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Cherokee Ethnogenesis in Southwestern North Carolina
The following chapter is from: The Archaeology of North Carolina: Three Archaeological Symposia Charles R. Ewen – Co-Editor Thomas R. Whyte – Co-Editor R. P. Stephen Davis, Jr. – Co-Editor North Carolina Archaeological Council Publication Number 30 2011 Available online at: http://www.rla.unc.edu/NCAC/Publications/NCAC30/index.html CHEROKEE ETHNOGENESIS IN SOUTHWESTERN NORTH CAROLINA Christopher B. Rodning Dozens of Cherokee towns dotted the river valleys of the Appalachian Summit province in southwestern North Carolina during the eighteenth century (Figure 16-1; Dickens 1967, 1978, 1979; Perdue 1998; Persico 1979; Shumate et al. 2005; Smith 1979). What developments led to the formation of these Cherokee towns? Of course, native people had been living in the Appalachian Summit for thousands of years, through the Paleoindian, Archaic, Woodland, and Mississippi periods (Dickens 1976; Keel 1976; Purrington 1983; Ward and Davis 1999). What are the archaeological correlates of Cherokee culture, when are they visible archaeologically, and what can archaeology contribute to knowledge of the origins and development of Cherokee culture in southwestern North Carolina? Archaeologists, myself included, have often focused on the characteristics of pottery and other artifacts as clues about the development of Cherokee culture, which is a valid approach, but not the only approach (Dickens 1978, 1979, 1986; Hally 1986; Riggs and Rodning 2002; Rodning 2008; Schroedl 1986a; Wilson and Rodning 2002). In this paper (see also Rodning 2009a, 2010a, 2011b), I focus on the development of Cherokee towns and townhouses. Given the significance of towns and town affiliations to Cherokee identity and landscape during the 1700s (Boulware 2011; Chambers 2010; Smith 1979), I suggest that tracing the development of towns and townhouses helps us understand Cherokee ethnogenesis, more generally. -
SR V18 Index.Pdf (969.3Kb)
Index to Volume 18 Rachael Garrity A Biedma, 115 A Girls Life Before the War, 81 Bimini, 119 Adams, President John, I 0, 13-14 Blacksburg, Va., 25, 30, 57, 80, 82-85, 91 Alabama, IOI Blue Ridge Mountains, 82 Alien and Sedition Acts, I 0 Boston, Barbara, 112 Alonso de Chavez, 115 Botetourt County, Va., 25, 27, 29, 54, 63, Alonso de Santa Cruz, 111-113 65, 79 Allegheny Mountains, 82 Bouleware, Jane Grace Preston, 78 American Declaration of Independence, 9 Boulware, Aubin Lee, 78 American Indians, 4, 52-54, 58, 66, 82, Bradenton, Fla., I 06 100, 105, 107-108 Brady, Mathew, 84 American Revolution, 58, 72, 73 Braham, John, 34 Apafalaya, I 0 I Brain, Jeffrey, I 05 Appalachia, I 0 I, I 04 Breckenridge, Robert, 40 Appalachian Mountains, 3, 20, 55 Brissot, Jacques Pierre, 16 Appalachian Trail, 110 Bristol, Tenn.Na., 99, I 09, 124 Arkansas, I 05 Bristol News, 126-127 Augusta County, Va., 25-27, 30, 33, 35, British North America, 55 37-38,40,43-44,52,54, 71 Brown, John, 91, 135 Avenel House Plantation, 81 Brown, John Mason, 135 Brown, John Meredith, 135 B Brunswick County, Va., 40 Bahaman Channel, 118-119 Buchanan, Colonel John, 27, 30, 35, 41, Baird (Beard), John, 40-41 52-53 Baldwin, Caroline (Cary) Marx, 78 Buchanan, Va., 27, 38, 52-53 Bank of the United States, 6 Bullett, Captain, 62-65 Bardstown, Ky., 3, 17 Bullpasture River, 54 Barreis, David, I 05 Bureau ofAmerican Ethnology, 110 Barrens, The, Ky., 13, 17 Burke County, N.C., I 03 Bassett, Colonel, 65 Burwell, Letitia M., 81-83, 86, 90 Batson, Mordecai, 60 Bussell Island, Tenn., 123 Battle -
QUARTERLY of Local Architecture & Preservation
Three Dollars Fall-Winter 1993 THE HISTORIC HUNTSVILLE QUARTERLY Of Local Architecture & Preservation In Search of Bridges of Madison County HISTORIC HUNTSVILLE FOUNDATION Founded 1974 Officers for 1993-1994 Suzanne O’Connor............................................................ Chairman Suzi Bolton............................................................... Vice-Chairman Susan Gipson..................................................................... Secretary Toney Daly........................................................................ Treasurer Gerald Patterson (Immediate Past Chairman)............. Ex-Officio Lynn Jones............................................... Management Committee Elise H. Stephens..................................................................... Editor Board of Directors Ralph Allen Gayle Milberger Ron Baslock Bill Nance Rebecca Bergquist Norma Oberlies Wm. Verbon Black Wilma Phillips Suzi Bolton Richard Pope Mary A. Coulter Dale Rhoades James Cox Susan Sanderson Toney Daly Stephanie Sherman Carlene Elrod Malcolm Tarkington Henry M. Fail, Jr. Mary F. Thomas Susan Gipson Robert VanPeursem Ann Harrison Richard Van Valkenburgh John Rison Jones, Jr. Janet Watson Walter Kelley Sibyl Wilkinson William Lindberg Eugene Worley COVER: Covered Bridge at Butler Mill, contributed by Carlus Page. THE HISTORIC HUNTSVILLE QUARTERLY of Local Architecture and Preservation Vol. XIX, Nos. 3 & 4 Fall-Winter — 1993 CONTENTS From The HHF Board Chairman..............................................2 From The Editor.........................................................................4 -
Conquistadors at Saltville in 1567 Revisited
Conquistadors at Saltville in 1567 Revisited Jim Glanville © 2014 Introduction This article continues and extends its author’s study of the interaction between the archeological and documentary evidence for the Spanish period of sixteenth century Virginia history. In 2004, the author published in the Smithfield Review an article titled “Conquistadors at Saltville in 1567? A Review of the Archeological and Documentary Evidence,” 1 which was footnoted in a review of sixteenth century Florida historiogra phy published in 2012 in connection with the 500-year anniversary of Juan Ponce de León’ s exploration of the Florida coast in 1513.2 Today, the story of the Spanish attack in Southwest Virginia is a part of mainstream Virginia history.3 The author subsequently published three follow up articles about the conquistadors. The first of these described a metal blade found in Smyth County, Virginia, that its finder speculated might have a Spanish connection (it did not).4 The second article was a brief progress report.5 The third article discussed the modern background to the story of the conquistadors and how that story developed.6 The present article reviews the routes of the Hernando de Soto7 (1539– 1542) and Juan Pardo (1566–1568) entradas into the American Southeast as revealed by the combination of archeological and documentary evidence. It also describes ongoing archeological studies at the conquistadors’ base camp at present-day Morganton, North Carolina; it cites two recently-found 145-year old newspaper reports (reproduced in the Appendix) of a buried Spanish soldier—who lies just a few miles outside the southern boundary of modern-day Virginia; and, via an examination of documentary evidence for the entradas, it compares with a modern map the region of Virginia shown in the third (1584) edition of the first-ever printed world atlas. -
Appalachian Studies Bibliography Cumulation 2013-June 2016 ______
Appalachian Studies Bibliography Cumulation 2013-June 2016 _____________________ CONTENTS Agriculture and Land Use ................................................................................................................3 Appalachian Studies.........................................................................................................................8 Archaeology and Physical Anthropology ......................................................................................14 Architecture, Historic Buildings, Historic Sites ............................................................................18 Arts and Crafts ..............................................................................................................................21 Biography .......................................................................................................................................27 Civil War, Military.........................................................................................................................29 Coal, Industry, Labor, Railroads, Transportation ..........................................................................37 Description and Travel, Recreation and Sports .............................................................................63 Economic Conditions, Economic Development, Economic Policy, Poverty ................................71 Education .......................................................................................................................................82 -
Gpb Textbook Unit 2 Final.Pdf
OUR STATE and OUR NATION UNIT Georgia Studies 2 GEORGIA EVENTS EVENTS ELSEWHERE Before it Was Georgia B.C. 12,000 People first arrive in North America CHAPTER 3 10,000 10,000 Let’s Talk History People arrive in the Paleo-Indian period begins; Southeast animals domesticated in Near Why Study History? East How to Do History The Dating Game 8000 Archaic period begins; agriculture appears in Near East CHAPTER 4 Georgia’s Prehistoric Past 4000 Unearthing Clues to Georgia’s Civilization develops in Near Prehistoric Past East; beginning of recorded history Georgia’s First Inhabitants 2500 CHAPTER 5 Egyptians build Great Pyramid Europe Discovers at Giza the New World The Age of Discovery 2000 Pottery first made in North Spain Comes to the Southeast America (near Augusta) England Comes to North America 1000 Woodland period begins A.D. Birth of Christ 1000 Mississippian period begins; Leif Ericson explores Newfoundland 1492 Columbus lands in West Indies 1498 John Cabot explores North American coast, possibly as far south as Florida 1513 Ponce de Leon becomes first European to land on North American mainland 1526 Ayllon colony briefly settles on Georgia coast 1540 De Soto expedition first to explore Georgia’s interior 1565 Spanish destroy French Fort Caroline, build St. Augustine 1566 Spanish missionaries first arrive in Guale (Georgia) 1597 Juanillo rebellion 1607 Jamestown, Virginia, becomes England’s first permanent settlement in America 1619 West Africans brought to Virginia 1663 King Charles II creates colony of Carolina 1690 Spain withdraws from Guale 1721 Britain builds Fort King George Chapter Outline Chapter 3 Why Study History? Foreword How to Do History Starting with Questions Sources of Information Using Primary Sources Analyzing and Evaluating Information Georgia Standards of Excellence The Dating Game Correlations Using a Timeline B.C. -
Knoxville South Waterfront, Tennessee Public I Mprovements
KNOXVILLE SOUTH WATERFRONT, TENNESSEE PUBLIC I MPROVEMENTS Cultural Context, Archaeological Research Design, and Phase I Survey Results for Cherokee Trail Connector/Spring Water Center and Baker Creek Landing, Knoxville South Waterfront Project DRAFT SAN FRANCISCO CAMBRIDGE NEW YORK LONDON APRIL 29, 2008 Cultural Context, Archaeological Research Design, and PhaseISurveyResultsforCherokeeTrailConnector/Spring WaterCenterandBakerCreekLanding, Knoxville South Waterfront Project, City of Knoxville, Knox County, Tennessee Report submitted to: Hargreaves and Associates • 118 Magazine Street • Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 Report prepared by: New South Associates • 6150 East Ponce de Leon Avenue • Stone Mountain, Georgia 30083 J. W. Joseph, PhD, RPA – Principal Investigator David Price – Historian and Co-Author R. Jeannine Windham, RPA – Archaeologist and Co-Author J. W. Joseph, PhD, RPA – Principal Investigator and Co-Author Hugh Matternes, PhD, RPA – Prehistoric Archaeologist and Co-Author Brad Botwick – Archaeologist and Co-Author April 29, 2008 • Draft Report New South Associates Technical Report #1591 ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE i KNOXVILLE SOUTH WATERFRONT PROJECT, KNOXVILLE, TENNESSEE MANAGEMENT SUMMARY The City of Knoxville, Knox County, Tennessee, has developed a plan for developing and enhancing areas south of the Tennessee River/Fort Loudon Lake. Known as the Knoxville South Waterfront Public Improvement Project, this plan represents a multi-year revitalization effort that will include 12 locations along the riverfront and adjacent uplands. The proposed undertakings require federal permitting from the Tennessee Valley Authority, which serves as the lead federal agency for the project, and US Army Corps of Engineers. As part of the permitting process, New South Associates, Inc., has developed cultural contexts for the Knoxville South Waterfront and compiled information on previously recorded cultural resources in the project vicinity. -
Geological Survey of Alabama
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF ALABAMA Berry H. (Nick) Tew, Jr. State Geologist ECOSYSTEM INVESTIGATIONS PROGRAM Patrick E. O’Neil Director AN ASSESSMENT OF FRESHWATER MOLLUSKS AND CRAYFISH FROM SELECTED WATERBODIES ON AND NEAR REDSTONE ARSENAL, MADISON COUNTY, ALABAMA, 2008-09 OPEN-FILE REPORT 0922 By Stuart W. McGregor1, Elizabeth A. Wynn1, and Jeffrey T. Garner2 1Geological Survey of Alabama 2Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources Prepared in cooperation with U. S. Army, Redstone Arsenal Environmental and Cultural Resources Directorate Under Contract No. W9124P-08-P-0094 Tuscaloosa, Alabama 2009 AN ASSESSMENT OF FRESHWATER MOLLUSKS AND CRAYFISH FROM SELECTED WATERBODIES ON AND NEAR REDSTONE ARSENAL, MADISON COUNTY, ALABAMA, 2008-2009 By Stuart W. McGregor, Elizabeth A. Wynn, and Jeffrey T. Garner ABSTRACT Sampling for freshwater mollusks and crayfish was conducted in springs, streams, swamps, and roadside ditches on and near Redstone Arsenal by the Geological Survey of Alabama in 2008 and 2009. Efforts yielded weathered dead valves of the Tennessee Clubshell, a species of highest conservation priority in Alabama, along with at least nine snail species, including species of highest and high conservation priority in Alabama, at least two taxa of fingernail clams, the Asian Clam, and eight crayfish species. INTRODUCTION The diversity of freshwater aquatic life in North America is centered in Alabama, owing to the geological antiquity of the state, the lack of glaciation, the abundance of large, discrete river basins, and a mild, stable climate, collectively providing ample time, separation, and ambient conditions for speciation (Boschung and Mayden, 2004; Williams and others, 2008). Freshwater mussels are considered one of the most imperiled faunal groups in North America based on the rapid extinction rate and preponderance of imperiled species (Master, 1993; Williams and others, 1993; Lydeard and Mayden, 1995) and drastic reductions in diversity and abundance of mussel populations are documented in many systems (Williams and others, 2008). -
Native Americans Alabama, and Coushatta
History of Covington The early historic Creeks were probably descendants of the mound builders of the Mississippian culture along the Tennessee River in modern Tennessee[2] and Alabama, and possibly relat- County Alabama ed to the Utinahica of southern Georgia. More of a loose con- federacy than a single tribe, the Muscogee lived in autonomous Part 1 villages in river valleys throughout what are today the states of Tennessee, Georgia, and Alabama and consisted of many ethnic groups speaking several distinct languages, such as the Hitchiti, Native Americans Alabama, and Coushatta. Those who lived along the Ocmulgee The Choctaw are a Native American people originally from the River were called "Creek Indians" by British traders from South Southeastern United States (Mississippi, Alabama, and Carolina; eventually the name was applied to all of the various Louisiana). They are of the Muskogean linguistic group. The natives of Creek towns becoming increasingly divided between word Choctaw (also known as Chahta, Chactas ,Chato, Tchakta, the Lower Towns of the Georgia frontier on the Chattahoochee and Chocktaw) may derive from the Castilian word "chato," River, Ocmulgee River, and Flint River and the Upper Towns of meaning flat; however, noted anthropologist John Swanton sug- the Alabama River Valley. gests that the name belonged to a Choctaw leader.[2] They were a part of the Mississippian culture which was located throughout The Lower Towns included Coweta, Cusseta (Kasihta, the Mississippi River valley. The early Spanish explorers, Cofitachiqui), Upper Chehaw (Chiaha), Hitchiti, Oconee, according to historian Walter Williams,encountered their Ocmulgee, Okawaigi, Apalachee, Yamasee (Altamaha), antecedents.[3] In the 19th century, Choctaws were known as Ocfuskee, Sawokli, and Tamali. -
John Reed Swanton Photographs of Southeastern Native Americans, Circa 1900S-1910S
John Reed Swanton photographs of Southeastern Native Americans, circa 1900s-1910s Sarah Ganderup, Gina Rappaport 2013 October 30 National Anthropological Archives Museum Support Center 4210 Silver Hill Road Suitland 20746 [email protected] http://www.anthropology.si.edu/naa/ Table of Contents Collection Overview ........................................................................................................ 1 Administrative Information .............................................................................................. 1 Scope and Contents note................................................................................................ 2 Biographical/Historical note.............................................................................................. 2 Arrangement..................................................................................................................... 3 Selected Bibliography...................................................................................................... 3 Names and Subjects ...................................................................................................... 3 Container Listing ............................................................................................................. 5 John Reed Swanton photographs relating to Southeastern Native Americans NAA.PhotoLot.76 Collection Overview Repository: National Anthropological Archives Title: John Reed Swanton photographs relating to Southeastern Native Americans Identifier: NAA.PhotoLot.76 Date: -
Recovery Plan for the Palezoneshiner
Recovery Plan For The Palezone Shiner (Notropis albisonatus) U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Southeast Region Atlanta, Georgia RECOVERY PLAN for Palezone Shiner (Notropis albizonatus) Prepared by Melvin L. Warren, Jr. U.S. Forest Service Southern Forest Experiment Station Oxford, Mississippi Brooks M. Burr Department ofZoology Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Illinois and Richard G. Biggins Asheville Field Office U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Asheville, North Carolina for U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Region 4 Atlanta, Georgia Approved: Acting Regional Director, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Date: Recovery plans delineate reasonable actions that are believed to be required to recover and/or protect listed species. Plans published by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service are sometimes prepared with the assistance of recovery teams, contractors, State agencies, and other affected and interested parties. Plans are reviewed by the public and submitted to additional peer review before they are adopted by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Objectives of the plan will be attained and any necessary funds made available subject to budgetary and other constraints affecting the parties involved, as well as the need to address other priorities. Recovery plans do not obligate other parties to undertake specific tasks and may not represent the views nor the official positions or approval of any individuals or agencies involved in developing the plan, other than the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Recovery plans representthe official position ofthe U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service only afterthey have been signed by the Director or Regional Director as approved. Approved recovery plans are subject to modification as dictated by new findings, changes in species status, and the completion ofrecovery tasks. -
The Eastern Creek Frontier: History and Archaeology of the Flint River Towns, Ca. 1750-1826. Paper
The Eastern Creek Frontier: History and Archaeology of the Flint River Towns, ca. 1750-1826 John E. Worth Fernbank Museum of Natural History, Atlanta Abstract This paper presents a current overview of documentary and archaeological evidence for aboriginal occupation associated with the Creek confederacy in the Flint River drainage of western Georgia, correlating specific archaeological sites with named towns where possible, and predicting locations for as-yet unrecorded sites. Largely depopulated soon after the 1540 DeSoto expedition, the Flint was resettled after 1750 by satellite communities of the core Lower Creek towns of Kasihta, Yuchi, Chiaha, and Hichiti. Comparatively well-populated during Benjamin Hawkin's tenure at the Flint River Creek Agency, occupation dwindled after the Creek War and the expansion of Georgia's border between 1814 and 1826. Paper presented in the symposium "Recent Advances in Lower Creek Archaeology" at the annual conference of the Society for American Archaeology, Nashville, April 4, 1997. 1 Introduction Despite a substantial amount of historical and recent archaeological research relative to the various core areas of the broader Creek confederacy of the 18th and early 19th centuries, including both Upper and Lower regional subdivisions, the Flint River valley of west-central Georgia has received comparatively little attention as a regional unit, and remains almost a void in secondary literature about the subject. Following the westward retreat of the English-allied towns along the middle Ocmulgee River after 1715, the Flint River valley effectively became an uninhabited eastern buffer-zone to what became the core area of the Lower Creek subdivision along the Lower Chattahoochee River.