© 2020 The Author(s) ST-OPEN © 2020 Croatian leadership and Jews in the 1990s RESEARCH ARTICLE RESEARCH

Andrijana Perković Aim: What was the attitude of the first Croatian president Paloš Franjo Tuđman and the Croatian leadership towards the University of Split, Faculty of Humanities Holocaust and the Jewish community in in the and Social Sciences, Split, Croatia 1990s? Some considered Tuđman a Holocaust denier be- cause of the purportedly controversial parts of his 1989 book Bespuća povijesne zbiljnosti (Wastelands of Historical Reality). The Croatian leadership was accused of minimiz- ing World War II crimes of the Ustasha regime and rehabili- tating the World War II Independent State of Croatia. Methods: We analyzed archival documents, Tuđman’s published correspondence, controversial parts of his Wastelands of Historical Reality, his public statements, bi- ographical writings of contemporary Croatian leaders, and newspaper articles. We scrutinized the Serbian propagan- da against Croatia in the 1990s, the position and role of the Jewish community and prominent Jews in Croatian public life as well as the relations between Croatia and . Findings: The Croatian leadership and the Jewish communi- ty maintained good relations in the 1990s. Some prominent Croatian Jews actively advocated for Croatia’s international recognition and refuted certain authors’ and some Jewish international circles’ accusations of among Croatian leadership. Jews participated at the highest levels of Croatian government. Democratic changes at the begin- ning of the 1990s enabled national, religious, political and other freedoms for minorities in Croatia, including the Jewish community. Still, some authors considered Tuđman Correspondence to: an anti-Semite and a Holocaust denier. These opinions were Andrijana Perković Paloš partly shaped by quotes from the Wastelands of Historical Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Poljička cesta 35, 21000 Split, Croatia Reality taken out of context and published by Serbian pro- [email protected] pagandists. This propaganda successfully shaped the false perception of official antisemitism in Croatia and has con- tributed to the delay in the establishment of the diplomat- Cite as: ic relations between Croatia and Israel for more than five Perković Paloš A. Croatian leadership years after Israel had recognized Croatia. and Jews in the 1990s. ST-OPEN. 2020; 1: e2020.1619.39. Conclusion: There is no evidence for claims of political an- tisemitism in Croatia in the 1990s. This article sheds light on this widely manipulated topic and provides a basis for DOI: further researchs. https://doi.org/10.48188/so.1.13

1 st-open.unist.hr RESEARCH ARTICLE st-open.unist.hr Perković Paloš A Introduction 99 book 1989 F. concerned propaganda Tuđman’s alleged the antisemitism. This insinuation was based on excerpts from F. Tuđman’s of insinuation prominent One 182-186). pp. 2018, Paloš, Croatia (known as of NDH, abbreviation for State Croatian “Nezavisna Independent Država Hrvatska”; Axis-allied II War World the to successor a as Croatia of Republic foreign the and sympathizers Ustasha at as authorities Croatian the depicted lobby centers, power well-established their to thanks and diplomacy Yugoslav dominating nationalists Serb experienced the With community. international the in Croatia against project propaganda vigorous a launched Serbia aggression, military the with Alongside 2020, pp.267-294). Paloš, (Perković 1995 in victory Croatian in ended which Croatia, of Serbian aggression military open an in resulted and Croatia in ethnic of rebellion a invoked factors, other with along This, . from sovereignty Croatia’s affirming constitution new the enacted (Sabor) parliament first Croatian the the leadership, new became Under president. Tuđman, Croatian Franjo party, winning the of founder The elections. tiparty demokratskazajednica (Hrvatska DemocraticUnion Croatian history. The Croatian in point turning a marked 1990 of half first the in Croatia in elections democratic ensuing the and regime communist Yugoslav the of collapse The antisemitism is justifiably associated with and countries that participated that countries and Germany Nazi with associated justifiably is antisemitism (see century 19 the of end the at CentralEurope in antiquity to the modern age. Antisemitism is the intolerance or hatred of Jews, it has been a phenomenon present from Antisemitism, Holocaustandpostwar debate 2006; (Sadkovich, interpretations simplified avoid to Sadkovichtried J. James historian constrast,American In NDH. of tion rehabilita- the led Tuđman F. that maintained Goldstein . in Israel Bet community Jewish the of president former and historian Goldstein, Ivo was Croatia in critics inent Tuđman’sF. prom- Among denier. Holocaust a as Tuđman F. regarded Zuroff Efraim and community in particular. Authors dealing with Holocaust denial such as Deborah Lipstadt Jewish Croatian the and general in Jews towards Tuđman F. and leadership Croatian of attitude the cursorily only analyzed historiography,has far Croatian, So and foreign both Israel didnotblunttheedgeofSerbianpropaganda. with relations diplomatic establish to efforts and cabinet his in Jews of participation the Tuđman’sbyNDH, F. Jews the Jews. against Croatian atrocities endangering for apologies as authorities portray to was aim The 1990. early of campaign election the during ments in general. article aims to provide an impetus to further research of this topic and F. Tuđman’s policy the beginning of a serious and thorough analysis of this aspect of F. Tuđman’s politics. This atlns f itrcl Reality Historical of Wastelands Beller, 2007; Beller, Vulesica, 2009; Vulesica, Sensu stricto, it refers to the modern ideology which emerged Sadkovich, 2010a; Sadkovich, th 2 century and culminated in the first half of the 20 the of half first the in culminated and century , for more detail). Most aggressive Most detail). more for 2015, Arendt, epć pvjse zbiljnosti povijesne (Bespuća - HDZ) won the first democratic mul- first the won HDZ) - ). His work is only is work His 2010b). Sadkovich, ad i state- his and ) Perković th on f oit eie ms ntoaitc eosrtos ih nieii overtones antisemitic with demonstrations nationalistic mass regime, Soviet of down Russian movement “Pamyat” blamed Jews for the ills of Soviet the society; and 1991, with the break- in Union Soviet the of breakdown the before Even 48-50). pp. 2012, (Williams, Vladimir Žirinovski and Natalia Naročincka publicly opposed Holocaust commemorations wrote (1996) Pecnik as and such politicians Russian Antonescu. Ion ( 2012) dictator Romanian of rehabilitation the Williams about 16). p. 1993, (Lipstadt, Auschwitz to Jews of deportation the in role important an played who Tiso Jozef criminal war and president tionalists. Examples include the reappearance of public portraits of the na- war-time fascist Slovakian II WarWorld of rehabilitation the at attempts the are phenomenon related A elected authorities. democratically new the of antisemitism political to traditions such of rehabilitation link authors Some states. Axis-allied with associated were which of some traditions, tionalist na- pre-communist to reached societies post-communist in revival nationalist Similarly, 2012; Williams, (see antisemitism political of rise the to it link authors some scene; litical po- the to parties right-wing of entrance the for allowed regimes communist of Fall The in1989. of fall the with only came (Fox,Change fascism 423). to p. resistance 2004, communist the on focused Discussion Nazis. the by treatment particular the for acknowledged not were Jews Holocaust. the of discussion serious no was there speech, of freedom limited with (see WesternEurope in those from significantly differed Bloc Eastern the in discourse public the and Historiography a “hoax”(Williams,2012,p.15). 1993, pp. 58-81). More extreme claims suggest that Holocaust was a “Jewish conspiracy” or thousand Jews were killed, and that the testimonials of the survivors are unreliable (Stern, hundred few a “only” that chambers, gas contain not did camps concentration that Jews, of extermination the about know not did or order not did Hitler that statements includes 82-135; pp. 2012, (Williams, 1970s the in pecially tendencies appeared in Western Europe. The phenomenon spread to academic circles, es- Holocaust denial first appeared in Germany and Austria (Bailer-Galanda, 1997, p. 3). Similar for moredetail). or new insights. Her opinion is shared by other historians (see historians other by shared is opinion Her insights. new or rians are revisionists as they reinterpret historic events based on newly available sources historic of interpretation critical events and processes based on available sources. Lipstadt and (1993, p. 25) states that all histo- revision with confused be can denial Holocaust Lipstadt, 1993; (see II War World during Jews of genocide the of entirety the or particulars the entire of denial the includes antisemitism Contemporary pp. 66-67). proximately six million European Jews were killed during the “final solution” (Stern, , 1993 term the prefers that community Jewish the outside mostly used term a 2020), (Berenbaum, Holocaust the as known is II WarWorld in the Nazi program of “the final solution of the Jewish question”. Genocide of Jews during Stern, 1993; Zuroff, 2005; Zuroff, Gerstenfeld, 2009; Lobont, 2004; Lobont, , for more detail). In communist countries communist In detail). more for Đurašković,2008, Shafir, 2003; Shafir, Eaglestone, Eaglestone, 2001, for more detail). However, , Catastrophe. It is estimated that ap- that estimated is It Catastrophe. Shoah, , pp. 25-56). Holocaust denial Holocaust 25-56). pp. 1993, Stern, 3 Bailer-Galanda, 1997; Bailer-Galanda, , for more detail). more for 2004, Starman, Petrović 2007; Petrović 2020 Vol. 1•e2020.1619.39 Williams, 2012; Williams, Pecnik, 1996; Pecnik, Birin, 2005, Birin, st-open.unist.hr

RESEARCH ARTICLE RESEARCH ARTICLE st-open.unist.hr Perković Paloš A was small. At the turn of the 20 the of turn the At small. was Compared to countries like Poland, Hungary and Romania, the Jewish community in Croatia Jews intheIndependentStateofCroatia andcommunistYugoslavia para. 6). ed in 1994 that Holocaust was a “Zionist scheme” (but later changed his mind; ; Corneliu Vadim denied Tudor, a member of the far-right Party of GreatRomania, stat- openly politicians European Some 70). p. , 1996 (Pecnik, people” Hungarian the of dignity the destroying “systematically for Jewish, them of majority a communists, erupted (Lobont, , 2004 p. 443). The Hungarian politician Istvan Csurka blamed Hungarian , p. 299; p. 1998, (Švob, perished NDH in Jews of percent 80 about 2008; Goldstein, (see Jews primarily affecting laws racial the adopted regime Ustasha The influence. of zones Italian and German the within was Pavelić, Ante the Independent State of Croatia. The new state, led by the head of the Ustasha movement of proclamation the in resulted 1941 April in Yugoslavia of Kingdom the of fall The p. 192). 2020, (Gitman, Croatia and Yugoslavia to ideology antisemitic introduced who elites Serbian the of members the was it that claims Gitman Esther historian American 98). p. of Kingdom Yugoslavia, as well the as in the and rest of Europe, Croatia became evident in in the mid-thirties (Švob, antisemitism 1997, the of rise The 25). p. 2001, Goldstein, S. & Goldstein (I. 000 000 3 Poland in and 800,000, Romania in 600,000, were there Hungary in codn t S Glsen Jw ejyd h fl rgt o ctznhp n communist in citizenship of rights full the Yugoslavia; from enjoyed WWII until the Six-Day war Jews in 1967, when Yugoslavia broke Goldstein, off diplomat S. to According total ofonlyabout6,100 (Karakaš Obradov, 2013a,p.403). and-a-half thousand Jews emigrated from Yugoslavia from 1948 to 1952, leaving there the eight- to Italy,seven to However, Hungary,Switzerland. escapees and and camps, tration concen German of survivors fighters, Partisan were Zagreb to returning Jews that tained main- 22) p. (1998, Goldstein Slavko them. received community Jewish local the where Zagreb, to mostly returned Jews Croatian that out pointed 396-397) pp. (2013a, Obradov Karakaš returned. Jews Some Yugoslavia. communist of part a became Croatia 1945, In (Arendt, 1964, p. 87; because of the regime’s need for their professional skills, for example engineers or doctors spared were Some “honoraryAryans.” of status grantedthe bybeing leadership NDH the 299). Some Jews were spared by the Ustasha regime due to their kinship to the members of p. , 1998 (Švob, resistance Partisan communist-led joined others while 164), p. (see Palestine in up ended eventually Some 169). 162-163, pp. 2013b, Obradov, (Karakaš Egypt in Shatt El camp refugee the there to from Italy southern and through control, Italian under territories NDH to escaped they Initially detail). (Alojzije) Stepinac; rescue often included assistance in esaping (see Jews were saved thanks to the help of fellow and the Archbishop of Zagreb Aloysius Some regime. Ustasha the of opponents Croat and Serbs, centrationRoma, Jews, for camp Obradov, 2013a, pp. 391-404). The symbol of the Ustasha regime became Jasenovac, a con- , for more detail). During World War II WarWorld During detail). more for 2011, Goldstein, S. & Goldstein I. Gitman, 2020, p. 200; th century, there were some 20,000 Jews in Croatia, while Croatia, in Jews 20,000 some were century,there 4 Karakaš Obradov, 2013b, p. 177; I. Goldstein & S. Goldstein, 2001; Goldstein, S. & Goldstein I. , p. 119; p. 1997, Švob, Karakaš Obradov, 2013b, Obradov, Karakaš Gitman, 2012, for more Bartulin, 2013). Zuroff, 2005, Karakaš I. - - not only of Croats, but also of any other national, ethnic and religious groups. Some of Some groups. religious and ethnic national, other any of also but Croats, of only not as known (also F. Tuđman dealt with the issue of the Jasenovac victims in victims Jasenovac the of issue the with dealt Tuđman F. 2010a, p.344). (Sadkovich,Croats“ of shoulders the from guilt war of burden the “remove to wanted but “deviation from the Party line” and that F. Tuđman was not interested only in “accuracy“, to due but work,” academic “poor of because not was expulsion Tuđman’s F. for reason the claims 150) p. (2010a, Sadkovich 1967. in Institute the and Party Communist the from number of Jasenovac victims (Sadkovich, 2010a, p. 116). For that, F. Tuđman was expelled the particularly Yugoslavia, and Croatia of history II WarWorld of interpretation official Party the match not did conclusions His 280). p. 2011, (Jareb, movement Ustasha and NDH the in people Croatian of position the and occupiers to resistance Croat of role the on focused research Tuđman’s F. NDH. the and movement, Ustasha revolution, socialist liberationnational Croatia, struggle, of party Communist the of history the studied stitute in- The Croatia. of Worker’sMovement the of History the for Institute established newly the of head the became Tuđman F. 1961, In Tuđman. Franjo fighter Partisan former and exaggerationsthe generalopposing Yugoslav scholars was distinguished most the Among aspired to“demonizeCroatianpeople”. Croatian historian Ivo Banac (1992, p. 68) suggested that in this way some academic circles ranged from several thousand to as much as one million victims (Geiger, 2020). Prominent Estimates exaggerated. uncritically and greatly was victims camp Jasenovac of number the while discussed, be not could 2005 ), (Jurčević, massacres as known vilians, ci- and military defeated of executions mass extrajudicial Postwar detail). more for 2005, to themsimplyas“Jewishvictimsoffascism”( referred but victims, Holocaust as Jews differentiate not did that victims Jewish Yugoslav to dedicated and 1952 in erected monuments five the are practice this of Examples 182). p. 2008, (Kerenji, unity” and “brotherhood and liberation” national for “struggle the of narrative the emphasizing byWorld WarII of victims Jewish the commemorated regime Yugoslav countries, European communist other identity.Similarlto Jewish with along ty identi- Yugoslav or Croatian to referring was he whether specify not tity,did he although iden- Jewish of “dualism” mentioned Goldstein Jews. Zagreb of minority bya only shared was attitude this that stressed he Nevertheless, Yugoslavia. and Croatia Zagreb, of that - viewed as breaking all their Jewish ties in an attempt to integrate into a wider community be could Zagreb in assimilation that claimed 24) p. (1998, Goldstein Slavko communism. 106-126; Yugoslavia was under strict control (see control strict under was Yugoslavia communist in II War World of historiography the general, in discourse public like Just Franjo Tuđman andWastelands ofHistorical Reality assimilation ofCroatianJewsbeganinthesecondhalf19 Israel, which the leadership of the Community refused (S. Goldstein, 1998, p. 25). Although condemn to Community Jewish Zagreb the of leadership the asked repeatedly Tito Broz ic relationships with Israel, there was no sign of any antisemitism. Yugoslav dictator Josip , p. 364), it especially accelerated during accelerated especially it 364), p. (1997, Švob 17-18), pp. 2004, Goldstein, I. Horrors of WarHorrors of nature genocidal of allegation dispute the to aim was His ). Najbar Agičić, 2013; Agičić, Najbar Kerenji, 2008,p.183). 5 Wastelands of Historic Reality Historic Wastelandsof Bertoša, 2005; Bertoša, th century (Gross,1998,pp. 2020 Vol. 1•e2020.1619.39 I. Goldstein, I. st-open.unist.hr

RESEARCH ARTICLE RESEARCH ARTICLE st-open.unist.hr Perković Paloš A genocidal (Sadkovich, , 2010a pp. 277-278; as Croats mark to possible was that all did Yugoslavia communist in which toriography his- nationalist Serbian to reaction a fact, in were, history Yugoslav of interpretations his Miletić, 1986-1987 (Miletić, features” main their are confidentiality and perfidy unreliability, stinginess, cunning, Selfishness, visible. more even them made but flaws, their all maintained only not they camp the In camp. Jasenovac the in Jew,even a that Jews, compared to Serbs, had been privileged. According to Prnjatović, “a Jew remains istration were Serbs, while others were Jews (F. Tuđman, 1989, p. 317). Prnjatović thought admin camp the of members 25 of three that claimed Prnjatović administration.camp’s the of parts Controversial Wastelands Controversy demonization oftheCroatianpeople”. of significance the Emphasizing 143). p. 1989, Tuđman, (F. nations” other against genocides other of than them of memory historical greater a just is There period. historical any in occurrence exceptional an nor singular a neither were they and unfortunately terrible widespread, how matter “no that wrote he Holocaust, the of victims Jewish Discussing history. through people Jewish the of persecution and discrimination hate, the Jews, of of finishing the manuscript. Together with the fate of Croats, the book scrutinized the fate Wastelands Croats, of generations new on nor people Croat entire the on neither imposed be can ma history” (F. Tuđman, 1989, p. 464). Positing that historic guilt and collective genocidal stig- entire the throughout but II, WarWorld of framework the within only not occurred not had crime genocidal a such if orchestratedas been has original) the in (emphasized myth cious and enormous!” (F. Tuđman, 1989, pp. 20-21). “As we have seen, the entire ened as many times as they [Serbs] have exaggerated them, they would still be utterly atro- In nation (Sadkovich, 2010a,260; I. Goldstein&Hutinec,2007,p.192). Croatian entire the of nature genocidal the on claims his published Krestić Vasilije rian histo- Serbian time, that About 25). p. 1986, draft, Arts, and Sciences of Academy Serbian (Memorandumthe Croatia of in Serbs the of endangerment and assimilation of thesis the of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, draft, 1986). The 1986, the Serbian Academy of Science and Arts published its before years Three 47). p. 2005, (Ramet, them rehabilitate to Serbia in cies crimes against Croats and Muslims) in positive light (Ramet, 2005, p. 43) leading to tenden- committed who collaborationists chauvinist (Serbian Chetniks the present to historians death in 1980, rose to unprecedented heights. This emboldened some War memoirs his in Jasenovac in stay one-year his described Ciliga 1920s. the of beginning the in Yugoslavia of Party Communist the of Committee Central (1986-1987 Miletić F. Tuđman took their statements from document collection of the Belgrade historian Antun the role Jews played in the camp. Two were Serbs, Vojislav Prnjatović and Branko Popović. , p. 68) called that book “a capital charge against the system of system the against charge capital “a book that called Wastelands68) p. 1992, ( Banac , Wastelands ). According to Prnjatović and Ciliga, Jews had a considerable role in the in considerablerole a had Jews Ciliga, and Prnjatović Accordingto 1978). (Ciliga, deals with genocidal acts from the beginning of written history until the time the until history written of beginning the from acts genocidal with deals , F. Tuđman (1989, p. 98) emphasized that “had the Ustasha crimes been less - ). The third was Ante Ciliga, a Croat and member of the Politburo of the of Politburo the of member and Croat a Ciliga, Ante was third The ). Wastelands 6 include recollections of prisoners of Jasenovac on Jasenovac of prisoners of recollections include Banac, 1992, p. 68). During the decade after Tito’s Memorandum (Memorandum Memorandum promulgated Alone Through Europe in Europe Through Alone , p. 106). F. Tuđman dis- Tuđman F. 106). p. , Wastelands Jasenovac , in , - victim,” inotherwords,thatnonationisexclusivelytheaggressororvictim. Israeli politics towards Palestinians F. Tuđman alluded that even “victims can make others ple throughout history”, whereas by the use of phrase “Judeo-” and by highlighting characterized 264-265) pp. Israeli academic Yeshayahu Leibowitz (F. Tuđman, 1989 , p. 160). Sadkovich (Josef) (2010a, Tuđman’s[F. Judeo-Nazism” christened rightly is it that tics takenterm a emphasis], from poli- genocidal cruel, “such out carried Jews which after Holocaust the of experience rific from Prnjatović’s testimony clearly and decisively, thus reducing the responsibility of the of decisively,Prnjatović’sresponsibility and from the testimonyclearly reducing thus himself dissociate not did Tuđman F. that suggest 602) p. (2001, Goldstein Slavko and Ivo his ownreservationthat headducedinhisbook( had not given any significant meaning to the testimonies of Prnjatovićhe and Ciliga,that stressing emphasized also He 695). p. 1995, Tuđman, (F. violence” and iniquities any of al any crime, let alone genocide, but he “searches for causes and assumptions for the remov- and violence throughout history” (F. Tuđman, 1995, p. 689), noting that he does not justify iniquities genocidal of deliberation philosophical and “historical as book own his scribed Publishing house of for the open letter for “stamping a mark of antisemitism” on him and “everything that the Goldstein S. resented 693) p. (1995, Tuđman F. 19). p. 1989, Goldstein, (S. unreservedly” it attitude towards this book of dr. F. Tuđman, and also towards the publisher that published unfavorableextremely its for argument strong a for proof as considers “which 318 to 316 Goldstein, the Executive Board of the Jewish Community of Zagreb scrutinized only pages S. to According “Judeo-Nazism.” phrase the using condemned particularly and genocide, justify to was Tuđman’sintention F. that implied Goldstein Ustasha. the of crimes the for responsible are Croats all that inference the as such people” Croatian about eralizations the circumstances of testimony on the position of Jews in Jasenovac, while opposing “gen- or witnesses of credibility the questioning not for Tuđman F. resented Goldstein 19). p. with co-operation of cessa tion announcing Tuđman F. to letter open an published Goldstein reacted. Goldstein of publication the after Soon ’s reaction to sizing the “small historic step from Nazi-fascism to empha Palestinians, towards politics Israeli criticized He Palestinians. and Israel of war istence (F. Tuđman, 1989, p. 161). F. Tuđman found the main argument for this thesis in the vival can act genocidally towards another nation or group it considers dangerous to its ex- sur- for battling group religious or ethnic, anyTuđman’snational, that F. was thesis main Sadkovich (2010a,p.270),F.Tuđman“couldnoteasilydismiss”thetestimony ofCiliga. to According 330-331). pp. 2007, (Lebel, antisemitic extremely was which Nedić Milan of one had to be careful, seeing that they testified to this in Serbia during the quisling regime Popović and Prnjatović of statements the With 318). p. 1989, Tuđman, (F. prisoners other of killings the in participated administration camp the from prisoners Jewish some that other witnesses made similar claims as well.” He referred to Branko Popović who claimed immoderation, one can even say with an antisemitic view,” but he also warned that “some with radiates“Prnjatović’s judgment that concluding statement, this from himself tanced symbolizes” as a Croatian national institution. He de- , 1989 Goldstein, (S. book the of publisher the hrvatska, Matica Wastelands andFranjo Tuđman’s response Wastelands Wastelands as a “review of people’s inhumanity towards peo - towards inhumanity people’s of “review a as , the Jewish Community of Zagreb led by Slavko by led Zagreb of Community Jewish the , F. Tuđman,1995 7 Judeo-Nazism .” He referred to the hor- , p.693). 2020 Vol. 1•e2020.1619.39 st-open.unist.hr - -

RESEARCH ARTICLE RESEARCH ARTICLE st-open.unist.hr Perković Paloš A 1991 Kaplan wrote an article critical of critical article an wrote Kaplan 1991 mentioned who authors Some own. very his were they if as Tuđman, F. to book his in cited had Tuđman F. which ary literature, without citing Wastelands - second only Using 263). p. 2006, (Sadkovich, antisemitic as book Tuđman’s F. evaluated historian Robert Hayden, who called F. Tuđman a racist and an antisemite. Robert Kaplan statements” in the in statements” 1990. in Atkins (2009, p. 139) presidency called him an antisemite. Some wrote about F. Tuđman’s Croatian “antisemitic the assumed he after started Accusations severely. more even denial Holocaust alleged for criticized was Tuđman F. circles international some In Other Reactionsto Franjo Tuđman’s StatementsinWastelands 600), hence,placedthebookatvery“foundationsofCroatianrevisionism”. Ustasha and blaming the Jews culpability in Jasenovac. I. Goldstein & S. Goldstein (2001, p. emphasized that it was not clear how Kaplan was aware of this, since he did not read not did of translation no was there he and Croatian since this, of aware was Kaplan how clear not was it that emphasized Sadkovich 263). p. 2006, (Sadkovich,Prnjatović’s statements him to attributing visionism, Teddy Preuss from the influential newspaper after Croatia’s Shortly recognition by the European Community book. (EC) at the beginning of Tuđman’s1992, journalist F. from excerpts of translation Belgradian unauthorized an on allegations their based They Nazis. to Tuđman F. related explicitly authors Some p. 265). 2006, (Sadkovich, book 505-page Tuđman’s F. of translation” ten-page “unauthorized an only read journalists these that claimed Sadkovich 264). p. 2006, (Sadkovich, journalists other bysome used also was which credibility) questionable translation(of a from ments Tuđman’sF. some took he that but book, the state- read not had he that admitting letter, s quotes from other sources to him” (Sadkovich, 2006, p. 264). Kaplan responded to Mijatović’ article, accusing him of “having quoted F. Tuđman out of context and of having attributed translated later who Mijatović, Katarina lack ofdifferentiationbetween CroatsandmembersoftheUstashamovement. that statement with any relevant primary sources. Her insufficient precision indicates the up back not did she but Holocaust, the of importance the downgrade to wanted Tuđman F. that stated 35) 15, pp. (1993, Lipstadt “Judeo-Nazism.” phrase the of use things, his of because other among denier, Holocaust a was Tuđman F. alleges 39-40) pp. (1993, Stern the correct1989)andmisnamingJasenovacasJasenovać ( the of year publication the of quoting erroneous the include crimes. Pavelić’s Examples criticizes. he up” work the with familiarity poor “cover reveal text his in to errors However, intended Tuđman F. that argued 458) p. (2004, Lobont 2004; Shafir,2003Zuroff,2005Starman,). that F. Tuđman himself represented the thesis that Jews carried out the Holocaust (Lobont, ticle on F. Tuđman “Goebbels lives in Zagreb” (Radoš, 2005, p. 144). Other scholars alleged Wastelands Wastelands , p. 11) mentions 11) p. (2010b, Sadkovich 75). p. 2000, (Živković, have never actually read the book. For example, in example, For book. the read actually never have 8 Wastelands , some authorsattributed Prnjatović’s statements Wastelands Wastelands The Jerusalem Post accusing F. Tuđman of Holocaust re- Holocaust of Tuđman F. accusing into English, responded to Kaplan’s to responded English, into , p. 263). p. 2006, (Sadkovich, 1996 until Lobont, 2004,p.458). Wastelands International (1988 instead of instead (1988 titled an ar- Bronfman, president of the World Jewish Congress. He emphasized his dedication to “re- to dedication his emphasized He Congress. WorldJewish the of president Bronfman, Edgar to wrote Tuđman F. 1992 January in book, the of impact negative the diminish To Later editionof accusing Jewsofperpetrating HolocaustinJasenovac. and crimes, Ustasha of diminishing antisemitism, of Tuđman F. accusing for argument referenced two only authors, critical of list partial a is Table 1 265-266). ascertaining the exact number of casualties in such mass sufferings (Sadkovich, 2010a, pp. in difficulties the indicated he authorities, communist with conflict the and research own his by reassured However, Holocaust. the diminish to tried he that evidence no is There publications. academic standard in differences described only but Jews, European ished per- of number the of estimates new present not did Tuđman F. 66-67). pp. (1993, erences ref- Stern’s with agreement in million, six to four from ranging victims Holocaust of ber denial. F. Tuđman (1989, pp. 155-158) pointed out the different estimates of the total num- Holocaust of accused be to enough was estimate his Jasenovac, in group largest the been had Jews Serbs, after Because 40,000. and 30,000 between somewhere was victims of ber of casualties at Jasenovac which was unsupported by evidence. He estimated that the num- 39; p. 1993, Some authors resented F. Tuđman because he discussed the number of war victims (Stern, War VictimNumbersin Author Table 1.Reactionsto Wastelands (1973 *F. Tuđman andinstitutions,e.g.,Reitlinger, citedrelevant Holocaustexperts G.(1953 (2000) Živković, M. (2005) Zuroff, E. (1993) Stern, K. (2004) Starman, H. (2003) Shafir, M. (2004) Lobont, F. (1993) Lipstadt, D. (2009) Atkins, S. ). , pp. 139-140). F. Tuđman disagreed with the exaggeratedthe with disagreed Tuđman F. 139-140). pp. 2009, Atkins, number Claims about F. Tuđman Wastelands are antisemitic. F. Tuđman's statementsin Jasenovac. perpetrators ofHolocaustin F. Tuđman considered Jews Holocaust denier. Considered F. Tuđman a Jasenovac. perpetrators ofHolocaustin F. Tuđman considered Jews antisemite. Jasenovac. CalledF. Tuđman perpetrators ofHolocaustin F. Tuđman considered Jews Jasenovac. perpetrators ofHolocaustin F. Tuđman considered Jews cance ofHolocaust. F. Tuđman diminishedsignifi- Ustasha crimesinJasenovac. Attempted to minimize F. Tuđman antisemite. Wastelands Wastelands Wastelands Wastelands and Argumentation No argument for theclaims. Attributed Prnjatović's statementsto F. Tuđman. references to theacademic publications. to 6sixmillionto hisHolocaustdenial.Ignored F. Tuđman’s Linked F. Tuđman’s estimatesofHolocaustvictimsfrom four Attributed Prnjatović's statementsto F. Tuđman. Attributed Prnjatović's statementsto F. Tuđman. Attributed Prnjatović's statementsto F. Tuđman. to academicpublications.* number ofHolocaustvictims.Ignores F. Tuđman’s references F. Tuđman’s “biasedtestimoniesandexaggerated data” onthe F. Tuđman’s references to relevant academicpublications. from fourto sixmillionlinked to hisHolocaustdenial.Ignores F. Tuđman’s estimatesofthenumberHolocaustvictims Wastelands ercos Itrsigy aog h egt highly eight the among Interestingly, detractors. , even though the book was their main their was book the though even , 9 ), Levin, N.(1973 2020 Vol. 1•e2020.1619.39 ) andHilberg, R. st-open.unist.hr Wastelands Cited Yes Yes No No No No No No

RESEARCH ARTICLE RESEARCH ARTICLE st-open.unist.hr Perković Paloš A until theestablishmentofdiplomaticrelationswithIsrael in1997. Tuđman, F. to related events of timeline a presents 368-370). pp. 2015d, Tuđman, (M. Lerman USA,Miles the in Memorial Holocaust Council the of Chairman the to it sent Tuđman F. and 1996 in published was quotes, the the of edition the new remove The 145). would p. he 2005, (Radoš, where quotes book, controversial the of edition new a announcing and apologizing B’rith, B’nai of president Schiner, Kent to letter a sent Tuđman F. 1994 14, February On tion ofhisstancetowardsJews(Radoš,2005,p.146). pp. 143, 145-146) strengthening the snubbing of F. Tuđman and deepening the mispercep- Wastelands from quotes taken had Washington in lobby Serbian the of members that claimed Some 144). p. 2005, (Radoš, confused” thoroughly all were they trust, to whom idea any have not did “Americans where atmosphere an in USA the to arrived Tuđman F. that claims USA, the to Embassy Croatian the in advisor an Bušić, Eden Julienne 1993). (Birnbaum, shameful be would survivors Holocaust among presence Tuđman’s F. that stated Wiesel p. 130) caused a harsh reaction of Holocaust survivor and Nobel Prize winner Elie Wiesel. 2015b, Tuđman, (M. opening the to Tuđman F. to Invitation 1993. April Washingtonin in Antipathy to F. Tuđman was evident at the opening of the US Holocaust Memorial Museum deny everysuchintention”(M.Tuđman,2015a I democrat, committed and fighter antifascist former a As antisemitism. or revisionism historical as interpreted maliciously “were book his of parts some but people,” Jewish to done been had history recent in which violence, and iniquities of horrors the searching Figure 1. Events pertinent to Tuđman, support fortheCroatianWar ofIndependence. and Croatia of recognition international the for appealed he wrote which in – sisters” and Zagreb brothers Jewish in our “AppealCommunity to the Jewish the of Council the of president – Porges Nenad Army; People’s Yugoslav the of , 2005 (Radoš, addresses diplomatic numerous to them sent and context of out Wastelands 10 and Croatian leadership 1990-1997. KOS – Counterinelligence service , pp.111-116). Wastelands and Croatian leadership Croatian and Wastelands without , Figure 1 , pp. 213-214; pp. 2007, (Barić, 1991-1995 of aggression Serbian against Croatia of fense de- in descendants of participation through achieved been has reconciliation that is idea significant number of their fathers fought on opposite sides during WWII. The underlying overcome and/or avoid ideological conflicts among new Croatian generations given that a to means a as policy this consider Some general. in public the and journalists scientists, 203; p. 2011, A critical component of the HDZ platform was the all-Croat national reconciliation (Nazor, 2011, p.318). 735-736; pp. 1995, Tuđman, (F. Sweden in emigrants Croatian to lecture a during resistance member, fascism was completely unacceptable, as he stated without hesitation Partisan former a Tuđman, F. For NDH. the and Ustasha the for sympathy any rejected and resistance, Partisan WWII the in Croats of participation large-scale the emphasized regime. During the 1970s and the 1980s in statements to West-European media, F. Tuđman Apparently, the HDZ program did not include reference to the Ustasha movement or NDH II; WarWorld during resistance and II War World before movement worker’s Croatian (i.e., left political Croatian the of legacy tive posi- the Party,and Peasant People’s Croatian the of founder Radić, Stjepan of teachings idea of an independent state formulated by Ante Starčević in the 19 especially in his attitude towards the NDH. The three pillars of F. Tuđman’s party were the academic, an was he as statesman a as unaccebtable as was Tuđman F. circles, some To Franjo Tuđman andHDZ: politicsandstatements ty wereattemptingtominizeUstashacrimes( pp. 355-367; traditions of the NDH (Cipek, 2011, pp. 13-27; countries that referred to pre-communist regimes, some Croatian political parties invoked to affirm the legitimacy of the new political framework. Similarly to other post-communist es to Croatian history. The aim of emphasizing the long tradition of Croatian statehood was byaccompanied were 56) referenc p. with abundant 2011, discourse (Nazor, public ation Establishment of democracy and Croatian efforts to reorganize Yugoslavia into a confeder Goldstein &S.Goldstein,2001,p.597). 242; p. 2011, Goldstein, S. & Goldstein (I. program” political its in it “included leadership Croatian that asserting itism antisem- in increase an to leading as parties right-wing of activity the considered authors Some 136-137). pp. 2005, (Barić, opposition and leadership Croatian of part a of rhetoric and intensifiedthe to right-winggroups(Jolić,1991,pp.3-4) a voice gave ties inCroatia.It par- political established newly the among discourse the affected 77-85) pp. 2005, (Barić, Serbs ethnic of insurgency and 43) p. 2005, (Barić, rhetoric aggressive Milošević’s dition, ad- In 2011). Matković, (B. 1945 May in surrendered defeated had who civilians the and military NDH of executions mass Partisan about discussions free meant that Croatia In War II and its aftermath enabled free public speaking about historiographic controversies. The breakdown of the one-party regime which had a monopoly on interpretation of World Political discourseinCroatia inearly1990s Koren, 2011, pp. 123-156) boosting the allegations that F. Tuđman and his par- p. 84) Ti ie i sil icse b hsoin, political historians, by discussed still is idea This 38-42). pp. 2005, Radoš, , p. 188; p. 2007, Hutinec, & Goldstein I. , p. 9). p. 1990, HDZ, ciljevi i zasade Programske Pavlaković, 2011, pp. 215-238; I. Goldstein,2002,p.76). 11 , p. 60; p. 2005, Goldstein, I. th century, the political 2020 Vol. 1•e2020.1619.39 Radonić, 2011, st-open.unist.hr Cipek, Jareb, I. - -

RESEARCH ARTICLE RESEARCH ARTICLE st-open.unist.hr Perković Paloš A the negativeperceptionofUstashamovement,i.e.,todismissitsfascistideology & S. Goldstein, 2011, p. 206). (2002, p. 76) claimed that HDZ wanted to change , p. 299; p. , 2011 (Jareb, Croatia of Further he addresses antifascism and the historiographically often neglected Federal State ferred totheNDH: re- he where 1990 24-25, February HDZ, the of Convention General First the at delivered speech a is revisionism Tuđman’s F. of claim the for evidence cited frequently most The Franjo Tuđman’s statementonNDH 168; p. 2009, 686; p. , 2004 (Hudelist, NDH the of rehabilitation to door the opened which 311; p. 2009, (Boljkovac, antifascism and fascism of ideologies cilable 2007, p. 20; Dalmatia inmid-April1990, F.Tuđmandecisivelyrejectedany linkwith theNDH: intentions” (Tuđen, 1990, p. 5). Referring to Račan’s statement, at the HDZ election rally in NDH, the leader of reformed Communists Ivica Račan called HDZ the “party of dangerous the regarding statement the of context the in speech, Tuđman’s F. after soon However, 1990). Hrvatske,Republike (Ustav (1963-1990)” Croatia of Republic Socialist the of tutions consti- the in later and (1947) Croatia of People’sRepublic the of Constitution the in then (1943), Croatia of Liberation National the of Council Antifascist National the of decisions the in (1941) Croatia of State Independent of proclamation the to opposed “as sovereignty Croatian expressed Constitution The 1990. 22, December on enacted Croatia of Republic the of Constitution the of preamble historical the in later emphasized was This Croatia. of Republic democratic and independent of foundation the as foundations,” “antifascist on established and federation Yugoslav the in republic co-equal a as Croatia, of Republic Socialist considered Tuđman F. that shows clearly statement The 12-13). pp. 1990, HDZ, vi realization of the full-state sovereignty of the Croatian people” (Programske zasade i cilje- the “for basis the provided people” Croatian the of state national “as Croatia of Republic War II were on the side of victorious democratic forces,” and the existence of the Socialist [National ZAVNOH by established Antifascist Council of the National Liberation of Croatia], Croatia Croat people at the end of World of State Federal the “with that emphasized HDZ, 1990,pp.9-10). it was the outcome of quite specific historical factors” Therefore, the NDH did not only represent the mere whimsy of the Axis powers but boundaries. geographical its and aspirations Croatian these of order, European new the Versaillesdictated of ruins the in Germany,Hitler’swhich of government the case this in factors, international of knowledge as well as state, independent its for people Croatian the of aspirations historical the of expression an also but They forget that the NDH was not merely a ‘quisling’ formation and a ‘fascist crime’ goals of HDZ’s program the nothing but a demand for the renewal in of the Ustasha NDH. see beliefs Yugoslavia Greater or Unitarian hegemonic the of “Supporters cradle of Croatian Statehood, to the Italians. Wethe know that, but we also Dalmatia, know what up give to had which order, Hitler’s within established was which “Therefore, do not let them say that HDZ is going to rehabilitate some Ustasha NDH Nazor, 2011, p. 203). Others interpret it as a futile attempt to reconcile irrecon , pp. 13-18; pp. 1993, Goldstein, S. , p. 320; p. 2011, Barić, 12 , p. 195; p. 2007, Hutinec, & Goldstein I. , p. 118). F. Tuđman F. 118). p. 2011, Matković, S. (Programske zasade i ciljevi , p. 129) p. 2014, Čulić, I. Goldstein I. Pavlaković, . - At the time of the 50 the of time the At sovereign anddemocratic Croatia”(F.Tuđman,1998 tional and legal design as well as justification of the establishment of our independent and constitu- the for point starting Liberation“the National is Croatia of Council of Antifascist National the that considering particularly Europe,” in movements antifascist “strongest the of one as Croatia in resistance the of importance and role the emphasized Tuđman F. 20; p. out 1999, (Čulić, context emphasized of often was Convention General First the at speech the whereas public, historiographyinternational and byCroatian as in well the ignored as was statement The whereas hepositivelyassessedthehistoricalrole ofJosipBrozTito. said or wroteanything positive about Ante Pavelićortried to justify or reducehis crimes, monographs, scholarly papers and discussions condemning the Ustasha regime. He never Paris London, in 311; p. 2015c, ceremonies Tuđman, (M. and in participated He resistance. in active was who state of Dubrava on the nationality of his wife has been used as another proof of his racism and racism his of proof another as used been has wife his of nationality the on Dubrava of suburb Zagreb the in 1990 16, April rallyon election Tuđman’sHDZ F. the at statement Franjo Tuđman’s statementonnationality ofhiswife of HDZF.Tuđman( F. Tuđman, 1999, p. 206). Referring to his own statement at the Fourth General Conference and that in all of Yugoslavia, the resistance during WWII was the strongest in Croatia (see Worldin even that stated Tuđman F. 1992, in War state own their to aspired had Croats II to interview an in example, For speech. entire the of content the to tention at- calls and words misinterpreted his clarify to tried just Tuđman F. that maintains and tolerant towards right-wing diaspora”. Historian Mario Jareb (2011, pp. 297-298) disagrees not identify HDZ leadership with the Ustasha regime, but considers it to be “unacceptably ment, understanding all the danger that has arisen from it.” I. Goldstein (1998, p. 186) does of NDH and the Ustasha regime “even though F. Tuđman distanced himself from the state- rehabilitation to contributed statement this that claims 777) p. (2008, Goldstein Ivo 609). 195; p. 2007, Hutinec, (Marić, 1990,p.6). today” they as and state, own their wanted always have people Croatian the that communists, butalsoagainstCroatianantifascistsanddemocrats.” and Serbs Jews, the against only not crimes, and persecutions racial and its political dictatorship, of regime Nazi the of introduction the of because it condemned now,Weand NDH. then the of regime Ustasha the condemn do and condemned we time, same the at But state. own its for people Croatian the of aspiration an also frameworkNDH, inthe of Hitler’swas but it a fascistcreation, only order,wasnot the of establishment the that Conference first our at said many,we of indignation the to that, of because and life, international in object an not and state, subject a own be its to be to wants it that sun, the under nation other any of that as just and socialist worldviews; that we knew about the aspiration of the Croatian nation, civil to nobility Croatian from positive, everything of followers were we “Because 1998, p.15)said: th , p. 777; p. 2008, Goldstein, I. anniversary of Victory in Europe, F. Tuđman was the only head only the was Tuđman F. Europe, in Victory of anniversary , pp. 299-300; pp. 2011, Goldstein, S. & Goldstein I. , 46). F. Tuđman authored numerous authored Tuđman F. 46). 2005, Radoš, , pp. 597, pp. 2001, Goldstein, S. & Goldstein I. 13 , p.19). 2020 Vol. 1•e2020.1619.39 I. Goldstein & Goldstein I. Der Standard Der st-open.unist.hr

RESEARCH ARTICLE RESEARCH ARTICLE st-open.unist.hr Perković Paloš A Day inAustralia inMay 1992heasserted: Yugoslavia in 1991, was positive about the NDH. During a celebration of Croatia’s National Croatian FederativeSocialist the of of Republic first Presidency the of chair last the and minister prime Mesić, Stipe 54). p. 1991, (Tardelli, regime” concrete any with identify to his However, state. independent an achieve to strived Croats NDH the of establishment the at that ed te pltcas lo pnd n h NH I a itriw o h Cota newspaper Croatian the to tjednik Slobodni interview an In NDH. the on opined also politicians Other Other Croatian politiciansonNDHinthe1990s book their In 222). p. 2010, 761; p. 2008, Goldstein, (I. Jewish” nor Serbian neither is she happythat am I but Serbian, is wife my that claim “Some as: quoted often is statement The antisemitism. had Jewishfriends,Istillhave”( Figaro in1992F.Tuđmanwastakenstated: “Thissentence I It isnonsense. outofcontext. French the to statement his to study.Referring further requires Tuđman’ssentence F. of interpretation precise and thorough more a Nevertheless, pressure. to yield not did he said father his Tuđman, M. to According religion. and nationality another into marrying by orientation antireligious and antinational display to career one’s to favorable was it communism, in career; his built Tuđman F. which in policy and society time, the of text con - the to referred statement the of context the that claims 92-93) p. (2012, Tuđman M. with thecontroversialsentence: speech the quotes 92) p. (2012, Tuđman Miroslav Tuđman’sson F. and Sociologist 38-39). rally,the after Feralbut pp. 1996, (Hedl, book the reviewing 1996 in it to referred Tribune immediately the statement ther JewishnotSerbian”.Croatiannewspapersdidnonreport Allan Little(1996,p.75)wrotethatTuđman said “Iamgrateful toGodthatmywifeisnei- those who want to beat those Allies and mock Croatian work, we must say to them, to side, other the on were Croats that think who those to And side. winning the on Allies the with together themselves found they because war that in time second a won Croats that known Worldalso of is results It Warthe known. But are state. II because they were fascists, but because they had a natural and historical right to a pi 10 April on when forty-one in won Croats foe. and friend to everyone, to that say to have we Worldand in twice Even Warwon state. Croats Croatian II, a and sovereignty] Croats have not rested. They have always strived for the Croatian “thing” [national “We created the state after nine hundred years, but within those nine hundred years of themare.Andsoonandspreadinglies…” Jew,a Luckily,moment manySerb. as a those, moment of one either never was she a *communist. Then, when that was not enough, then [they] found my wife to be one good if I had some of that, I guess I would be richer, maybe I would not have become that I had ancestors in Zagorje going back 350 years, and I said, maybe it would be with. up I have heard that I come am of Jewish origin, whereas I will had found out, I had known they else what know not do I lies, of sorts all spread [they] “Today (Croatian Democratic Party) “does not want not “does Party) Democratic (Croatian strankademokratska Hrvatska th h Cota sae a polie. ras i nt rcam ht state that proclaim not did Croats proclaimed. was state Croatian the , Marko Veselica, a dissident and prisoner of the communist regime, stat- regime, communist the of prisoner and dissident Veselica,a Marko , The Death of Yugoslavia of Death The F. Tuđman,1999 14 , p.227). british journalists Laura Silber and Silber Laura journalists british I. Goldstein, I. Le piration forCroatianstatehoodononesidefromtheUstasharegimeother. as- the differentiated they indicate Tuđman’s,Veselica’sMesić’sstatements F. and ments. state- Tuđman’s F. by overshadowed been have 1990s the from NDH the on statements 2006, (Mesić, positively perceived was NDH the him, to according atmosphere where, the by misled was he that those to hear to wanted public the what said he that claims from varied they several occasions; on statements his on reflected he 2000, in have to kneel before anyone” (Anonymous, 2007 ). Having been elected Croatian president crimes, Mesić said that “we do not have any reason to apologize to anyone” and “we do not ring to expectations that Croatian authorities come to Jasenovac and apologize for Ustasha Worldin victory” Croat War“double refer the and about II talking 1990s, the during Still antisemitism. In anyAugust 1992, displayfive HSP representativesnot were elected todid the Croatian parlia- they NDH, the of aspects certain rehabilitate to tried HSP Although about Paraga who aspired “to increase cryptofascist tendencies” (F. Tuđman, 1999, p. 227). to interview an In act. to leadership the for ground the provided government and president the against rally a announcing rhetoric aggressive his accusation, the for evidence solid no was there Although coup. a planning with charged Paragaand month, arrested Next was 93). p. 1998, (Gregurić, military the in activity political any prohibiting order executive an signed Tuđman F. month same That (Butković, 1991,p.29). include those formations into the , and if they refuse, we will disarm them” insignia from the last war and that we do not control them. I assured them that we would wear that formations military have Croatia in we that Haag den in me reproached “They tional community’s onlycriticismofCroatiareferredtotheHOS: interna- the that stated Tuđman F. 1991, October In NDH. renewing is Croatia that sations accu- the corroborate to used iconographySuch was 6). p. 1991, (Matošić, namesake NDH Split, a part of HOS, contained the special unit, the “Black Legion” in reference to its WWII from Boban” Vitez “Rafael Battalion Ninth The 1944. in adopted military NDH the for also stand snage” HOS abbreviation obrambene and snage” “Hrvatskeoružane “Hrvatske HOS). paramilitary Forces, Defense party’s(Croatian the established HSP 1991, June In main the at in Zagreb square,demonstrators displayed Ustashaiconography held (Batušić,1991 , pp.23-25). Ready!) Homeland (For spremni!” dom “Za titled demonstrations HSP 1991 September the at media, the to According 3-4). pp. 1991, (Jolić, holiday state a proclaimed be 1941, in NDH the of proclamation of date the 10, April demanded They 4). pp.3- 1991, (Jolić, Croatia” of State Independent the proclaim “immediately to Parliament first general conference of HSP rejected any kind of Yugoslavia and requested the Croatian The 20-21). pp. 1991, (Grakalić, Croatia” in applied those of “none but under pressure,” German written were laws crazy “some Paraga, to According oftheCroatian 12). p. reformer 1991, a state (Klancir, Pavelić Heconsidered Ante Pavelić. and NDH the glorified Dobroslav Paraga, president of the onNDHandJews Right-wing parties Croats foughtonlyforared,whiteandblueflag(Anonymous, 2013). Croats were for the Croatian state, and they did not fight for white, nor for red flags. Hrvatska stranka prava, (, HSP) in 1992, F. Tuđman was negative was Tuđman F. 1992, in Figaro Le 15 2020 Vol. 1•e2020.1619.39 ). Mesić’s 2010). st-open.unist.hr -

RESEARCH ARTICLE RESEARCH ARTICLE st-open.unist.hr Perković Paloš A state” ( truth about all those who perished on their way to an independent and sovereign Croatian and reconciliation of testimony a be would that and victims the all to respect pay would way,we this In name. their with cross) a (or stone memorial a up set would we Croatia, free a for struggle the in killed everyone for that, “so Independence of War Croatian the of victims and caves” discovered the from bones and remains the “transferring by cism fas- of victims the to monuments existing the with along commemo- communism of to victims the ratewas idea The report. Nation” the of “State the in 1996 in it repeated and 2-3) pp. 1993, (Jureško, 1993 15-16, October HDZ of Conference General Second the at it announced He ideas. criticized Warmost Croatian his the among was it Independence; of of victims to memorial a as Park Memorial Jasenovac the renovate to planned Tuđman F. Jasenovac memorialparkassymbolofCroat reconciliation a specialceremony (Radoš,2005,p.147). delivered to the Museum the donation of books and documents related to the Holocaust in representatives Croatian so. do to country post-communist first Holocaust the US Museum, Memorial the to archives II War World the open Croatia that approved Tuđman F. 1995 in Bušić, Eden Julienne to According research. Holocaust to contributed Tuđman F. 2015c, pp.109-110). Tuđman, (M. NDH” the Nazi-Fascistof of racistcrimes implementation the and Holocaust Lustig and to “all the members of the Jewish Community for those who participated in the Lustig, a Croatian film director and Holocaust survivor. At the ceremony, he apologized to NDH.InMarch the Brankodecoration,to of Croatian high a Trpimir, Prince the of Order the bestowed he 1994, deeds the for apologized F. Tuđman office, in tenure his During Franjo Tuđman ontheHolocaust and ineffectiveonCroatianpoliticalscene. marginal remained participated 339). never party political p. extreme this 1995 , vocal, very Winter, Although (Zlatković hate religious and national, racial, spreading against complaint criminal a filed prosecutor military The them. on written out” “Jews with ers fly- distributed party the 1995, In antisemitic. openly were leader its and party The Right. In the mid-1990s, Mladen Schwartz, a Croat of Jewish descent, organized the New Croatian successes, butafterthat,HSPneverbecameapoliticaloptionworthmuchattention. ment (Mašić, 2010 , p. 71). The rise of the HSP may had been based on of the HOS battlefield p 46. h Cota Bso’ Cneec epesd nesadn o te ln but plan, the of Jasenovac of significance the relativize to intention “an it in see understanding would some that warned expressed Conference Bishop’s Croatian The 4-6). pp. 1996, (Čulić, media Croatian some and 3) p. , 1996 (Šimić, Croatia of Fighters Antifascist of Union the sharply,example reacted for also Croatia in Others 4). p. 1996, Goldstein, (S. plan the abandon not did he if action legal of him warning Tuđman, F. to letter open an sent Goldstein S. negatively. reacted Jasenovac, in perished in-laws and cousins whose Tuđman’sF. Goldstein, symbolized S. idea However, The reconciliation. national of policy Izvješće, 1996 , p.42). 16 Croatian Constitution of December 1990 that defines Croatia as “the nation state of the of state nation “the as Croatia defines that 1990 December the of in Constitution Croatian name by mentioned were Jews framework, social and political new this Within Liberal Party, HSLS),thefirstopposition toCroatiancommunists. the of co-founder the Goldstein, Slavko publisher and journalist as actively,such changes democratic the in participated religious sentiments ushering a new period for the Croatian Jewish community. and Some affiliation Jews national of expression of freedom allowed changes Democratic munism. com- of fall the of context the within considered be must issue The Croatia. in Jews inent towards Jews is to examine the position leadership of the Jewish Croatian community and the the activity of and prom- Tuđman F. of attitude the analyze to way best the Perhaps Croatian Jewishcommunityinthe1990s gave upsoasnottodeteriorate relationswiththeUSA (Granić, 2005,p.144). Tuđman F. affairs, foreign of minister then the Granić, Mate to According 184). p. 2015d, Tuđman, (M. up gave Tuđman F. end, the In rejected. vehemently also was symbolically even bones” “mixed of idea the Nevertheless, 148-151). 143-145, pp. 2015d, Tuđman, (M. ment.” The idea of “mixing bones” was strongly refuted by the President’s Office statement to Jews, F. Tuđman intended to build “a small synagogue or another small religious monu- would be reminiscent of the Arlington National Cemetery in latter the USA. The Within the 148-151). memorial 143-145, pp. 2015d, Tuđman, (M. Independence of War the in fallen soldiers Croatian for one and 1945-1948, regime communist the of victims Croat for one F. Tuđman envisioned three memorial areas, one for Jewish victims of the Ustasha regime, F. Tuđman’s (Hina,1996,pp.19-23). Franco’sto idea the to of reaction Franco;similarity negative the the likely to contributed Francisco dictator Spanish the by initiated was latter War.The Civil Spanish the in fallen the were as together interred were sides both from fallen the when the War Civil in American Gettysburg of battle the of aftermath the by inspired been have may Tuđman F. the cavestothatplace”(Hina,1996,pp.19-23). tims of communism, and for that purpose we would transfer the bones that we have out of vic- as many how and laws, racial and fascism NDH, the of victims as killed were people many how exactly determine to but communism, and fascism of victims the of bones the and democracy, then precisely for that we have to [do it] even in Jasenovac, not to (…) mix liberty Croatian to it with came we if reconciliation, want we “if that explained Tuđman F. interview an In bones.” the “mixing as idea the to referred communists former Mostly ganization B’nai B’rith (M.Tuđman,2015d or - Jewish of president Baer, Tommy and 148-151), pp. , 2015d Tuđman, (M. congressmen US fifty-two 1996); (Reich, Museum Memorial Holocaust US the of director Reich, Walter 3); p. 1996, Jasenovcu, o (Christopher State of WarrenSecretary 109-110); US Christopher, pp. 2015d, Tuđman, (M. Council Memorial Holocaust States United the of Chairman the of those including negative, also were abroad from Reactions 168-169). pp. 2015d, Tuđman, (M. reputation Croatia’s harming camp” Jasenovac for guilt the diminishing and victims Cota Social (Croatian stranka socijalno-liberalna Hrvatska , p.161). 17 2020 Vol. 1•e2020.1619.39 st-open.unist.hr

RESEARCH ARTICLE RESEARCH ARTICLE st-open.unist.hr Perković Paloš A authorities andthemilitary( byendangered as Jews and antisemitic as authorities Croatian democraticallyelected the portrayto aiming Croatia, against propaganda Serbian included aggression The 267-294). pp. 2020, Paloš, (Perković civilians non-Serb other and Croatian of death and torture the 1995. August to sations occupied almost one third of Croatia, inflicted large destruction, which resulted in mid-1991 from lasted Croatia para-militarySerbian the war, of customs organi- and military laws and the Disregarding on aggression Greater-Serbian The The Greater-Serbian aggression andpropaganda againstCroatia program toJudaism,Jewishhistoryandculture( a dedicated “Baranja” station Radio example, For heritage. and values spiritual affairs, est in Jewish community increased significantly. Some media became interested in Jewish commemorations Jewish (Hina, 1993, p. 3; at present often are representatives Government 80-81). pp. , 1994 Podgorelec, & Brčić Women(Švob, Jewish formed of were Union and Organizations YouthJewish of Union the Also, 332). p. 1995, Winter, (Zlatković Coordination the joined , Osijek, Rijeka, Slavonski Brod, Split, Virovitica and Zagreb. In 1999, Koprivnica Daruvar, Čakovec, communities: nine of consisted Coordination The 1992. 25, January on The Coordination of Jewish Communities in Croatia, led by , was established ernment interference( gov- any without directly, organizations Jewish international with cooperate and nicate and with Croatia acquiring independence, the Jewish community in Croatia could commu- o blagdanima, spomendanu i neradnim danima, 1996). With the breakdown of Yugoslavia absence from work on Yom Kippur and Rosh Hashanah (Zakon o blagdanima, 1991; paid of right the have Jews that stipulates 1991 Work-Freeof and HolidaysLaw Days The Jewish communityinRepublicofCroatia countries ofthefreeworld”( the and Nations United the of norms democratic the with compliance in rights national their of exercise the and nationality Croat of citizens with equality guaranteed are who others, and Jews Hungarians, Italians, Slovaks, Czechs, Slovenians, Muslims, Serbs, zens: citi- its are who minorities, and nations other of members of state the and nation Croat confirmed his participation in the action at the trial of Slobodan Milošević beforethe Milošević Slobodan of International Criminal Tribunal for the former trial Yugoslavia (ICTY) in 2002 (ICTY, the 2002 ). The at the action in participation his confirmed Čandić Mustafa other, The 78-81). pp. , 2009 (Radojčić, 1994 in Croatia of Republic the of Interior of Ministry the to statement his in detail in action the described two, the of one the attack was undertaken by the Yugoslav military counterintelligence. Radenko Radojčić, that admitted perpetrators Two 4). p. 1991, općinu, Židovsku na (Napad Zagreb in Center Community Jewish the of gate cemetery,the Zagreb centralat the and Mirogoj, of section Jewish the at devices explosive activated and up set group terrorist a 1991 19, August On inCroatia: amethod ofspecialwarfareSerbian attacksonJewishproperty Živaković-Kerže, 2006, p. 222). Afterthe fall of communism, public inter- S. Goldstein,1998,p.24). Figure 1). Ustav Republike Hrvatske, 1990). 18 Živaković-Kerže, 2006 , p.224). Zakon tent torebuildthesynagoguedestroyed inWorld War II(M.Tuđman,2015a in- his of them informed also He damage. the repair to community Jewish the help would “protested against the criminal act,” noting that the city of Zagreb and Republic of Croatia personally,had himself and parties political all including government, Croatian the that emphasized Tuđman F. leadership. Croatian and community Jewish the of relations age aimed to accuse the Croatian leadership and people of antisemitism and accordingly dam Tuđman, 2015e, p. 265). F. Tuđman responded that it was a “deliberate(M. provocation” Croatia which in community Jewish the protect would he that president Croatian the from “assurances” seeking and event the about concern expressing Tuđman, F. to letter a sent Parliament British the of Commons of House the of Council Inter-Parliamentary the sion, actions of the international community and damaged Croatia’s image. On the day of explo- re- provokedstrong service counterintelligence military Yugoslav bythe act terrorist The the damaged building. of renovation for paid government the that reported 25) p. (1998, Goldstein Slavko 4). p. 1991, mir, mrtvima (Ni Streets Amruševa and Palmotićeva of corner the at Center Community Jewish the to cemetery Mirogoj the from walkedMany 4). p. 1991, Židovima, sa (Solidarnost Jews fellow for support and Jelačić with solidarity Ban expressing Zagreb central in square the on gathered opposition and government of members and ures fig- public citizens, Government, Unity Democratic Croatian the of part time the Party,at community Jewish of (Hina, 1991, p. 4; members the to sympathy expressed and terrorists the demned con- parties political and Government attack. the on reported extensively press Croatian as antisemites (ICTY, 2002, pp. 12734-12735; lations of the Croatian leadership and Jewish community and portray Croatian authorities re- damage to aimed Croatia against war special Serbian the of part a was action terrorist the Serbian leadership (Cohen, 1997, pp. 173-174). Davidson took Mandić at her word that Society of Serbian-Jewish Friendship, founded in Belgrade in 1987 under the patronage of the of secretary the and origin Jewish of woman Serbian a Mandić, Klara by influenced obviously was article the of author The 1991). (Davidson, today” republic breakaway the in regime nationalist strongly the under Croatia in Jews of unease the and ago years 50 of massacres pro-Nazi and Nazi the between “parallels the of because concern pressed ex- unanimously they where Belgrade in leaders Jewish by held meeting” “crisis a about Kragujevac of town Serbian the from wrote Davidson antisemitism. increased of ership October 21 article by Phil Davidson of the London and the alleged “denial of the Holocaust” (Sternberg, 1991). With the letter he enclosed the threats, death received leaders Community Jewish that mentioned also He claims. his of support in Zagreb in sites Jewish the at explosion the mentioned He Jews. of position the for concern expressed Sternberg Croatia; in especially and Yugoslavia in antisemitism of of the International Council of Christians and Jews. The letter stated there was an increase tothe passed Board Executive the of Affairs chairman Sternberg, Sigmund from letter Foreign a government Croatian of Ministry Yugoslav 1991, of November half first the In Reactions oftheInternationalCouncilChristiansandJews Gregurić, 1998, p. 51). The next day, on invitation by Croatian Democratic Cohen, 1997, p. 186; 19 Independent that accuses Croatian lead- Radoš, 2005, pp. 143-144). 2020 Vol. 1•e2020.1619.39 , p.266). st-open.unist.hr -

RESEARCH ARTICLE RESEARCH ARTICLE st-open.unist.hr Perković Paloš A 1992). (from: Cohen,P, Mandić, K.(1992) Davidson, P. (1991) (1991) Sternberg, S. Author Table 2.AccusationsoftheCroatian forces leadershipandCroatian ofantisemitism(1991-1992) military aggression. Nevertheless,accusationscontinued;examplesarepresentedin Serbian to exposed Croatia in Jews of circumstances the with unfamiliar was Davidson whose building had been bombed by the Yugoslav army (Bauman, 1991). She implied that Osijek, in Community Jewish of leader the Fischer, Darko to talk to Croatia to him vited in- Bauman Serbia, in article the wrote Davidson As 1991). (Bauman, Serbia” Greater of long as he is treading on Croatian soil where the Serbian army wishes to plant the garden as Jewish, or Czech Hungarian, Croatian, is one if matter not does “it that continued and claims: refuted “AsDavidson’s a Jew, ofInformation I am afraid Ministry of Serbian in Croatian aggression against Croatia, official not of and Croats in Community Croatia,” Jewish Zagreb the of member Bauman, Lea letter, Sternberg the of arrival the after days Three provided noevidenceforhisclaims. fact is that many of the Croatian groups are out of his control” (Davidson, 1991). Davidson “has prepared an atmosphere similar to that at the start of the Second World War and the Tuđman F. that and state own their have they when now Jews the touch dare not would Tuđman F. claimed He Ustashe.” the of children are they cases, other In Communists. the cases, they are exactlythe same people, now in their seventies and back from exileunder era”Nazi the during as same the largely are some now “in Croatia and in power in “those Jewish victim ofwar,”buttonoavail ( of Yugoslavia wrote to Mandić requesting she not speak about Ankica Konjuh as “the first Communities Jewish Federationof the 1991, December In 270-271). 185, pp. 1997, Cohen, Croatian town of Petrinja occupied on September 21, 1992 (Horvatić & Krpan, 2013, p. 210; the in military bySerbian liquidated civilians 240 among Croat a Konjuhwas Ankica that 1992; Cohen, 1997, p. 185) implying that Jews and Serbs were unsafe in Croatia. (Cohen, It is noteworthy next?” be will us among “Who asking: antisemitism of “evidence” mur- as her der presented She woman. Jewish elderly an Konjuh, Ankica killed had soldiers) Croatian to (referring extremists” “Croatian 1991 September in that press American the to claimed She D.C. Washington, in University Washington George at House Hillel zation Croatia’s image. On February 20, 1992 Mandić gave a lecture to the Jewish student organi- Klara Mandić. Her propaganda impacted international Jewish organizations and damaged aforementioned was Friendship Serbian-Jewish of Society the of members influential the had undergone genocide and who, again, were endangered by Croats who (Cohen, peoples 1992). as Serbs Among and Jews between parallel a create to managed lobby Serbian The Klara Mandićandpropaganda: Croatian warvictimpresented asJewishwarvictim ly Jewishwoman. Croatian soldierskilledanelder ership. Antisemitism inCroatian lead general. Antisemitism inCroatia in Accusation - - Jewish victim” ofwar. Presentation ofthevictimas“thefirst Nazis. Croatian leadershipfrom the1990s to the Comparison ofdemocratically elected Jewish Community. 2. Deaththreats to theleadersof Community inZagreb. 1. Explosioninfront oftheJewish Argument 20 Cohen, 1992). dence. Mandić forged evi- vide anyevidence. Davidson didnotpro- vide anyevidence. Sternberg didnotpro- Evidence Table 2. ber 1991, Itai Anghel, an Israeli journalist, visited Osijek and recorded an interview with interview an recorded and Osijek visited journalist, Israeli an Anghel, Itai 1991, ber mid-Octo- In Croatia.” in endangerment “Jews’ the of perception widespread the change helped Osijek of Community Jewish the journalists, foreign some with conversation In published inthe was testimony His 1992. and 1991 during Osijek in damages severe the to related ditions - con difficult the to testified also Fischer (Živaković-Kerže,215-216). it later pp. published 2006 , that magazines Jewish to it sent and English into appeal the translated Zagreb, of broadcast on Croatian Television in Osijek. Srđan Matić, secretary live a of to the and press-conference Jewish a Community to invited was Fischer response. great a had appeal The peaceful resolution oftheconflict.”Theappealstated: a on work and influence their use “to Yugoslavia former the in organizations Jewish all to community Jewish Osijek the by appeal an prompted civilians” of suffering and [Osijek] city the of destruction stronger even “the Fischer, Darko to According 216). 215- pp. 2006, (Živaković-Kerže, windows all broke shells two when 1991 15, September on happened attack hardest The grenades. by targeted the often was it wherefrom racksbar- Army Yugoslav from far not situated was Osijek in Center Community Jewish The 1991). (Bauman, paramilitaries Serbian and military Yugoslav by shelling relentless der un- city the of rest the as same the but fate, difficult particularly a suffered Osijek in Jews Croatian Jews sent their children to Israel or the USA (Živaković-Kerže, 2006, pp. 214-215). Jews were endangered not as a specific target, but just as other non-Serb population. Some Jews endangered by Serbianaggression nition ofCroatiaandprovidedsignificanthumanitarianhelp(seebelow). recog international for advocated Nazis, the to aggression the compared Jews prominent Serbs in Croatia, endangered by Serbian aggression and experiencing all of the war. Some non- other and Croats as situation same the in themselves found Jews 1990s, early the In Croatian JewsintheWar ofindependence wounded andmaimed” be can We friends. and relatives, children, our lose can We it. of worst the not is that But survival. of possibility job, apartment, an without years, for building been fire. Like in 1941, within a few seconds we could be left without everything we have damage, grenades, bombs, destruction and burning down our apartments, to sniper are endangered equally or even less than our fellow citizens. We are exposed to war we Now shelters. in staying shelling, gunfire, war, of fear the to exposed were we any clothes, no firewood and in constant danger of physical extermination. Besides, anylivelihood, without were escaped who few fortunate Those killed. and tortured “During World War II we were robbed, persecuted, forced into concentration camps, war.” of foolishness the break to influence its use and voice their raise should suffering lar towns. People who have carried in their genes three thousand years of pain and simi- in and Osijek in happening is what know Israelshould in diaspora and the in “We think that all the members of the Jewish community in Yugoslavia, all the Jews Zagreb Bulletin (Živaković-Kerže, 2006 . Fischerstatedthat: 21 , pp.214-215). 2020 Vol. 1•e2020.1619.39 st-open.unist.hr -

RESEARCH ARTICLE RESEARCH ARTICLE st-open.unist.hr Perković Paloš A He singled out the bombing of the Jewish Community Center and cemetery in Zagreb and Zagreb in cemetery and Center Community Jewish the of bombing the out singled He monuments. Jewish them among monuments, religious and historical cultural, of dreds hun bombing and schools and homes nursing kindergartens, hospitals, ality,destroying nation- of regardless civilians killing as such warfare, of methods their described briefly also claimed that Yugoslav People’s Army had carried out an aggression against Croatia and “had decided to take all the necessary legal steps to prevent the spread of such threats.” He and ideologies neofascist all denounced publicly government Croatian that aspects, other all and religious national, in Croatia in equal were Jews antisemitic, not was leadership Croatian that stated Porges Independence. of War Croatian the for support and Croatia of recognition international the for advocated organizations Jewish international other and Congress Jewish European Congress, Jewish World the to letter 1991 7, October The Jewish our to Brothers and “AppealSisters,” an open the letter written in was the name of Jewish Croatia communities in Croatia. wartime to contribution visible highly Porges’s Minister ofEconomy. 2000 to 1997 from and Washington, in embassy Croatian the at Mission of Chief Deputy From 1993 to 1995 he was an advisor to prime minister Nikica Valentić, from 1995 to 1997 leadership. Croatian the in functions numerous had Porges Reich. Third the for worker essential an as spared was father his while Holocaust, the in pater- perished grandparents Porges’snal member. HDZ and entrepreneur prominent a Porges, andits Nenad president Community the Zagreb from help significant gained government Croatian The lobbies oftheworld”(Tomac, 2004,163). among the basic goals of Croatian foreign policy was to establish contacts with the “Jewish ternational recognition. According to the Croatian deputy prime minister Zdravko Tomac, counted on Jews and their community to help Croatia on its path to independence and in- lobby while Croatian diplomacy strong was in its its infancy. and For that Yugoslavia reason, Croatian leadership former seriously the of network diplomatic the inherited Serbia Croatian Jewsadvocating forrecognition ofCroatia (Živaković-Kerže, 2006 Croatia of image the improve to tried Levin Mary representative their with conversation in and Yugoslavia former the from Jews of association the visited Yorkthey New In Post. Washingtonin byquarters questions the answered and Croatia.” Matić and Fischer had talks with White House officials, visited the B’naiin Jews B’rit“endangered the head- on Mandić Klara and propaganda Serbian of impact the reduce to was aim The Croatia. in rights human the and Jews of position the on Senate American the to statements provide Washingtonto to traveled Matić and Fischer 1992, early the In explosions oftheenemybombs”(Živaković-Kerže, 2006 came fromthe “but thepressure indeed hadbeenwrittenunderpressure, that thearticle to portray the position of Jews in Croatia as better than it actually was. Fischer responded article on Jews in Osijek had some readers opine that it had been “written under the pressure” that Fischer told and Osijek to came later Lahav Yehuda Budapest in correspondent published newspaper Israeli was the it in of some and radio Israeli on broadcasted was interview The Fischer. , p.221). , pp. 216-217). The later The 216-217). pp. 2006, Ha’arec (Živaković-Kerže, 22 , p.218). Voiceand America of Washington Ha’arec - humanitarian actions: and civilians, of struggle everyday the aggression, the describing journal a writing was he where 1991, December in town old the on attack brutal most the during Dubrovnik in stayed Lang 114). p. 1997, (Lang, informing” and planning events, coordination, for place “a as well as Dubrovnik,” in gathering for place public only “the was which Dubrovnik in Office Libertas Convoy a opened convoy,Lang the of arrival the After Holocaust. the in killed were grandparents paternal Land’s Tuđman; President to affairs humanitarian ers ofthe Convoy was Slobodan Lang, aphysician of Jewish origin and special advisorfor co-organiz the Among supplies. medical and water food, brought and blockade naval the a supply convoy named organized initiative civic a 1991, October of end the At electricity,medicine. ter, and food from the sea (Nazor, 2011, p. 231). Consequently, the city could not be resupplied with wa- city the blockaded Navy Yugoslav the while land, by Croatia of rest the from off cut was the southernmost Croatian city and the UNESCO-designated world heritage site. Dubrovnik The Zagreb Community and some its members took part in humanitarian aid to Dubrovnik, of War the Independence” (Držić,2012 during Croatia” in destroyed been had schools thousand ten and churches thousand five after monument a build to want not do I synagogue. a build to stupid be would it the that think I President, Mr. rebuild answered, “I refused: Jakov which to synagogue, Zagreb him to proposed Tuđman F. 1992 in that once mentioned even tisemite, an- an him see not did Tuđman, F. concerning attitude positive a had Bienenfeld Jakov and , physicians from the hospital (Tko je bio Jakov Bienenfeld, 2016). Paris and contributed to the through liberation of one group Belgrade of prisoners, including Vesna with Bosanac connection the made he 1991 December In exchange. er-of-war prison- a for plans of preparation the in participated Bienenfeld 1991, November in city 2013; (Marijan, siege three-month during destruction monumental suffered that city Croatian easternmost the Vukovar, to help humanitarian provided Bienenfeld Jakov 2016). Bienenfeld, Jakov bio je (Tko GojkoŠušak minister defense Croatian the to adviser the as him elected and reserve in army Croatian the of General Major of rank the into Bienenfeld Professor promoted Tuđman family friend of Franjo Tuđman for some time in Yugoslavia. In the early 1990s, President Academy of the Yugoslav People’s Army with the rank of colonel. He was a colleague and a was a member of the WWII Partisan resistance and a professor of chemistry at the Military Jakov’sNDH. during members forty some Zlatkolost father Bienenfeld that family a from an aid. Entrepreneur Jakov Bienenfeld, a Council member of the Zagreb Community, came humanitari of kinds different provided members its of some and community Jewish The Jewish humanitariansduringtheWar ernment aftertheterroristattackinAugust 1991(Porges, gov- Croatian the from support received Zagreb in Community Jewish the that asserted damage to the medieval synagogue in Dubrovnik, the second oldest in Europe. Porges also intentionally shot, and a maternity hospital, and a home. Not because they were they because Not home. a and hospital, maternity a and shot, intentionally was church a which in shot, intentionally were crosses all which in war a is “This Libertas. The convoy included forty ferryboats that broke through ). ). After the fall of the of fall the After 2016). Bienenfeld, Jakov bio je Tko 23 ; Oraić Tolić, 1992,p.394). 2020 Vol. 1•e2020.1619.39 st-open.unist.hr - -

RESEARCH ARTICLE RESEARCH ARTICLE st-open.unist.hr Perković Paloš A , p. 13). Later he sent an SOS message to the world comparing the JNA and JNA the Serbian andMontenegrintroopstotheNazis: comparing world the to message SOS an sent he faceoffascism” Later 13). p. inthe 1997, (Lang, once fleeing were Jews like fleeing sailed, “They II: War World in Jews to homes their leave to had who Dubrovnik of citizens the compared even Lang ence in government of the Socialist Republic of Croatia. From 1990 to 1992 he worked as worked he 1992 to 1990 From Croatia. of Republic Socialist the of government in ence experi- of years thirty had Montiljo Partisans. the joined eventually and family his with imprisoned been had he where camp the from escaping by Holocaust the vived sur- Montiljo Affairs. Foreign of Ministry Croatian the in worked Montiljo (Mišo) Mihael Jews inCroatian politicalleadership a reportonthataidwasbroadcastCroatianTelevision (Živaković-Kerže, 2006 Osijek Jewish Community. The package was delivered to the Red Cross office in Osijek and the of president and Osijek from Cross Red Osijek the of representative a Osijek, in studio TelevisionCroatian the from team a by welcomed was he where Pécs of town Hungarian the to it drove and aid medical collected He lived. he where Switzerland, Bern, in Croatia Pro association the founded Osijek, in school Jewish the of alumnus an Neuman, Kornel them leftforothercountries,mosttoIsrael (Zlatković Winter,1995,p.338). of hundred eight About Croatia. to came Jablanica, and Mostar, Zenica, Sarajevo, from community,mostly Jewish the of members refugees, hundred eleven Herzegovina, and Bosnia in war the of beginning the From 338). p. 1995 , Winter, (Zlatković tomobiles au- numerous a and buses eight convoysof four Sarajevoin left Jewish, third one people, hundred five Some organizations. humanitarian Jewish international from support with p. 77). Jewish communities of Zagreb and Split contributed the most to the care of refugees 337; p. 1995, Winter, (Zlatković community Islamic the of tal Office of Refugee Affairs, to Catholic Caritas of the Bishop’s Conference and to Merhamet In the course of 1992, the Community of Zagreb provided financial help to the governmen were providedassistanceaswell(Langetal.,1997,p.4). infirm who remained in their homes in wooded areas.” Serbian civilians en route to Serbia and old the protect “to towns Croatian liberated some in centers” “welfare co-organized Lang war, the ended and territory Croatian occupied the of most liberated which 1995, Operationseveralin After found Storm organizations. helped humanitarian or organized Lang war, the During 124-127). pp. , 1997 (Lang, city the of heritage cultural and civilians of lives the preserve to organizations humanitarian international from help for appealed Lang Dubrovnik, of citizens prominent with Along 19). p. 1997, (Lang, 1991 November ly Lang documented the shelling of the synagogue and Jewish cemetery in Dubrovnik in ear- of wereburnt.RejectHitler’s successors…” camps German in those of all like Dubrovnik burn that ignited, were Auschwitz of ovens the as Dubrovnik ignited who those reject Nazism, of successors the “Reject provide support. Thisiswhy itwasdestroyed. Towould destroy thesepeople” who priest a And there. hide to want would who man sick a And monuments, but because a pregnant woman could hide there. And a new-born baby. 24 (Lang, 1997,p.73). Švob, Brčić & Podgorelec, 1994, Podgorelec, & Brčić Švob, (Lang, 1997,p.10). , p.219). - n a 19, e et ogauain t te sal peiet n h ocso o Israeli of Independence occasion Day (M. Tuđman, 2015a, p. 297). F. Tuđman the desired a speedy establishment on Croatia. president Israeli of the to position congratulations sent international he the 1992, May improve In to Israel and Croatia between gap the bridge to steps decisive took president Croatian the that claimed associates Tuđman’s F. World War II,soupuntil1995theydidnotcondemnSerbiafor itswarcrimes. Consequently,sive. of consequence a as Croatia in aggression Serbian Israelisinterpreted Israeli authorities took the “Serbian side” Yugoslavia and that of Serbian lobby dissolution in Israel the was very aggres of beginning the from that claimed 13) p. (2000, Primorac initiative, recognized Croatia in April 1992. Hebrew University of Jerusalem professor Igor Influence of the Serbian lobby in Israel was felt even after the State of Israel, by American Relations ofCroatia andIsrael time mentionofJewsinCroatianconstitution( first the emphasizing Croatia in Jews” of position favorable “the Porges’s“Appeal”to and met with the representatives of the Jewish community in Canberra. He introduced them to slobodi Hrvatske, 1991, p. 6). In December 1991, Montiljo visited Australia again, where he cultural centre. Montiljo also challenged the propaganda of Klara Mandić (Židovi Jewish pridonose the of building the and synagogue Zagreb the rebuilding for plans the mentioned also He Days. Holy Religious on Law the crafting in example for Croatia, in community Montiljo informed Leibler Congress. that the new Croatian Jewish authorities cooperated Worldsucessfully with the Jewish the of Board Executive the of cochairman Leibler, Isi with met he where Australia to went Montiljo 1991 October In 2014). 7, February cation, communi- personal Rudolf, 84; p. 1999, (Rudolf, countries two the between cooperation improve relations with Israel. Three years laterhe founded the Croatian-Israeli to Societytopromote Israel to went Montiljo 1991, of half first the in Rudolf Davorin affairs for- eign of minister then the of initiative the On Minister. Foreign Croatian the to assistant aggression onCroatia,heemigrated toAustria (Margetić,2013 during 1991, In Holocaust. the in members family lost also had who Weiss Ruben Ljubo journalist is them of One Jews”. “court as life political Croatian in Jews the regard Some not anantisemiteandthathad“agreatloveforJudaism”( was Tuđman F. that claims IsraelHe and 1997. Croatia in between relations diplomatic of 1995 to 1997. Štern was active in Croatian diplomacy, and contributed to the establishment became a member of HDZ. He became deputy minister and then minister of economy from Štern where Croatia to return to him called Tuđman F. 1994, In 1980s. the in Union Soviet the in nafte INA-Industrija company oil Croatian of representative head the was 146), p. Davor Štern, another prominent entrepreneur and self-described “half-Jew” (Radoš, 2005 , mi, 1992, p.13). i Židovi (Američki Croatia in situation the and propaganda Serbian of Washington York,New and in Francisco,Atlanta communities San Jewish the informed conversations numerous in affairs, foreign of Ministry the Society,in ambassador Croatian-American and Parliament the of member of president Lang, Slobodan 1992, of beginning the At Šmidt, 1991 25 Radoš, 2005,p.146). , p.8). ). 2020 Vol. 1•e2020.1619.39 st-open.unist.hr -

RESEARCH ARTICLE RESEARCH ARTICLE st-open.unist.hr Perković Paloš A 1999). Schwarz, & (Leicht 1999 December in death his on reporting when antisemite and racist a him called site web American influential one book, his from quotes controversial the of Tuđman’sF. relations, diplomatic of establishment the removal Despite the and apologies Minister of Foreign Affairs Mate Granić went on an official visit (Radoš, 2005, pp. 150-151). him, of p. instead so strong, still 1997, was however, Israel, to (Malenica, Tuđman’svisit F. Yorkto Resistance 48). New in later year a concluded and 149-150) pp. 2005, (Radoš, 1997 August in initiated were relations diplomatic of establishing the about Discussions and Israel gotclosertoestablishing,diplomatic relations. even though the controversial quotes had been taken out of the book. Nevertheless, Croatia it seemed that the opinion of F. Tuđman and his government at the time had not changed, surpasses thesmallsizeoftheircommunity. greatly Croatia of byRepublic contribution of of establishment scope the to Jews Croatian and significance the that argue can One aggression. Serbian during country their to help mitic Croatian leadership, participated in Croatian leadership and provided humanitarian Croatian Jews advocated for international recognition of Croatia, refuted claims of antise- Prominent byCroats. paramilitaries,not Serbian and JNA bythe endangered was Croatia in community Jewish the propaganda, Serbian the of reverberations the to distinction In phy nortotheestablishmentofjusticeinafterwarperiod. Whatever the true aim of these authors, they neither contributed to scholarly historiogra- history. personal Tuđman’s F. of part significant a formed and constitution Croatian the into incorporated was attitude This crimes. Ustasha the condemned he which in and ed) participat- actively himself he which World(in Warin II occupiers to resistance Partisan the towards positive highly was he where writings and speeches of plethora the ignored leged that F. Tuđman’s statements from 1990 attempted to rehabilitate the Ustasha regime ably and, possibly, tendentiously translated excerpts of F. Tuđman’s book. Authors who al- question- on relied uncritically but sources, primary used have to not appear Jews wards to- attitude his and Holocaust the about opinion his Tuđman, F. about wrote who authors with Jews and his policy towards Jewish community in Croatia and the State of Israel. Most Reality Historical of Interpretations, particularly in international circles, of F. Tuđman’s 1989 book Conclusion Tuđman’sF. on based formed been had opinions those that claimed Štern Jews.” of “hater a Tuđman F. considered and government Croatian nationalist” and vinist “chau- the about speaking still were they Affairs Foreign of Ministry Israeli the in 1997, Israel to visit official his during that stated Štern 363-364). pp. Tuđman, 2015c, (M. NDH in the in Jews against crimes Ustasha the for apologize personally and Israel visit the to wish expressed and 322-325) pp. 2015b , Tuđman, (M. Israel with relations diplomatic of and statements from the 1990s are at odds with his de facto relation facto de his with odds at are 1990s the from statements and 26 Wastelands Wastelands so nnmu. (2013). Anonymous. Anonymous. (2007).StipeMesićvelićaNDH Američki Židovi i mi [American Jews and us]. (1992, February 8). References Andrijana Perković Paloš ORCID upon requestfromthecorrespondingauthor),anddeclaresnoconflictsofinterest. Competing interests: Authorship declaration: APPisthesoleauthorofstudy. or not-for-profitsectors. Funding: Received: Peer review: 48(2), 291-329,withthepermissionfromČasopiszasuvremenupovijest antisemitska? bila 1990-ih vlast Provenance: Atkins, S. E. (2009). E. S. Atkins, (2015). H. Arendt, Arendt, H. (1964). Bailer-Galanda, B. (1997.). ‘Revisionism’ in Germany and Austria: the evolution of a doctrine (pp. doctrine a of evolution the Austria: and Germany in ‘Revisionism’ (1997.). B. Bailer-Galanda, aa, . (1992). I. Banac, Barić, N. (2005). (2005). N. Barić, Bartulin, N. (2013). N. Bartulin, Barić, N. (2011). Prvi hrvatski predsjednik dr. Franjo Tuđman o jugoslavenskom predsjedniku Josipu Barić, N. (2007). Antifašistička u Drugom svjetskom ratu u političkim interpretacijama hrvatskih Available fromhttps://youtu.be/x8JFNhyl09Y Disput. archive.org/details/HolocaustDenialAsAnInternationalMovement/mode/2up from https://platypus1917.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/arendt_eichmanninjerusalem.pdf 1-21). Retrievedfromhttps://www.doew.at/cms/download/12497/1_bailer_revisionism.pdf statements andpublicappearences1987-1992] State ofCroatia 340). Hrvatskiinstitutzapovijest. conference held in scientific the Croatian Institute of History the in Zagreb December 10 and from 11 2009] (pp. 313- historiography.Proceedings Croatian in Tuđman Franjo [Dr 2009. prosinca 11. i 10. Zagrebu u povijest za institutu Hrvatskom u održanoga skupa znanstvenog sa radova (Ed.), Kaurić V.Herman In Tito]. 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