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Encyclopedia of Entomology Encyclopedia of Entomology

Edited by John L. Capinera University of

Second Edition

Volume 4 S–Z Professor John L. Capinera Dept. Entomology and Nematology University of Florida Gainesville FL 32611–0620 USA

Library of Congress Control Number: 2008930112

ISBN: 978-1-4020-6242-1 This publication is available also as: Electronic publication under ISBN 978-1-4020-6359-6 and Print and electronic bundle under ISBN 978-1-4020-6360-2

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Cyrus Abivardi Eugene J. Gerberg Swiss Federal Institute of Technnoloy University of Florida Donald R. Barnard Donald W. Hall United States Department of Agriculture University of Florida Jean-Luc Boevé Marjorie A. Hoy Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences University of Florida Drion Boucias John B. Heppner University of Florida Florida State Collection of Paul. M. Choate Pauline O. Lawrence University of Florida University of Florida Whitney Cranshaw Heather J. McAuslane Colorado State University University of Florida Thomas C. Emmel James L. Nation University of Florida University of Florida J. Howard Frank Herb Oberlander University of Florida United States Department of Agriculture Severiano F. Gayubo Frank B. Peairs Universidad de Salamanca Colorado State University

Acknowledgments

This project is the labor of many people, including some who labored diligently behind the scenes. Among those to whom I am greatly indebted for their ‘behind-the-scenes’ assistance are Pam Howell and Carole Girimont (first edition) and Pam Howell (second edition) for document processing and editing assistance; Mike Sanford, Pat Hope, and Jane Medley (first edition) and Hope Johnson (second edition) for assistance with the images, and Marsha Capinera for compiling the list of contributors. Ron Cave, Andrei Sourakov, and Lyle Buss helped greatly by supplying numerous photographs for the second edition. Howard Frank deserves special mention for his editing acumen and assistance. Drion Boucias con- tributed the lengthy unattributed sections on pathology. The unattributed biographic sketches with last names beginning with A to J were contributed by Howard Frank. All other unattributed sections were contributed by John Capinera.

Preface

Some biologists have called this the ‘Age of .’ Among , certainly the diversity of insects is unrivaled. Nearly one million have been described to date, and some entomologists estimate that as the tropics are fully explored, we will find that there are actually more than three million insect spe- cies. The large number of insects is often attributed to the divergence of (angiosperms), which provide numerous hosts and places to feed, but if feeders are excluded from the tabulation the of insects remains unrivaled. Virtually every environment has been exploited by these resil- ient organisms. Even if one dislikes insects, they are impossible to ignore, and a little knowledge about them could be indispensable should one have a ‘close encounter’ of an unpleasant kind. Insects are remarkable biological organisms. They are small enough to escape the detailed scrutiny of most people, but I have yet to meet anyone whom, once provided the opportunity to examine insects closely (through a microscope) is not completely amazed by the detail and complexity of these exqui- sitely designed (by natural selection) beasties. They are fascinating in function as well as form. Insects are the only invertebrates to , they are disproportionately strong, and their ecological adaptability defies belief. For example, some insects produce their own version of anti-freeze, which allows them to be fro- zen solid yet to regain normal function upon thawing. Their sensory abilities are beyond human com- prehension; a male insect can sometimes locate a female by her ‘perfume’ (pheromone) from several kilometers distance. Although not normally considered intelligent, insects display surprisingly complex behaviors, and altruistic social systems that could well serve as models for human societies. Insects and their close relatives are important for many reasons besides their sheer diversity. Their effect on humans is profound. Insects are our chief competitor for and fiber resources throughout the world. Annual crop losses of 10 to 15% are attributed to insects, with both pre-harvest and post- harvest losses considerably more at times. Insects also are the principal vector of many human, , and plant diseases, including , mollicutes, bacteria, fungi, and . The ability to transmit diseases magnifies their effect, and makes it more difficult to manage injury. Over the course of human history, insect-transmitted disease has caused untold human suffering. For example, introduction of -transmitted bubonic plague to centuries ago killed millions of people and caused severe disruption to western civilization. Though less dramatic, -transmitted malaria kills thousands annually throughout the world, and unlike plague, which is now mostly a historical footnote, the toll continues to mount. Advances in technology, particularly the introduction of chemical , have done much to remove the threat of insect-related damage from the consciousness of most humans. Insecticides are applied preventatively to avoid pre- and post-harvest damage to crops, to our dwellings, and to our land- scape. This is an oft-overlooked but remarkable achievement that has increased stability in the supply and price of resources, and in the lives of resource producers. No longer are people faced with starvation or economic ruin due to the ravages of insects; in almost all parts of the world, the ready availability of insecticides can be used to prevent massive insect population outbreaks. However, we realize increas- ingly that this approach is not without its own set of health, environmental and economic costs, and alleviating dependency on insecticides, or making alternatives to insecticides more readily available, has assumed greater priority. x  Preface We are faced with an interesting dichotomy. There is a wealth of information about insects, but it is known mostly to ‘insect scientists’ (entomologists). The public (non-entomologists or 99.99% of all peo- ple) has little knowledge about insects, and poor access to vital information about these important organisms. So this encyclopedia is presented to bridge the gap – to better enable those with a need to know to find fundamental information provided by more than 450 experts in the field of entomology. We provide a broad overview of insects and their close relatives, including , behavior, ecology, physiology, history, and management. Importantly, we provide critical links to the entomological litera- ture, much of which presently is unavailable for search electronically. The contributors are distinguished entomologists from around the world. They hope that the availability of this encyclopedia will help oth- ers to reap the benefits of centuries of discovery, and to discover the wonders that make the study of insects so compelling. It was constructed with college and university students in mind, but others may find it a handy reference.

John L. Capinera, Gainesville (Florida) April, 2008 Highlights of the Encyclopedia of Entomology

Major Taxa of Insects and Their Stoneflies () Near Relatives Stylopids (Strepsiptera) Symphylans (Symphyla) Alderflies and Dobsonflies (Megaloptera) (Isoptera) Angel Insects (Zoraptera) (Thysanoptera) Bark-Lice, Book-Lice, or Psocids (Psocoptera) (Ixodida) (Coleoptera) , , , and Sawflies () Bristletails (Archeognatha) Webspinners (Embiidina) Bugs () and () Caddisflies (Trichoptera) Other Groups Centipedes (Chilopoda) Chewing and Sucking Lice (Phthiraptera) Anagrus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) () Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Diplurans (Diplura) (Hemiptera: ) Dragonflies and Damselflies (Odonata) Apoid Wasps (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: (Dermaptera) Spheciformes) (Siphonaptera) Argasid (Soft) Ticks (: Ixodida: ) (Diptera) Assassin Bugs, Kissing Bugs and Others Gladiators (Mantophasmatodea) (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) , Katydids, and Crickets Bark Beetles, Dendroctonus spp. (Coleoptera: () : Scolytinae) Lacewings, Antlions, and Mantispids Bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Apiformes) (Neuroptera) Bess Beetles (Coleoptera: Passalidae) Mayflies (Ephemeroptera) Biting Midges, Culicoides (Diptera: (Diplopoda) Ceratopogonidae) (Acari) Black Flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) Pillbugs and Sowbugs, or Woodlice (Isopoda) Blister Beetles (Coleoptera: Meloidae) Praying Mantids (Mantodea) Bulb Mites, Rhizoglyphus (Acari: Acaridae) Proturans (Protura) Burnet Biology (Lepidoptera: Rock Crawlers (Grylloblattodea) ) Scorpionflies (Mecoptera) Brush-Footed Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Scorpions (Scorpiones) ) Sea (Pycnogonida) Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera) Silverfish (Zygentoma) Carpenter Bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Snakeflies (Raphidioptera) Xylocopinae) Spiders (Araneae) Carrion Beetles (Coleoptera: Silphidae) Springtails (Collembola) (Hemiptera: Cicadoidea) Stick and Leaf Insects (Phasmida) Clearwing Moths (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) xii  Highlights of the Encyclopedia of Entomology Coreid Bugs and Relatives: , Marine Insects and the Sea-Skater Halobates ­Stenocepahidae, Alydidae, Rhopalidae, and (Hemiptera: ) Hyocephalidae (Hemiptera: ) Metalmark Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae) Crane Flies (Diptera: Tipulidae and Others) Microdon spp. (Diptera: Syrphidae) Dance Flies, Balloon Flies, Predaceous Flies Minute Pirate Bugs (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) ­(Diptera: Empidoidea, exclusive of Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) Dolichopodidae) Moths (Lepidoptera: Heterocera) Darkling Beetles (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) Nuttalliellidae (Acari) Earwigflies (Mecoptera: Meropeidae) Orchid Bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) Fairyflies (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) Parasitic Hymenoptera (Hymenoptera: Parasitica) Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) Paederus Fabricius (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Flea Beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Paederinae) Alticinae) Pelecinid Wasps (Hymenoptera: Pelecinidae) Four-Legged Mites ( or Tetrapodili) , Magicicada spp. (Hemiptera: Fruit Flies (Diptera: ) Cicadidae) Gnats (Diptera: Mycetophilidae and Phytoseiid Mites (Acari: Phytoseiidae) Others) Powderpost Beetles (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae: Gall Midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) Lyctinae) Gall Wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) Pine Tip Moths, Rhyacionia spp. (Lepidoptera: Giant Water Bugs (Hemiptera: Belostomatidae) ) Greater Fritillaries or Silverspots, [= Plant Bugs (Hemiptera: Miridae) ­Argynnis] (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) Planthoppers (Hemiptera: Fulgoroidea) Ground Beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae): Plume Moths (Lepidoptera: Pterophoridae) Taxonomy Powderpost Beetles (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae: Harvester Ants, Pogonomyrmex (Hymenoptera: Lyctinae) Formicidae) Predatory Stink Bugs (Hemiptera: : Horse Flies and Flies (Diptera: Tabanidae) Asopinae) Jerusalem Crickets (Orthoptera: Riffle Beetles (Coleoptera: Elmidae) Stenopelmatidae) Robber Flies (Diptera: Asilidae) Jumping Spiders (Arachnida: Araneae: Salticidae) Rove Beetles (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) June Beetles, Phyllophaga spp. (Coleoptera: Sac Spiders (Arachnida: Araneae: Tengellidae, ­Scarabaeidae: Melolothinae: Melolothini) Zorocratidae, Miturgidae, Anyphaenidae, Katydids (Orthoptera: ) Clubionidae, Liocranidae, and Corinnidae) Kissing Bugs (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae) Sap Beetles (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) Lace Bugs (Hemiptera: Tingidae) Sawflies (Hymenoptera: Symphyta) Ladybird Beetles (: Coleoptera) Sawflies (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) Leaf Beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) Scale Insects and Mealybugs (Hemiptera: Leaf-Cutting Ants (Formicidae: : Coccoidea) Attini) Scarab Beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea) Leaf-Miner Flies (Diptera: ) Skin-Piercing and Blood-Feeding Moths, Calyptra Leafhoppers (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) spp. (Lepidoptera: : ) Longicorn, Longhorned, or Round-Headed Mites (Acari: and Others) ­Beetles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) Spittlebugs (Hemiptera: Cercopoidea) Long-Legged Flies (Diptera: Dolichopodidae) Spongillaflies (Neuroptera: Sisyridae) Mantidflies (Neuroptera: Mantispidae) Stilt Bugs (Hemiptera: Berytidae) Highlights of the Encyclopedia of Entomology  xiii Stink Bugs (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), Alarm Pheromones ­Emphasizing Economic Importance Alary Muscles Tachinid Flies (Diptera: Tachinidae) Alimentary Canal and Digestion Tent Caterpillars, Malacosoma spp. (Lepidoptera: Biological Clock of the German , Lasiocampidae) ­Blattella germanica (L.) Tiger Beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Collyrinae Chordotonal Sensory Organs and Cicindelinae) Corazonin Termites (Isoptera) in South America Cryptobiosis Tiphiid Wasps (Hymenoptera: Tiphiidae) Diapause Treehoppers (Hemiptera: Membracidae) Dorsal Vessel: Heart and Aorta Underwing Moths –Catocala (Lepidoptera: Ecdysone Agonists, a Novel Group of Insect Noctuidae) Growth Regulators Velvet Ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae) Ecdysteroids Water Penny Beetles (Coleoptera: Psephenidae) Embryogenesis , Billbugs, Bark Beetles, and Others Endocrine Regulation of Insect Reproduction (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea) Eyes and Vision Weta (Orthoptera: Anostostomatidae, Fatty Acid Binding Proteins ) Fireflies: Control of Flashing (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) Hemocytes in Insects: Their Morphology and Function H-Organ Morphology and Anatomy Immunity Integument: Structure and Function Abdomen of Hexapods Entomopathogenic Fungi and Their Host Cuticle Antennae of Hexapods Juvenile Hormone Head of Hexapods Learning in Insects: Neurochemistry and Internal Anatomy of Insects ­Localization of Brain Function Alimentary Canal and Digestion Locomotion and Muscles Legs of Hexapods Metamorphosis Mouthparts of Hexapods Midgut and Insect Pathogens Thorax of Hexapods Multifunctional Semiochemicals Wings of Insects Nervous System Eggs of Insects Neurological Effects of Insecticides and the Insect Nervous System Nervous System Eyes and Vision Nutrition in Insects Integument: Structure and Function Oogenesis Nygma Pheromones Wing Coupling Polyphenism in Insects and Juvenile Hormone (JH) Prothoracicotropic Hormone Physiology Reflex Bleeding Regulation of Sex Pheromone Production in Accessory Pulsatile Hearts Moths Adipokinetic and Hypertrehalosemic Reproduction Neurohormones Reselin xiv  Highlights of the Encyclopedia of Entomology Sex Attractant Pheromones -Associated Plant Effectors (AAPEs): Social Insect Pheromones Elicitors and Suppressors of Crop Defense Sound Production in the Cicadoidea Attraction of Insects to Organic Sulfur Storage Proteins Compounds in Plants Storage Protein Receptors Blister Antennal Twisting Behavior Stress-Induced Host Plant Free Amino Acids and Construction Behavior of Insects Insects Crypsis Taste and Contact Chemoreception Cycloalexy Tracheal System and Respiratory Gas Exchange Deflection Marks Ultrastructure of Insect Sensilla Deimatic Behavior Venoms and Toxins in Insects Drumming Communication and Intersexual Venoms of Ectoparasitic Wasps Searching Behavior of Stoneflies Venoms of Endoparasitic Wasps (Plecoptera) Vitellogenesis Environmental Influences on Behavioral Water Balance ­Development in Insects Facultative Predators Flash Colors Genetics Glowworms Gregarious Behavior in Insects Bacteriophage WO Hilltopping Behavior of Insects: Genetic Analysis by Crossing Host Location in Parasitic Wasps and Selection Host Plant Selection by Insects Behavior: Molecular Genetic Analyses Inverted Copulation Genetic Modification of By P Learning in Insects Elements Marking Insects for Studying Ecology and Genetic Sexing Behavior Genetic Transformation Mosquito Oviposition Genomes of Insects Multifunctional Semiochemicals Homeotic Genes in Coleoptera Myrmecomorphy Honey Sexuality: A Historical Perspective Myrmecophiles Meiotic Drive in Insects Parental Care in (Hemiptera: Molecular Diagnosis Heteroptera) Polytene Chromosomes Puddling Behavior in Butterflies Sex Ratio Modification by Cytoplasmic Agents Red Imported Fire Territorial Behavior Sibling Species Reflex Bleeding Transgenic Arthropods for Management Sociality of Insects Programs Sound Production in the Cicadoidea RNA Interference Sphragis Behavior and Value in Agricultural Landscapes Behavior Thermoregulation in Insects Vibrational Communication Acoustic Communication in Insects Visual Mating Signals Acoustical Communication in Heteroptera Walking Stick Defensive Behavior and (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) ­Regeneration of Appendages Highlights of the Encyclopedia of Entomology  xv Ecology and Evolution Insectivorous Plants Life Tables Mimicry Adaptation of Indigenous Insects to Introduced Mosquito Larval Feeding Ecology Crops Mosquito Overwintering Ecology Allelochemicals Natural Enemy Attraction to Plant Ant-Plant Interactions Volatiles Aposematism Night Blooming Plants and Their Insect Arthropod-Associated Plant Effectors Pollinators (AAPEs): Elicitors and Suppressors of Nutrient Content of Insects Crop Defense Outbreaks of Insects Bioclimatic Models in Entomology Overwintering in Insects Biogeography Phase Polymorphism in Locusts Brachelytry Phylogenetics Bromeliad Fauna Phytotelmata Cannibalism Plant Extrafloral Nectaries Carnivorous Plants Plant Secondary Compounds and Phytophagous Carnivory and Symbiosis in the Purple Insects Pitcher Plant Pollination and Flower Visitation Castes Pollination by Osmia Bees (Hymenoptera: Cave Adapted Insects Megachilidae) Cave Habitat Colonization Pollination by Yucca Moths Chemical Ecology of Insects Pollution and Terrestrial Arthropods Cold Tolerance in Insects Polyphenism Conservation of Insects Polyacetylenes and Their Thiophene Cryptobiosis Derivatives Decomposer Insects : The Role of Generalist Predators Diapause in Biodiversity and Biological Eggs of Insects Control Endophytic Fungi and Grass-Feeding Pyrophilous Insects Insects Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids and Tiger Moths Food Habits of Insects ­(Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) Fossil Record of Insects Retournement and Deversement of the Furanocoumarins ­Aedeagus in Coleoptera Gall Formation Rhythms of Insects Galápagos Islands Insects: Colonization, Seed Predation by Insects Structure, and Evolution Sexual Selection Geological Time Sociality of Insects Glowworms Species Concepts Gregarious Behavior in Insects Speciation Processes Among Insects (Coleoptera: Carabidae) Symbiosis Between Planthoppers and Feeding Ecology Microorganisms Hypertely Trichomes and Insects Hypericin Tritrophic Interactions Inquilines and Cleptoparasites Water Pollution and Insects xvi  Highlights of the Encyclopedia of Entomology Microbiology and Pathology Nosema disease Nomuraea Microbial Control of Insects Orcytes and other Nudiviruses Microbial Control of Medically Important Paecilomyces Insects Paenibacillus Symbionts of Insects Parvoviruses Symbiosis Between Planthoppers and Polydnaviruses Microorganisms Reoviruses Symbiotic Viruses of Parasitic Wasps Rhabdoviruses Fungal Pathogens in Insects Septobasidium Entomopathogenic Fungi and Their Host Cuticle Serratia entomophila Midgut and Insect Pathogens Small RNA viruses of invertebrates Immunity Sorosporella Pathogens of Whiteflies (Hemiptera: Trichomycetes Aleyrodidae) Diseases Of Grasshoppers and Locusts Parasites of Insects Humans and Insects Nematomorphs (Nematomorpha) Entomopathogenic Nematodes and Insect Apiculture (Beekeeping) Management Aquatic Entomology and Flyfishing Thrips-Parasitic Nematodes Counts American Foulbrood Butterfly Gardening Amoebae Careers in Entomology Ascosphaera apis Collecting and Preserving Insects Ascoviruses Common (Vernacular) Names of Insects sphaericus Conservation of Insects Costs and Benefits of Insects Baculoviruses Cultural Entomology Beauveria Entomodeltiology Birnaviruses Entomophagy: Human Consumption of Insects Cestodes Coelomomyces History and Insects Culicinomyces Honeybee Sexuality: An Historical Perspective Entomophthorales Identification of Insects Entomopoxviruses (Poxviruses) Insects as Aphrodisiacs Granulovirus Invasive Species Helicosporium Lacquers and Dyes From Insects Hirsutella Literature and Insects Iridoviruses Therapy Laboulbeniales Marking Insects for Studying Ecology and Lagenidium giganteum Behavior Lecanicillium Midges as Human Food Metarhizium Mythology and Insects Microsporidia (Phylum Microsporidia) Native American Culture and Insects Nosema locustae (Protozoa: Microsporidia) Popularity of Insects Highlights of the Encyclopedia of Entomology  xvii Pronunciation of Scientific Names and Terms Bokor, Elemér Psychiatry And Insects: Phobias and Delusions of Bonnet, Charles Insect Infestations in Humans Borgmeier, Thomas Rearing of Insects Bøving, Adam Giede Scientific Names and Other Words From Latin Brauer, Friedrich Moritz and Greek Broun, Thomas Sericulture Bruch, Carlos Silk Brues, II, Charles Thomas Teaching and Training in Entomology: Institu- Brullé, Gaspard Auguste tional Models Brunner von Wattenwyl, Carl Teaching Entomology: A Review of Techniques Buffon, Georges Louis Leclerc (Comte de) Burgess, Albert Franklin Burmeister, Carl Hermann Conrad Notable and Pioneer Buxton, Patrick Alfred Entomologists Calvert, Philip Powell Cameron, Malcolm Abafi-Aigner, Lajos (Ludwig Aigner) Candèze, Ernest Charles Auguste Abbott, John Carpenter, Frank Morton Agassiz, Jean Louis Rodolphe Carter, Herbert James Aldrovandi, Ulisse (Ulysse, Ulysses) Casey, Thomas Lincoln Alexander, Charles Paul Caudell, Andrew Nelson Amerasinghe, Felix P. Chagas, Carlos Justiniano Ribeiro Andrewartha, Herbert George Chaudoir, Maximilien Stanislavovitch de Arnett, Jr., Ross Harold Champion, George Charles Audinet-Serville, Jean-Guillaume Chapman, Reginald Frederick Audouin, Jean-Victor Chevrolat, Louis Alexandre Auguste Barber, Herbert Spencer Chiang, Huai C. Bates, Henry Walter China, William Edward Bates, Marston Chittenden, Frank Hurlbut Beck, Stanley Dwight Christophers, (Sir) Samuel Rickard Beklemishev, Vladimir NikolayevicH Cockerell, Theodor Dru Alison Bell, William J. Comstock, John Henry Becquaert, Joseph Charles Coquillett, Daniel William Berlese, Antonio Craw, Alexander Bernhauer, Max Cresson, Ezra Townsend Bertram, Douglas Somerville Criddle, Norman Bíró, Lajos Crotch, George Robert Blackburn, Thomas Crowson, Roy Albert Blackwelder, Richard Elliot Csiki, Erno (Ernst Dietl) Blaisdell, Frank Ellsworth Curran, Charles Howard Blatchley, Willis Stanley Curtis, John Bodenheimer, Friedrich (Frederick) Simon Cushman, Robert Asa Bohart, Richard M. Cuvier, (Baron) Georges Léopold Chretien Boheman, Carl Heinrich ­Frédéric Dagobert Boisduval, Jean-Baptiste Alphonse Dechauffour Dahlbom, Anders Gustav xviii  Highlights of the Encyclopedia of Entomology Darlington, Jr., Philip J. Frivaldszky, János Darwin, Charles Froggatt, Walter Wilson Davis, William Thompson Gahan, Arthur Burton Debach, Paul Ganglbauer, Ludwig Degeer, Carl (Carolus, Karl, Charles) Germar, Ernst Friedrich Dejean, Pierre François Marie Auguste Ghilarov, Mercury Sergeevich Dethier, Vincent Gaston Girault, Alexandre Arsène Dobzhansky, Theodosius Grigorievich Glover, Townend Donisthorpe, Horace St. John Kelly Gmelin, Johann Friedrich Douglas, John William Goeldi, Emil (Emilio) August Drake, Carl John Gorgas, William Crawford Dudich, Endre Graham, Marcus William Robert de Vere Dufour, Léon Jean Marie Grassi, Giovanni Battista Duponchel, Philogène August-Joseph Gravenhorst, Johan Ludwig Christian Dyar, Harrison Grey Gressitt, Judson Linsley Edwards, William Henry Grote, Augustus Radcliffe Eickwort, George C. Guenée, Achille Emerson, Alfred Edwards Guérin-Méneville, Félix Edouard Endrödi, Sebö (Sebastian Endrödi) Gundlach, Johannes (Juan) Christopher Endrödy-Younga, Sebastian (Sebestyén Gyllenhal, Leonhard ­Endrödy-Younga, Sebestyén Endrödy) Haddow, Alexander John Erichson, Wilhelm Ferdinand Hagen, Hermann August Esaki, Teiso Hagen, Kenneth Sverre Evans, Howard Ensign Hahn, Carl Wilhelm Fabre, Jean-Henri Casimir Hale Carpenter, Geoffrey Douglas Fabricius, Johann Christian Haliday, Alexander Henry Fairchild, Alexander Graham Bell Handlirsch, Anton Fairmaire, Léon Hansen, Viktor Fall, Henry Clinton Harris, Thaddeus William Fauvel, Charles Adolphe Albert Hatch, Melville Harrison Felt, Ephraim Porter Heer, Oswald Fenichel, Sámuel Henneguy, Louis Félix Fennah, Ronald Gordon Hennig, Willi Fernald, Charles Henry Herman, Ottó Ferris, Gordon Floyd Herrich-Schäffer, Gottlieb August Fischer Von Waldheim, Gotthelf Hewitt, Charles Gordon Fitch, Asa Hinton, Howard Everest Fletcher, James Hobby, Bertram Maurice Foote, Richard H. Hocking, Brian Forbes, Stephen Alfred Hogstraal, Harry O. Ford, Edmund Brisco Holland, William Jacob Forel, Auguste Henri Hope, Frederick William Fourcroy, Antoine-François (Comte de) Hopkins, Andrew Delmar Frisch, K. von Horn, George Henry Frivaldszky, Imre Horn, Hermann Wilhelm Walther Highlights of the Encyclopedia of Entomology  xix Horsfall, William R. Maskell, William Miles Howard, Leland Ossian Masters, George Hübner, Jacob Matheson, Robert Huffaker, Carl Barton Matsumura, Shonen Hungerford, Herbert Barker Mcdunnough, James Halliday Ihering, Hermann Von Mcglashan, Charles Fayette Imms, Augustus Daniel Meigen, Johann Wilhelm Jacquelin du Val, Pierre Nicolas Camille Mellanby, Kenneth Jeannel, René Melander, Axel Leonard Johannsen, Oskar Augustus Melsheimer, Frederick Valentine Jordan, Heinrich Ernst Karl Ménétriés, Edouard Kaszab, Zoltán Metcalf, Clell Lee Kellogg, Vernon Lyman Metcalf, Zeno Payne Kennedy, John S. Meyrick, Edward Kershaw, John Crampton Wilkinson , David Kevan, Douglas Keith McEwan M’lachlan, Robert Kiesenwetter, Ernst August Hellmuth von Morgan, Thomas Hunt Kirby, William Morrison, Herbert Knowles Klee, Waldemar G. Morse, Albert Pitts Knipling, Edward Fred Motschulsky, Victor Ivanovich Koebele, Albert Müller, Johann Friedrich Theodor Kraatz, Ernst Gustav Müller, Josef Kring, James Burton Mulsant, Etienne Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste Needham, James George Latreille, Pierre André Newell, Wilmon Lea, Arthur Mills Newman, Edward. Lea, H. Arnold Newsom, Leo Dale LeConte, John Lawrence Olivier, Guillaume Antoine Leech, Hugh Bosdin Ormerod, Eleanor Anne Lefroy, Harold Maxwell Osborn, Herbert Leng, Charles William Osten Sacken, C.R. Lepeletier, Amédée Louis Michel Packard, Alpheus Spring Lindroth, Carl H. Painter, Reginald Henry Linnaeus, Carolus (Linné, Carl von) Palm, Thure Linsley, Earle Gorton Pass, Bobby Clifton Loew, Hermann Patch, Edith Marion Lorguin, Pierre Joseph Michel Paykull, Gustaf Lugger, Otto Peairs, Leonard Marion Macleay (Sir) William John Peck, William Dandridge Macquart, Pierre Justin Marie Petrunkevitch, Alexander Mallis, Arnold Pickett, Allison Deforest Mann, William M. Pomerantsev, Boris Ivanovich Mannerheim, Carl Gustav von Potter, Charles Marlatt, Charles Lester Prokopy, Ronald J. Marx, George Provancher, (l’abbé) Léon xx  Highlights of the Encyclopedia of Entomology Putzeys, Jules Antoine Adolphe Henri Stern, Vernon M. Rabb, Robert Lamar Swammerdam, Jan Radoshkowsky, Octavius John Swezey, Otto Herman de Réaumur, René Antoine Ferchault Szent-Ivány, József Gyula Hubertus Redi, Francesco Thomas, Cyrus Redtenbacher, Ludwig Thomson, Carl Gustav Reed, Walter. Thunberg, Carl Peter Rehn, James Abram Garfield Tillyard, Robin John Reitter, Edmund Torre-Bueno, José Rollin De La Remington, Charles Lee Townes, Jr., Henry K. Rey, Claudius Treherne, John E Richards, Owain Westmacott Uhler, Philip Reese Riley, Charles Valentine Usinger, Robert Leslie Robineau-Desvoidy, Jean Baptiste Uvarov, (Sir) Boris Petrovich Rondani, Camillo Van Den Bosch, Robert Rosen, David Van Duzee, Edward Payson Ross, Herbert Holdsworth Varley, George C Rothschild, Miriam Viereck, Henry Lorenz Roubal, Jan Walker, Francis Sabrosky, Curtis Waloff, Nadejda Sahlberg, Carl Reinhold Walsh, Benjamin Dann Sailer, Reece I. Walsingham, (Lord) Thomas de Gray Sanderson, Dwight Wasmann, Erich Saunders, William Wesmael, Constantin Saussure, Henri Louis Frederic de Westwood, John Obadiah Say, Thomas Wheeler, William Morton Scheerpeltz, Otto Wiedemann, Christian Rudolph Wilhelm Schneiderman, Howard Allen Wigglesworth, (Sir) Vincent Brian Schwarz, Eugene Amandus Williams, Carroll Milton Scudder, Samuel Hubbard Williston, Samuel Wendell Selys-Longchamps, Michel Edmond de Wirth, Willis Wagner Sharp, David Wolcott, George N. Shelford, Victor Ernest Wollaston, Thomas Vernon Signoret, Victor Antoine Young, Jr., David A Silvestri, Filippo Zeller, Philipp Christoph Sylveira Caldeira, João da Zetterstedt, Johann Wilhelm Smirnoff, Vladimir A. Zachvatkin (Jasykov), Aleksei Alekseevich Smith, John Bernhardt Smith, Harry Scott Smith, Ray F. Pest Management Snodgrass, Robert Evans Snow, Francis Huntington Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Spielman, Andrew Economic Injury Level (EIL) and Economic Stål, Carl Threshold (ET) Concepts in Pest Steinhaus, Edward Arthur Management Highlights of the Encyclopedia of Entomology  xxi Costs and Benefits of Insects Augmentative Biological Control Methods for Measuring Crop Losses by Insects Classical Biological Control Sampling Arthropods Conservation Biological Control Traps for Capturing Insects Natural Enemies Important in Biological Control Scale and Hierarchy in Integrated Pest Mass Rearing of Natural Enemies Management Culture of Natural Enemies on Factitious Phenology Models for Pest Management and Artificial Diets Agroecology Classical Biological Control of Chestnut Gall Organic Agriculture in Japan Regulatory Entomology Conservation of Ground Beetles in Regulations Affecting the Implementation of Annual Crops Regulatory Entomology Practices Filth Fly (Hymenoptera: Invasive Species ­Pteromalidae) in Pest Risk Analysis Carabid Beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) as Mechanical Protection of Humans from Parasitoids ­Arthropod Attacks and Bites History of Biological Control of Wheat Stem Repellents of Biting Flies Sawflies (Hymenoptera: ) Physical Management of Insect Pests of Lepidoptera Defoliators in Kaolin-Based Particle Films for Arthropod ­Sunflower and Legume Crops, andAdjacent ­ Control Vegetation in the Pampas of Argentina Controlled Atmosphere Technologies for Insect Transmission of Plant Diseases by Insects Control Plant Viruses and Insects Cultural Control of Insects Management of Insect-Vectored Pathogens of Plant Resistance to Insects Plants Resistance of Solanaceous Vegetables to Insects Transmission of Xylella fastidiosa Bacteria by Cover, Border and Trap Crops for Pest and -Feeding Insects ­Disease Management Vectors of Phytoplasmas Polyculture Microbial Control of Insects Visual Attractants and Repellents in IPM Pesticides and Pesticide Push-Pull Strategy for Insect Pest Management Application Area-Wide Insect Pest Management Acaricides or Miticides Filter Rearing System for Sterile Insect Boric Acid Technology DDT Weeds in Crop Systems for Pest Suppression Insecticides Biological Control of Weeds Application: The Dose Transfer Weed Biological Control in Process Biological Control of Invasive Plants in Latin Food-Based Poisoned Baits for Insect Control America Soil Fumigation Host Specificity of Weed-Feeding Insects Structural Fumigation Foreign Exploration for Insects that Feed on Insecticide Bioassay Weeds Insecticide Formulation Flower Strips as Conservation Areas for Pest Insecticide Resistance Management Insecticide Toxicity xxii  Highlights of the Encyclopedia of Entomology Pesticide Hormoligosis (Corn) Pests and Their Management Synergism Pests of Crops in Asia Chronotoxicology Musk Thistle Suppression Using Weevils For Detoxification Mechanisms in Insects ­Biological Control Enhanced Biodegradation of Soil-Applied Palm Insects Pesticides Pests and Their Natural Enemies (Parasitoids Pesticide Resistance Management and/or Predators) in The Middle East Natural Products Used for Insect Control Pests and Their Management Botanical Insecticides School IPM, or Pest Management on School Chinaberry, Melia azedarach, a Biopesticidal Tree Grounds Pyrethrum and Persian Insect Powder Shade Tree Arthropods and Their Management Neem Small Fruit Pests and Their Management Horticultural Oils Stored Grain and Flour Insects and Their Soaps as Insecticides Management Diatomaceous Earth Sugarcane Pests and Their Management Photodynamic Action in Pest Control and Sweetpotato Weevils and Their Eradication Medicine ­Programs in Japan Neurological Effects of Insecticides and the Insect Tropical Fruit Pests and Their Management Nervous System Turfgrass Insects of the United States and Their Regulations Affecting Use of Pesticides Management Urban Entomology Vegetable Pests and Their Management Pests Groups and Their Veterinary Pests and Their Management Management Wheat Pests and Their Management Bioecology and Management in Latin Agricultural Crop Pests in Southeast Asia America ­Including South China Wood-Attacking Insects Alfalfa (Lucerne) Pests and Their Management Apple Pests and Their Management Banana Pests and Their Management Medical and Veterinary Bark Beetles in The Dendroctonus Entomology Cassava Pests and Their Management Pests and Their Management African Horse Sickness Viruses Coffee Pests and Their Management Argasid (Soft) Ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Argasidae) Crucifer Pests and Their Management Avian (Bird) Malaria Desert Locust, Schistocerca gregaria Forskål Bed Bugs (Hemiptera: Cimicidae: spp.) (Orthoptera: ) Plagues Biting Midges, Culicoides spp. (Diptera: Grasshoppers and Locusts as Agricultural Pests Ceratopogonidae) Grasshoppers of the Argentine Pampas Black Flies Attacking Livestock: Simulium and Locust Pests in ­arcticum Malloch and Simulium luggeri Grasshopper and Locust Pests in Australia ­Nicholson & Mickel (Diptera: Simuliidae) Grasshopper Pests in North America Bluetongue Disease Gramineous Lepidopteran Stem Borders in Bovine Hypodermosis: Phenology in Europe Africa Brown Dog , Rhipicephalus sanguineus Mahogany Pests and Their Management (Latreille) (Acari: Ixodida: ) Highlights of the Encyclopedia of Entomology  xxiii , Ctenocephalides felis felis Bouché Rocky Mountain Wood Tick, Dermacentor ­(Siphonaptera: ) ­andersoni Stiles (Acari: Ixodidae) Chagas, Carlos Justiniano Ribeiro Rodent Trypanosomiasis: A Comparison Chagas Disease or American Trypanosomiasis Between Trypanosoma lewisi and Chagas Disease: Biochemistry of the Vector ­Trypanosoma musculi Chikungunya Simulium spp. Vectors of Onchocerca volvulus Chironomids as a Nuisance and of Medical Skin-Piercing and Blood-Feeding Moths, Importance ­Calyptra spp. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae: Cockroaches and Disease Calpinae) Dermatitis Linearis Sleeping Sickness or African Trypanosomiasis Dengue St. Louis Encephalitis Dirofilariasis Sugar-Feeding in Blood-Feeding Flies Eastern Equine Encephalitis Taiga Tick, Ixodes persulcatus Schulze (Acari: Horse Flies and Deer flies ­Ixodida: Ixodidae) House Fly, Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Tick Paralysis ) Ticks (Ixodida) Human , Dermatobia hominis (Linneaus, Ticks as Vectors of Pathogens Jr.) (Diptera: Oestridae) Trypanosomes Human Lice Tsetse Flies, Glossina spp. (Diptera: Glossinidae) Human Lymphatic Filariasis (Elephantiasis) Types of Pathogen Transmission by Arthropods Human Scabies Vector Capability of Blood-Sucking Arthropods: Hypodermosis in Deer A Forecasting Matrix Japanese Encephalitis Venoms And Toxins in Insects La Crosse Encephalitis West Nile Fever Leishmaniasis Yellow Fever Lyme Borreliosis Maggot Therapy Malaria Arthropods of Economic Mechanical Protection of Humans from Arthro- Importance pod Attacks and Bites Microbial Control of Medically , exempta Important Insects ­(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Mites (Acari) African , Africanized Honey Bee, or Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) Killer Bee, Apis mellifera scutellata Lepeletier Mosquitoes as Vectors of Viral Pathogens (Hymenoptera: Apidae) Mosquito Oviposition African Mahogany-Feeding Caterpillar, ­Heteronygmia dissimilis Aurivillius Onchocerciasis ­(Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) Paederina African Pine-Feeding Grasshopper, Plagiotriptus Pederin pinivorus (Descamps) (Orthoptera: Pathogen Transmission by Arthropods Eumastacidae) Piroplasmosis: Babesia and Theileria Alfalfa Leafcutting Bee, Megachile rotundata Reed, Walter ­Fabricius (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) Repellents of Biting Flies Allegheny Mound Ant, exsectoides Foretl Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) xxiv  Highlights of the Encyclopedia of Entomology American Grasshopper, Schistocerca americana Looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hübner) (Drury) (Orthoptera: Acrididae) ­(Lepidoptera Noctuidae) Almond Seed Wasp, Eurytoma amygdali Cabbageworm, Pieris rapae (Linnaeus) ­Enderlein (Hymenoptera: ) ­(Lepidoptera: Pieridae) American Serpentine Leafminer, Cactus Moth, Cactoblastis cactorum (Berg) ­trifolii (Burgess) (Diptera: Agromyzidae) ­(Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Argentine Ant, Linepithema humile (Mayr), Cape Honey Bees, Apis mellifera capensis Escholtz (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Cassava Mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti ) ­Matile-Ferrero (Hemiptera: , auxiliaris (Grote) Pseudococcidae) ­(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Chilli Thrips, Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood Armyworm, Pseudaletia unipuncta (Haworth) ­(Thysanoptera: Thripidae) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Chinch Bug, leucopterus (Say) (Hemiptera: Asian Citrus Psyllid, Kuwayama ) (Hemiptera: ) Cluster Fly, (Fabricius) and , Brachycorynella asparagi P. ­pseudorudis Rognes (Diptera: (Mordvilko) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) Calliphoridae) Aster Leafhopper, Macrosteles quadrilineatus Mite, guerreronis (Acari: Forbes (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) ) Australian Sheep Blowfly, Lucilia cuprina Coffee Berry Borer, Hypthenemus hampei ­Wiedemann (Diptera: Calliphoridae) ­(Ferrari) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Banana , (Germar) Scolytinae) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Colorado Potato Beetle, Leptinotarsa Bed Bugs (Hemiptera: Cimicidae: Cimex spp.) ­decemlineata (Say) (Coleoptera: Bee Louse, Bee Fly, or Braulid, coeca Chrysomelidae) ­Nitzsch (Diptera: ) Corn Delphacid, Peregrinus maidis (Ashmead) Beet Armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Corn Earworm, (Boddie) Bertha Armyworm, Mamestra configurata Walker ­(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Corn Leaf Aphid, Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch) Black Cutworm, ipsilon (Hufnagel) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) ­(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Corn Leafhopper, Dalbulus maidis (Delong And Black Fig Fly, Silba adipata McAlpine (Diptera: Wolcott) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) Lonchaeidae) Cotton Leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis Bogong moth, Agrotis infusa (Boisduval) (Boisduval) ­(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Crapemyrtle Aphid Sarucallis kahawaluokalani Boll Weevil, Anthonomus grandis Boheman (Kirkaldy) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Stem Borer, Pseudophilus testaceus Brown Citrus Aphid, Toxoptera citricida Gah. (= Jebusea hammershmidti Reiche) ­(Kirkaldy) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) Cabbage Aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae (L.) Diamondback Moth, Plutella xylostella (Hemiptera: Aphididae) ­(Linnaeus) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) Cabbage Maggot or Cabbage Root Fly, radi- Root Weevil, cum (Linnaeus) (Diptera: ) (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Highlights of the Encyclopedia of Entomology  xxv Differential Grasshopper, differentialis Greater Date Moth, Arenipses sabella Hmps (Thomas) (Orthoptera: Acrididae) ­(Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Douglas-Fir Beetle, Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Greenhouse Whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum pseudotsugae Hopkins (Coleoptera: (Westwood) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) ­Curculionidae, Scolytinae) Green Aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer) Driver Ants ( Subgenus Anomma) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Gypsy Moth, Lymantria dispar Linnaeus Dubas Bug (Old World Date Bug), Ommatissus ­(Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) binotatus (Hemiptera: Tropiduchidae) Harlequin Bug, Murgantia histrionica (Hahn) Eastern Lubber Grasshopper, Romalea microptera (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) (Beauvois) (Orthoptera: Acrididae) Hazelnut and Walnut Twig Borer, Oberea Elm , Xanthogaleruca (= Pyrrhalta) linearis Linnaeus (Coleoptera: luteola (Müller) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) Chrysomelidae) Hessian Fly, Mayetiola destructor (Say) (Diptera: Eri Silkworm, Philosamia ricini (Lepidoptera: Cecidomyiidae) ) Honey Bee, Apis mellifera Linnaeus Eurasian , typographus (Hymenoptera: Apidae) ­Linnaeus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Horn Fly, irritans (L.) (Diptera: Scolytinae) Muscidae) European Cherry Fruit Fly Rhagoletis cerasi House Fly, Musca domestica L. (Diptera: ­(Linnaeus) (Diptera: Tephritidae) Muscidae) European Corn Borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner) Human Botfly, Dermatobia hominis (Linneaus, (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Jr.) (Diptera: Oestridae) European , auricularia Linnaeus Japanese Beetle, Popillia japonica Newman (Dermaptera: ) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) Face Fly, Musca autumnalis De Geer (Diptera: Jewel Wasp, Nasonia vitripennis (Walker) Muscidae) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) Fall Armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Khapra Beetle, Trogoderma granarium Everts Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) Formosan Subterranean , Coptotermes Large Milkweed Bug, Oncopeltus fasciatus formosanus Shiraki (Isoptera: ­(Dallas) (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae) Rhinotermitidae) Large Cabbage White Butterfly, Fruit Stalk Borer, Oryectes elegans Prell Pieris brassicae (Linnaeus) (Lepidoptera: (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) Pieridae) Gamagrass Leafhopper Dalbulus quinquenotatus Larger Grain Borer, Prostephanus truncatus Delong & Nault (Hemiptera: (Horn) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) Cicadellidae) Leaf-Cutting Ants (Formicidae: Myrmicinae: Glassy-Winged Sharpshooter, Homalodisca Attini) ­vitripennis (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) Lesser Date Moth, amydraula Grape Phylloxera, Daktulosphaira vitifoliae ­Meyrick (Lepidoptera: Cosmopterygidae) (Fitch) (Hemiptera: Aphidoidea: Root Aphid, Pemphigus bursarius Phylloxeridae) ­(Linnaeus) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) Grapevine Leafhopper Complex (Hemiptera: Locust Borer, Megacyllene robiniae (Forster) Cicadellidae) in Cyprus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) xxvi  Highlights of the Encyclopedia of Entomology Lovebug, Plecia nearctica Hardy (Diptera: Maggot, (Meigen) (Diptera: Bibionidae) Anthomyiidae) Mango Mealybug, Rastrococcus invadens ­Williams Oriental Fruit Fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) (Diptera: Tephritidae) Mediterranean Fruit Fly Ceratitis capitata Aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) ­(Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) Melon Aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Pea Leafminer, Aphididae) (Blanchard) (Diptera: Agromyzidae) Melon Fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett) , pyricola (Foerster) (Diptera: Tephritidae) (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) Melon Thrips, Thrips palmi Karny (Thysanoptera: Pepper Weevil, Anthonomus eugenii Cano Thripidae) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Melonworm, hyalinata Linnaeus Phoracantha Longicorn Beetles (Coleoptera: ­(Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Cerambycidae) Mexican Beetle, Epilachna varivestris Pickleworm, Diaphania nitidalis (Stoll) ­Mulsant (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) ­(Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Migratory Grasshopper, Melanoplus sanguinipes Pine Weevil, (Coleoptera: (Fabricius) (Orthoptera: Acrididae) Curculionidae) Mole Crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae) and Pink Hibiscus Mealybug, Maconellicoccus Their Biological Control hirsutus Green (Hemiptera: Monarch Butterfly, Danaus plexippus Linnaeus Pseudococcidae) (Lepidoptera: Danaidae) Pistachio Seed Wasps, Eurytoma plotnikovi Mormon , Anabrus simplex Haldeman Nikol’skaya (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae) (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) and Megastigmas pistaciae Walker , Dendroctonus ponderosae (Hymenoptera: Torymidae) Hopkins (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Potato Aphid, Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas) Scolytinae) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) Myndus crudus (Van Duzee) (Hemiptera: Potato Tuberworm, Phthorimaea operculella Cixiidae) (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) Neotropical Brown Stink Bug, Euschistus , Conotrachelus nenuphar Herbst heros (Fabricius) (Hemiptera: (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Pentatomidae) Pseudo-Curly Top Treehopper, Micrutalis Neotropical Soybean Budborer, Crocidosema ­malleifera (Fowler) (Hemiptera: aporema (Walsingham) (Lepidoptera: Membracidae) Tortricidae) , Solenopsis invicta Buren Northern Corn Rootworm, barberi (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Smith & Lawrence (Coleoptera: Redlegged Grasshopper, Melanoplus Chrysomelidae) ­femurrubrum (Degeer) (Orthoptera: Olive Fruit Curculio, Rhynchites (= Coenorrhinus) Acrididae) cribripennis Desbrochers (Coleoptera: Red Palm Weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Attelabidae) (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Olive Fruit Fly, Bactrocera oleae (Rossi) (= Dacus Rhammatocerus schistocercoides Rehn oleae) (Diptera: Tephritidae) (Orthoptera: Acrididae) Olive Psyllids, Euplyllura spp. (Hemiptera: Rocky Mountain Wood Tick, Dermacentor Psyllidae) ­andersoni Stiles (Acari: Ixodidae) Highlights of the Encyclopedia of Entomology  xxvii Roundheaded Pine Beetle, Dendroctonus adjunc- Tarnished Plant Bug, Lygus lineolaris Palisot de tus Blandford (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Beauvois (Hemiptera: Miridae) Scolytinae) Taro Caterpillar or Rice Cutworm, Spodoptera Seedcorn Maggot or Bean Seed Fly, litura (Fabricius) (Meigen) (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) Tent Caterpillars, Malacosoma spp. (Lepidoptera: Silkworm, Bombyx mori (Linnaeus) (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae) Saturniidae) Termites (Isoptera) in South America , Bemisia argentifolii Bellows Timarcha Latreille (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae, and Perring (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) Chrysomelinae) Small Green Stink Bug, Piezodorus guildinii Hornworm, Manduca quinquemaculata (Westwood) (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: (Haworth) and Tobacco Hornworm, Pentatomidae) ­Manduca sexta (Linnaeus) (Lepidoptera: Small Hive Beetle, Aethina tumida Murray Sphingidae) ­(Nitidulidae: Coleoptera) Tracheal Mite, Acarapis woodi Rennie (Acarina: Small Honey Ant, Prenolepis imparis (Say) Tarsonemidae) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Tsetse Flies, Glossina spp. (Diptera: Glossinidae) Small Rice Stink Bug, Oebalus poecilus (Dallas) Aphid, (Kaltenbach) (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) Southern Green Stink Bug, Nezara viridula (L.) Turnip Root Maggot, Delia floralis (Fallen) (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) ­(Diptera: Anthomyiidae) Soybean Aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura Twospotted Spider Mite, Tetranychus urticae (Hemiptera: Aphididae) Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) , Podisus maculiventris (Say) Two-Spotted Stink Bug, Perillus bioculatus (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) ­(Fabricius) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) Spotted Beetle or Southern Twostriped Grasshopper, Corn Rootworm, Diabrotica undecimpunc- (Say) (Orthoptera: Acrididae) tata Mannerheim (Coleoptera: Varroa Mite, Varroa destructor Anderson & Chrysomelidae) ­Truemann (Acari: Varroidae) Spruce Budworms, Choristoneura Lederer Variegated Cutworm, (Hübner) ­(Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Squash Bug, tristis (DeGeer) (Hemiptera: Vegetable Leafminer, Blanchard Coreidae) (Diptera: Agromyzidae) Squash Vine Borer, Melittia cucurbitae (Harris) Viburnum Leaf Beetle, Pyrrhalta viburni (Lepidoptera: Sesiidaae) (Paykull) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) Stable Fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (Linnaeus) Vine Mealybug, Planococcus ficus Signoret ­(Diptera: Muscidae) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) Sweetpotato and Silverleaf Whiteflies, Bemisia Western Balsam Bark Beetle, Dryocoetes confusus spp. (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) Swain (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Sweetpotato , confinis Scolytinae) Crotch (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae Western Corn Rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera Alticinae) virgifera Leconte (Coleoptera: Sweetpotato Weevil, formicarius (Fabricius) Chrysomelidae) (Coleoptera: ) Western , Taiga Tick, Ixodes persulcatus Schulze (Acari: ­brillians Barnes & McDunnough ­Ixodida: Ixodidae) ­(Lepidoptera: Zyganeidae) xxviii  Highlights of the Encyclopedia of Entomology Western Harvester Ant, Pogonomyrmex ­occidentalis Winter Moth, Operophtera brumata (L.) (Cresson) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) ­(Lepidoptera: Geometridae) and Its Western Thatching Ant, Formica obscuripes ­Biological Control (Forel) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Wireworms, Several Genera and Species Wheat Stem Sawflies: cinctus Norton, (Coleoptera: Elateridae) Cephus pygmaeus (L.) and Trachelus tabidus Yellowstriped Armyworm, Spodoptera (F.) (Hymenoptera: Cephidae) ornithogalli (Guenée) (Lepidoptera: White Grubs, Phyllophaga, and Others Noctuidae) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) List of Contributors

Abivardi, Cyrus Gainesville, Florida 32611-0680 Institute of Integrative Biology USA ETH Zurich Universtät-Str.16 (CHN) Ajjan, Iskandar CH-8092 Zurich University of Tishreen Switzerland P.O. Box 740 Latakia Abou-Fakhr, Efat M. Syria Department of Plant Sciences Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences Ajlan, Aziz American University of Beirut Department of Plant Protection P.O. Box 11-0236 College of Agricultural and Food Sciences Bliss Street King Faisal University Beirut P.O. Box 55009 Lebanon Hofuf, Al-Hasa 31982 Adams, Byron J. Department of Microbiology and Molecular Albajes, Ramon Biology Universitat de Lleida Brigham Young University Centre UdL-IRTA Provo, 84602 Rovira Roure 177 USA 25199 Lleida Catalonia Adler, Peter Spain Department of Entomology Clemson University Box 340365 Alborn, Hans 114 Long Hall USDA, Agricultural Research Service Clemson, South Carolina 29634-0365 Chemistry Research Unit USA 1600-1700 SW 23rd Drive Gainesville, FL, 32608 Agnello, Arthur M. USA Department of Entomology New York State Agricultural Experiment Station Aldryhim, Yousif Cornell University P.O. Box 2460 Geneva, New York 14456-0462 Riyadh, 1141 USA Saudi Arabia

Agrios, George Alekseev, Andrey N. Plant Pathology Department Russian Parasitological Society University of Florida P.O. Box 738 xxx  List of Contributors 191186 Arif, Basil St. Petersburg, D-186 Great Lakes Forestry Center Russia 1219 Queen Street East Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario P6A 5M7 All, John Canada Department of Entomology Armstrong, Earlene University of Georgia Department of Entomology 413 Biological Sciences Building University of Maryland Athens, Georgia 30602 4122 Plant Sciences Building USA College Park, Maryland 20742 USA Alomar, Òscar IRTA Arthurs, Steven Centre de Cabrils Department of Entomology Carretera de Cabrils s/n Biological Control Laboratory 08348 Cabrils Texas A&M University Barcelona, Catalonia College Station, Texas 77843-2475 Spain USA

Asaro, Christopher Alvarez, Juan M. Department of Entomology Aberdeen Research and Education Center University of Georgia University of Idaho 413 Biological Sciences Building P.O. Box 870 Athens, Georgia 30602-2603 Aberdeen, Idaho 83210-0870 USA USA Attathom, Tipvadee Amalin, Divina M. Department of Entomology USDA-APHIS Kasetsart University 13601 Old Cutler Road Kamphaengsaen Campus Miami, Florida 33158 Nakhon Pathom, 73140 USA Thailand

Amerasinghe, Felix P. Baldwin, Rebecca W. International Management Institute Entomology and Nematology Department 127 Sunil Mawatha, Pelawatta P.O. Box 110620 Battaramulla, 10120 University of Florida Sri Lanka Gainesville, Florida, 32611 USA

Anderson, Robert Barbara, Kathryn A. Canadian Museum of Nature Entomology and Nematology Department P.O. Box 3443, Station D University of Florida Ottawa, Ontario K1P 6P4 Gainesville, Florida 32611-0620 Canada USA List of Contributors  xxxi Barfield, Carl Behmer, Spencer T. Entomology and Nematology Department Department of Entomology University of Florida Texas A&M University Gainesville, Florida 32611-0620 College Station, Texas 77843-2475 USA USA

Barrera, Juan F. Bellotti, Anthony C. Departamento de Entomología Tropical CIAT - Centro Internacional de Agricultura El Colegio de la Frontera Sur Tropical Tapachula, Chiapas, 30700 Apartado Aéreo 6713, Cali México Colombia Barth, Martin Beard, Charles E. Friedrich-Miescher-Laboratorium der Box 340315 - 114 Long Hall ­Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Entomology, and Plant Sciences Spemannstr. 39 Clemson University 720726 Tübingen Clemson, South Carolina 29634-0315 Germany USA Baumgärtner, Johann Bennett, Gary W. International Centre of Insect Physiology and Center for Urban and Industrial Management Ecology (ICIPE) Department of Entomology P.O. Box 17319 Purdue University Addis Ababa 1158 Smith Hall Ethiopia West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-1158 Baz, Arturo USA Universidad de Alcala Department Biologia Animal Bentz, Barbara J. Alcala de Henares Rocky Mountain Research Station Madrid, E-28801 Forestry Sciences Lab Spain 860 N 1200 E Logan, Utah 84321 Becnel, James J. USA Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology Berisford, C. Wayne USDA-ARS Department of Entomology Gainesville, Florida 32611-0970 University of Georgia USA 413 Biological Sciences Building Athens, Georgia 30602 Beeman, Richard W. USA USDA-ARS GMPRC Berlinger, Menachem J. 1515 College Avenue Entomology Laboratory Manhattan, Kansas Agricultural Research Organization USA Gilat Regional Experiment Station xxxii  List of Contributors P.O. Box 7710 B-1000 Bruxelles Be’er-Sheva, 84843 Belgium Israel Borgemeister, Christian Bernays, Elizabeth A. Institute of Plant Diseases and Plant Protection Department of Entomology University of Hannover University of Arizona Herrenheuser Str. 2 P.O. Box 2100 30419 Hannover Tucson, Arizona 85721-0036 Germany USA Bostanian, Noubar J. Berry, Colin Horiticultural Research and Development Cardiff School of Biosciences Centre Cardiff University Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada P.O. Box 911 430, Boulevard Gouin Museum Avenue St.-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Quebec J3B 3E6 Cardiff, Wales CF10 3US Canada UK Boucher, Stéphanie Bidochka, Michael Lyman Entomological Museum Department of Biological Sciences McGill University, Macdonald Campus Brock University Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec H9X 3V9 St. Catharine’s, Ontario Canada Canada

Blackwell, Alison Boucias, Drion Center for Tropical Veterinary Medicine Entomology and Nematology Department University of Edinburgh University of Florida Easter Bush Veterinary Centre Gainesville, Florida 32611-0620 Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG USA UK Bowles, David E. Blum, Murray S. Resource Protection Division Department of Entomology Freshwater Conservation Branch/River Studies University of Georgia Program 413 Biological Sciences Building Texas Parks and Wildlife Department Athens, Georgia 30602 P.O. Box 1685 USA San Marcos, Texas 78666 USA Boevé, Jean-Luc Département d’Entomologie Brambila, Julieta IRSNB-KBIN Florida Department of Agriculture and Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences ­Consumer Services Rue Vautier 29 Division of Plant Industry List of Contributors  xxxiii 1911 SW 34th Street Burden, Beverly Gainesville, Florida 32614 Department of Biological Sciences USA Louisiana State University - Shreveport One University Place Brandenburg, Rick Shreveport, Louisiana 71115 Department of Entomology USA North Carolina State University P.O. Box 7613 Buss, Eileen A. Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7613 Entomology and Nematology Department USA University of Florida Brault, Aaron C. Gainesville, Florida 32611-0620 USA Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Center for Infectious Diseases Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases Byers, George W. P.O. Box 2087 Snow Entomological Division Foothills Campus Natural History Museum Fort Collins, Colorado 80522 University of Kansas USA 1460 Jayhawk Boulevard Lawrence, Kansas 66045-7523 Brewer, J. Wayne USA Department of Entomology Auburn University Cabana, Jean 301 Funchess Hall AFA Environment Inc. Auburn University, Alabama 36849-5413 1100, Rene-Levesque Boulevard West USA 25th Floor Montreal, Quebec H3B 5C9 Brown, Harley P. Canada Department of Zoology University of Oklahoma Caceres, Carlos 730 Van Vleet Oval, Room 314 FAO/IAEA Norman, Oklahoma 73019-6121 Agricultural and Biotechnology Laboratory USA A-2444 Seibersdorf Brown, Susan J. Austria Division of Biology Kansas State University Calabrese, Diane M. 9 Anderson Hall 1000 Robin Road Manhattan, Kansas 66506 Silver Spring, Maryland 20901-1873 USA USA

Broza, Meir Cane, James H. University of Haifa USDA-ARS Oranim, Tivon 36006 Bee Biology and Systematics Laboratory Israel Utah State University xxxiv  List of Contributors 5310 Old Main Hill Cherry, Ron Logan, Utah 84322-5310 Everglades Research and Education Center USA University of Florida 3200 E. Palm Beach Road Capinera, John L. Belle Glade, Florida 33430 Entomology and Nematology Department USA University of Florida Gainesville, Florida 32611-0620 Chiappini, Elisabetta USA Istituto di Entomologia e Patologia Vegetale Facoltà di Agraria Cardwell, Kitty F. Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore USDA/CSREES Via Emilia Parmense, 84 Washington, D.C. Piacenza, 29100 USA Italy Cave, Ronald D. Choate, Paul M. Entomology and Nematology Department Entomology and Nematology Department University of Florida University of Florida Indian River Research and Education Center Gainesville, Florida 32611-0620 Ft. Pierce, Florida 34945-3138 USA USA Chouinard, Gérald Cédola, Claudia V. Institut de Recherche et de Développement en CEPAVE Agroenvironnement Universidad Nacional de La Plata 3300 Sicotte Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec J2S 7B8 Técnicas Canada 2 No 584 (1900) La Plata Chow, Yien-Shing Argentina National Museum of Natural Science Chapman, Reg 1, Kuan Chien Road Arizona Research Laboratories Taichung 404, Taiwan Division of Neurobiology Republic of China University of Arizona P.O. Box 210077 Christian, Peter Tuscon, Arizona 85721-0077 National Institute for Biological Standards and USA Control Potters Bar, Hertfordshire Cheng, Lanna UK Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of California, San Diego Cilek, James E. 9500 Gilman Drive Biting Fly and Tick Control Section LaJolla, California 92093-0202 John A. Mulrennan, Sr. Public Health Entomology USA Research and Education Center List of Contributors  xxxv Florida A&M University Cranshaw, Whitney 4000 Frankford Avenue Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Panama City, Florida 32405-1933 Management USA Colorado State University Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-0001 Clement, Stephen L. USA USDA-ARS Western Regional Plant Introduction Station Cresswell, James Washington State University School of Biological Sciences 59 Johnson Hall University of Exeter P.O. Box 646402 Hather Laboratories Pullman, Washington 99164-6402 Prince of Wales Road USA Exeter, EX4 4PS UK Collier, Rosemary H. Horticulture Research International Crist, Thomas O. Wellesbourne, Warwick CV35 9EF Department of Zoology UK Miami University Pearson Hall Room 212 Conlong, Des E. Oxford, Ohio 45056-1400 SASA Experiment Station USA Private Bag X02 Mount Edgecombe Crooker, Allen Kwa Zulu-Natal, 4300 Biology Department South Africa Hartwick College Oneonta, New York 13820 Constantino, Reginaldo USA Depto de Zoologia Universidade de Brasília Cuda, James P. 70910-900 Brasília, DF Entomology and Nematology Department Brazil University of Florida Gainesville, Florida 32611-0620 Coons, Lewis B. USA Integrated Microscopy Center University of Memphis Cumming, Jeffrey M. 201 Life Sciences Building Canadian National Collection of Insects Rooms LS 101-113 ­ and Nematodes Memphis, Tennessee 38152-6040 Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada USA K.W. Neatby Building, C.E.F. Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0C6 Costas, MIguel Canada Facultad de Biología Universidad Complutense de Madrid Cushing, Paula E. 28040 Madrid Department of Zoology Spain Denver Museum of Nature and Science xxxvi  List of Contributors 2001 Colorado Boulevard Danoff-Burg, James A. Denver, Colorado 80205-5798 Department of Ecology, Evolution and USA ­Environmental Biology Columbia University Cusson, Michel 1020 Schermerhorn Extension, MC5557 Natural Resources Canada 1200 Amsterdam Avenue Canadian Forest Service New York, New York 10027 1055 rue du P.E.P.S. USA P.O. Box 3800 Sainte-Foy, Quebec G1V 4C7 Davidson, Diane W. Canada Department of Biological Sciences University of Utah 257 South, 1400 East Czél, Gyozo Salt Lake City, Utah 84112-0840 Hungarian Natural History Museum USA Budapest Hungary DeClercq, Patrick Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Crop Daane, Kent M. Protection Division of Insect Biology Faculty of Agricultural and Applied Biological ESPM Sciences University of California Ghent University Berkeley, California 94720 Coupure Links 653 USA B-9000 Ghent Belgium Dam, Nicole M. van Denell, Robin E. Netherlands Institute of Ecology Division of Biology Centre for Terrestrial Ecology Kansas State University P.O. Box 40 9 Anderson Hall 6666 ZG Heteren Manhattan, Kansas 66506 The Netherlands USA

Dame, David Denmark, Harold A. Entomology and Nematology Department Florida Department of Agriculture and University of Florida ­Consumer Services Gainesville, Florida 32611-0620 Division of Plant Industry USA 1911 SW 34th Street Gainesville, Florida 32614 Daniels, Jaret C. USA Entomology and Nematology Department University of Florida Devorshak, Christina Gainesville, Florida 32611-0620 USDA-APHIS-PPQ USA Center for Plant Health Science and Technology List of Contributors  xxxvii Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory 1200 University Street Raleigh, North Carolina Spearfish, South Dakota 57799-9003 USA USA

Dicke, Marcel Dunford, James, C. Laboratory of Entomology Department of Entomology and Wageningen University Nematology P.O. Box 8031 University of Florida 6700EH Wageningen Gainesville, Florida, 32611 The Netherlands USA Dietrich, C.H. Center for Biodiversity Dyby, Susanne D. Illinois Natural History Survey Res. Le Rambouillet Bat. B 607 East Peabody Drive 1 Allée des Lucioles Champaign, Illinois 61820 Beaulieu-sur-Mer, 06310 USA France

Dorchin, Netta Easton, Emmett Museum Koenig Department of Plant and Environmental Adenauerallee 160 ­Protection Sciences 53113 Bonn University of Hawaii at Manoa Germany 3050 Maile Way Gilmore Hall 310 Downer, R.A. Honolulu, Hawaii 96822-2271 Laboratory for Pest Control Application USA Technology Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Ebert, Timothy A. Center Laboratory for Pest Control Application Ohio State University Technology 1680 Madison Avenue Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Wooster, Ohio 44691-4096 Center USA Ohio State University Downie, D.A. 1680 Madison Avenue Wooster, Ohio 44691-4096 Department of Zoology and Entomology USA Rhodes University Grahamstown 6140 South Africa Edmunds, Malcolm Department of Environmental Downing, Holly Management Unit 9003 University of Central Lancashire College of Arts and Sciences Preston, PR1 2HE Black Hills State University UK xxxviii  List of Contributors Ellis, Amanda Felicioli, Antonio Florida Department of Agriculture and Universita’ degli Studi di Pisa ­Consumer Services Dipartimento di Anatomia, Biochimica e Division of Plant Industry ­Fisiologia veterinaria P.O. Box 147100 Viale delle Piagge n° 2, 56100 Pisa Gainesville, Florida 32614-7100 Italy USA Feng, Qili Ellis, James D. Great Lakes Forestry Center Entomology and Nematology Department 1219 Queen Street East University of Florida Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario P6A 5M7 Gainesville, Florida 32611-0620 Canada USA

Emmel, Thomas C. Finch, Stan McGuire Center for Lepidoptera Research and Horticulture Research International Conservation Wellesbourne, Warwick CV35 9EF University of Florida UK Gainesville, Florida 32611-0620 USA Finke, Mark D. 6811 Horned Owl Trail Epsky, Nancy D. Scottsdale, Arizona 85262-8519 USDA/ARS USA Subtropical Horticulture Research Station 13601 Old Cutler Road Fishel, Fred Miami, Florida 33158 University of Florida, USA Pesticide Information Office PO Box 110710 Farag, Mohamed A. Gainesville, Florida 32611-0710 Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry USA Texas Tech University Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061 Fitzgerald, T.D. USA Department of Biology Fasulo, Thomas R. State University of New York at Cortland Entomology and Nematology Department Cortland, New York 13045 University of Florida USA Gainesville, Florida 32611-0620 USA Floate, Kevin D. Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Feir, Dorothy Lethbridge Research Centre Biology Department 5403 1st Avenue St. Louis University P.O. Box 3000 St. Louis, Missouri 63103 Lethbridge, Alberta T1J 4B1 USA Canada List of Contributors  xxxix Flowers, R. Wills Rondebosch 7700 Center for Biological Control/Entomology Cape Town Division of Agricultural Sciences Republic of South Africa Florida A&M University Tallahassee, Florida 32307 Galante, Eduardo USA CIBIO University of Alicante Fornasari, Luca 03080 San Vicente del Raspeig Clas de l’Ermitage Alicante 636, ave. E. Jeanbrau Spain 34090 Montpellier France Gall, Lawrence F. Peabody Museum of Natural History Frank, J. Howard Yale University Entomology and Nematology Department P.O. Box 208118 University of Florida New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8118 Gainesville, Florida 32611-0620 USA USA Gangwere, Stan K. Department of Biological Sciences Franz, Gerald Wayne State University FAO/IAEA Detroit, Michigan 48202 Agricultural and Biotechnology Laboratory USA A-2444 Seibersdorf Austria Garcia, Lloyd North Carolina Department of Agriculture and Froeba, Jason G. Consumer Sciences Entomology and Nematology Department Plant Industry Division University of Florida P.O. Box 27647 Gainesville, FL 32611-0620 Raleigh, North Carolina 27611 USA USA

Gabrys, Beata Gayubo, Severiano F. Institute of Biotechnology and Environmental Area de Zoología Sciences Facultad de Biología University of Zielona Gora Universidad de Salamanca Monte Cassino 21b 37071 Salamanca 65-561 Zielona Gora Spain Poland Gerberg, Eugene J. Gäde, Gerd Entomology and Nematology Department Zoology Department University of Florida University of Cape Town Gainesville, Florida 32611-0620 Private Bag USA xl  List of Contributors Gerlach, Günter Goebel, Régis Botanischer Garten München - Nymphenburg SASEX-CIRAD Menzinger Str. 65 Entomology Department 80638 München Private Bag X02 Germany Mount Edgecombe, 4300 South Africa Gerling, Dan Goettel, Mark Department of Zoology Tel Aviv University Lethbridge Research Centre Ramat Aviv, 69978 Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Israel 5403 1st Avenue South P.O. Box 3000 Lethbridge, Alberta T1J 4B1 Ghiradella, Helen Canada Department of Biology State University of New York at Albany Gold, Clifford S. Albany, New York 12222 CIAT (International Center for Tropical USA Agriculture) P.O. Box 6247 Giberson, Donna Kampala Department of Biology Uganda University of Prince Edward Island 550 University Ave. Goodman, Katie Charlottetown, PEI C1A 4P3 Department of Biological Sciences Canada Western Illinois University Macomb, Illinois 61455 Giblin-Davis, Robin M. USA Fort Lauderdale Research and Education Center University of Florida Goula, Marta 3205 College Avenue University of Barcelona Davie, Florida 33314-7719 Barcelona USA Spain Greco, Nancy M. Gibson, G.A.P. CEPAVE Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Universidad Nacional de La Plata 960 Carling Avenue Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0C6 Técnicas Canada 2 No 584 (1900) La Plata Glenn, D. Michael Argentina USDA-ARS, Appalachian Fruit Research Station 2217 Wiltshire Rd. Grewal, Parwinder S. Kearneysville, WV 25430 Department of Entomology USA The Ohio State University List of Contributors  xli Columbus, Ohio 43210 Hall, Donald W. USA Entomology and Nematology Department University of Florida Gruner, Susan V. Gainesville, Florida 32611-0620 Entomology and Nematology Department USA University of Florida Gainesville, Florida 32611-0620 Hall, Jason P.W. USA National Museum of Natural History Guertin, Claude Smithsonian Institution INRS Washington, D.C. 20560-0127 Institut Armand-Frappier USA 531 Boulevard des Prairies Laval, Quebec H7V 1B7 Hall, Robert D. Canada Office of Research University of Missouri Gupta, Virendra K. 205 Jesse Hall Entomology and Nematology Department Columbia, Missouri 65211 University of Florida USA Gainesville, Florida 32611-0620 USA Handler, Alfred M. Gwynne, Darryl T. Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary University of Toronto at Mississauga Entomology Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6 USDA-ARS Canada P.O. Box 14565 1700 SW 23rd Drive Habeck, Dale Gainesville, Florida 32608 Entomology and Nematology Department USA University of Florida Gainesville, Florida 32611-0620 Hangay, George USA 80 Gondola Road Narrabeen, New South Wales 2101 Hahn, Daniel A. Australia Entomology and Nematology Department University of Florida Gainesville, Florida 32611-0620 Hansen, Laurel D. USA Department of Biology Spokane Falls Community College Halbert, Susan 3410 W. Fort George Wright Dr. Florida Department of Agriculture and Spokane, WA 99224-5288 ­Consumer Services USA Division of Plant Industry 1911 SW 34th Street Harman, Dan M. Gainesville, Florida 32614 University of Maryland USA Center for Environmental Science xlii  List of Contributors Appalachian Laboratory Hernandez, Santiago Frostburg, Maryland 21532-2307 Universities of Cordoba and Extremadura USA Cáceres, 10071 Spain Haunerland, Norbert H. Department of Biological Sciences Hilje, Luko Simon Fraser University Plant Protection Unit Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6 7170 CATIE Canada Turrialba, Cost Rica

Headings, Mark Hinkle, Nancy C. Agricultural Technical Institute Department of Entomology Ohio State University University of Georgia 1328 Dover Road 413 Biological Sciences Building Wooster, Ohio 44691-8905 Athens, Georgia 30602 USA USA

Heath, Allen Hirsch, Helmut V.B. AgResearch Wallaceville Department of Biology Wallaceville Animal Research Centre State University of New York at Albany PO Box 40063, Upper Hutt, 5140 1400 Washington Avenue New Zealand Albany, New York 12222 Held, David W. USA Entomology Department University of Kentucky Ho, Chyi-Chen S-225 Agricultural Science Center Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute Building North Department of Applied Zoology Lexington, Kentucky 40546-0091 Wufeng USA Taichung, Taiwan Republic of China Henneman, M.L. Department of Biological Sciences Hodges, Greg S. University of Bristol Florida Department of Agriculture and Bristol, BS8 1TH ­Consumer Services UK Division of Plant Industry 1911 SW 34th Street Heppner, John B. Gainesville, Florida 32614 Florida State Collection of Arthropods USA Florida Department of Agriculture and ­Consumer Services Horton, David R. Division of Plant Industry USDA/ARS P.O. Box 147100 5230 Konnowac Pass Road Gainesville, Florida 32614-7100 Wapato, Washington 98951 USA USA List of Contributors  xliii Hou, Roger F. Hadassah Medical School Department of Entomology Jerusalem National Chung Hsing University Israel Taichung 402, Taiwan Republic of China Isman, Murray B. Faculty of Agricultural Sciences Howard, Forrest W. University of British Columbia Fort Lauderdale Research and Education Center 248-2357 Main Mall University of Florida Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4 Ft. Lauderdale, Florida 33314-7719 Canada USA

Hoy, Marjorie A. James, Rosalind R. Entomology and Nematology Department USDA/ARS, Bee Biology and Systematics University of Florida Laboratory Gainesville, Florida 32611-0620 Department of Biology, UMC 5310 USA Utah State University 5310 Old Main Hill Huber, John Logan, Utah 84321-5310 Canadian Forestry Service USA 960 Carling Avenue Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0C6 Jaffe, Klaus Canada Universidad Simón Bolívar Apartado 89000, Caracas 1080 Hunter, Fiona F. Venezuela Department of Biological Sciences Brock University Jeremías, Xavier St. Catharine’s, Ontario L2S 3A1 Museum of Natural Sciences Canada C./ Catalunya 28 08758 Cervelló (prov. Barcelona) Hurd, Hilary Spain Keele University School of Life Sciences Keele, Staffordshire ST55BG Jolivet, Pierre UK 67, Bd Soult 75012 Paris Hurd, Lawrence E. France Department of Biology Washington & Lee University Juárez, M. Patricia Lexington, Virginia 24450 Facultad de Ciencias Médicas USA Universidad Nacional de la Plata Calle 60 y 120 Ioffe-Uspensky, Inna C.C. 455 Department of Parasitology La Plata, 1900 The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Argentina xliv  List of Contributors Kabissa, Joe C.B. Private Bag X134 Tanzania Cotton Lint and Seed Board Pretoria, 0001 Pamba House South Africa Garden Avenue P.O. Box 9161 Khan, Zeyour R. Dar Es Salaam ICIPE Tanzania P.O.B. 30772 Nairobi Kalkar, Ö. Kenya Department of Entomology Clemson University Kima, Peter E. Clemson, South Carolina Microbiology and Science Department USA University of Florida Building 981, Box 110700 Katsoyannos, Byron Gainesville, Florida 32611-0700 Aristotle University of Thessaloniki USA Department of Agriculture Laboratory of Applied Zoology and Parasitology Klassen, Waldemar Thessaloniki, 541 24 Tropical Research and Education Center Greece University of Florida 18905 SW 280th Street Kathirithamby, Jeyaraney Homestead, Florida 33031-3314 Department of Zoology USA Oxford University South Parks Road Klotz, John H. Oxford OX1 3PS, Department of Entomology UK University of California Riverside, California Keeley, Larry L. USA Department of Entomology Texas A&M University Klowden, Marc J. 2475 TAMU Division of Entomology College Station, Texas 77843-2475 University of Idaho USA Moscow, Idaho 83844-2339 USA Kerr, Peter H. California Department of Food and Agriculture Koehler, Philip G. Plant Pest Diagnostics Branch Entomology and Nematology Department 3294 Meadowview Rd. University of Florida Sacramento, California 95832 Gainesville, Florida 32611-0602 USA USA

Kfir, Rami Kok, L.T. ARC-Plant Protection Research Institute Department of Entomology Rietondale Research Station College of Agriculture and Life Sciences 600 Soutpansberg Road Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University List of Contributors  xlv 216 Price Hall Michigan State University Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0319 204 Center for Integrated Plant Systems USA East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1311 USA Kondratieff, Boris C. Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Lawrence, Pauline O. Management Entomology and Nematology Department Colorado State University University of Florida Fort Collins, Colorado 80523 Gainesville, Florida 32611-0620 USA USA

Kouloussis, Nikos A. Leather, Simon R. Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Division of Biology Laboratory of Applied Zoology and Parasitology Imperial College London Thessaloniki, 541 24 Silwood Park Campus Greece Ascot, SL5 7PY UK Krafsur, Elliot S. 206 Hidden Valley Circle Lebiush-Mordechi, Sarah Shepherdstown, West Virginia 25443 Entomology Laboratory USA Agricultural Research Organization Gilat Regional Experiment Station Lacey, Lawrence A. P.O. Box 7710 USDA-ARS Be’er-Sheva, 84843 Yakima Agricultural Research Lab Israel 5230 Konnowac Pass Road Wapato, Washington 98951 Lecoq, Michel USA Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recher- che Agronomique pour le Développement Lambdin, Paris L. Prifas Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology TA 40/D University of Tennessee 34398 Montpellier, Cedex 5 2431 Center Drive France 205 Ellington Plant Sciences Building Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-4560 Lee, Clarence M. USA Department of Biology Howard University Lapointe, Stephen L. 415 College Street N.W. USDA-ARS, U.S. Horticultural Research Lab Washington, D.C. 20059 2001 South Rock Road USA Fort Pierce, Florida 34945 USA Lee, How-Jing Department of Entomology Landis, Douglas A. National Taiwan University Department of Entomology Taipei 106, Taiwan Center for Integrated Plant Systems Republic of China xlvi  List of Contributors Legaspi, Benjamin C., Jr. Lloyd, James E. USDA-ARS, FAMU-Center for Biological Entomology and Nematology Department Control University of Florida 6383 Mahan Drive Gainesville, Florida 32611-0620 Tallahassee, Florida 32308 USA USA Long, Lewis S. Legaspi, Jesusa C. Entomology and Nematology Department USDA-ARS, FAMU-Center for Biological University of Florida Control Gainesville, Florida 32611-0620 6383 Mahan Drive USA Tallahassee Florida 32308 USA Lord, Cynthia C. Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory Legg, David University of Florida Department of Renewable Resources 200 9th Street S.E. College of Agriculture Vero Beach, Florida 32962-4699 University of Wyoming USA P.O. Box 3354 Laramie, Wyoming 82071 Lord, Jeffrey USA USDA-ARS Northern Plains Area Grain Marketing and Leppla, Norman C. ­Production Research Center Entomology and Nematology Department Biological Research Unit University of Florida 1515 College Avenue Gainesville, Florida 32611-0620 Manhattan, Kansas 66502-2796 USA USA Leskey, Tracy Lounibos, L. Philip USDA-ARS Appalachian Fruit Research Station Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory 45 Wiltshire Road University of Florida Kearneysville, West Virginia 25430 200 9th Street S.E. USA Vero Beach, Florida 32962-4699 USA Liburd, Oscar Entomology and Nematology Department Luna, María G. University of Florida Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Gainesville, Florida 32611-0620 University of California at Irvine USA 321 Steinhaus Hall Irvine, California 92697-2525 Liebman, Matt USA Department of Agronomy Iowa State University Lysyk, Tim Ames, Iowa 50011-1010 Laboratory of Vector Ecology USA Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada List of Contributors  xlvii P.O. Box 3000 1600/1700 SW 23rd Drive 5403 1st Avenue South P.O. Box 14565 Lethbridge, Alberta T1J 4B1 Gainesville, Florida 32604 Canada USA

MacVean, Charles Manley, Donald G. Instituto de Investigaciones PeeDee Research and Education Center Universidad del Valle de Guatemala Clemson University Aptdo. Postal 82 2200 Pocket Road Guatemala City Florence, South Carolina 29506-9706 Guatemala USA

Magalhães, Bonifácio Mapes, Carol C. EMBRAPA Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia Biology Department Parque Estação Biológica Kutztown University Final WS Norte Kutztown, Pennsylvania 19530 CEP 70770-900 USA Brasilia-DF Brazil Marcos-Garcia, Maria Angeles CIBIO Maimala, S. University of Alicante Department of Agriculture 03080 San Vicente del Raspeig Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperation Alicante Chatuchak, Bangkok Spain Thailand

Marshall, David Martínez, Javier Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Universities of Cordoba and Extremadura University of Connecticut Cáceres, 10071 75 N. Eagleville Rd., U-3043 Spain Storrs, Connecticut 06269 USA Martínez, Maricela Instituto Mexicano de Tecnología del Agua Malakar-Kuenen, Raksha (IMTA) Division of Insect Biology Paseo Cuaunhahuac 8532 Progreso ESPM Jiutepec, Morelos University of California Mexico Berkeley, California 94720 USA Mason, Peter G. Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre Mankin, Richard Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada USDA/ARS 960 Carling Avenue Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0C6 Entomology Canada xlviii  List of Contributors Matthews, Deborah L. McSorley, Robert Department of Entomology and Entomology and Nematology Department Nematology University of Florida University of Florida Gainesville, Florida 32611-0620 Gainesville, Florida 32611 USA USA Meagher, Robert Matsumoto, Yoshiharu USDA-ARS University of Tokyo Center for Medical and Veterinary Entomology Tokyo 1700 SW 23rd Drive Japan Gainesville, Florida 32608-1069 USA Matthiessen, John N. CSIRO Entomology Medal, Julio Underwood Avenue Entomology and Nematology Department Floreat, Western Australia 6014 University of Florida Australia Gainesville, Florida 32611-0620 USA McAuslane, Heather J. Entomology and Nematology Department Meinke, Lance J. University of Florida Department of Entomology Gainesville, Florida 32611-0620 University of Nebraska USA Lincoln, Nebraska 68583-0816 USA McCravy, Kenneth W. Department of Biological Sciences Meinking, Terri L. Western Illinois University Department of Dermatology 1 University Circle University of Miami School of Medicine Macomb, Illinois 61455 1600 NW 10 Avenue USA P.O. Box 016960 (R-117) Miami, Florida 33101 McFadyen, Rachel USA CRC Australian Weed Management Natural Resource Sciences Menalled, Fabián D. Meiers Road Department of Agronomy Indooroopilly, Queensland Iowa State University Australia Agronomy Hall Ames, Iowa 50011-1010 McIver, James USA Forestry and Range Sciences Laboratory Pacific Northwest Research Station Merkl, Ottó USDA Forest Service Hungarian Natural History Museum 1404 Gekeler lane H-1088 Budapest LaGrande, Oregon 97850 Baross utca, 13 USA Hungary List of Contributors  xlix Meyer, Jason Sakuragaoka 1-1-1 Entomology and Nematology Department Setagaya-ku University of Florida Tokyo, 156-8502 Gainesville, Florida 32611-0620 Japan USA Mizell, Patricia A. Meyerdirk, Dale E. North Florida Research and Education Center USDA APHIS, PPQ University of Florida National Biological Control Institute 155 Research Road 4700 River Road Quincy, Florida 32351 Unit 135 USA Riverdale, Maryland 20737-1228 USA Mizell, Russell F., III Miller, Barry R. North Florida Research and Education Center Centers for Disease Control and Prevention University of Florida National Center for Infectious Diseases 155 Research Road Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases Quincy, Florida 32351 P.O. Box 2087 USA Foothills Campus Fort Collins, Colorado 80522 Moriya, Seiichi USA Insect Ecology Laboratory National Agricultural Research Center Miller, Dini M. 3-1-1, Kannondai Department of Entomology Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8666 Virginia Tech University, 216A Price Hall Japan Blacksburg, Virginia 24061 USA Morrill, Wendell L. Department of Entomology Miller, Laura T. Montana State University West Virginia Department of Agriculture Bozeman, Montana 59717-0001 Plant Industries Division USA 1900 Kanawha Boulevard, East Charleston, West Virginia 25305-0191 Moya-Raygoza, Gustavo USA Universidad de Guadalajara Mitcham, Elizabeth Departamento de Botánica y Zoología Department of Plant Sciences, Mail Stop 2 Apartado Postal 139 University of California Zapopan, Jalisco 45101 One Shields Avenue Mexico Davis, California 95616 USA Mutun, Serap Abant Izzet Baysal University Mitsuhashi, Jun Department of Biology Department of Bioscience Bolu, 14280 Tokyo University of Agriculture Turkey l  List of Contributors Nadel, Hannah Nayar, Jai K. USDA-ARS SJVASC Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory San Joaquin Valley Science Center University of Florida 9611 Riverbend Ave. 200 9th Street SE Parlier, California 93648 Vero Beach, Florida 32962 USA USA

Nagoshi, Rod Nealis, Vince USDA-ARS Natural Resources Canada-Canadian Forest Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Service Entomology Pacific Forestry Centre P.O. Box 14565 506 W. Burnside Road Gainesville, Florida 32608 Victoria, British Columbia V8Z 1M5 USA Canada

Napper, Emma Negron, Jose F. Rothamsted USDA Forest Service Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ Rocky Mountain Research Station UK 240 West Prospect Fort Collins, Colorado 80526 Naranjo, Steven E. USA USDA-ARS Neuenschwander, Peter Western Cotton Research Laboratory International Institute of Tropical Agriculture 4135 E. Broadway Road 08 B.P. 0932 Phoenix, Arizona 85040 Cotonou USA Bénin

Nation, James L. Neven, Lisa, G. Entomology and Nematology Department USDA-ARS, Yakima Agricultural Research University of Florida Laboratory Gainesville, Florida 32611-0620 5230 Konnowac Pass Road USA Wapato, WA 98951 USA

Navajas, Maria Nguyen, Khuong Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Entomology and Nematology Department Campus International de Baillarguet University of Florida CS 30016 Gainesville, Florida 32611-0620 Montferrier sur Lez cedex, 34988 USA France Nicolson, Sue Navarette, Ignacio Department of Zoology & Entomology Universities of Cordoba and Extremadura University of Pretoria Cáceres, 10071 Pretoria 0002 Spain South Africa List of Contributors  li Noling, Joseph W. Okuda, Takashi University of Florida National Institute of Agrobiological Citrus Research & Education Center Sciences 700 Experiment Station Rd. Anhydrobiosis Research Unit, 1-2 Ohwashi Lake Alfred, Florida 33850 Tsukuba, 305-8634 USA Japan

Norris, Douglas E. O’Neill, Kevin M. Johns Hopkins University Department of Land Resources and Bloomberg School of Public Health ­Environmental Sciences W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Montana State University Microbiology and Immunology Bozeman, MT 59717 615 North Wolfe Street Rm E5008 USA Baltimore, Maryland 21205 USA Orphanides, George M. Agricultural Research Institute Northfield, Tobin P.O. Box 22016 University of Florida Nicosia, 1516 North Florida Research and Education Center Cyprus 155 Research Rd. Otis, Gard W. Quincy, Florida 32351 Department of Environmental Biology USA University of Guelph Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1 O’Brien, Lois B. Canada College of Engineering Sciences, Technology and Agriculture Overholt, William Allan Florida A&M University Indian River Research and Education Center Tallahassee, Florida 32307-4100 University of Florida USA Fort Pierce, Florida USA O’Hara, James, E. Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Panizzi, Antõnio R. 960 Carling Avenue Embrapa Soja Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0C6 Caixa Postal 231 Canada Londrina, PR 86001-970 Brazil Oi, David H. USDA-ARS Papadopoulos, Nikos T. Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Entomology Laboratory of Applied Zoology and 1600 SW 23rd Drive Parasitology Gainesville, Florida 32608-1067 Thessaloniki, 541 24 USA Greece lii  List of Contributors Parra, José Roberto Postali P.O. Box 443051 Departamento de Entomologia Moscow, Idaho 83844-3051 Fitopatologia e Zoologia Agrícola. USA Esalq/USP, C.P. 9 - 13418-900 Piracicaba, SP Peña, Jorge E. Brazil Tropical Research and Education Center University of Florida Paré, Paul W. 18905 SW 280th Street Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Homestead, Florida 33031-3314 Texas Tech University USA Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061 USA Pendland, J.C. Entomology and Nematology Department Paulson, Gregory S. University of Florida Shippensburg University Gainesville, Florida 32611-0620 Department of Biology USA Shippensburg, Pennsylvania 17257 USA Pereyra, Patricia C. CEPAVE Peairs, Frank B. Universidad Nacional de La Plata Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Management Técnicas Colorado State University 2 No 584 (1900) Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1177 La Plata USA Argentina

Peck, Daniel C. Philogène, Bernard J.R. Department of Entomology, Barton Laboratory Department of Biology New York State Agricultural Experiment Station University of Ottawa Cornell University Poste 4166 630 West North Street 30 Marie Curie Street Geneva, New York 14456 Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5 USA Canada

Peck, Stewart B. Pickett, John A. Department of Biology Rothamsted 4640 CTTC Building Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ Carleton University UK Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6 Canada Pinzauti, Mauro Universita’ degli Studi di Pisa Pellmyr, Olle Dipartimento di Coltivazione e Difesa delle Department of Biological Sciences ­Specie Legnose University of Idaho Via S. Michele degli Scalzi, n°2, 56100 Pisa Room 252, Life Sciences Building Italy List of Contributors  liii Pollet, Marc Pszczolkowski, Maciej Research Group Terrestrial Ecology Missouri State University and State Fruit University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium ­Experiment Station and 9740 Red Spring Road Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences Mountain Grove, Missouri 65711 Brussels USA Belgium Punzo, Fred Potter, Daniel A. Department of Biology Department of Entomology University of Tampa University of Kentucky Box 5F S-225 Agricultural Science Center Building North 401 West Kennedy Boulevard Lexington, Kentucky 40546-0091 Tampa, Florida 33606 USA USA Powers, Ann M. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Purcell, Alexander H. National Center for Infectious Diseases Division of Insect Biology Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases University of California P.O. Box 2087 201 Wellman Foothills Campus Berkeley, California 94720-3112 Fort Collins, Colorado 80522 USA USA Puterka, Gary Preston, Catherine A. USDA-ARS, PSRL USDA - ARS 1301 N. Western Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Stillwater, Oklahoma 74074 Entomology USA P.O. Box 14565 1700 SW 23rd Drive Ragsdale, David W. Gainesville, Florida 32608 Department of Entomology USA University of Minnesota Prischmann, Deirdre 1980 Folwell Avenue St. Paul, Minnesota 55108 USDA ARS NPA NCARL USA 2923 Medary Ave. Brookings, South Dakota 57006-9401 USA Raina, Ashok K. USDA-ARS Prokopy, Ronald J. Southern Regional Research Center Department of Entomology Formosa Subterranean Termite Research Unit University of Massachusetts 1100 Robert E. Lee Boulevard Fernald Hall P.O. Box 19687 Amherst, Massachusetts 01003 New Orleans, Louisiana 70179-0687 USA USA liv  List of Contributors Randolph, Sarah Rey, Jorge Department of Zoology Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory University of Oxford University of Florida South Parks Road 200 9th Street S.E. Oxford, 0X1 3PS Vero Beach, Florida 32962 UK USA

Rashidan, Kia , Eva University of Saint Boniface University of Barcelona 200 Avenue de la Cathedral Barcelona Winnipeg, Manitoba R2H 0H7 Spain Canada Richman, David B. The Arthropod Museum Ratcliffe, Brett C. Entomology, Plant Pathology and Weed Science Systematics Research Collections Department University of Nebraska New Mexico State University Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0514 MSC 3BE, Box 30003 USA Las Cruces, New Mexico 88003 USA Redborg, Kurt E. Department of Biology Riddick, Eric W. Coe College USDA-ARS 1220 First Avenue Biological Control and Mass Rearing Research Cedar Rapids, Iowa 52402 Unit USA 810 Highway 12 East P.O. Box 5367 Reina, David Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762-5367 Faculty of Veterinary Sciences USA Universities of Cordoba and Extremadura Cáceres, 10071 Riley, David G. Spain Coastal Plain Region University of Georgia Resh, Vincent H. P.O. Box 748 Environmental Science, Policy and Management Tifton, Georgia 31793-0748 University of California USA 201 Wellman Hall Rinkevich, Frank D.L. Berkeley, California 94720 Department of Biology USA Millersville University Millersville, Pennsylvania 17551 Retnakaran, Arthur USA Great Lakes Forestry Center 1219 Queen Street East Rivers, David B. Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario P6A 5M7 Department of Biological Sciences Canada Butler University List of Contributors  lv 4600 Sunset Avenue Jacksonville, Florida 32224 Indianapolis, Indiana 42608 USA USA Rothschild, Marjorie Roderick, George Integrated Microscopy Center Environmental Science (ESPM) University of Memphis University of California 201 Life Sciences Building Berkeley, California 94720-3114 Rooms LS 101-113 USA Memphis, Tennessee 38152-6040 USA Rogers, Michael E. Department of Entomology Rust, Michael K. University of Kentucky Department of Entomology S-225 Agricultural Science Center North University of California, Riverside Lexington, Kentucky 40546-0091 Riverside, California USA USA Roltsch, William J. Rutledge, C. Roxanne California Department of Food and Agriculture Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory Biological Control Program University of Florida 3288 Meadowview Road 200 9th Street S.E. Sacramento, California 95832 Vero Beach, Florida 32962-4699 USA USA Roe, Kelly Sanborn, Allen F. Department of Biological Sciences Barry University Western Illinois University School of Natural and Health Sciences Macomb, Illinois 61455 11300 NE Second Avenue USA Miami Shores, Florida 33161-6695 Rosenberg, David M. USA Freshwater Institute 501 University Crescent Sánchez, Norma E. Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N6 CEPAVE Canada Universidad Nacional de La Plata Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Ross, Edward S. Técnicas California Academy of Sciences 2 No 584 (1900) Department of Entomology La Plata Golden Gate Park Argentina San Francisco, California 94118 USA Sanford, Malcolm T. Entomology and Nematology Department Rossi, Anthony University of Florida Department of Natural Sciences Gainesville, Florida 32611-0620 University of North Florida USA lvi  List of Contributors Sarzynski, Erin Schneider, David C. Entomology and Nematology Department Ocean Sciences University of Florida Memorial University of Newfoundland Gainesville, Florida 32611-0620 St. John’s, Newfoundland A1B 3X7 USA Canada

Schöning, Caspar Sastry, Shivashankar Department of Population Biology National Institute of Mental Health University of Copenhagen Saint Elizabeth Hospital Universitetsparken 15 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services 2100 Copenhagen Washington, D.C. Denmark USA Schulthess, Fritz IITA Schabel, Hans G. Contonou College of Natural Resources Republic of Benin University of Wisconsin Stevens Point, Wisconsin 54481 Schuster, Jack USA Universidad del Valle Aptd 82 Scheffrahn, Rudolph H. Guatemala City Guatemala Fort Lauderdale Research and Education Center University of Florida Scotti, Paul D. 3205 College Avenue The Horticulture and Food Research Institute of Fort Lauderdale, Florida 33314 New Zealand USA Mt. Albert Research Centre Auckland Scherer, Clay W. New Zealand DuPont Professional Products Seal, Dakshina R. Wilmington, Delaware Tropical Research and Education Center USA University of Florida 18905 SW 280th Street Schmelz, Eric Homestead, Florida 33031-3314 USDA, Agricultural Research Service USA Chemistry Research Unit 1600-1700 SW 23rd Drive Serrano, David Gainesville, Florida 32608 Department of Entomology and Nematology USA University of Florida Gainesville, Florida32611 USA Schmidt, Justin O. Southwestern Biological Institute Setamau, Mamoudou 1961 W. Brichta Dr. Texas A&M Agricultural Experiment Station Tucson, Arizona 85745 Weslaco, Texas 78596-8399 USA USA List of Contributors  lvii Shaaya, Eli Shirk, Paul D. Department of Food Science USDA-ARS Agricultural Research Organization Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary The Volcani Center Entomology P.O. Box 6 Box 110970 Bet Dagan, 50250 Gainesville, Florida 32611-0970 Israel USA

Shanower, Thomas G. Showler, Allan T. USDA-ARS USDA-ARS, SARC Northern Plains Agricultural Research 2413 East Highway 83 Laboratory Building 201 Pest Management Research Unit Weslaco, Texas 78596 1500 N. Central Avenue USA Sidney, Montana 59270 USA Shukle, Richard H. USDA-ARS Shapiro-Ilan, David I. Department of Entomology Purdue University USDA-ARS, SAA West Lafayette, Indiana 47907 Southeastern Fruit and Tree Nut Research USA Laboratory 21 Dunbar Road Sikes, Derek S. Byron, Georgia 31008 University of Alaska Museum USA 907 Yukon Drive Fairbanks, AK 99775-6960 Shepard, B. Merle USA Coastal Research and Education Center Clemson University Sims, Kelly R. 2865 Savannah Highway Department of Entomology and Nematology Charleston, South Carolina 29414-5333 University of Florida USA Gainesville, Florida 32611 USA Shields, Vonnie D.C. Biological Sciences Department Sinclair, Bradley J. Towson University Entomology, Ontario Plant Laboratories, 800 York Road Canadian Food Inspection Agency Towson, Maryland 21252-3042 K.W. Neatby Building, C.E.F. USA Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0C6 Canada Shippy, Teresa D. Division of Biology Sivinski, John Kansas State University USDA-ARS Manhattan, Kansas Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary USA Entomology lviii  List of Contributors 1700 SW 23rd Drive Soler Cruz, M.D. Amparo Gainesville, Florida 32604-2565 Department of Parasitology USA University of Granada 18071 Granada Skevington, Jeff Spain Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada K.W. Neatby Building, C.E.F. Solter, Leellen F. 960 Carling Ave. Illinois Natural History Survey Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0C6 607 East Peabody Drive Canada Champaign, Illinois 61820 USA Slaney, David Somma, Louis A. Ecology and Health Research Center Department of Entomology and Nematology ­Department of Public Health University of Florida Wellington School of Medicine and Health Gainesville, Florida 32611 Sciences USA University of Otago P.O. Box 7343 Soroka, Juliana J. Wellington South Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada New Zealand Saskatoon Research Centre 107 Science Place Smagghe, Guy Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 0X2 Laboratory of Agrozoology Canada Faculty of Agricultural and Applied Biological Sciences Sourakov, Andrei Ghent University Entomology and Nematology Department Coupure Links 653 University of Florida B-9000 Ghent Gainesville, Florida 32611-0620 Belgium USA

Smith, Hugh Spafford, Helen University of California Cooperative Extension School of Animal Biology (M0895) 624-A West Foster Road University of Western Australia Santa Maria, California 93455 35 Stirling Highway USA Crawley, W.A. 6009 Australia Smith, John P. John A. Mulrennan, Sr., Public Health Stange, Lionel A. ­Entomology Research & Education Center Florida Department of Agriculture Florida A&M University Division of Plant Industry 4000 Frankford Avenue P.O. Box 110980 Panama City, Florida 32405-1933 Gainesville, Florida 32611-0980 USA USA List of Contributors  lix Steck, Gary J. Sullivan, Daniel J. Florida State Collection of Arthropods Department of Biological Sciences Division of Plant Industry Fordham University 1911 SW 34th Street Bronx, New York 10458 Gainesville, Florida 32608-1201 USA USA Swisher, Marilyn E. Stocks, Ian Department of , Youth and Community 308 Long Hall Sciences Department of Entomology, Soils, and Plant University of Florida Sciences Gainesville, Florida 32611-0310 Clemson University USA Clemson, South Carolina 29634-0315 USA Sword, Gregory School of Biological Sciences Steinkraus, Donald C. University of Sydney Department of Entomology The Macleay Building A12 University of Arkansas Sydney, NSW 2006 Virology Laboratory Australia 319 Agriculture Building Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701 Tabachnick, Walter J. USA Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory University of Florida Stewart, Kenneth W. 200 9th Street SE Department of Biological Science Vero Beach, Florida 32962-4699 University of North Texas USA P.O. Box 305220 Denton, Texas 76203-5220 Tanaka, Seiji USA Laboratory of Insect Life Cycles and Physiology Stonedahl, Gary Division of Insect and Animal Sciences Independent Administrative Institution 106 Briza Court Ohwashi 1-2, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8634 Bellingham, Washington 98226 Japan USA

Striganova, Bella R. Tartar, Aurélian Laboratory of Soil Zoology and General Entomology and Nematology Department Entomology University of Florida A. N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Gainesville, Florida 32611-0620 Evolution USA Russian Academy of Sciences Leninsky Prospect, 33 Taylor, Steven J. Moscow 119071 Center for Biodiversity Russia Illinois Natural History Survey lx  List of Contributors 607 East Peabody Drive (MC-652) Tinsaara, William Champaign, Illinois 61820-6970 Bioversity International USA P.O. Box 24384, Kampala Uganda Teal, Peter E.A. USDA-ARS Tipping, Christopher Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Delaware Valley College Entomology 700 East Butler Ave. 1700 SW 23rd Drive Doylestown, Pennsylvania 18901 P.O. Box 14565 USA Gainesville, Florida 32604 USA Triplehorn, Charles Tew, James E. Department of Entomology Ohio State University Museum of Biological Diversity 1608 Madison Avenue Ohio State University Wooster, Ohio 44691-1030 1315 Kinnear Road USA Columbus, Ohio 43212-1192 USA Thomas, Michael C. Florida State Collection of Arthropods Trumble, John T. Florida Department of Agriculture and Department of Entomology ­Consumer Services University of California P.O. Box 147100 Riverside, California 92521-0001 Gainesville, Florida 32614-7100 USA USA Tsai, James H. Thompson, Sarah Fort Lauderdale Research and Education Center Department of Entomology University of Florida North Carolina State University 3205 College Avenue P.O. Box 7613 Fort Lauderdale, Florida 33314-7799 Raleigh, North Carolina 27965-7613 USA USA

Thompson, Vinton Tzanakakis, Minos E. Roosevelt University Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Chicago, Illinois 60605 Department of Applied Zoology and USA Parasitology Thessaloniki, 541 24 Tilgner, Erich Greece Department of Entomology University of Georgia Ueshima, Norihiro 413 Biological Sciences Building Matsusaka University Athens, Georgia 30602 Matsusaka, Mie USA Japan List of Contributors  lxi Uspensky, Igor Verma, K.K. Department of Chemistry HIG1/327, Housing Board Colony A. Silberman Institute of Life Sciences Borsi, DURG - 491001 Hebrew University of Life Sciences India Jerusalem 91904 Israel Vickerman, Danel B. Department of Entomology Valles, Steven M. University of California USDA-ARS Riverside, California 92521-0001 Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary USA Entomology 1600 SW 23rd Drive Villegas, Baldomero Gainesville, Florida 32608 California Department of Food and Agriculture USA Biological Control Program 3288 Meadowview Road Vandergast, Amy G. Sacramento, California 95832 U.S. Geological Survey USA San Diego, California USA Vincent, Charles Horticultural Research and Development Center Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada VanderMeer, Robert K. 430 Boulevard Gouin USDA-ARS Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Quebec J3B 3E6 Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Canada Entomology P.O. Box 14565 Wallace, John R. 1700 SW 23rd Drive Department of Biology Gainesville, Florida 32608 Millersville University USA Millersville, Pennsylvania 17551 USA Vázquez, M. Ángeles Departamento de Zoología y Antropología Física Wang, Ping C/ José Antonio Novais 2, pl.X Lab. 9 Entomology Department Universidad Complutense de Madrid Cornell University 28040 Madrid New York State Agricultural Experiment Station Spain Geneva, New York 14456 USA Vega, Fernando E. USDA-ARS Wang, Qiao Insect Biocontrol Laboratory Institute of Natural Resources Beltsville Agricultural Research Center Massey University Building 011A, Room 214 PB 11122 Beltsville, Maryland 20705 Palmerston North USA New Zealand lxii  List of Contributors Weber, Donald C. Comstock Hall USDA, ARS, PSI, Insect Biocontrol Laboratory Ithaca, New York 14853-0901 Bldg. 011A, Rm. 107, BARC-West USA Beltsville, MD 20705 USA Wheeler, Alfred G. Department of Entomology Weber, Richard G. Clemson University Department of Entomology and Applied Ecology 114 Long Hall University of Delaware Box 340365 Newark, Delaware 19716 Clemson, South Carolina 29634-0365 USA USA

Webster, Thomas C. Wiener, Linda Atwood Research Facillity St. John’s College Kentucky State University Santa Fe, New Mexico 87501 Frankfort, Kentucky 40601 USA USA Wild, Alex Weinstein, Philip Department of Entomology Ecology and Health Research Center, ­Department University of Arizona of Public Health PO Box 2100 Wellington School of Medicine and Health Tucson, Arizona 85721-0036 Sciences USA University of Otago P.O. Box 7343 Williamson, R. Chris Wellington South Department of Entomology New Zealand University of Wisconsin 237 Russell Labs Weintraub, Phyllis G. Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1520 Agricultural Research Organization USA Gilat Research Station D.N. Negev, 85280 Willis, John S. Israel Department of Cellular Biology University of Georgia Weissman, David B. 724 Biological Sciences Building Department of Entomology Athens, Georgia 30602-2607 California Academy of Sciences USA Golden Gate Park San Francisco, CA 94118 Willis, Judith H. USA Department of Cellular Biology University of Georgia Weston, Paul A. 724 Biological Sciences Building Department of Entomology Athens, Georgia 30602-2607 Cornell University USA List of Contributors  lxiii Willmott, Keith R. Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0406 McGuire Center for Lepidoptera Research and USA Conservation University of Florida Yu, Simon J. Gainesville, Florida 32611 Entomology and Nematology Department USA University of Florida Gainesville, Florida 32611-0620 Wing, Steven R. USA University of Florida P.O. Box 115001 Zachvatkin, Yuri A. Gainesville, Florida 32611 Department of Entomology USA K. A. Timiryazev Agricultural Academy Timiryazeva St., 49, Build. 12 Worner, Sue Moscow 127550 Russia National Centre for Advanced Bio-Protection Technologies Zhu, Kun Yan Bio-Protection and Ecology Division Department of Entomology Lincoln University Kansas State University P.O. Box 84, Canterbury 123 Waters Hall New Zealand Manhattan, Kansas 66506-4004 USA Wysiecki, María L. CEPAVE Zaspel, Jennifer Universidad Nacional de La Plata Entomology and Nematology Department Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y University of Florida Técnicas Gainesville, Florida 32611-0620 2 No 584 (1900) USA La Plata Argentina Zuparko, Robert L. Essig Museum of Entomology Yousten, Allan A. University of California Department of Biology 201 Wellman Hall Virginia Tech Berkeley, California 94720-3112 2119 Derring Hall USA