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Staking out a Place Amidst Shifting Soils Understanding Contemporary South Africa Through Social Memory

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Staking out a Place Amidst Shifting Soils Understanding Contemporary South Africa Through Social Memory Awarded Theses 2016/2017 Richard Raber Staking Out a Place Amidst Shifting Soils Understanding Contemporary South Africa Through Social Memory EMA, The European Master’s Programme in Human Rights and Democratisation RICHARD RABER STAKING OUT A PLACE AMIDST SHIFTING SOILS UNDERSTANDING CONTEMPORARY SOUTH AFRICA THROUGH SOCIAL MEMORY RICHARD RABER ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Arriving in South Africa in mid-2015, little did I know that this country would soon both capture me and feel like home. Here I am, in July 2017, completing my Master’s thesis centring around the pulse of the nation. I suppose it is true, unyawo alunampumlo, your feet have no nose. I would like to take this opportunity to thank those who helped make this work possible. Firstly, thank you to uGogo Sizani Ngubane, without her I would never have come to South Africa in the first place. She continues to be a model of hard-work, creativity, leadership and integrity. Secondly, thank you to all the interviewees for their time and honesty. Without all of you, this work would not have been possible. I would also like to thank all that have engaged me in enthralling conversations about South Africa’s contemporary political dynamics. This begins with everyday strangers in taxis to close friends of mine, particularly uMchana Lwandile Noludwe, Pearl Lebogang Nicodemus, Thalib ‘Dada’ Mugen, Sobantu Mzwakali, Ntska Mateta and Tshepo Diseko. Moreover, I feel very fortunate to have friends that are willing to read and honestly critique my work, this includes those just mentioned but also Sergio ‘Satélite’, Manvinder Gill, Francesco Fanti Rovetta, Alexander Gowrliuk, Emma Douglas, Zak ‘Tommie Boi’ Johnson, Nereya Otieno and Ari ‘IQ’ East. Thank you for your continued encouragement and support. It has also been a pleasure sharing this journey in crafting and creating theses with my EIUC colleague, Marieluna Frank. I am also grateful to Roz for all she does. I am immensely appreciative of Drs. Paul Lawrie, Eliakim Sibanda, Ray Silvius, Lloyd Kornelsen, Ahmet Seyhun and Jason Hannan from the University of Winnipeg. Though I graduated in 2015, lessons learned in their classrooms, offices and over many coffees and lunches continue to guide my life in professional, intellectual and personal capacities. I entered that institution lacking ambition, purpose or direction but left with an insatiable intellectual and experiential curiosity as well as a critical mind. Thank you for the many years of encouragement, patience and friendship. Finally, a special thank you to Professor Emeritus Jean-Paul Lehners and 2 STAKING OUT A PLACE AMIDST SHIFTING SOILS Associate Professor Sonja Kmec for agreeing to supervise this research. Both have you have been beacons of support and encouragement and have stimulated new intellectual points of departure. I appreciate each and every one of you. Thank you. BIOGRAPHY Raised in Canada, Richard Raber’s writing has been featured by platforms including Daily Maverick, Open Democracy, Thought Leader, Ricochet and New Politics. In addition to his E.MA Degree, he holds a Bachelor of Arts Honours Degree in History from the University of Winnipeg. He aims to further this research in the pursuit of a Ph.D. 3 RICHARD RABER ABSTRACT Staking Out a Place Amidst Shifting Soils: Understanding Contemporary South Africa Through Social Memory begins with the premise of global turbulence. The End of History as the global modus operandi rests on unstable ground. Within this context, South Africa is explored, as the nation’s transition has been held up as emblematic of the new and final epoch of human history. The work aims to understand the ways in which various actors conceive their place in society, the state of the nation, as well as visions for the future through story-telling and memory, primarily obtained through interviews. Directly researched issues are apartheid amnesia and discursive limits, performative memory, familial legacies of the past, Rainbowism, Democracy, and contemporary memory. Thematically woven into the research are themes of competing temporalities, debates pertaining to current student movements, the nation’s transitionary period, the Truth and Reconciliation process, controversies over public space and semiotics, and the Marikana Massacre. The work concludes by highlighting a state of uncertainty across different segments of society, a nervousness of sorts. In this context, the work calls for reconceptualising and redefining progress, as well as a new theoretical engagement between human rights and equity. 4 STAKING OUT A PLACE AMIDST SHIFTING SOILS TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS AMCU Association of Mineworkers and Construction Union ANC African National Congress EFF Economic Freedom Fighters IEC Independent Electoral Commission IFP Inkatha Freedom Party KZN KwaZulu-Natal RMF #RhodesMustFall RWM Rural Women’s Movement TRC Truth and Reconciliation Commission UCT University of Cape Town 5 STAKING OUT A PLACE AMIDST SHIFTING SOILS TABLE OF CONTENTS 9 1. Introduction: Memory and Vulnerability in Turbulent Times 14 2. Author’s Note on Reflexivity 16 3. Methodology 20 3.1. Additional Primary Sources 21 3.2. Literature Review 24 3.3. Interviewee List 33 4. Relevant Contemporary Events 36 5. On Forgetting, Denialism and Fond Memories 36 5.1. The Lenses of the Individual and Complicated Ethics 38 5.2. Aluta Continua: Nostalgia in Struggle 40 5.3. Denialism, Nostalgia and Implicit Guilt 45 5.4. Forgotten Fights 46 5.5. Rules of Engagement: Discourse and Apartheid 50 6. Performative Memory 50 6.1. Identification Through Song, Dance and Vernacular 53 6.2. Cat-Walking Down Memory Lane: Positionality and Subjectivity in Pattern 57 7. It’s All in the Family: The Past and its Familial Legacies 57 7.1. Smelting Familial Breakdown: Migrant Labour and Mining 58 7.2. Dispossession, Storytelling and Rediscovering Family 61 7.3. Competing Obligations and a Lineage of Activism 63 7.4. A Childhood of Contradiction 65 7.5. The Domestic’s Son 70 8. On Rainbowism 70 8.1. Nineties Nostalgia 71 8.2. An Elusive Rainbow 7 73 8.3. A Dubious Brand: The Rainbow Nation 74 8.4. White Anxieties, White Flight 77 8.5. Birthed Under the Rainbow 79 9. On Democracy 79 9.1. Black Lives Don’t Matter: Massacre in the Age of Democracy 82 9.2. A False Democracy 84 9.3. Democracy, Space and Semiotics 90 10. Understanding the Present 90 10.1. A Growling Stomach 91 10.2. A Distant Liberation 92 10.3. Rectifying Our Failures 93 10.4. Revolutionary Moment 95 Conclusion: Problematising Progress and Rebirthing Imagination 99 Bibliography 107 Appendix 107 Interview with uGogo Sizani Ngubane 115 Interview with Florus P 121 Interview with Dr. Marjorie Jobson 124 Interview with Toka Hlongwane 126 Interview with Judi M 131 Interview with ‘Sam’ 134 Interview with Kuhle Nkosi 136 Interview with Abongile Ntsane 140 Interview with Bongani 144 Interview with Sobantu Mzwakali 149 Interview with Kuda Matiza 150 Interview with Bella Maake 151 Interview with Langalizwe Ngubane 153 Interview with Bonga Jwambi 157 Interview with Sarah Summers and Kelly-eve Koopman 159 Interview with Thanduxolo Bhuti 162 Interview with ‘Naledi’ 165 Interview with Bongani Xezwi and Palesa Kunene 166 Interview with Kagisho Nkadimeng 167 Interview with Thulani N 168 Interview with Michael Abrahams 172 Interview with Bukhosi 173 Interview with ‘Khosi’ 173 Interview with Loyiso M 174 Interview with Thuli T STAKING OUT A PLACE AMIDST SHIFTING SOILS 1. INTRODUCTION: MEMORY AND VULNERABILITY IN TURBULENT TIMES Despair? I brooded. To despair, you should have had knowledge before. You should have gone through the tart sensations of experience, have felt the first flush of knowledge, the first stabs of hope, have encountered reality and toyed with the shifting, tantalizing promises that shadow-play across life’s tapestries, have stretched out, first tentative arms, then wildly grasping hands, and have discovered the disappointment of the evanescence of all things that come from the voids to tickle men’s fancies, sharpen men’s appetites and rouse futile aspirations, only to vanish back into the voids. Ultimately, you should have looked into the face of death and known the paralysing power of fear.1 Can Themba, The Will to Die I would hurl words into this darkness and wait for an echo, and if an echo sounded, no matter how faintly, I would send other words to tell, to march, to fight, to create a sense of the hunger for life that gnaws in us all, to keep alive in our hearts a sense of the inexpressibly human.2 Richard Wright, Black Boy Our current historical moment is one of flux, of teetering. Globally, we face the rise of authoritarianism embodied in the ascendance of Trump, Duterte, Modi and the triumph of the xenophobic leadership behind Brexit.3 The global order conceived by Francis Fukuyama in his 1 Can Themba, The Will to Die (Donald Stuart and Roy Holland (eds), first published 1972, Creda Press 1985) 21 (emphasis added). 2 Richard Wright, Black Boy (American Hunger): A Record of Childhood and Youth (first published 1944, Harper Collins 2009 eBook) 920 (emphasis added). 3 Richard Raber, ‘We Are Talking at Rather Than to Each Other’ Daily Maverick (Johannesburg, 2 December 2016) <https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2016-12- 02-we-are-talking-at-rather-than-to-each-other> accessed 5 March 2017. 9 RICHARD RABER notable work, The End of History, is being undermined from both the left and the right; chauvinism from the right, as well as calls for a new paradigm reflected by leftist hails in the name of decolonisation. While questions such as will our institutions remain? how will they change? and what kind of societies will emerge in the near future? are outside the scope of this work, the aim is that this research will contribute to the work of others in pursuing such prescient issues.
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