DOCSLIB.ORG

Encyclopedia of Entomology Encyclopedia of Entomology

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Encyclopedia of Entomology Encyclopedia of Entomology Encyclopedia of Entomology Encyclopedia of Entomology Edited by John L. Capinera University of Florida Second Edition Volume 4 S–Z Professor John L. Capinera Dept. Entomology and Nematology University of Florida Gainesville FL 32611–0620 USA Library of Congress Control Number: 2008930112 ISBN: 978-1-4020-6242-1 This publication is available also as: Electronic publication under ISBN 978-1-4020-6359-6 and Print and electronic bundle under ISBN 978-1-4020-6360-2 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is con- cerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, repro- duction on microfilms or in other ways, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is only permitted under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its cur- rent version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer-Verlag. Violations are liable for prosecution under the German Copyright Law. © 2008 Springer Science+Business Media B.V. The use of registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a spe- cific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. springer.com Editor: Zuzana Bernhart, Dordrecht/ Sandra Fabiani, Heidelberg Development Editor: Sylvia Blago, Heidelberg Production Editor: le-tex publishing services oHG, Leipzig Cover Design: Frido Steinen-Broo, Spanien Printed on acid-free paper SPIN: 11757993 2109 — 5 4 3 2 1 0 Editorial Board Cyrus Abivardi Eugene J. Gerberg Swiss Federal Institute of Technnoloy University of Florida Donald R. Barnard Donald W. Hall United States Department of Agriculture University of Florida Jean-Luc Boevé Marjorie A. Hoy Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences University of Florida Drion Boucias John B. Heppner University of Florida Florida State Collection of Arthropods Paul. M. Choate Pauline O. Lawrence University of Florida University of Florida Whitney Cranshaw Heather J. McAuslane Colorado State University University of Florida Thomas C. Emmel James L. Nation University of Florida University of Florida J. Howard Frank Herb Oberlander University of Florida United States Department of Agriculture Severiano F. Gayubo Frank B. Peairs Universidad de Salamanca Colorado State University Acknowledgments This project is the labor of many people, including some who labored diligently behind the scenes. Among those to whom I am greatly indebted for their ‘behind-the-scenes’ assistance are Pam Howell and Carole Girimont (first edition) and Pam Howell (second edition) for document processing and editing assistance; Mike Sanford, Pat Hope, and Jane Medley (first edition) and Hope Johnson (second edition) for assistance with the images, and Marsha Capinera for compiling the list of contributors. Ron Cave, Andrei Sourakov, and Lyle Buss helped greatly by supplying numerous photographs for the second edition. Howard Frank deserves special mention for his editing acumen and assistance. Drion Boucias con- tributed the lengthy unattributed sections on insect pathology. The unattributed biographic sketches with last names beginning with A to J were contributed by Howard Frank. All other unattributed sections were contributed by John Capinera. Preface Some biologists have called this the ‘Age of Insects.’ Among animals, certainly the diversity of insects is unrivaled. Nearly one million species have been described to date, and some entomologists estimate that as the tropics are fully explored, we will find that there are actually more than three million insect spe- cies. The large number of insects is often attributed to the divergence of plants (angiosperms), which provide numerous hosts and places to feed, but if plant feeders are excluded from the tabulation the biodiversity of insects remains unrivaled. Virtually every environment has been exploited by these resil- ient organisms. Even if one dislikes insects, they are impossible to ignore, and a little knowledge about them could be indispensable should one have a ‘close encounter’ of an unpleasant kind. Insects are remarkable biological organisms. They are small enough to escape the detailed scrutiny of most people, but I have yet to meet anyone whom, once provided the opportunity to examine insects closely (through a microscope) is not completely amazed by the detail and complexity of these exqui- sitely designed (by natural selection) beasties. They are fascinating in function as well as form. Insects are the only invertebrates to fly, they are disproportionately strong, and their ecological adaptability defies belief. For example, some insects produce their own version of anti-freeze, which allows them to be fro- zen solid yet to regain normal function upon thawing. Their sensory abilities are beyond human com- prehension; a male insect can sometimes locate a female by her ‘perfume’ (pheromone) from several kilometers distance. Although not normally considered intelligent, insects display surprisingly complex behaviors, and altruistic social systems that could well serve as models for human societies. Insects and their close relatives are important for many reasons besides their sheer diversity. Their effect on humans is profound. Insects are our chief competitor for food and fiber resources throughout the world. Annual crop losses of 10 to 15% are attributed to insects, with both pre-harvest and post- harvest losses considerably more at times. Insects also are the principal vector of many human, animal, and plant diseases, including viruses, mollicutes, bacteria, fungi, and nematodes. The ability to transmit diseases magnifies their effect, and makes it more difficult to manage injury. Over the course of human history, insect-transmitted disease has caused untold human suffering. For example, introduction of flea-transmitted bubonic plague to Europe centuries ago killed millions of people and caused severe disruption to western civilization. Though less dramatic, mosquito-transmitted malaria kills thousands annually throughout the world, and unlike plague, which is now mostly a historical footnote, the toll continues to mount. Advances in technology, particularly the introduction of chemical insecticides, have done much to remove the threat of insect-related damage from the consciousness of most humans. Insecticides are applied preventatively to avoid pre- and post-harvest damage to crops, to our dwellings, and to our land- scape. This is an oft-overlooked but remarkable achievement that has increased stability in the supply and price of resources, and in the lives of resource producers. No longer are people faced with starvation or economic ruin due to the ravages of insects; in almost all parts of the world, the ready availability of insecticides can be used to prevent massive insect population outbreaks. However, we realize increas- ingly that this approach is not without its own set of health, environmental and economic costs, and alleviating dependency on insecticides, or making alternatives to insecticides more readily available, has assumed greater priority. x Preface We are faced with an interesting dichotomy. There is a wealth of information about insects, but it is known mostly to ‘insect scientists’ (entomologists). The public (non-entomologists or 99.99% of all peo- ple) has little knowledge about insects, and poor access to vital information about these important organisms. So this encyclopedia is presented to bridge the gap – to better enable those with a need to know to find fundamental information provided by more than 450 experts in the field of entomology. We provide a broad overview of insects and their close relatives, including taxonomy, behavior, ecology, physiology, history, and management. Importantly, we provide critical links to the entomological litera- ture, much of which presently is unavailable for search electronically. The contributors are distinguished entomologists from around the world. They hope that the availability of this encyclopedia will help oth- ers to reap the benefits of centuries of discovery, and to discover the wonders that make the study of insects so compelling. It was constructed with college and university students in mind, but others may find it a handy reference. John L. Capinera, Gainesville (Florida) April, 2008 Highlights of the Encyclopedia of Entomology Major Taxa of Insects and Their Stoneflies (Plecoptera) Near Relatives Stylopids (Strepsiptera) Symphylans (Symphyla) Alderflies and Dobsonflies (Megaloptera) Termites (Isoptera) Angel Insects (Zoraptera) Thrips (Thysanoptera) Bark-Lice, Book-Lice, or Psocids (Psocoptera) Ticks (Ixodida) Beetles (Coleoptera) Wasps, Ants, Bees, and Sawflies (Hymenoptera) Bristletails (Archeognatha) Webspinners (Embiidina) Bugs (Hemiptera) Butterflies and Moths (Lepidoptera) Caddisflies (Trichoptera) Other Groups Centipedes (Chilopoda) Chewing and Sucking Lice (Phthiraptera) Anagrus Fairyflies (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) Cockroaches (Blattodea) Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Diplurans (Diplura) Aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) Dragonflies and Damselflies (Odonata) Apoid Wasps (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Earwigs (Dermaptera) Spheciformes) Fleas (Siphonaptera) Argasid (Soft) Ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Argasidae) Flies (Diptera) Assassin Bugs, Kissing Bugs and Others Gladiators (Mantophasmatodea) (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) Grasshoppers, Katydids, and Crickets Bark Beetles, Dendroctonus spp.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Pdf 696.18 K
    Egypt. Acad. J. Biolog. Sci., 13(3):1-13 (2020) Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences A. Entomology ISSN 1687- 8809 http://eajbsa.journals.ekb.eg/ The Mymaridae of Egypt (Chalcidoidea: Hymenoptera) Al-Azab, S. A. Plant Protection Research Institute, ARC, Egypt. Email: [email protected] ______________________________________________________________ ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article History Diagnostic characters of the family Mymaridae, together with diagnosis Received:15/5/2020 and keys to the Egyptian genera of the family-based upon the external Accepted:2/7/2020 morphological characters of the adult female and male are presented with ---------------------- illustrations to facilitate their recognition. Synonyms, taxonomic notes, hosts, Keywords: and habitat of the genera together with their representative species in Egypt Hymenoptera, are also provided to give general picture and high light on the occurrence, Chalcidoidea, diversity, and distribution of the mymarids in Egypt. The study based on the Mymaridae, materials kept in the main reference insect collections in Egypt, and the Taxonomy, available literature. Egypt. INTRODUCTION The Mymaridae (fairy wasps) are a family of chalcid wasps found in temperate and tropical regions throughout the world. It includes the most primitive members of the chalcid wasp and contains around 100 genera with about 1400 species (Noyes, 2005). Fairyflies are very tiny insects and include the world's smallest known insects. They generally range from 0.5 to 1.0 mm long. Adult mymarids are rather fragile, the body generally being slender and the wings narrow with an elongate marginal fringe. Their delicate bodies and their hair-fringed wings have earned them their common name. Very little is known of the life histories of fairyflies, as only a few species have been observed extensively.
    [Show full text]
  • Squash Bug, Anasa Tristis (Degeer)1
    Archival copy: for current recommendations see http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu or your local extension office. EENY-077 Squash Bug, Anasa tristis (DeGeer)1 John L. Capinera2 Introduction Egg The squash bug, Anasa tristis, attacks cucurbits Eggs are deposited on the lower surface of (squash and relatives) throughout Central America, leaves, though occasionally they occur on the upper the United States, and southern Canada. Several surface or on leaf petioles. The elliptical egg is related species in the same genus coexist with squash somewhat flattened and bronze in color. The average bug over most of its range, feeding on the same plants egg length is about 1.5 mm and the width about 1.1 but causing much less injury. mm. Females deposit about 20 eggs in each egg cluster. Eggs may be tightly clustered (Figure 1) or Life Cycle spread a considerable distance apart, but an equidistant spacing arrangement is commonly The complete life cycle of squash bug commonly observed. Duration of the egg stage is about seven to requires six to eight weeks. Squash bugs have one nine days. generation per year in northern climates and two to three generations per year in warmer regions. In Nymph intermediate latitudes the early-emerging adults from the first generation produce a second generation There are five nymphal instars. The nymphal whereas the late-emerging adults go into diapause. stage requires about 33 days for complete Both sexes overwinter as adults. The preferred development. The nymph is about 2.5 mm in length overwintering site seems to be in cucurbit fields when it hatches, and light green in color.
    [Show full text]
  • Arthropod and Plant Communities As Indicators of Land Rehabilitation Effectiveness in a Semi-Arid Shrub-Steppe
    Brigham Young University BYU ScholarsArchive Theses and Dissertations 2008-07-16 Arthropod and Plant Communities as Indicators of Land Rehabilitation Effectiveness in a Semi-arid Shrub-steppe Eric T. Gardner Brigham Young University - Provo Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd Part of the Animal Sciences Commons BYU ScholarsArchive Citation Gardner, Eric T., "Arthropod and Plant Communities as Indicators of Land Rehabilitation Effectiveness in a Semi-arid Shrub-steppe" (2008). Theses and Dissertations. 1733. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/1733 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Arthropod and plant communities as indicators of land rehabilitation effectiveness in a semi-arid shrub-steppe Title Page by Eric Ty Gardner A thesis submitted to the faculty of Brigham Young University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Department of Plant and Wildlife Sciences Brigham Young University August 2008 i BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY GRADUATE COMMITTEE APPROVAL of a thesis submitted by Eric Ty Gardner This thesis has been read by each member of the following graduate committee and by majority vote has been found to be satisfactory. Date Val Jo Anderson, Chair Date Charles Riley Nelson Date Russell Ben Rader BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY As chair of the candidate’s graduate committee, I have read the thesis of Eric Gardner in its final form and have found that (1) its format, citations, and bibliographical style are consistent and acceptable and fulfill university and department style requirements; (2) its illustrative materials including figures, tables, and charts are in place; and (3) the final manuscript is satisfactory to the graduate committee and is ready for submission to the university library.
    [Show full text]
  • Organic Options for Striped Cucumber Beetle Management in Cucumbers Katie Brandt Grand Valley State University
    Grand Valley State University ScholarWorks@GVSU Masters Theses Graduate Research and Creative Practice 6-2012 Organic Options for Striped Cucumber Beetle Management in Cucumbers Katie Brandt Grand Valley State University Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/theses Recommended Citation Brandt, Katie, "Organic Options for Striped Cucumber Beetle Management in Cucumbers" (2012). Masters Theses. 29. http://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/theses/29 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Research and Creative Practice at ScholarWorks@GVSU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@GVSU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ORGANIC OPTIONS FOR STRIPED CUCUMBER BEETLE MANAGEMENT IN CUCUMBERS Katie Brandt A thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of GRAND VALLEY STATE UNIVERSITY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Master of Science Biology June 2012 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Many thanks to my advisors, who helped me plan this research and understand the interactions of beetles, plants and disease in this system. Jim Dunn helped immensely with the experimental design and prevented me from giving up when my replication block was destroyed in a flood. Mathieu Ngouajio generously shared his expertise with organic vegetables, field trials and striped cucumber beetles. Mel Northup lent the HOBO weather stations, visited the farm to instruct me to set them up and later transferred the data into an Excel spreadsheet. Sango Otieno and the students at the Statistical Consulting Center at GVSU were very helpful with data analysis. Numerous farmworkers and volunteers also helped in the labor-intensive process of gathering data for this research.
    [Show full text]
  • Redalyc.A Review of the Genus Ectropa Wallengren, 1863 with Descriptions of a New Genus and Six New Species (Lepidoptera: Chryso
    SHILAP Revista de Lepidopterología ISSN: 0300-5267 [email protected] Sociedad Hispano-Luso-Americana de Lepidopterología España Kurshakov, P. A.; Zolotuhin, V. V. A review of the genus Ectropa Wallengren, 1863 with descriptions of a new genus and six new species (Lepidoptera: Chrysopolomidae) SHILAP Revista de Lepidopterología, vol. 41, núm. 164, octubre-diciembre, 2013, pp. 431-447 Sociedad Hispano-Luso-Americana de Lepidopterología Madrid, España Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=45530406003 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative 431-447 A review of the genus 2/12/13 16:37 Página 431 SHILAP Revta. lepid., 41 (164), diciembre 2013: 431-447 eISSN: 2340-4078 ISSN: 0300-5267 A review of the genus Ectropa Wallengren, 1863 with descriptions of a new genus and six new species (Lepidoptera: Chrysopolomidae) P. A. Kurshakov & V. V. Zolotuhin Summary The genus Ectropa Wallengren, 1863, is revised, and a new species, E. adam Kurshakov & Zolotuhin, sp. n., is described. Based on the wing pattern and male genitalia characters, a new genus Ectropona Kurshakov & Zolotuhin, gen. n., related to Ectropa, is erected here, with Ectropona dargei Kurshakov & Zolotuhin, sp. n., as a type-species. Five more new species are also described: Ectropona dargei Kurshakov & Zolotuhin, sp. n., E. larsa Kurshakov & Zolotuhin, sp. n., E. kubwa Kurshakov & Zolotuhin, sp. n., E. aarviki Kurshakov & Zolotuhin, sp. n., and E. revelli Kurshakov & Zolotuhin, sp.
    [Show full text]
  • ECOLOGY and MANAGEMENT of MORMON CRICKET, Anabrus Simplex Haldeman
    • ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MORMON CRICKET, Anabrus simplex Haldeman Final report to the National Park Service submitted by John Capinera and Charles MacVean, Department of Entomology Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523 April, 1987 INTRODUCTION The Mormon cricket, Anabrus simplex Haldeman, is a flightless, shield-backed grasshopper which occurs primarily in the Great Plains and sagebrush-dominated regions of the United States and Canada. It is a gregarious insect and is probably best known for its huge migratory aggregations, or bands. These typically develop in permanent breeding areas in broken, mountain habitat and then spread, by walking, to surrounding areas, including agricultural lowlands and valleys (Wakeland and Shull 1 936). Dating to the early encounter in 1848 between hordes of this insect and Mormon settlers in the Salt Lake Valley - from which the name "Mormon crickets" stems - sporadic outbreaks of crickets have caused severe damage to crops, especially wheat and alfalfa (Cowan 1929, Wakeland 1959, Evans 1985). Though crickets normally feed on a wide diversity of rangeland plants, crops are highly preferred (Swain 1944). Homesteaders were forced to abandon farming in northwest Colorado due to the yearly invasions of crickets during the 1920's. Damaging numbers of crickets persisted into the late thirties, with the peak of the epidemic occurring in 1938. Damage by crickets to rangeland plants has been much more difficult to assess than crop damage (Swain 1940, 1944). While crickets do feed on range grasses, particularly the inflorescences, they clearly prefer broad-leaf, succulent species of lesser forage value when these are present (Cowan 1929, Swain 1 944, Wakeland 1959).
    [Show full text]
  • A Rearing Method for Argynnis (Speyeria) Diana
    Hindawi Publishing Corporation Psyche Volume 2011, Article ID 940280, 6 pages doi:10.1155/2011/940280 Research Article ARearingMethodforArgynnis (Speyeria) diana (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) That Avoids Larval Diapause Carrie N. Wells, Lindsey Edwards, Russell Hawkins, Lindsey Smith, and David Tonkyn Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, 132 Long Hall, Clemson, SC 29634, USA Correspondence should be addressed to Carrie N. Wells, [email protected] Received 25 May 2011; Accepted 4 August 2011 Academic Editor: Russell Jurenka Copyright © 2011 Carrie N. Wells et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. We describe a rearing protocol that allowed us to raise the threatened butterfly, Argynnis diana (Nymphalidae), while bypassing the first instar overwintering diapause. We compared the survival of offspring reared under this protocol from field-collected A. diana females from North Carolina, Georgia, and Tennessee. Larvae were reared in the lab on three phylogenetically distinct species of Southern Appalachian violets (Viola sororia, V. pubescens,andV. pedata). We assessed larval survival in A. diana to the last instar, pupation, and adulthood. Males reared in captivity emerged significantly earlier than females. An ANOVA revealed no evidence of host plant preference by A. diana toward three native violet species. We suggest that restoration of A. diana habitat which promotes a wide array of larval and adult host plants, is urgently needed to conserve this imperiled species into the future. 1. Introduction larvae in cold storage blocks and storing them under con- trolled refrigerated conditions for the duration of their The Diana fritillary, Argynnis (Speyeria) diana (Cramer overwintering period [10].
    [Show full text]
  • Squash Bug, Anasa Tristis (Degeer)
    CHARACTERIZING THE OVERWINTERING AND El\ffiRGENCE BERAVIORS OF THE ADULT SQUASH BUG, ANASA TRISTIS (DEGEER) By JESSE ALAN EIBEN Bachelor of Science in Psychobiology Albright College Reading, PA 2001 Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate College of Oklahoma State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE December, 2004 CHARACTERIZING THE OVERWINTERING AND EMERGENCE BEHAVIORS OF THE ADULT SQUASH BUG, ANASA TRISTIS (DEGEER) Thesis Approved: I Thesis Advisor 7Dean of the Graduate College ii PREFACE Research was conducted from 2002 to 2004 at the Wes Watkins Agricultural Research and Extension Center (WWAREC) in Lane, Oklahoma to illuminate the specific behaviors of adult overwintering squash bugs during the winter hibernating period and during their spring emergence. These studies were conducted in the field with the adult squash bug, Anasa tristis (Degeer), its host plant the yellow crook-necked squash, Cucurbita pepo 'lemondrop', and its overwintering habitats consisting of many sheltering objects found in the ecological landscape. The first chapter is introductory and the last two chapters present results as complete manuscripts to be submitted to scientific journals following manuscript guidelines established by the Entomological Society of America. I would like to acknowledge the following people for valuable advice and assistance throughout my research endeavors at OSU. My sincerest thanks go to my major advisor Dr. Jonathan Edelson. He has given me this wonderful opportunity and the freedom to pursue a project that was both wide in berth and exploratory in nature. The other members of my graduate committee, Dr. Kris Giles, Dr. Thomas Phillips, and Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society
    J OURNAL OF T HE L EPIDOPTERISTS’ S OCIETY Volume 62 2008 Number 2 Journal of the Lepidopterists’ Society 61(2), 2007, 61–66 COMPARATIVE STUDIES ON THE IMMATURE STAGES AND DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY OF FIVE ARGYNNIS SPP. (SUBGENUS SPEYERIA) (NYMPHALIDAE) FROM WASHINGTON DAVID G. JAMES Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Irrigated Agriculture Research and Extension Center, 24105 North Bunn Road, Prosser, Washington 99350; email: [email protected] ABSTRACT. Comparative illustrations and notes on morphology and biology are provided on the immature stages of five Arg- ynnis spp. (A. cybele leto, A. coronis simaetha, A. zerene picta, A. egleis mcdunnoughi, A. hydaspe rhodope) found in the Pacific Northwest. High quality images allowed separation of the five species in most of their immature stages. Sixth instars of all species possessed a fleshy, eversible osmeterium-like gland located ventrally between the head and first thoracic segment. Dormant first in- star larvae of all species exposed to summer-like conditions (25 ± 0.5º C and continuous illumination), 2.0–2.5 months after hatch- ing, did not feed and died within 6–9 days, indicating the larvae were in diapause. Overwintering of first instars for ~ 80 days in dark- ness at 5 ± 0.5º C, 75 ± 5% r.h. resulted in minimal mortality. Subsequent exposure to summer-like conditions (25 ± 0.5º C and continuous illumination) resulted in breaking of dormancy and commencement of feeding in all species within 2–5 days. Durations of individual instars and complete post-larval feeding development durations were similar for A. coronis, A. zerene, A. egleis and A.
    [Show full text]
  • The Mcguire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity
    Supplemental Information All specimens used within this study are housed in: the McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity (MGCL) at the Florida Museum of Natural History, Gainesville, USA (FLMNH); the University of Maryland, College Park, USA (UMD); the Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle in Paris, France (MNHN); and the Australian National Insect Collection in Canberra, Australia (ANIC). Methods DNA extraction protocol of dried museum specimens (detailed instructions) Prior to tissue sampling, dried (pinned or papered) specimens were assigned MGCL barcodes, photographed, and their labels digitized. Abdomens were then removed using sterile forceps, cleaned with 100% ethanol between each sample, and the remaining specimens were returned to their respective trays within the MGCL collections. Abdomens were placed in 1.5 mL microcentrifuge tubes with the apex of the abdomen in the conical end of the tube. For larger abdomens, 5 mL microcentrifuge tubes or larger were utilized. A solution of proteinase K (Qiagen Cat #19133) and genomic lysis buffer (OmniPrep Genomic DNA Extraction Kit) in a 1:50 ratio was added to each abdomen containing tube, sufficient to cover the abdomen (typically either 300 µL or 500 µL) - similar to the concept used in Hundsdoerfer & Kitching (1). Ratios of 1:10 and 1:25 were utilized for low quality or rare specimens. Low quality specimens were defined as having little visible tissue inside of the abdomen, mold/fungi growth, or smell of bacterial decay. Samples were incubated overnight (12-18 hours) in a dry air oven at 56°C. Importantly, we also adjusted the ratio depending on the tissue type, i.e., increasing the ratio for particularly large or egg-containing abdomens.
    [Show full text]
  • 25 Using Community Group Monitoring Data to Measure The
    25 Using Community Group Monitoring Data To Measure The Effectiveness Of Restoration Actions For Australia's Woodland Birds Michelle Gibson1, Jessica Walsh1,2, Nicki Taws5, Martine Maron1 1Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, 4072, Queensland, Australia, 2School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, 3800, Victoria, Australia, 3Greening Australia, Aranda, Canberra, 2614 Australian Capital Territory, Australia, 4BirdLife Australia, Carlton, Melbourne, 3053, Victoria, Australia, 5Greening Australia, PO Box 538 Jamison Centre, Macquarie, Australian Capital Territory 2614, Australia Before conservation actions are implemented, they should be evaluated for their effectiveness to ensure the best possible outcomes. However, many conservation actions are not implemented under an experimental framework, making it difficult to measure their effectiveness. Ecological monitoring datasets provide useful opportunities for measuring the effect of conservation actions and a baseline upon which adaptive management can be built. We measure the effect of conservation actions on Australian woodland ecosystems using two community group-led bird monitoring datasets. Australia’s temperate woodlands have been largely cleared for agricultural production and their bird communities are in decline. To reverse these declines, a suite of conservation actions has been implemented by government and non- government agencies, and private landholders. We analysed the response of total woodland bird abundance, species richness, and community condition, to two widely-used actions — grazing exclusion and replanting. We recorded 139 species from 134 sites and 1,389 surveys over a 20-year period. Grazing exclusion and replanting combined had strong positive effects on all three bird community metrics over time relative to control sites, where no actions had occurred.
    [Show full text]
  • IPM for High Tunnel Vegetables: Practical Pathways for Organic Crop Production Focusing on Insect and Mite
    IPM for High Tunnel Vegetables: Practical Pathways for Organic Crop Protection Focusing on Insect and Mite Pest Issues MOFGA Farmer to Farmer Conference November 2019 Who Are We? • Margaret Skinner, UVM Entomologist Biological Control of Key Pests Western Flower Thrips (greenhouses) Aphids (high tunnel vegetables) • Ron Valentin, Bioworks, Technical Specialist Biological Control of Key Pests Banker plants Beneficials • Pooh Sprague, Edgewater Farm, Grower Owner/Operator Vegetable market garden Greenhouse ornamentals Who Are YOU? Wisdom from Benjamin Franklin • TELL Me and I FORGET • TEACH ME and I may Remember • INVOLVE ME and I LEARN Today’s Multi- Faceted Program • Step-by-step IPM approach to insect pests: Me • Success with Biological Control: Ron • Welcome to the “Real World”: Pooh • Open discussion us us us us Lao Tzu, 4th Century BC Appearance of Insects 350 300 250 200 150 100 Millions of years Millions 50 0 Homo erectus: 6 million years Homo sapiens: 200,000 years So what? So… How can we DEAL WITH IT? IPM What is IPM? IPM = Integrated Pest Management Integration of several strategies to reduce pests using pesticides as little as possible A Step-by-Step Process for Tackling Pests To succeed with IPM, follow these words of wisdom: Know your enemy and know yourself and you can fight a hundred battles without disaster. Sun Tzu, 1753-1818 The Corner Stones Pest ID What is it? I What does it do? Scouting P How many are there? Where are they? M Biology How does it do it? When does it do it? What’s in a NAME? • Class Insecta is separated into Orders • Insect Orders are separated into FAMILIES • Families are separated into GENERA • Each Genus is separated into SPECIES Scientific Name Genus Species Author Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Order Hemiptera, Family Aphididae) Common Names green peach aphid or peach-potato aphid Some Dead and Some Alive Know your friends and your enemies.
    [Show full text]