrs. Stella A. Gieseler Mr. Karl F. Nygren Mr. Peter von Schlippe Mr. Frederick Brown Mr. James O. Graham Ms. Jamie Maher Ms. Barbara A. Reichardt Mr. and Mrs. Richard A. Zucker Mr. Jim Goldschmidt Mr. and Mrs. Merlin G. Nygren David and Sharon Wade Ms. Jane A. Brown David Granite and Ms. Peggy Mainor Ms. Katharine S. Reynolds Mr. John A. Zyracki, Jr. Mr. Leo Gonzalez Ms. Deborah Olson Ms. Sue Wallace Mr. Edward Browne Mary Lou Oster-Granite Mrs. Jacqueline Badger Mars Mr. Howard P. Rice Drew and Myra Goodman Lee M. Ozley Mr. Kenneth A. Walz Ms. Mary G. Bullerdiek Mr. and Mrs. Gerald Grawey Mr. David Martin Ms. Lisa Roach DESERT SANDS CIRCLE Mr. and Mrs. Andrew Goodman Ms. Dorothy Parris Ms. Janice Waters Mr. Jonathan G. Bunge Ms. Joanne T. Greenspun Mr. Craig E. Martinez Ms. Caroline Robbins Ms. Kyle Adamonis Mrs. Elizabeth A. Goodwin Ms. Lois M. Pausch Mr. Mark Waters Warren F. Buxton, Ph.D. Mr. and Mrs. Stuart Grossman Mr. Mark L. Martinez Prof. Nicholas A. Robinson Mr. and Mrs. David Adcock Ms. Elaine Grudzinski Mr. and Mrs. Jacob Perea Father Peter Weigand Dr. and Mrs. Jan D. Carline Ms. Marge Newcomer Guilfoil Mrs. Susanne W. Max Mrs. Grace M. Romero-Pacheco Ms. Rachel Makool and Mr. John J. Alt Candace Haigler and Richard Blanton Mr. and Mrs. Ralph L. Phillips Dr. Anita Corman Weinblatt Ms. Ethel Tison Chaffin Robert W. Hamill, M.D. Ms. Mary H. McConnell Mr. and Mrs. James Roselle Ms. Grace Anderson Mr. James Hallowell Mr. and Mrs. James C. Pizor Ms. Eliza A. Westerfield Mr. Malcolm Chun Mrs. Maureen Hamilton Mr. and Mrs. John J. McLaughlin Ms. Tia Rosengarten Mr. and Mrs. Stephen Anderson Mrs. Gloria Shaw Hamilton Prescor, Inc. Mr. James C. White Ms. Kathryn Cochrane Ms. Carolyn Hammers Ms. Tomasita Medal Mr. and Mrs. Thomas Rowlett Ms. Pam Anderson-Taplett and Mr. Edward Hamm Mr. Robert M. Railey Mr. Paul Wilhite Mr. and Mrs. John Coletta Ms. Antoinette Hamner Ms. Judi Melander Dr. Georgia Royalty and Mr. Martin Ross Taplett Mr. Garnet W. Hammond Carol Bird Ravenal, Ph.D. and Mr. and Mrs. Timothy J. Williams Ms. Margaret A. Collins Mr. Collier Hands Ms. Beverly Melton Dr. James Spivack The Honorable Bill Anoatubby Ms. Carla Hampton Earl C. Ravenal, Ph.D. Dorothy and Robert Williams-Ross Mr. W. Dale Compton Ms. Joanne Hanifan Dr. Carol F. Meyer Ms. Marie Asselia Rundquist and Ms. Louise B. Armentrout Mrs. Caroline Heart Mr. and Mrs.Continued Wayne E. Redmond on page 12 Ms. Edith C. Wolff Ms. Antoinette Corcillo Mr. Thomas B. Harding, Jr. Ms. Pamela G. Meyer Mr. Edward V. Nowicki Ms. Constance Arzigian Ms. Heather Henson Ms. Nancy M. Reifel and Mr. Mr. Lee K. Worthen Ms . Lauralee Cromarty Dr. Shandy Hauk Ms. Patricia Meyer Ms. Nancy W. Ruskin Ms. Wendy Ashmore and Mr. and Mrs. Nor man J. Hill Marc A. Saltzberg Ms. Carole Zaima Ms. Karen J. Crook Mr. and Mrs. Jay J. Hellman Mrs. Louise J. Middlemiss Mr. Paul Sack Mr. Thomas C. Patterson Ms. Gail Hitchcock Ms. C arolyn Richardson Ms. Mary Ziino

The gifts recognized here were made on or before September 1, 2017. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION 9

A contemporary glass qero of chicha served by a chicharia in Ollantaytambo, Peru, 2017. The word chicha comes from Spanish. It can signify a variety of beverages made from various grains, fruits and tubers, but the most widespread and traditionally important is chicha de jora, which is fermented from yellow or white corn.

FACING PAGE: Colonial Inka qero, 1550-1800. Cusco region, Peru. Wood, resin, pigment. 12.2" x 7.87" x 2.95". 7/7093. PHOTO BY JUSTIN MUGITS JUSTIN BY PHOTO

10 AMERICAN INDIAN SUMMER 2018 PHOTO COURTESY OF NMAI ARCHIVES ARCHIVES OF NMAI COURTESY PHOTO THE PERSISTENCE OF

ucivia Silva teaches her daugh- sacred beverage for pre-colonial cultures and CHICHAters to make the fermented maintained the social fabric of communities AN ANCIENT beverage chicha de jora much through reciprocity. It now persists as an em- in the same way her mother blem of Indigenous identity. DRINK REVIVES and grandmother taught her, Chicha de jora is perhaps best known as countless generations have outside of the Andes as a drink for which the INDIGENOUS Edone within the Urubamba River Valley and brewers often chew corn as part of the fermen- throughout the Andes. tation process. The word chicha comes from SPIRIT Eucivia pours the day’s first chicha into a Spanish. It can signify a variety of beverages cup known as a qero and intentionally pours made from various grains, fruits and tubers, a bit on the floor, quietly making an offering but the most widespread and traditionally im- BY JUSTIN MUGITS to Pachamama, the name of the Andean earth portant is chicha de jora, which is fermented deity in her first language of Quechua. Chicha from yellow or white corn. Originally called has been consumed in the Andes for thou- a’qa in Quechua, the language of the Inka sands of years. Although both chicha de jora and k’usa in the Aymara language, it can be and the Pre-Inka deities have been repressed, found in locations ranging from a trendy bar deemed degenerate, transformed, co-opted in the central university district of Bogota, and reinvented since colonization, Eucivia Colombia, dank chicharias in small towns Silva’s invocation serves as a link to Andean throughout Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia and as traditions. It also demonstrates evolution. far afield as immigrant enclaves in Queens, Throughout its history, chicha has served as a N.Y. Archeologists have found evidence of E 10 AMERICAN INDIAN SUMMER 2018 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION 11 THE PERSISTENCE OF CHICHA

IN PRE-COLONIAL SOCIETIES, CHICHA SERVED AS A CEREMONIAL BEVERAGE; IT MAINTAINED SOCIETAL BONDS, TOASTED ANCESTORS AND INVOKED THE SUPERNATURAL. IN THE INKA EMPIRE AN ORDER OF CHOSEN VIRGIN WOMEN KNOWN AS ACLLAS WERE CHARGED WITH RITUAL DUTIES THAT INCLUDED TENDING TO TERRACES OF SACRED MAIZE AND THE ‘‘ BREWING OF CHICHA FOR IMPERIAL USE.” PHOTO BY JUSTIN MUGITS JUSTIN BY PHOTO 12 AMERICAN INDIAN SUMMER 2018 chicha production at locations throughout the Andes, including Inka and Wari breweries and extensive collections of chicha qeros belonging to the Tiwanaku culture. Some archeologists argue that chicha is as old as the Chavin cul- ture dating to around 900 BC. Throughout the Andes chicha is produced in much the same fashion, although regional preferences produce slight variations. In Chatito on the North Coast of Peru, Josefa Sullon Silva and Asunciona Chero Nizama start with corn kernels that are sprouted, dried, ground, boiled in water, chewed, boiled again, strained and allowed to ferment in large ceramic vats for a day or two before be- ing served in a dried gourd known as a poto. The enzyme diastase in saliva breaks down starches into sugar, critical for the fermenta- tion process. In some regions, chancaca or unrefined sugar is added, allowing the chicha to ferment longer, increasing the alcohol con- tent and sweetening the finished product. In other regions such as Trujillo or Cuzco, white sugar, cinnamon, cloves, fruits or quinoa can add flavor. In warmer lowland areas like Chatito, brewers chew the corn before boiling to forestall the warm temperature from in- ducing rotting during the process. Meanwhile Eucivia, living in the cooler highlands, does not chew the corn, since it can ferment over a longer period of time. In the Ecuadorean and Peruvian jungle another fermented variant of chicha uses manioc instead of corn as the base. In pre-colonial societies, chicha served as a ceremonial beverage; it maintained societal bonds, toasted ancestors and invoked the supernatural. In the Inka empire an order of chosen virgin women known as Acllas were charged with ritual duties that included tend- ing to terraces of sacred maize and the brew- ing of chicha for imperial use. The Inka used chicha to reaffirm the social hierarchy of the empire during ritualized feasting and political as well as religious ceremonies. The Sapa Inka or his representatives traveled through the empire to extend drinking invitations. This invitation was always from superior to infe- rior; it was a token of favor with an attached indebtedness. Toasts between lords and vas- sals carried the significance of treaties. Special pairs of intricately carved identical qeros were used for these toasts, and they displayed iden- tity, rank and religious beliefs as well as politi- cal and social relationships. In similar fashion the Sapa Inka or local lords held feasting ceremonies in which chicha was distributed Asunciona Chero Nizama making chicha and in-kind communal or imperial work was outside her home in Chatito, Peru, 2017. expected as reciprocal repayment of the debt. This communal work included canal- and SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION 13 THE PERSISTENCE OF CHICHA

Eucivia Silva pouring chicha de jora in her chicharia. Ollantaytambo, Peru, 2017. PHOTO BY JUSTIN MUGITS JUSTIN BY PHOTO 14 AMERICAN INDIAN SUMMER 2018 PHOTO BY JUSTIN MUGITS JUSTIN BY PHOTO LEFT: Chicha frutillada with strawberries added for flavor, topped with a strong head of foam, Maras, Peru, 2017. RIGHT: Josefa Sullon Silva holding sprouted corn before it is dried and ground. Chatito, Peru, 2017. road-building and maintenance. By this reci- Although chicha continued to be popular procity, chicha served as a lubricant that kept across social groups in colonial times it began the Inka empire running. to decline dramatically in the late 19th and During colonization, the Spanish authori- early 20th centuries. The nascent nations of the ties and the Catholic Church restricted chicha Andes struggled to forge new identities follow- brewing and consumption. In 1566 the distri- ing independence from Spain and considered AS THE COLONIAL bution of chicha or other alcoholic beverages native traditions and ceremonies to be un- GOVERNMENT to Indigenous people was banned in northern civilized. Racially charged campaigns against AND CATHOLIC Peru by Dr. Gonzalez de Cuneca, Visitador of native traditions associated chicha with poor CHURCH WORKED TO the North Coast. This ban unraveled the obli- hygiene, criminality and laziness. As a result gations between local rulers and subjects. The of these campaigns, chicha and other Andean DISASSEMBLE THE local rulers were unable to marshal the collec- traditions became stigmatized and considered ‘‘INDIGENOUS SOCIAL AND tive labor of their subjects and in turn could shameful and embarrassing, a phenomenon POLITICAL STRUCTURES, not meet Spanish tribute demands. One local repeated throughout the hemisphere. RITUALIZED CHICHA ruler complained that “the Indians do not obey In the early part of the 20th century the us, we cannot finish the communal sowing nor Indigenismo movement spread throughout DRINKING WAS build the community center because it is by the Latin American countries. It confronted rac- REPRESSED, BUT SOCIAL means of chicha that the Indians obey us.” ist national ideologies that treated Indigenous DRINKING BECAME As the colonial government and Catho- culture as degenerate. The Indigenismo move- MORE COMMON IN lic Church worked to disassemble the In- ment sought to defend native cultures and digenous social and political structures, champion their achievements. The movement HOUSEHOLDS AND ritualized chicha drinking was repressed, but heralded chicha as a symbol of the illustrious SMALL BREWERIES THAT social drinking became more common in civilizations that preceded colonization. To BECAME KNOWN AS households and small breweries that became this day chicha continues to serve as a rally- CHICHARIAS.” known as chicharias. At the communal level, ing point for Native people. In 1992 tens of reciprocal obligations of chicha production thousands of Indigenous people mobilized and consumption persisted. Throughout ru- from around Ecuador and converged in Quito ral areas of Peru chicha continues to be used as demanding self-determination, representa- an in-kind payment for communal work such tion and social justice. Organizers instructed as house raising. participants to bring chicha, dress in tradi-

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION 15 THE PERSISTENCE OF CHICHA PHOTO BY JUSTIN MUGITS JUSTIN BY PHOTO ABOVE: Chicha vendors in Trujillo, Peru offering two different samples at their roadside stand: a chicha blanca made with white corn and white refined sugar and a typical chicha made with yellow corn and chancaca. 2017. FACING: A chicharia denoted by the red flag hung above the door, which signals that chicha is for sale, Ollantaytambo, Peru, 2017. tional clothes and bear instruments and pot- grocery stores. It is made in cooperation with over the centuries under intense pressure, they tery. These items are all an assertion of Native the Field Museum in Chicago, which had been provide a continuous Indigenous reference identity. The importance of chicha both his- conducting excavations at the Wari Cerro Baul point connecting communities that are oth- torically and in a contemporary context is an site which includes the remains of a chicha erwise diverse. As the chef Acurio said about affirmation of that identity. brewery. La Portal de Chorro, in central Bogo- his decision to name his restaurants after the But as chicha consumption continues to ta’s Candelaria district, has become a fashion- drink, “Chicha unites all of Peru. In all the shrink in favor of soda, beer and liquor, a chi- able place for students to drink chicha. Gaston Andes and all the north coast, chicha is drunk cha renaissance becomes less of an everyday Acurio, the renowned chef and ambassador of and brewed. It was the ceremonial and daily reality. If you ask for chicha in cities in Peru, Peruvian cuisine, serves the drink in his two drink of our ancestors. Bolivia, Ecuador or Colombia you will prob- upscale restaurants in Cuzco and Arequipa, “The idea for Chicha restaurant is that one ably be directed to the slums surrounding aptly named “Chicha,” which primarily serve day it will be in all the cities of Peru that re- the city centers. It can also be found in many well-heeled tourists. These products vary in ceive visitors and that in each city, the cuisine, small towns throughout the countryside their adherence to tradition and can easily be customs and local diversity will be celebrated. but almost never in westernized city centers. seen as commodification and co-option of the In all these cases the product that always Surprisingly though, the historic drink has re- tradition, just as many Native cultures and seems common, almost the only one, is chicha. cently been popping up in some unexpectedly traditions have been appropriated throughout That’s why we did it.” X genteel locations. In 2014 Off Color Brewing history. Alternatively, the comeback of chicha Justin Mugits is a program assistant in Public Programs at NMAI. He has previously worked as an archeological techni- in Chicago, Ill., released a “Wari Chicha De may inform an Indigenous revival. cian, bagel baker and served in the Peace Corps as an English Molle Inspired Ale” that is distributed across The societal bonds created via chicha con- teacher in Mongolia. the United States, even at some Whole Foods sumption persist. Although they have evolved

16 AMERICAN INDIAN SUMMER 2018 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION 17 FOOD FOODSOVEREIGNTYSOVEREIGNTY BY CAROLYN J. Mc CLELLAN

According to the American Indian and Alaska Native Tourism Association (AIANTA), “Food is a powerful storyteller.” Comprised of member tribes from six regions across the U.S., Alaska and Hawaii, AIANTA actively supports the expansion of agritourism (agriculture-based subset of the tourism industry). Its 20th annual American Indian Tourism Confer- ence this September will feature the topic and the efforts of tribes like the Oneida Nation of Wisconsin (shown here farming manoomin, or wild rice). Visit AITC2018.com to learn more. PHOTO COURTESY OF THE ONEIDA NATION OF WISCONSIN NATION THE ONEIDA OF COURTESY PHOTO

18 AMERICAN INDIAN SUMMER 2018 STRIVING FOR A HEALTHY NATIVE MENU

e all eat to live, but sound food policy can help re- store tribal culture and improve the health of its members. This premise underlies the “food sov- ereignty” movement that has been sweeping throughW American Indian and Native Hawai- ian communities for the past few years. These tribal efforts aim to restore a healthy diet to combat diseases such as obesity and diabetes, but they also fight gen- erations of assaults on the health of tribal existence. According to the 2015-2016 First Nations Development Institute food sover- eignty report, “local food-system control is foundational to reversing years of coloniza- tion aimed at the disintegration of cultural and traditional belief systems and disman- tling of Native social and economic systems. If Native communities control local food systems, food can become a driver for cul- tural revitalization, improving community health and economic development.” Community-based organizations are wag- ing this fight through local and regional food networks. The First Nations Development Institute and the Wallace Center at Winrock International are supporting a number of tribal initiatives. First Nations has a longtime programming and grantmaking effort called the Native Agriculture and Food Systems Ini- tiative, or NAFSI, underway since 2002. Here are some prime examples of com- munity projects. E SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION 19 FOOD SOVEREIGNTY PHOTOS COURTESY OF THE QUAPAW TRIBE OF OKLAHOMA THE QUAPAW OF COURTESY PHOTOS CLOCKWISE FROM TOP LEFT: Jars of organic honey and recipe booklets produced by the Quapaw Tribe of Oklahoma. Some of the many bison that roam Quapaw tribal lands. Greenhouses where many of the decorative plants and organic microgreens, tomatoes and cucumbers are grown for use by the tribe’s hotels and casinos. Angus cattle that are part of the tribe’s ranching operations. THE QUAPAW TRIBE OF OKLAHOMA ost of the lands of the 5,000-member tion and hospitality to ranching beef and tein that these facilities are unable to. Since the Quapaw Tribe sit on the Tar Creek Su- bison, operating five greenhouses and a premium cuts of meat go to the restaurants, perfund site, former home to lead and coffee roasting plant and recently building a the tribe sometimes has a hard time selling zinc M mining. The chat piles left behind have multimillion-dollar USDA inspected bison the middle meat, and has begun to process the contaminated groundwater, pond, river and and beef processing plant. The tribe uses excess into beef sticks and beef jerky sold in its soil, causing many health problems for local these locally raised and processed beef and convenience stores. residents. The tribe has used a clean-up grant bison meat products to supply its casino The Quapaw Tribe recently purchased a from the Environmental Protection Agency to and hotel restaurants as well as convenience commercial coffee roaster to begin providing form the Quapaw Services Authority (QSA), stores. The greenhouses operate year-round coffee products for the casinos, Quapaw trib- a tribal authority to oversee site restoration. and produce the ornamentals or decorative al offices and the Quapaw Cattle Company. It is mending the soil, fixing the property for plants used for the casinos and hotels. The Roasting and blend development by Alberto drainage and creating ponds to turn it into bulk of their vegetables (cucumbers, toma- Baez, barista, has created many different something more useful, according to a recent toes and microgreens), herbs and spices go blends that can be customized for individual interview with Business Committee Chairman to their restaurants. Greenhouse manager clients. Baez states that they use 100 percent John Berrey. While the federal government Gilbert Johnston said they also keep 70 bee- Arabica beans from a number of sources and frowns upon re-inhabiting some areas, it does hives for honey production, with plans to strive to source from Indigenous groups. allow agriculture. Of the 5,000 acres managed expand to 100. Quapaw Tribe offers tours of their facilities by the tribe, 2,000 acres are cropland. Bison and According to Quapaw tribal member Monday to Friday, 7 a.m. to 4 p.m. To sched- cattle herds graze on the remainder. Mitch Albright, the tribe donates about 20,000 ule a tour, please contact Mitch Albright at With the formation of QSA, the tribe pounds of meat per year to the local schools, [email protected]. has expanded its businesses from construc- elder and daycare centers to provide the pro-

20 AMERICAN INDIAN SUMMER 2018 THE ONEIDA NATION IN WISCONSIN reservation of their white heirloom corn is a major goal of the Oneida Nation in Wisconsin. This tribe has more than 17,000 members, of whom around 3,100 live on or near the reservation Pin northeast Wisconsin west of Green Bay. In addition to beef and bi- son ranching, they manage an apple orchard, cornfields, two hotels and casinos, an LPGA golf course and country club, and the Oneida Market and One Stop. The latter is a combination gas station/convenience store where the tribe sells locally grown produce and meat products. Oneida Nation has hosted food sovereignty conferences for the past several years, giving other tribes a forum for sharing their experience with locally grown produce. It also sponsors agritourism events such as an annual Husking Bee and Apple Fest. In the Husking Bee, community and youth come together to help with the traditional ways of harvest- THE QUAPAW TRIBE OF OKLAHOMA ing, thus strengthening cultural ties. Participants learn how to harvest the corn, braid it to dry and practice seed-saving techniques. Held in mid-September, the Apple Fest serves as a pick-your-own experience and also as a free community event that offers family fun, including pony rides, food tasting and a pie contest. For more information, please contact the Oneida Nation at: oneida-nsn.gov. PHOTOS COURTESY OF THE ONEIDA NATION OF WISCONSIN NATION THE ONEIDA OF COURTESY PHOTOS ABOVE LEFT: An ear of heirloom white corn, grown by the Oneida Nation of Wisconsin, drying in the field. TOP RIGHT: Two Oneida youth harvesting corn at the end of a busy growing season. BOTTOM RIGHT: Bundles of dried Oneida heirloom white corn hung to dry for storage and use in the winter.

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION 21 FOOD SOVEREIGNTY

Student interns and staff at MA‘O Organic Farms on O‘ahu, which produces fruits and vegetables for local stores, restaurants and farmers’ markets. Proceeds sup- port additional educational opportunities for students. PHOTO COURTESY OF MA‘O ORGANIC FARMS ORGANIC OF MA‘O COURTESY PHOTO

MA‘O ORGANIC FARMS to work.” They focussed on students to create an “edu-preneurial environment” – one in PROMOTING IN WAI‘ANAE, O‘AHU which they use incentivized methods to teach hile we associate pictures of palm basic employment skills, work ethic and TRIBAL TOURISM trees and sandy beaches with systems to ensure the youth succeed. Today Food-related events are major highlights Hawai‘i, food insecurity, poverty they offer 50 paid college internships and of tribal calendars, and many welcome outside visitors. For more information Wand lack of opportunities for youth are a real- farm 24 acres of organically certified land that produce nearly 200,000 pounds of fruits about Native tourism activities near ity for its Native population. Kukui and Gary you, please contact the American Indian Maunakea-Forth sought to address this chal- and vegetables! For more information, please Alaska Native Tourism Association at lenge after they finished graduate school in contact Kukui and Gary Maunakea-Forth at aianta.org. The AIANTA describes itself 1999 and went to work as project managers [email protected]. as the “only organization specifically for MA‘O Organic Farms, sponsored by the These are only a few examples of the food dedicated to advancing Indian Country nonprofit Wai‘anae Community Re-Develop- movement in Native communities. For more tourism across the United States.” ment Corporation located in rural Wai’anae information, including how a tribe or tribal It notes that Indian Country drew 1.9 on the west side of O‘ahu. They noted the high non-profit can get involved and start its own million overseas visitors in 2016, a 180 dropout rate for Native Hawaiian youth and local project, please contact First Nations percent increase since 2007, and that foreign visits to Indian Country held the lack of a path to college for many. Through Development Institute at info@firstnations. org or the Wallace Center at Winrock In- steady last year, when visits to the U.S. grants from the U.S. Department of Agricul- as a whole dropped slightly. It offers ternational at [email protected]. Also, ture and Department of Health and Human training and support to tourism efforts, Services, they were able to lease five acres. check out any of the Wallace Center’s food and its website, NativeAmerica.travel, They produced 5,000 pounds of food in their webinars through its National Good Food offers tribes and Native-owned tourism first year. Working with a respected Kupuna Network at ngfn.org/resources. X businesses international marketing (elder) in the community, they embraced his Carolyn J. McClellan (Cherokee Nation) is the assistant direc- opportunities at no cost. tor for programs at the National Museum of the mantra of “love, respect and the willingness American Indian.

22 AMERICAN INDIAN SUMMER 2018 PHOTO BY TAYLOR REES TAYLOR BY PHOTO GATHER: THE FOOD MOVEMENT ON FILM Chef Nephi Craig (White Mountain Apache/ Navajo) sums it up simply: “Now we’re on the other side of the apocalypse.” The well-known culinary artist was referring to efforts that Native communities are actively pursuing in order to reclaim their

PHOTO BY RENAN OZTURK BY PHOTO traditional foods, diets and systems – as well as to return to traditional nutrition and well- being – which is broadly called the “Native food movement.” This earnest rebuilding comes after hundreds of years of colonialism that sought to supplant America’s original inhabitants through many means, including the eradication of their well-established food and agriculture systems. A new feature-length documentary film titled Gather focuses on this growing Native food sovereignty movement. It will premiere in early 2019 at a major film festival and will be released theatrically in the United States and possibly elsewhere. First Nations Development Institute (First Nations) is involved in the production, aligning the film with its First Nations’ Native Agriculture and Food Systems Initiative. The film features many NAFSI grantees and partners, as well as others who are making strides in advancing Native food sover- eignty as a way of asserting tribal sovereignty, reclaiming control of Native food systems and PHOTO BY ADAM SINGS IN THE TIMBER (CROW) THE SINGS IN ADAM BY PHOTO helping restore the health and well-being of Film stills from Gather, featuring traditional means of preparing salmon over open fire. TOP LEFT: Sammy Gensaw Native communities. To learn more, (Yurok) prepares salmon for smoking on wooden stakes. TOP RIGHT: Gensaw with Danielle Hill (Mashpee Wampa- visit http://gather.film. noag). ABOVE: Roasting salmon from Tolowa Nation tribal lands in northern California.

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION 23 NAAL TSOOS SANÍ (The Old Paper) The Navajo Treaty of 1868, Nation Building and Self-Determination

BY JENNIFER NEZ DENETDALE

Signed on paper torn from an army ledger The Navajo paid dearly for their territo- book, the Navajo Nation Treaty, signed ries. Beginning in late 1863, the United States June 1, 1868, reunited the Navajo people uprooted about 10,500 Navajo men, women with the land taken from them. On Feb. 20, and children from their homes and force- 2018, the Museum installed the 20-page marched them 450 miles to Bosque Redondo, original document in its exhibition Nation an internment camp on the Pecos River in to Nation: Treaties Between the United southeastern New Mexico. After four years of States and American Indian Nations. suffering, starvation, disease and death, the In May, the treaty moves to the Navajo exiles convinced U.S. officials to allow them to Nation Museum in Window Rock, Ariz., return to their “beloved country” in 1868.2 In where it will be on display for the 150th the Treaty they signed that year, the Navajo ac- anniversary of its signing. The following on cepted a 3.4-million acre reservation in what the treaty’s history are excerpts from the is now northeastern Arizona and northwest- Nation to Nation catalogue by Dr. Jennifer ern New Mexico. Although it included only Nez Denetdale (Diné) and Museum staff. about one-fourth of the Navajo’s traditional ...... territories,3 the reservation provided a haven he 19th century was a time of in which to regroup and repopulate – and dispossession and dislocation from which to reclaim additional homelands. for many Native nations.1 Today, the Navajo Nation is the largest Indian Yet not all tribal groups lost reservation in the United States, encompass- or were banished from their ing about 25,000 square miles across Arizona, homelands. Though wrenched New Mexico and Utah.4 from their aboriginal territories, in 1868 the Treaty with the Navajo, page 18. June 1, 1868. Fort TNavajo managed to return to and regain a Sumner, N.M. Ledger book paper, ink. 12" × 8". significant portion of their tribal estate in the National Archives and Records Administration, Four Corners area of the Southwest, and they Washington, D.C. The list of signatures on this page continued to expand their nation’s boundar- of the 1868 treaty includes the marks of Barboncito ies in the late 19th and 20th centuries. and Manuelito. E 24 AMERICAN INDIAN SUMMER 2018 (The Old Paper)

Juanita, or Asdzáá Tł’ogi (Diné [Navajo]), posing with Indian agent William F.M. Arny and her weaving during her trip to Washington, D.C., as part of a delegation led by her husband, Manuelito, 1874. Washington, D.C. Photo by Charles M. Bell. National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution NAA INV 06396900

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION 25 Manuelito, ca. 1882. Juanita, or Asdzáá Tł’ógi (Diné Photographer unknown. [Navajo]), the wife of the Navajo Probably New Mexico. leader Manuelito, 1874. Washington, Palace of the Governors D.C. Photo by Charles M. Bell. Photo Archives, Santa Fe, N.M. National Museum of the American NMHM /DCA 134484 Indian P02723

“ LAYING CLAIMS TO n June 1, 1868 Navajo (Diné) sense of ongoing injustices wrought by the leaders signed a final treaty United States. On the one hand, the People TERRITORY LONG BEFORE with the United States.5 At (an English translation of Diné) retain a deep ANY SPANIARD EVER SET the Bosque Redondo res- sense of the deprivation that their ancestors FOOT IN THE SOUTHWEST, ervation to which they had suffered; on the other, they remember their THE PEOPLES WHO WOULD been exiled four years ear- ancestors’ successful struggle to regain a land lier, Diné leaders successfully persuaded Gen- base, sustain cultural traditions and keep alive BECOME THE DINÉ EMERGED Oeral William Tecumseh Sherman to allow their the Diné language. Naal Tsoos Saní also repre- FROM THE LOWER WORLDS people to return to their homeland. Of their sents the birth of the modern Navajo Nation, IN A REGION STILL KNOWN return the Diné leader Manuelito said, “The for in coming to an agreement with Navajo AS DINÉTAH, OR “AMONG days and nights were long before it came time leaders, the United States acknowledged the for us to go to our homes…. When we saw the Diné as sovereign. Finally, as the Navajo THE PEOPLE.” DINÉTAH IS top of the mountain from Albuquerque we people face the challenges of life in the 21st THE PLACE WHERE wondered if it was our mountain, and we felt century, they often have conversations about EARTH PEOPLE AND HOLY like talking to the ground, we loved it so, and what it means to move beyond a relationship PEOPLE INTERACTED; some of the old men and women cried with with the United States in which their nation is joy when they reached their homes.”6 Naal cast as a “domestic dependent.”7 In these vi- THEIR RELATIONSHIPS Tsoos Saní, or the Old Paper, as the Navajo sions of a Navajo Nation, the Diné emphasize FORM THE FOUNDATION OF have named the 1868 treaty, marks a shift in the importance of their way of life, founded PRACTICES AND TEACHINGS Navajo history, the point at which the Navajo in the concept of sa’ah nagháí bik’eh hózhóón, THAT UNDERLIE NAVAJO people lost their freedom and autonomy and which can be translated as “the path to beauty came under American colonial rule. Since the and old age.” LIFE TODAY.” treaty, Navajo history has been one of ongoing Sovereignty and self-determination for efforts to reclaim their former independence, the Diné mean their concrete rights to self- sovereignty and self-determination. government, territorial integrity and cultural The treaty evokes memories of Navajo autonomy under international law.8 Between resistance to colonial powers and a strong 1706 and 1819, Spain and Mexico signed trea- 26 AMERICAN INDIAN SUMMER 2018 ties with Navajo leaders, thereby recognizing Barboncito, 1868. Fort Navajo sovereignty.9 Laying claims to territory Sumner, N.M. Photo by long before any Spaniard ever set foot in the Valentine Wolfenstein, National Museum of the Southwest, the peoples who would become American Indian the Diné emerged from the lower worlds in P20816. a region still known as Dinétah, or “among the People.” Dinétah is the place where earth people and Holy People interacted; their re- lationships form the foundation of practices and teachings that underlie Navajo life today. The Holy People set the Diné homeland’s boundaries with soil brought from the lower world, placing the soil as mountains in each of the four directions. Diné Bikéyah refers to the lands that lie within the four sacred moun- tains, which are named Sis Naajiní, or Blanca Peak, in the east; Tsoodził, or Mount Taylor, in the south; Dook’oosłííd, or the San Francisco Peaks, in the west; and Dibé Nitsaa, or Mount Hesperus, in the north. The soil brought from the world below also formed two other mountains: Dził Na’oodiłii, or Huerfano Mountain – east of the center, and Ch’ool’í’í, or Gobernador Knob – the center. These last two mountains are within Dinétah and central to events that occurred when the progenitors of the Diné emerged into the world we inhabit today, which is known as the Glittering World. Traditional Navajo philosophy names these six mountains as the leaders of the Diné. It is in this place that the philosophy sa’ah nagháí bik’eh hózhóón was established through ac- tions and words. Navajo leaders and citizens declare that traditional teachings form the foundation of the sovereignty that the United States recognized in the Treaty of 1868. THE TREATY OF 1868 Treaties signed between the United States and tribal leaders on behalf of their people in the In affixing their X-marks to paper, Diné “ THE NAVAJO PEOPLE TRUST latter half of the 19th century are often seen as leaders both affirmed Diné sovereignty and the beginning of Native dependency on the acknowledged the authority of the United THAT THE UNITED STATES United States and an erosion of tribal autono- States to limit tribal sovereignty. They did WILL FULFILL ITS LEGAL my and freedom. American negotiators clear- what they had to do in an impossible situa- AND MORAL OBLIGATIONS ly sought the conversion of Native Peoples tion to allow their people to have a future.12 UNDER THE TREATY. EVEN and their cultures to something resembling This future, according to Native scholar Scott Euro-American social, political and economic Lyons, meant “adopting new ways of living, THOUGH THE TREATY AN- systems, and, for the Navajo people, the Treaty thinking and being that do not necessarily TICIPATED THE EVENTUAL they signed in 1868 with the Americans was emanate from a traditional cultural source ASSIMILATION OF THE 10 no different. The Navajo Nation, like many (or, for that matter, ‘time immemorial’), and NAVAJO, IT ALSO CREATED other Native Nations, was established as a sometimes it means appropriating the new “domestic dependent” of the United States. As and changing it to feel like the old.”13 Further, THE PHYSICAL SPACE AND Native scholars Wallace Coffey and Rebecca the document remains an important symbol OPPORTUNITY FOR THE Tsosie write, “In a world where tribal politi- of Navajo sovereignty and all the possibilities NAVAJO TO DEFINE AND cal sovereignty is dependent upon federal ac- for living once again under Diné philosophy. EXERCISE SOVEREIGNTY knowledgement, Indian nations will always be Thus, the Navajo Treaty of 1868 reso- vulnerable to restrictions on their sovereignty, nates as a document that has historical, AND SELF-GOVERNMENT.” and perhaps even to the total annihilation of legal and cultural meaning. For the Navajo their sovereignty.”11 people, the Treaty terms that allowed them SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION 27 Weaving on a loom that was acquired by Indian agent William F.M. Arny from Juanita (Asdzáá Tł’ogi), the wife of the Navajo leader Manuelito, during their trip to Washington, D.C., as part of a delegation, 1874. Made by Juanita, (1845–1910), Diné (Navajo). New Mexico. Wool yarn, wooden rods. 35.5" × 17.8". Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution E16494--0 PHOTO BY DONALD E. HURLBERT, NATIONAL MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM OF NATURAL NATIONAL DONALD E. HURLBERT, BY PHOTO 28 AMERICAN INDIAN SUMMER 2018 to return to their ancestral territories were paramount, even though their domain was substantially less than what it had formerly been. In addition, as political scientist David Wilkins points out, treaties “have an ongoing symbolic and substantive significance and are still the most important device for cre- ating and maintaining the unique political relationship between tribes and the United States.”14 From the Navajo perspective the Treaty reflects the foundation of the U.S.– Navajo relationship. The Navajo people trust that the United States will fulfill its legal and moral obligations under the Treaty.15 Even though the Treaty anticipated the eventual assimilation of the Navajo, it also created the physical space and opportunity for the Na- vajo to define and exercise sovereignty and self-government. Navajo leaders and com- munity activists have used this opportunity to develop a cultural dimension of Navajo sovereignty, one that links the Navajo Nation to “its territory, its environment, its neigh- bors and entails the people’s right to think and act freely and to meet their own needs as they see fit.”16 Under the Treaty, the Navajo agreed to cease war against the United States and allow structures and buildings where federal au- thorities could oversee their obligations to the Navajo. The United States agreed to provide annuities for 10 years. Federal agents thought that 10 years of annuities would be enough to move the nation to self-sufficiency. Other provisions allowed for the allotment of the land for farming (a provision that was largely not implemented), and the Navajo agreed not to oppose the construction of railroads through their country. Perhaps one provision that remains contentious is the stipulation that Navajo children would be afforded an American education. Indeed, Manuelito sent his own sons to the Carlisle Indian Industrial School in Pennsylvania because he believed education could be a tool for protecting sover- eignty. At Fort Sumner, N.M., Manuelito had said, “Life does not end. It goes on.”17 In 1874, together with his wife, son and other Navajo leaders, he led a delegation to Washington, D.C., to affirm Navajo land rights.18 The Treaty confirms the Navajo Nation’s rights and powers to regulate its own affairs without undue interference. These rights and powers include the ability to make laws, ex- ecute and apply them, and impose and collect taxes.19 In particular, in the 1959 case Wil- PHOTOS COURTESY OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM OF THE AMERICAN INDIAN THE MUSEUM OF THE NATIONAL OF COURTESY PHOTOS liams v. Lee the U.S. Supreme Court affirmed Museum staff who are members of the Navajo Nation and/or Apache tribes assisted in the installation of the Navajo Nation’s right to regulate non- Juanita’s weaving and loom in the Nation to Nation gallery on Feb. 8, 2018. Elayne Silversmith (top right), librarian Indian companies that do business on Navajo with the Museum's Vine Deloria Jr. Library, and essay author Jennifer Denetdale are both descendants of Juanita. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION 29 “ ONE FUTURE GOAL IS land. The case involved a non-Indian trader 2005, after years of planning, the Navajo and bringing suit against a Navajo couple and their allies dedicated the Bosque Redondo RECLAIMING TRUE NAVAJO confiscating their livestock to settle their debt Memorial at the site of the old reserva- NATIONHOOD. PRIOR TO to him. In its ruling, the Supreme Court held tion in Fort Sumner. Gregory Scott Smith, a COLONIZATION, NAVAJO that, without congressional authorization, manager of the memorial, acknowledged its SOCIETY HAD TRUE SELF- state courts have no jurisdiction in a civil case importance: “It will honor the memory of brought by a non-Indian doing business on thousands of Navajo and Mescalero Apache SUFFICIENCY. THE PEOPLE a reservation against tribal citizens who live people who suffered and died as a result of the COULD DIRECT THEIR WAY there, and that the case should have been forced relocation and internment. Moreover, OF LIFE WITHOUT OUTSIDE filed in the tribal court.20 In the 1985 case it will celebrate the official birth of a sover- INTRUSION.” Kerr McGee Corp. v. Navajo Tribe of Indians, eign nation born of the tragedy of Bosque the Supreme Court once again affirmed Na- Redondo.”22 These commemorations reflect vajo tribal sovereignty when it ruled that the Navajo leaders’ and their citizens’ sense of Secretary of the Interior’s approval was not accomplishment for having retained cultural required for the Navajo Nation to pass laws values and controlled their government in the imposing taxes on companies conducting decades since the Treaty was made. business on Navajo land.21 The meaning of the 1868 Treaty remains The cultural dimension of sovereignty is integral to Navajo efforts to determine what just as important as its legal and historical sovereignty and self-determination mean to aspects. On numerous occasions Navajo lead- them. As Navajo scholar Lloyd Lee notes, a ers and their allies have commemorated the number of Indigenous intellectuals express meaning of the 1868 Treaty. In 1968 the Na- the desire of Native Nations to return to health vajo people celebrated the 100th anniversary and prosperity based upon Native methods of of their return from the Bosque Redondo. In governance.23 The Navajo people must decide if and how they will create a nation based upon their own Diné laws, and they must decide what kind of relationship they wish to have with the United States. Lee writes, “One future goal is reclaiming true Navajo nation- hood. Prior to colonization, Navajo society had true self-sufficiency. The People could direct their way of life without outside intru- sion.” In Navajo formulations of sovereignty and self-determination, revaluing the Navajo philosophy of sa’ah nagháí bik’eh hózhóón is key.24 Certainly, the Navajo Nation’s establish- ment of a Navajo Nation Human Rights Com- mission shows the desire to pursue a vision of belonging to the international community of nations on an equal basis with other nations.25 Every year Navajo citizens celebrate Navajo Treaty Day. Integral to the celebrations are the memories and stories about leaders such as Manuelito, his wife, Juanita (her public Na- vajo name was Asdzáá Tł’ógi), Barboncito and others who claimed the rights of their people to live within the four sacred mountains and in a manner of their own choosing. They sacrificed much to ensure the future of their nation and people. That sacrifice has made it possible for the Navajo to maintain and re- vitalize their culture, assert their sovereignty and continually negotiate their relationship with the United States. X Jennifer Nez Denetdale (Diné [Navajo]) is the first citizen of the Navajo Nation to earn a doctorate in history, and is an associate professor of American studies at the University of New Mexico. She is also a commissioner on the Navajo Nation Navajo women and children, 1864–68. Fort Sumner, N.M. Photographer unknown. Palace of the Governors Human Rights Commission, and an author of scholarly works and books on Navajo history for young adults. Photo Archives, Santa Fe, N.M. NMHM/DCA 038207

30 AMERICAN INDIAN SUMMER 2018 Endnotes 1 Stuart Banner, How the Indians Lost Their Land: Law Possibility in Indigenous Struggles for Self-Determina- Juanita (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2007), 82-84. and Power on the Frontier (Cambridge: Belknap Press, tion (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2005), 18. 18 Ibid. 2007), 228-90. 9 David E. Wilkins, The Navajo Political Experience 19 Wilkins, Navajo Political Experience. 2 Peter Iverson, Diné: A History of the Navajos (Tsaile, Ariz.: Diné College Press, 1999), 20–23, (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 210, 211. 20 Bethany R. Berger, “Williams v. Lee and the Debate 2002), 59; John L. Kessell, “General Sherman and Over Indian Equality,” Michigan Law Review 109 (June 10 John L. Kessell, “General Sherman and the Navajo the Navajo Treaty of 1868: A Basic and Expedient 2011): 1463–528. Treaty of 1868: A Basic and Expedient Misunderstand- Misunderstanding,” Western Historical Quarterly 12, ing,” Western Historical Quarterly 12, no. 3 (1981). 21 Ibid. no. 3 (July 1981): 263. 11 Wallace Coffey and Rebecca Tsosie, “Rethinking the 22 Gregory Scott Smith, “A Concern for the Future,” El 3 Peter Iverson, The Navajos (New York: Chelsea Tribal Sovereignty Doctrine: Tribal Sovereignty and the Palacio 108 (Winter 2003): 19. See also Jennifer Nez House, 1990), 46. Collective Future of Indian Nations,” Stanford Law and Denetdale, The Long Walk: The Forced Navajo Exile 4 Navajo Area Office, Indian Health Service website, Policy Review 12, no. 2 (2001): 194. (New York: Chelsea House, 2007), 112–13. www.ihs.gov/navajo/index.cfm?module=nao_na- 12 Joanne Barker, Native Acts: Law, Recognition, and 23 Lloyd L. Lee, “Reclaiming Indigenous Intellectual, vajo_nation; U.S. Department of Interior, Bureau of Cultural Authenticity (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Political, and Geographical Space: A Path for Navajo Indian Affairs, www.bia.gov/FAQs/index.htm. Press, 2011). Barker argues that as Native Peoples Nationhood,” American Indian Quarterly 32, no. 1 5 The names Diné and Navajo are used interchangeably we should appreciate the deplorable conditions under (Winter 2008): 96-110. throughout this essay, because both refer to which our leaders agreed to treaty terms with the 24 Ibid., 107. who we are. United States. 25 See the Navajo Nation Human Rights Commission’s 6 William A. Keleher, Turmoil in New Mexico, 13 Scott Richard Lyons, X-Marks: Native Signatures website at www.nnhrc.navajo-nsn.gov. The commission 1846–1868 (Santa Fe: Rydal Press, 1952), 277, cited in of Assent (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, is charged with several responsibilities, including the Crawford R. Buell, “The Navajo ‘Long Walk’: Recollec- 2010), 32, 33. need to have a presence at the United Nations. tions by Navajos” in The Changing Ways of Southwest- 14 Wilkins, Navajo Political Experience, 22. ern Indians: A Historic Perspective, ed. Albert Schroeder This article is excerpted from “Naal Tsoos Saní: The (Glorieta, N.M.: Rio Grande Press, 1971), 183. 15 Ibid., 23-25. Navajo Treaty of 1868, Nation Building and Self- Determination,” pages 116-132, in Nation to Nation: 7 Cherokee Nation v. Georgia, 30 U.S. (5 Peters) 1, 17. 16 Ibid., 16, 17. Treaties Between the United States and American Indian 8 Joanne Barker, “For Whom Sovereignty Matters,” 17 Quoted in Jennifer Nez Denetdale, Reclaiming Diné Nations (NMAI and Smithsonian Books, 2014). in Sovereignty Matters: Locations of Contestation and History: The Legacies of Navajo Chief Manuelito and

IDYLLWILD ARTS Native American Workshops and June 18 Festival through July 1 2018 Joe Baker - Bandolier Bag Scholarships for Native American adults and kids available for all workshops!

idyllwildarts.org/nativearts [email protected] 951-468-7265

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION 31 Charles Shay performs his sage ceremony on Omaha Beach, where he landed during D-Day. “I touch my forehead with the sage mixture, say a prayer and drop the mixture into the fire. I repeat the process to all four directions of the compass, twice. The first time I remember my family and ancestors, the second time my fellow brothers-in-arms that never made it home. Each year I think I’ll be joining them soon and I’m consoled knowing they will greet me.” Shay

PHOTO COURTESY CHARLES NORMAN SHAY COURTESY PHOTO has traveled to Normandy nearly every year since 2007 to conduct the ceremony. He’s now 93.

32 AMERICAN INDIAN SUMMER 2018 BY RAMONA DU HOUX MEDIC AT D-DAY THE HUMBLE HEROISM OF CHARLES NORMAN SHAY

he sound of bullets popping through air and piercing the water haunts Charles Nor- man Shay to this day. He doesn’t recall how many wounded men he pulled from the water while machine gun rounds streamed past. He doesn’t really want to remember that day Twhen he repeatedly plunged into the treacherous sea to carry men up onto Omaha Beach. The 19-year-old Penobscot from Indian Island, Me., was an Army medic in the 16th Infantry Regiment, part of the unit known as the Big Red One. Shay had the distinction of being in one of the three combat regiments of the 1st Infantry Division that spearheaded the D-Day assault in Normandy, France. On the evening before the invasion landing, Shay had a sur- prise visit from a fellow Penobscot, Melvin Neptune. It seemed like destiny to meet someone he knew well from his small home reservation aboard an attack transport ship. “He didn’t trouble me with his combat experience, nor did he offer me advice. Instead, we talked about home, because he knew I had never been in combat . . . all hell was about to break loose on me,” Shay recalls. The Big Red One sustained about 2,000 casualties, most during the first hour of the landings under heavy German fire. With his eyes stinging from the thick smoke that engulfed the battle, Shay looked seaward at injured men struggling to get ashore, loaded down with equipment. Some were drown- ing in the rising tide. Without hesitation he ran into danger. E SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION 33 CHARLES NORMAN SHAY

Armed with only his two satchels of medical supplies, he maneuvered “The ceremonies are my way of trying to take up contact with the spir- around the fallen to pull the living up on the beach. He’ll never forget its of the brave men that remain there.” the smell of burning flesh, vehicles and oil carried on the ocean breezes. Since 2007 Shay has made the pilgrimage to Normandy nearly every “The seas were red with the blood. At the very beginning, it was year. Wearing a deer-hide vest with the beaded design of a turtle on the difficult for me to witness so much carnage. I had to push what I was back, he fans the smoke, created from burning tobacco, sage and sweet- experiencing out of my mind, so I could function the way I was trained grass, gently with an eagle feather, sanctifying the area. to function. Then I was able to operate effectively and even saved a few “I bathe myself in this smoke to cleanse my mind and my body of all lives. I have always been proud to be a medic. It’s a special privilege.” evil, concentrating very earnestly on the spirits of my fellow comrades- By noon, almost half of the soldiers and most of the officers in his in-arms who are still there. I let them know they’re not forgotten.” company were wounded or dead. Up to 3,000 Allied troops died, and Speaking openly about his wartime experiences during his first some 9,000 were injured or classified as missing the day of the largest visits to Normandy was a challenge, after being silent about them for seaborne invasion in recorded history. more than 62 years. But the people of France eased his worries. “I was Shay remembers cradling the critically wounded to give them surprised to witness the sincerity of the citizens expressing their joy some comfort. He stayed with Private Edward Morozewicz, easing and gratitude at the liberation, after so many years. The gratitude was his passing. In 2017 Shay visited Morozewicz’s family, making sure especially awe-inspiring and almost unbelievable.” they knew of Edward’s bravery, and he participated in a special cer- His 2017 trip back to the war zone was different in a special way. His emony honoring his fellow medic. He still questions why he lived nephew Timothy Shay assisted him in the ceremony, and the people when Morozewicz perished. “I knew he was slowly dying. I bandaged of France honored him by dedicating a park on a bluff that overlooks his wounds and gave him morphine. But I knew there was no help for Omaha Beach – to him and all American Indians who fought for the him,” says a somber Shay. Allies during the war. Seven medics from his regiment were killed on D-Day and 24 others The Charles Shay Memorial immortalizes the 175 Native Ameri- wounded. “I am a great believer in a spiritual way of life. My mother’s cans who landed on Omaha Beach on D-Day. Only 55 of them have prayers must have guided me.” been identified. For his gallantry that day, Private Shay was awarded the Silver Star. “Now, there is a plaque commemorating Indian soldiers who left In 2007 French President Nicolas Sarkozy honored him with the Lé- Turtle Island to help liberate our ancient French allies. An estimated gion d’Honneur. He is one of two American Indian combat medics to 500 tribesmen participated in Operation Neptune (D-Day), as para- survive the war, both without any injuries. troopers or as ground troops landing on the beaches…these brave On the 2017 anniversary of D-Day, he listened intently to the waves men have passed into the spirit world. We will not forget,” said Shay lapping the shore, remembering his brothers-in-arms who died there at the park’s commemorative ceremony, citing the Indian name for 73 years ago, as he performed a sage-smudging ceremony at dawn. North America.

34 AMERICAN INDIAN SUMMER 2018 ABOVE, LEFT: Shay gives tribute to all Native Americans who fought on the shores of Normandy on D-Day, during the opening of the park dedicated to them, aptly named the Charles Norman Shay Memorial Park. Tribal representatives from across America flew in for the occasion. MIDDLE: Charles Shay and Marie Pascale Legrand look towards the wooden box on a ceremonial blanket containing eagle feathers and the sage mixture that he uses to, “connect with my brothers lost on D-Day.” RIGHT: Major General Timothy McGuire, U.S. Army Europe, honors and congratu- lates Shay. Legrand was instrumental in the creation of the park, working with local officials and the military to make it happen. The turtle is a sacred animal representing wisdom and longevity. It also is the animal Shay chose as a little boy to be his personal Penobscot animal. Sculpted by his nephew Tim, the park’s turtle looks out over the Atlantic, with its head turned west towards Indian Island, Maine, home of the Penobscot Nation, where Shay lives. Charles Shay went on to see action during the Battle of Aachen, the Battle of Hurtgen Forest and the Battle of the Bulge. After crossing the Rhine on the bridge at Remagen in 1945, he was captured. “My heart breaks for those women who prayed for their brave sons but never welcomed their sons home again,” says Shay wiping away a tear. “I can never forget the men who never had the chance to experi- ence life as it was meant to be, a wife and a family, but instead were destined to depart this life in some far-off land.” Shay and his three brothers served in World War II; two in the U.S. Navy and one in the Army Air Corps as a B-17 gunner. All survived. But for nearly two agonizing months, Shay’s mother, Florence, thought Charles had perished, unaware he’d been taken prisoner. CHARLES NORMAN SHAY COURTESY PHOTOS Medic Shay with his brothers-in-arms outside of Aachen, Germany, 1944. Shay said he would never forget her expression when she opened “Aachen was one of the bloody battles the 16th Infantry Regiment participated in. the door and saw him standing there. Tears of joy streamed down her We were there for many of them.” Left from the back row: the first sergeant, face. “It was the only time I enjoyed making my mother cry.” Lieutenant Otsby, and Lieutenant Jan Kowski. Kneeling: Medic Private Shay But jobs were scarce, and being a decorated Penobscot veteran held and the radioman. little weight. “While a good number of us were decorated with purple

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION 35 CHARLES NORMAN SHAY PHOTO COURTESY CHARLES NORMAN SHAY COURTESY PHOTO

When he was a boy, Shay’s family hearts, bronze and silver stars, when we came back to our reservations, and other Penobscots dressed in we didn’t talk about our experiences. We weren’t asked.” ceremonial regalia for pageants. He reenlisted and served in Austria. He returned to combat as a During the Depression, his parents set up tents in Lincolnville medic in Korea and was awarded the Bronze Star with two Oak Leaf Beach, Maine, where they lived clusters, again for valor in saving lives. After serving a short time in the over the summer selling baskets southern Pacific, where atomic bombs were being tested, he joined the and other crafted Indian items while Air Force, before retiring in 1954 as a master sergeant. Then he worked Shay danced for the tourists. “We’d in Vienna for the International Atomic Energy Commission and later also travel across the state performing at hotels.” Back row L-R: for the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, before finally Leo Shay, Howard Ranco, Roland returning home to Indian Island. Nelson. Front row: Bruce Poolaw, As a child, Charles had to walk across the Penobscot River in the Lucy Poolaw, Florence Nicolar Shay depths of winter to attend school off the reservation. His mother and Charles Shay (who was known wanted her son to be more integrated with the larger community, so he as Little Muskrat when he danced). dutifully made the trek in all weather, despite Maine’s frigid conditions. Years later, in Korea, those experiences had hardened him enough to face a Siberian cold front that descended over the Chosin Reservoir, plunging temperatures to as low as −35°F. “It was bitter cold. Medical supplies froze – plasma became use- Shay's book, Project Omaha Beach: The Life less. To defrost morphine syrettes, we put them in our mouths before and Military Service of a Penobscot Indian Elder, published by Polar Bear & Company, they could be injected. Frostbite was a major problem, killing too many an imprint of the nonprofit Solon Center for men. But our mission extricating a Marine division was successful, and Research and Publishing. we were evacuated on Christmas Eve.” In 2003, shortly after he returned to Indian Island to retire, his be- loved wife, Lilly, passed.

36 AMERICAN INDIAN SUMMER 2018 Shay stands outside his museum on Indian Island, Maine. Shay’s family owned a business where tourists could watch them weave traditional baskets, before Charles turned it into Princess Watahwaso’s Teepee, a museum dedicated to the accomplishment of his ancestors and the Penobscot nation. The “princess” was his actress aunt with whom he toured, dancing as a boy. PHOTO BY RAMONA DU HOUX BY PHOTO SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION 37 CHARLES NORMAN SHAY

Shay shares his stories with his publisher, Polar Bear and Company in Solon, Maine while finalizing his book. Until 2007 he never spoke of his experiences in WWII, even to his beloved wife Lilly. “It was best left unspoken. But now new generations need to recognize what we fought for and why. We need to tell our stories. I could not vote but was proud to serve my country. Democracy should never be taken for granted.” PHOTO BY RAMONA DU HOUX BY PHOTO

“After 40 years living in Vienna, when I returned home it was like He also facilitated the publication of a new edition of his grand- night and day. I had left a city with a population of well over one mil- father Joseph Nicolar’s book, The Life and Traditions of the Red Man. lion and returned to a small reservation with about 500 souls. I’m “I’m trying to do whatever I can to promote my Native American proud of my heritage. It was always my desire to return home.” culture, to promote what my ancestors have done. For a small com- But he couldn’t stay in retirement, as he felt it was his responsibility munity, we have many artists – people that do very fine beadwork, to step forward into the public light to make sure the sacrifices Natives basket makers, painters, woodcarvers, sculptors, not to forget au- had made during the wars would be remembered. In doing so he has thors. I’m proud of our young people, many of whom have attained become a tireless promoter of the Penobscot Nation, passing on his degrees. It is my hope that our tribe will continue to prosper and that cultural heritage. we will eventually be treated on an equal basis, on the state/tribal “We are very fortunate as a people to live in this great democratic administration level.” land, where we enjoy freedom of speech and religion. Many other A white-shingled teepee stands beside his house, erected by his countries enjoy these privileges too, but some people are forced to exist aunt Lucy Nicolar Poolaw, known on the stage as the dancer Princess under suppression and live under the will-power of a minority, which Watahwaso. Shay has transformed the teepee into a museum he runs, creates much unrest in the world,” says Shay. preserving family and Penobscot history. “Our youth should always be proud of and never forget their heritage. He remembers performing Native dances for tourists and giving They should always be prepared to step forward, should always protect them tours of Indian Island, while he was growing up. “I liked it, we our way of life and the land we live in, should another threaten us.” earned money for the family.” Shay went on to write Project Omaha Beach: The Life and Military In 2009, Governor John Baldacci of Maine honored Shay and other Service of a Penobscot Indian Elder, published by Polar Bear & Company, American Indians by proclaiming June 21 Native American Veterans an imprint of the nonprofit Solon Center for Research and Publishing. Day in the state. The date was specifically chosen because it’s the an- “My book is a journey into the past, a past that I would prefer to wipe niversary of the day the Wabanaki joined the American Revolution in out of my memory, but this is not possible.” 1775. The Penobscot Indian Nation is one of four tribes in Maine that

38 AMERICAN INDIAN SUMMER 2018 make up the Wabanaki Confederacy. Shay is a direct descendent of Pe- nobscot Chief Joseph Orono, who fought with General Washington’s troops in the Revolutionary War. “We were second-class citizens in our own country but served this country faithfully. In effect, we were fighting to protect our own land,” says Shay. “I know that bullets and shrapnel do not distinguish between soldiers of different racial, national, ethnic or religious heritage. But, I know that not all those who served and sacrificed have been, or are, treated equally. This day will provide us with the opportunity to remind…and to honor those who have served or are now serving our country,” said Shay at the bill signing. Looking out over the Penobscot River that runs adjacent to his home, Shay points in the direction of Normandy, France. “On June 21st, Native American Veterans Day, we will unveil a twin turtle statue to the one on Omaha Beach. The turtles will be looking at each other across the ocean, to bring our peoples together.” X For the past 13 years, Ramona du Houx has been the features writer for Maine Insights, a statewide newsmagazine. She’s written for various newspapers and magazines, has published a novel and is also a professional photographer. Contact her at [email protected].

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION 39

Spring_NMAIMAg_2018.indd 1 4/18/18 11:51 AM ...... INSIDE NMAI

AN EVENING AT THE MUSEUM: MINGLING WITH THE AMERICANS BY HANNAH WENDLING

ttracting young profes- A Host Committee of influential mem- sionals to after-hours bers of the community helped generate inter- events is a new goal for est for the event, which was made possible many museums and on through the generous support of the National March 28, the National Museum of the American Indian National Museum of the Ameri- Council. Stay tuned for more information can Indian in Washing- about the next after hours event taking place ton, D.C., joined the trend. More than 200 this October during the Museum’s Day of the Aguests attended Americans After Hours. The Dead Festival. X Museum’s first foray into this new cultural and Hannah Wendling is a Special Events Coordinator in the NMAI social experience combined a party atmosphere Office of External Affairs. with behind-the-scenes access to Americans, the well-reviewed new major installation. The evening included a variety of food and drinks from local D.C. and Native-owned businesses. Guests enjoyed a poke bar from Hawaiian-owned Abunai Poke and cooking demonstrations by the Mitsitam Café’s Chef Freddie Bitsoie. Museum members and first- time visitors alike sampled beers from Right Proper Brewing Company, a signature cock- tail by Republic Restoratives and a variety of wines from the Cedar Band of Paiutes’ Twisted Cedar Wines. For dessert, attendees sampled mini cones scooped by Ice Cream Jubilee. Music by D.J. Little Bacon Bear resonated from the Potomac Atrium to the third floor where guests explored the Americans gallery. They could take in the exhibition, chat with curators Paul Chaat Smith (Comanche) and Cécile R. Ganteaume and speak with Museum Collections and Rights & Reproductions staff about their contributions to the project. No guests left without making their own button – or two! – inspired by the exhibition. In ad- Guests commemorate the evening by dition, Museum members received a special, having their picture taken with Ande the Llama outside of The Great Inka Road. commemorative exhibition pin. The gallery was packed throughout the night.

40 AMERICAN INDIAN SUMMER 2018 MINGLING WITH THE AMERICANS ABOVE: Guests making buttons inspired by the exhibition and past editions of American Indian magazine. LEFT: Mitsitam Café Chef Freddie Bitsoie discusses his techniques for preparing cholla bud salad with prickly pear vinaigrette and sumac seared halibut with guests.

The Americans gallery was packed throughout the night with guests enjoying the exhibition and speaking with Museum staff about their behind-the-scenes work. PHOTOS BY TEKO PHOTOGRAPHY TEKO BY PHOTOS

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION 41 EXHIBITIONS + EVENTS CAlendar JUNE/JULY/AUGUST 2018

SMITHSONIAN’S NATIONAL MUSEUM OF THE AMERICAN INDIAN ON THE NATIONAL MALL IN WASHINGTON, D.C.

WASHINGTON EXHIBITIONS OUR UNIVERSES: TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE SHAPING OUR WORLD ONGOING AS WE GROW: TRADITIONS, TOYS AND GAMES WINDOW ON COLLECTIONS: MANY HANDS, MANY VOICES RETURN TO A NATIVE PLACE: ALGONQUIAN PEOPLES OF THE CHESAPEAKE AMERICANS ONGOING TRAIL OF TEARS THROUGH DECEMBER 2018 THE GREAT INKA ROAD: ENGINEERING AN EMPIRE Plains Indian objects on display in the THROUGH JUNE 2020 Battle of Little Bighorn gallery of the NATION TO NATION: Americans exhibition.

TREATIES BETWEEN THE AMERICAN INDIAN THE MUSEUM OF FOR NATIONAL MORIGI/AP IMAGES PAUL BY PHOTO UNITED STATES AND GALLERY CONVERSATION WITH DUANE inherited his grandfather’s skill as an orator, AMERICAN INDIAN NATIONS HOLLOW HORN BEAR Duane Hollow Horn Bear has traveled THROUGH DECEMBER 2021 Friday, June 1 and Saturday, June 2 extensively around the country and abroad, 11:30 a.m., 1:30 p.m. and 3:30 p.m. lecturing and speaking on the history of the CREATING TRADITION: Americans exhibition gallery Oceti Sakowin (People of the Seven Council INNOVATION AND CHANGE IN Duane Hollow Horn Bear (Sicangu Lakota) Fires). He will discuss how the eagle-feather AMERICAN INDIAN ART was born and raised on the Rosebud Indian headdress represents Lakota values and the Opening June 2018 at the Epcot American Reservation in South Dakota. Duane is traditional virtues of Lakota leaders. Heritage Gallery at Walt Disney World Resort in on the faculty at Sinte Gleska University, a Florida. This exhibition is made possible through four-year, private, American Indian tribal the collaboration of the Museum of Indian Arts college in Mission, S.D. He has taught history, and Culture (MIAC) in Santa Fe, N. M., and the culture and language for 25 years. He comes These programs are made possible by the National Museum of the American Indian. from a strong heritage of leadership from generous support of Bank of America. his great-grandfather, Chief Hollow Horn Bear, who lived from 1850 to 1913. Having

42 AMERICAN INDIAN SUMMER 2018 Join us on June 23 for “Solstice Illuminated,” complete with DJ, refreshments, food and Museum gallery access until midnight.

logo system PHOTOS COURTESY OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM OF AMERICAN INDIAN MUSEUM OF THE NATIONAL OF COURTESY PHOTOS

Solstice Saturday Solstice Saturday Solstice Saturday SOLSTICE SATURDAY Saturday, June 23 3 p.m. – 9 p.m.: Celebrate the Sun 9 p.m. – 12 midnight: Solstice Illuminated Solstice Saturday celebrates the summer solstice with an array of Smithsonian-wide events. The Museum opens the event series with an afternoon of Andean music, dance and family friendly activities honoring The Great Inka Road exhibition. The celebration turns into an unforgettable Come and “Celelebrate the Sun” as part of evening dance party on the Welcome Plaza, Solstice Saturday and enjoy Andean music, titled “Solstice Illuminated,” complete with dance and family friendly activities. DJ, refreshments, food and Museum gallery access until midnight.

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION 43

Solstice Saturday Solstice Saturday Solstice Saturday Irka Mateo EXHIBITIONS + EVENTS CAlendar JUNE/JULY/AUGUST 2018

LIVING EARTH FESTIVAL Friday, July 20, Saturday, July 21 and Sunday, July 22 10:30 a.m. to 5 p.m. Museum-wide Visit AmericanIndian.si.edu for updates Don’t miss the ninth annual Living Earth Festival! This year, the family-friendly event focuses on heritage tourism, traditional agricultural practices and the importance of Native foods in our diets. A panel discu- sion features tribal tourism with Camille Ferguson, executive director of the American Indian Alaska Native Tourism Association,

moderating a discussion on tourism in Na- ARTIST THE OF COURTESY PHOTO tive communities. Presenters include Cheryl Trask of the Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma, INDIAN SUMMER CONCERT presents Gilbert Johnston of the Quapaw Tribe of IRKA MATEO Oklahoma and Kyle Wisneski of the Oneida Saturday, Aug. 4 Nation in Wisconsin. Learn about how these 2 p.m. communities use tourism to educate and Award-winning singer-songwriter Irka provide a source of economic development. Mateo, of Taíno and Dominican descent, A new feature of the festival includes is inspired by popular music and diverse conversations with tribal groups making folkloric rhythms in the creation of her dramatic changes in their communities. original music. Meet young farmers from the MA’O Organic Farms on Oahu, Hawaii, who are combating their “food desert” as well as high unemploy- ment and seeking incentives for higher This program is made possible by the generous education; young people who are learning support of The Walt Disney Company. about traditional foods and farming through Dream of Wild Health in Minnesota; and the NATIVE CINEMA SHOWCASE 2018 Food Sovereignty Project of the Bad River Presented at the Santa Fe Indian Market, Band of Lake Superior Chippewa. Other Santa Fe, N.M. presentations include Native Natural owner Tuesday, Aug. 14 through Sunday, Aug. 19 Joseph Jaramillo (Isleta Pueblo), Cherokee The National Museum of the American Nation Tourism, the Oneida Nation, the Indian offers its annual presentation of Bad River Band of Lake Superior Chippewas Native Cinema Showcase at the Santa Fe Food Sovereignty Project, North Leupp Indian Market. This showcase presents an Family Farms and a wine tasting featuring array of films that inspire and educate; it the award-winning Cedar Band of Paiute aims to bring the best of Native filmmaking Indians’ Twisted Cedar Wines. beyond our museums in Washington, D.C., and New York City. These invigorating films give voice to Indigenous actors, producers and directors, and invite audiences to engage in personal conversations.

44 AMERICAN INDIAN SUMMER 2018 EXHIBITIONS + EVENTS CAlendar JUNE/JULY/AUGUST 2018 PHOTO ©DAVID SUNDBERG/ESTO ©DAVID PHOTO SMITHSONIAN’S NATIONAL MUSEUM OF THE AMERICAN AT THE MOVIES: OUT OF STATE INDIAN IN NEW YORK CITY Friday, June 15 Out of State by Ciara Lacy (Native Hawaiian). 6 p.m. (2017, 79 min.) United States. NYC EXHIBITIONS Ciara Lacy (Native Hawaiian) Shipped from the tropical islands of Hawai‘i to a private prison in the Arizona desert, two Native Hawaiians, David and Hale, discover their Indigenous traditions from a fellow inmate serving a life sentence. Returning to Hawai‘i, the two are eager to prove to themselves as well as their families that the experience has changed them. Presented in collaboration with The Americas Film Festival New York.

PHOTO COURTESY OF THE ARTIST THE OF COURTESY PHOTO Julie Nagam, Our future is in the land: if we listen to it, 2017 (detail). Installation with digital video projection, sound, paint. Collection of the artist. This program is made possible by the generous TRANSFORMER: NATIVE ART support of The Walt Disney Company. IN LIGHT AND SOUND THROUGH JAN. 6, 2019 NIGHT AT THE MUSEUMS PHOTO COURTESY OF THE FILMMAKER OF COURTESY PHOTO TAÍNO: NATIVE HERITAGE AND Tuesday, June 19 IDENTITY IN THE CARIBBEAN 4 p.m. – 8 p.m. THIRD THURSDAY: INKA CHAKANA OPENING JULY 28, 2018 Explore the newly opened imagiNATIONS Thursday, June 21 Activity Center, a family-friendly, interactive 6 p.m. CIRCLE OF DANCE learning environment. Special tours are avail- Celebrate the Summer Solstice with members THROUGH APRIL 2019 able on the hour from 5 p.m. to 7 p.m. Please of the Kichwa Nation community as they cre- visit AmericanIndian.si.edu for details. ate an Inka Chakana, a symbol carrying great INFINITY OF NATIONS: significance to the Quechua people. Learn ART AND HISTORY IN THE how the Inka Chakana is made as well as its COLLECTIONS OF THE meaning and listen to a live presentation of NATIONAL MUSEUM OF THE Andean music. AMERICAN INDIAN ONGOING The fifth annual Night at the Museums is brought to you by the Downtown Cultural Association, offering residents and visitors of Lower Manhattan unique experiences at 14 of the area’s most diverse and culturally This program is made possible by the gener- significant institutions. The event is presented ous support of the National Council of the as a part of the River to River Festival 2018, the National Museum of the American Indian, and Lower Manhattan Cultural Council’s annual is supported in part by public funds from the summer arts festival. New York City Department of Cultural Affairs in partnership with the City Council.

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION 45 EXHIBITIONS + EVENTS CAlendar JUNE/JULY/AUGUST 2018

Irka Mateo PHOTO COURTESY OF THE ARTIST THE OF COURTESY PHOTO PHOTO COURTESY OF THE KICHWA NATION THE KICHWA OF COURTESY PHOTO

his passion for making duck decoys for use in subsistence hunting on tribal lands.

This program is made possible by the generous support of the National Council of the National Museum of the American Indian, and is sup- ported in part by public funds from the New York City Department of Cultural Affairs in partnership with the City Council. PHOTO COURTESY OF THE KICHWA NATION THE KICHWA OF COURTESY PHOTO

INTI RAYMI FESTIVAL OF THE SUN THIRD THURSDAY: NATIVE SOUNDS Saturday, June 23 DOWNTOWN presents IRKA MATEO 1 p.m. – 4 p.m. Thursday, Aug. 2 Inti Raymi is one of the most important 5 p.m. traditional celebrations in the Andean coun- Award-winning singer-songwriter Irka tries of Peru, Ecuador and Bolivia. Presented Mateo, of Taíno and Dominican descent, PHOTO COURTESY OF JOSHUA D. HINSON D. OF JOSHUA COURTESY PHOTO in collaboration with the organization is inspired by popular music and diverse Kichwa Nation, the Museum celebrates the CARVING DEMONSTRATIONS BY folkloric rhythms in the creation of her Festival of the Sun with an afternoon of JOSHUA D. HINSON original music. music and dance. Tuesday, July 17 and Wednesday, July 18 10 a.m. – 12 p.m. and 1 p.m. – 4 p.m. and THIRD THURSDAY This program is made possible by the generous Thursday, July 19 support of The Walt Disney Company. This program is supported in part by public 1 p.m. – 4 p.m. and 5 p.m. – 7 p.m. funds from the New York City Department of Joshua D. Hinson (Chickasaw) is an award- Cultural Affairs in partnership with the City winning artist, conversational speaker of the Council. Chickasaw language and an avid subsistence hunter. Join Hinson for carving demonstra- tions and a gallery conversation as he shares

46 AMERICAN INDIAN SUMMER 2018 B   T Andrew J. Lee (Seneca), Chair John Davis, ex officio Colin Kippen (Native Hawaiian) Margaret L. Brown (Yup’ik), Vice Chair Philip J. Deloria (Standing Rock Sioux) Bill Lomax (Maskaluuwasxw) Valerie Rowe, Secretary Kristopher Easton (Cherokee) Richard Luarkie (Pueblo of Laguna) Kim Baird (Tsawwassen First Nation) The Honorable William H. Frist, MD Lance Morgan (Winnebago Tribe of Mitchelene BigMan (Crow Nation) Jeff L. Grubbe (Agua Caliente Band of Nebraska) danah boyd Cahuilla Indians) David J. Skorton, ex officio William K. Butler II Kathy Hopinkah Hannan Loretta Tuell (Nez Perce) Brenda Child (Red Lake Ojibwe) LaDonna Harris (Comanche) Darreld “Deacon” Turner II (Cherokee) Amanda Cobb-Greetham (Chickasaw) Allison Hicks (Prairie Band of Potawatomi Armstrong A. Wiggins (Mískito) Indians)

N Y  B   D  Valerie Rowe, Chair Lois Sherr Dubin Jane F. Safer Stephen J. Friedman, Vice-Chair John L. Ernst Ann Silverman (Ojibwe) Andrew J. Lee (Seneca), Vice-Chair Margot P. Ernst Josh Spear Michael Bernstein Catherine Morrison Golden Howard Teich Barbara H. Block, Emerita Bradford R. Keeler (Cherokee) Leslie A. Wheelock (Oneida Tribe of James A. Block, Emeritus Lance E. Lindblom Wisconsin) Peggy Burns Oliver Niedermaier Charles M. Diker Jacqueline Johnson Pata (Tlingit) Valerie T. Diker Antonio Pérez, PhD

N  C  Allison Hicks (Prairie Band of Potawatomi Keller George (Oneida Indian Nation), Robert W. Roessel (Diné), Arizona Indians), Co-Chair, California ex officio, New York Carol Schwartz, District of Columbia Gregory A. Smith, Co-Chair, Maryland Lile R. Gibbons, Connecticut Shelby Settles Harper (Caddo Nation), Geoffrey D. Strommer, Vice-Chair, Oregon Marilyn S. Grossman, District of Columbia Maryland Tishmall Turner (Rincon Band of Luiseño LaDonna Harris (Comanche), New Mexico V. Heather Sibbison, District of Columbia Indians), Vice-Chair, California Jennifer Jones, Minnesota Joan and Marx Sterne, Virginia Elizabeth M. Alexander, Virginia Jefferson Keel (Chickasaw), ex officio, Ernest L. Stevens, Jr. (Oneida Tribe of Jackson S. Brossy (Navajo Nation), District of Columbia Wisconsin), Wisconsin District of Columbia Zackeree Sean Kelin (Caddo Nation) and Jerry C. Straus, District of Columbia Quincalee Brown, Virginia Maria Bianca Garcia Kelin, New Mexico William B. Tiger (Miccosukee), New York Stephanie A. Bryan (Poarch Band of Creek Patrice H. Kunesh (Standing Rock Lakota), Jill Cooper Udall, New Mexico Indians), Alabama Minnesota Leslie A. Wheelock (Oneida Tribe of David Cartwright, New Mexico George W. Levert, Georgia Wisconsin), District of Columbia Vincent R. Castro, Delaware Paul Moorehead, District of Columbia Mellor C. Willie (Navajo), District of Clara Lee Pratte (Navajo Nation), Arizona Columbia Robert Redford, Utah

46 AMERICAN INDIAN SUMMER 2018 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION 47 museumguide AmericanIndian.si.edu

WASHINGTON, D.C.

HOURS: 10 a.m.–5:30 p.m. Free admission. DINE AND SHOP: Eat in the critically acclaimed Mitsitam Native Foods Cafe, open daily 11 a.m.–3 p.m.; closed Dec. 25. The Mitsitam Espresso Coffee Bar is open daily 10 a.m.–5 p.m. The Roanoke Museum Store is open daily from 10 a.m.to 5:30 p.m. TOURS: Daily gallery highlights tours led by museum Cultural Interpreters; visit the Welcome Desk the day of your visit for seasonal tour times. The imagiNATIONS Activity Center is open every day except Mondays. National Museum of Please note: Groups (e.g., school or home school classes, daycare, camp or scout groups, etc.) are required to schedule an entry time 48 hours in the American Indian advance and must be preschool to third grade only. Contact Group Reservations at 202-633-6644. LOCATION: Located on the National Mall between the Smithsonian’s National Air & Space Museum and the U.S. Capitol Building (4th Street and Independence Ave, SW, Washington, DC 20013) NEAREST METRO STATION: L’Enfant Plaza (Blue/Orange/Green/Yellow lines), exit Maryland Avenue/Smithsonian Museums PARKING: The Museum does not have parking. PHONE: 202-633-1000 TTY: 202-633-5285 GENERAL INQUIRIES: [email protected] GROUP ENTRY: All groups of ten or more are strongly encouraged to reserve entry by contacting the Group Reservations Office via phone (202-633-6644; toll-free 888-618-0572; TTY [non-voice] 202-633-6751) or email [email protected]. Please note that there is no check room for coats or other personal items.

NEW YORK CITY

HOURS: 10 a.m.–5 p.m. daily, Thursdays to 8 p.m. Open 10 a.m.–5 p.m. on Thanksgiving; closed on Dec. 25. Free admission. SHOP: The Gallery Shop is open daily 10 a.m.-5 p.m.; call 212-514-3767 for more product information. TOURS: The Museum offers daily public tours and gallery programs by Cultural Interpreters and Museum Ambassadors. For group tours, call 212-514-3794. LOCATION: Located on the south side of Bowling Green, in lower Manhattan, adjacent to the northeast corner of Battery Park. (One Bowling Green, New York, NY 10004) NEAREST SUBWAY STOP and BUS: 4 and 5 trains to Bowling Green; 1 train to Rector Street or South Ferry; R (& W on weekdays) trains to Whitehall Street; J & Z trains to Broad Street; 2 and 3 trains to Wall Street. BUS: M5, M15, M20. PARKING: The Museum does not have parking. PHONE: 202-514-3700 GROUP ENTRY: For group tours, call 212-514-3794. For adult group tours only, email [email protected]. Teachers can reserve group entry and guided school tours via an online request (or by contacting nmai-ny- [email protected] or 212-514-3705).

All programs are subject to change. For membership information, call (800) 242-NMAI.

48 AMERICAN INDIAN SUMMER 2018 BOOKS FROM THE SMITHSONIAN National Museum of the American Indian

Offi cially Indian: Symbols That Defi ne the United States Cécile R. Ganteaume

From maps, monuments, and architectural features to stamps and currency, images of Native Americans have been used on visual expressions of American national identity since before the country’s founding. In the fi rst in-depth study of this extraordinary archive, the author argues that these representations refl ect how government institutions have attempted to defi ne what the country stands for and reveals how deeply embedded American Indians are in the United States’ sense of itself as a nation.

ISBN-13: 978-1-93356-522-4 Distributed by the University of Minnesota Press 2017, published by NMAI www.upress.umn.edu 192 pages; 50 color and black- Hardcover: $28.00 and-white photographs 7 x 10 inches eBook: $28.00 (no discount available; order via www.upress.umn.edu)

Nation to Nation: Treaties Between the United States & American Indian Nations Edited by Suzan Shown Harjo (Cheyenne and Holdulgee Muscogee) Treaties between the federal government and Native Nations rest at the heart of American history, yet most Americans know little about them. In Nation to Nation, thirty-one essays and interviews from the country’s foremost scholars of Native history and law explore the signifi cance of the diplomacy, promises, and betrayals involved in two hundred years of treaty making, as one side sought to own the riches of North America and the other struggled to hold on to its homelands and ways of life.

ISBN: 978-1-58834-478-6 (hardcover) 272 pages, 135 color and black-and-white 2014, copublished by NMAI photographs, 7 maps and Smithsonian Books 8 x 10 inches eBook: $40.00 (no discount available; Price: $40.00 order via www.smithsonianbooks.com)

Do All Indians Live in Tipis? Questions and Answers from the National Museum of the American Indian Second Edition

From Pocahontas to popular fi lm, and from reservation life to the “urban Indian” experience, the experts of the Smithsonian’s National Museum of the American Indian debunk the most common myths and answer the most frequently asked questions about Native Americans. You will discover the facts about sport mascots, casinos, dream catchers, and much more. Accessible and informative, this is the perfect introduction to the diverse, con- temporary peoples of the Americas.

ISBN: 978-1-58834-619-3 (softcover) 256 pages, 67 illustrations 2018, copublished by NMAI 6 x 9 inches and Smithsonian Books

Price: $14.95

TO ORDER ANY IN-STOCK Visit our online Bookshop at nmaistore.si.edu and call 800-242-NMAI (6624) NMAI BOOKS OR PRODUCTS to place your order. NMAI members receive a 20% discount when ordering via phone

2018_AI_Pubs_ad1.indd 1 5/11/18 11:43 AM CHICKASAW

CULTURAL CENTER

to explore and learn about the unique history and vibrant culture of the Chickasaw people. Join us for exhibits, fi lms, demonstrations, storytelling and special events at one of the largest and most extensive cultural centers in the United States.

SULPHUR, OK

WWW.CHICKASAWCULTURALCENTER.COM

NMAI_CCC-GeneralAd-Winter2018_04.indd 1 4/3/18 2:53 PM