Revolution in the City

CEU eTD Collection

Public space and political discourse In fulfil partial in Pestin Second Reader: Revolution in the city: Supervisor: Central European University - Georg Georg Matthias Winkler l ment of the requirements forment of the thedegree of Buda and Prague 1848 DepartmentHistory of Budapest, Hungary Master Artsof Submitted to Submitted Professor Professor Professor 2011 B y

András Gerő Maciej Janows

k i

CEU eTD Collection urban realms the in revolution the of topography symbolic a drafts in finally and places, public meaningsrededicating inscribing of analyzes processes revolution, the manifold of the topography addresses it e.g. events, of urban course the in space urban an the of manipulation of delineates mechanisms It narrative. the to aspect discursive The comparison. by the cases both of follows differences and similarities section evaluates and second outlines and perspective the chronological a from press ‗conflict‘ in mirrored development then and ‗fraternization‘ first of urban U ‗1848‘. before years the immediate socio the in which upheld and generated was through the discourse means of and ways discussion the delineates a and cities contains both section of characteristics first the tackled: are issues major Thr press. German local the of examination thorough a of basis the on discourse public the of maintenance and setup the analyzes it cities, these of settings actual the to sphere‘ ‗public decide a as June and March between ‗1848‘ of phase first the conceptualising by perspective comparative a from Pest of cities the in 1848 of revolution the investigates thesis present The such with accordance in made instructions maymade without not be copies Further made. copies such any of part a form page must This librarian. the from obtained be may Details University. European Central the in the with accordance in only made be may part, or th of text the in Copyright

of Pest - dly urban event. Through applying Jürgen Habermas‘ conception of the the of conception Habermas‘ Jürgen applying Through event. urban dly Buda and Prague is

thesis rests with the Author. Copies by any process, either in full in either process, any by Copies Author. the with rests thesis Statement ofCopyright

the written permission ofthethe written Author. .

Abstract i

instructions given by the Author and lodged and Author the givenby instructions o h ctsae hog rnmn and renaming through cityscape the to

third chapter adds the spatial the adds chapter third

- Buda and Prague and Buda nder the notions notions the nder - structural structural ee CEU eTD Collection Appendix Conclus Chapter 4 Chapter 3 Chapter 2 C Introduction hapter 1 4.3 Symbolic spacescity inthe 4.2 Inscribing meaning the urbanspace into events of 4.1 Topographies anddifferences3.3 Similarities 3.2 Conflict 3.1 Fraternization ion

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9 1

CEU eTD Collection 114. 1 lasting duce Empire, European central the Although time. of period centre its from starting wave revolutionary zippy the England, to flight abhorred days some after deep oftherevolution impacthauntingEmpir ofthe Austrian tempest thelands ofthe the marked symbolically for, longing been had monarchy Habsburg the in liberals the change Cha of escape anti the streets, the stra the until overthrows and ments Pest i.e. Vienna, from apart realms Habsburg the of agglomerations urban largest the 1852, in monarchy the of ‗antithe 1799, and 1789 between changes constitution frequent the including not 1848), 1830, (1789, lifetime a within occurred revolutions three least at where Paris of city the and France against they when new entirely something were particular in cities major its in and general in monarchy Habsburg the in Revolutions

Jonathan Sperber, JonathanSperber, tions were held, political demands vehemently articulated and even barricades erected in erected barricades even and articulated vehemently demands political held, were tions

Paris, , Shortly after the Parisian populace had rebelled against the ruling class once more and,more once rulingclass the rebelled againstpopulacehad Parisian Shortlythe after - directly affected by the news from Paris spreading like a wildfire, did finally not ad not finally did wildfire, a like spreading Paris from news the by affected directly revolutionary revolution‘ of the Bourbo the of revolution‘ revolutionary Prime Minister Minister Prime

success and resulted in a temporal triumph of the restorative powers, these these powers, restorative the of triumph temporal a in resulted and success ncellor Metternich, who was depicted as the central skid of any socio any of skid central the as depicted was who Metternich, ncellor ieal oern h etr post entire the overran literally

The European Revolutions, 1848 Revolutions, European The - of fervid street fights street fervid of Buda and Prague, had been remaining untroubled by revolutionary move revolutionary by untroubled remaining been had Prague, and Buda - liberal liberal

François Vormärz

memorable days of March 1848. Once the first mass demon mass first the Once 1848. March of days memorable - uzt and Guizot impetuously impetuously regime quickly crumbled. The subsequent demission and demission subsequent The crumbled. quickly regime

in February 1848 February in Introduction - 1851 1 - Napoleonic Europe in an astonishingly short short astonishingly an in Europe Napoleonic

later n restoration in 1814, nor the reestablishment the nor 1814, in restoration n

( erupted in the early spri early the in erupted

Cambridge: revolutionary even the Citizen Citizen the even

, had obtained had Cambridge University Press University Cambridge oeet i te Austrian the in movements

virtually igs abdicatio King‘s the resignation of resignation the ngtime of 1848. As 1848. of ngtime

‗traditional‘ urban urban ‗traditional‘ , 1994), 1994), , - e. political 1

and n

the the - - - CEU eTD Collection ( 3 2005) 15 1996), Promedia, (1867 Konflikte gesellschaftliche Kommunalpolitik, Urbanisierung, Habsburgermetropolen. Gerhar in Habsburgermonarchie,― 2 to reacted and received which circulating were rumours and news where communication of sphere vivid a than more were t so framework, spatial the is cities the of sphere public This demands. political urgent of articulation the and dissentions and debates political fights, ‗ rooms squares Streets, environments. urban specific speakingpopulation whichrepresented ofinhabitants the the until majority Bohemi reside royal as officially, least at served, and hinterland vast their for populati huge a rienced the within centres urban largest respectively third and second ranked märz the events, of course the of junctions majo of role the Empire, awareness for considered be can occasions

P scenery Nemes, der in und Modernisierung „Großstadtgeschichte Zimmermann, Susan Melinz& Gerhard r inceton: Princeton University Press University inceton: Princeton , 42. 42. , - regime to the core. These cities were characterised by several comparable aspects: They aspects: comparable several by characterised were cities These core. the to regime

rwe wt pol o dvre oil ehi ad oiia bcgons omd the formed backgrounds political and ethnic social, diverse of people with crowded Hungarian and Bohemian the in revolutions these Comparing

n n Hnain Kingdoms. Hungarian and an The revolutionary movements movements revolutionary The Budapest ‘

where various kinds of activities, such activities, of kinds various where

of the various nations conjointunder theruleof House of the various ofHabsburg. the , 152; , o speak the setting of the of setting the speak o just a just - 16; Robert Nemes, Robert 16;

Gary B. Cohen,Gary B.

coulisse coulisse — on growth between 1800 and 1850, and 1800 between growth on r cities is paramount. is cities r

an entire urban discourse was consequently generated based on in on based generated consequently was discourse urban entire an d Melinz & Susan Zimmermann, ed Zimmermann, Susan Melinz& d

or stage or , mative for the shaping of national identities and political self political and identities national of shaping the for mative

1981 The Once an Once The The Politics of Ethnic Survival: Germans in Prague, 1861 Prague, in Germans Survival: Ethnic of Politics The ),22 ‗ 2 per se per stage , for the course of events. The events. of course the for

- n diin te faue a osdrbe German considerable a featured they addition, In finally led to the dramatic outburst of the revolution the of outburst dramatic the to led finally 23 present .

d ‘

FutureBudapest and Both Both starting in starting of the of 2

as demonstrations and gatherings, talks and and talks gatherings, and demonstrations as theatres thesis. All these urban features, however, however, features, urban these All thesis. Prague and Pest Pragueand ‗ revolutionary play revolutionary mid mid , s., s.,

coffeehouses

had the function of central places central of function the had (DeKalb: University of Illinois Press, Press, ofIllinois University (DeKalb: Wien March 18 March –

Prag Prag - Buda were epicentres andepicentres were Buda respective

realms realms monarchy. – 48 took place in these these in place took 48 , restaurants and ball and restaurants , ‘

c cte wti the within cities nce Budapest. Blütezeit der der Blütezeit Budapest.

that shook the shook that mid - 1918) of the Austrian the of

1850s. city itself was was itself city

They (Vienna: -

1914

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CEU eTD Collection Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1969), 7 1969), Press, Carolina ofNorth University Hill: The 25 2000), CenterPress 4 con [ sphere‘ ‗public the and press; a German of majority the of role the namely regard, this in situation paradoxical somewhat view, first at the, scrutinizing worth is it Hungarians, and ‗national‘ the June early to March from springtime the vative viewmatter as onthesubject ofthe andecidedly revolution phenomenon. urban inno a provides thesis the cities respective the in discourse political the of maintenance and canno planations press Through question. ser to presumed are which papers unfolding the in contribution revolutions. and reaction involvement, their fathom to order in bitants Pest in revolutions the the of setup the investigate paratively th pamphlets, and newspapers via and orally both information, of transport public places. in discussed lively and pamphlets and papers in read mouth, of word by exchanged formation

Alice Freifeld, AliceFreifeld, cept theoretically conceptualized by the German philosopher and sociologist Jürgen Jürgen sociologist and philosopher German the by conceptualized theoretically cept , the perspective on the central issue has necessarily to be a restricted one: holistic ex holistic one: restricted a be to necessarily has issue central the on perspective the , A good portion of this thesis centres about the notion of the ‗public‘, the ‗public space‘ oftheA goodcentres ‗public‘,‗public ofthisthesis about the the notion portion revolutions, both of phase first the to limited is frame chronological The implication its all with background spatial this Against n issuerather whichhistorical has analysis neglectedso far. been in - paig population speaking The methodology proposed relies on a thorough analysis of local German news German local of analysis thorough a on relies proposed methodology The 4 Nationalism and the Crowd in Liberal Hungary, 1848 Hungary, Liberal in Crowd the and Nationalism impetus

t be expected right from the outset; however, with regard to the emergence the to regard with however, outset; the from right expected be t - 87; approach

of the respective indigenous peoples during the rev the during peoples indigenous respective the of Nemes, - ua n Pau wi Prague and Buda

Öffentlichkeit ing ing

Budapest

n ter means their and th e e s mro o te ra dsore n h pro in period the in discourse urban the of mirror a as ve

topic , 114 , ] in ] particular - 12 investigated chiefly has historiography Since 1848.

the urban context, a heavily debated and criticised criticised and debated heavily a context, urban the n h basis the on 9; Stanley9; Z. Pech, - h pca rgr t te German the to regard special th 46. 3

f r of

city urban public discourse in the first period of period first the in discourse public urban eflecting and contributing to ‗1848‘, the the ‗1848‘, to contributing and eflecting inhabitants

of - 1914 n xmnto o a hr o the of share a of examination an The Czech Revolution of 1848 of Revolution Czech The

(Washington: Woodrow (Washington: in the urban discourse urban the in fr omncto and communication for s olutions, i.e. Czechs i.e. olutions,

thesis - paig inha speaking i.e.

will com will Wilson Wilson

(Chapel

mainly

— the - - - - -

CEU eTD Collection Press, 2001), 4. 2001), Press, 7 History Modern of Journal ― Mah, by Harold provided 6 ( BourgeoisSociety of category a into An Inquiry Sphere: Public the of Transformation Structural The Gesellschaft 5 issues political towards turned meal schaften and coffeehouses salons, of emergence associated the and sphere public literary in later private, and apoliticalinitially the in sphere public bourgeois the of nucleus the localised Habermas While information. and standpoints opinions, changing jects [ citizens among dialogue be novels nalism, jour political newspapers, of form the in culture print of explosion an and sociability, and urban andforms accessible publiccation space of arenasmore marked by new open ofdebate, the since arising sphere‘, public in the givenatleastcontext, very briefly. no about Sphere: blic der Kategorie einer zu Haber

Cambridge James Van Horn Melton, Melton, VanHorn James inis historiography its application to regard special withwork ofHabermas‘ reception ofthe A summary JürgenHabermas, od h taiinl ersnainl utr o te early the of culture representational traditional the yond t be revised be t — mas in his 1962 his in mas his osbe h, hl sjunn i pbi pae, ee edn nwppr ad ex and newspapers reading were places, public in sojourning while who, possible According to Habermas, the ‗public‘, or what he more precisely calls the ‗bourgeois ‗bourgeois the calls precisely more he what or ‗public‘, the Habermas, to According , these forms of sociability gradually led to the setup of a critical discourse that piece that discourse critical a of setup the to graduallyled sociability of forms these , : theory of the public sphere would easily fill several bookshelves and therefore can therefore and bookshelves several fill easily would sphere public the of theory

( Polity Neuwied

An inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society]. Bourgeois of Category a into inquiry An

in extenso in and criticism.‖ and , 198 , Strukturwandel der Öffentlichkeit. Untersuchungen zu einer Kate einer zu Untersuchungen Öffentlichkeit. der Strukturwandel : Luchterhand, 1962 : Luchterhand, 9).

Phantasies of the Public Sphere: Rethinking the Habermas ofHistorians Habermas Rethinkingthe Sphere: Public ofthe Phantasies The Rise of the Public in Enlightenment Europe in Enlightenment Public the of Rise The Habilitationsschrift 72 (2008), (2008), 72 bürgerlichen Gesellschaft Gesellschaft bürgerlichen

, one can hardly avoid reflecting on its significance and employment and significance its on reflecting avoid hardly can one , Bürgern

The gradually unfolding occurrence of a notably ‗civil‘ public ‗civil‘ notably a of occurrence unfolding gradually The 153

18 ] — - ) 18 th . and eventually involved the full the involved eventuallyand The English translation was only published in 1989 in waspublished English only translation The now understood as private individuals, not as mere as not individuals, private as understood now

2 etr i t b udrto a ― ram f communi of realm ―a as understood be to is century .

Strukturwandel der Öffentlichkeit. Öffentlichkeit. der Strukturwandel 4

[The Stru [The ctural Transformation of the Pu the of Transformation ctural

- (Cambridge: Cambridge University University Cambridge (Cambridge: oen tt md a critical a made state modern 5

Despite the scholarly debate debate scholarly the Despite - creasingly (semi creasingly fledged bourgeois public bourgeois fledged gorie der bürgerlichen bürgerlichen gorie der Untersuchungen

underthe title Tisch ,‖ ,‖

The The - ) public, ) gesell

sub ------CEU eTD Collection 9 8 data manifold processed which literature published already the on relies mostly section generate was it means what by and emerged take the up set to order in structure demo investigatingcomparison, characteristics centres bothurban by of revo milieus co the provides notions both Entangling environment. urban the in phenomenon described the of dimension spatial the accentuate to order in remarks following the in space‘ ‗public of notion Ger in cussing, heade before they ‗Pilvax‘ coffeehouse the in gathered had 15 March of morning the in that chance by not was o outbreak the and to path the moulding was socio 19 mid the in existing already was cri ubiquitous reason, of dictate the by characterised Habermas, to according was, which sphere

Freifeld, Freifeld, Ibidem,8. herent spatial dimension which, however, is not explicitly rendered, neither in the original original the in neither rendered, explicitly not is however, which, dimension spatial herent n ticism and literalticism its publicity. ceptual matrix in which the processes of the revolution in thecity in ceptual inwhichtherevolution processes of matrix can the exemplified. be a term man

uin. The lutions. lc. eody i sal e se how asked be shall it Secondly, place. - graphic structural prerequisite for a mass movement like a revolution. In fact, the public sphere sphere public the fact, In revolution. a like movement mass a for prerequisite structural I a had Habermas, by definition its to according sphere‘, ‗public the of notion the Since spec its with spherepublic this that assured rest we can only Not and actual settings of Pest of settings actual and n th n Nationalism and the the Crowd and Nationalism

and Öffentlich thesis three major questions are to be raised. The first one aims at the urban the at aims one first The raised. be to are questions major three thesis

sus o e covered be to issues socio keit -

cnmc conditions economic d for the National Museum not far not d for from theNationalMuseum there.

o i is nls tasain i wl b cmlmne b the by complemented be will it translation, English its in nor

particular ,

8 46

- th - Buda and Prague and Buda 48.

century cities of Pest of cities century

in Pest, where they had been spending the night dis night the spending been had they where Pest, in urban contexts in which the revolutions revolutions the which in contexts urban in this this in f the revolution of 1848 of revolution the f 5 and and ad maintained and d

s el s t as well as chapter where

in the in th

1848 Sándor Petőfi and his comrades his and Petőfi Sándor 1848 -

Buda and Prague, nor was it a mere mere a it was nor Prague, and Buda the the immediate first he ulc icus i both in discourse public ly

hne o te population the of changes n h ee f ‗1848‘ of eve the on figures asfacts the and such contain contain — run keeping in mind that it that mind in keeping 9 ific urban topography urban ific

up to up an

uln o the of outline the would later would

respective .

cities

This -

CEU eTD Collection revolution in both cities less a chronological or biographical but a decidedly spatial dimen spatial decidedly a but biographical or chronological a less cities both in revolution phenom the give to here seeks proposed approach the struggles, and deeds ‗heroic‘ their protagonists, ‗glorious‘ its on or order chronological less or more a in events of course Si perspective. both urban settings, Pest in sketched is cities the in sphere public changing continuously and vibrant the sum, in realms, urban the in violence bloody the and feasts cheerful the mistrust, and concord of display public the press, section: this of aim main the is shape took associations and clubs revol in engagement their event, urban this inhabitants speaking part this press, local the in opinion public the sentiment national exclusivist, drama atmosphere affection German revolutions studies, fro discourses urban the of lopment deve the follows it ‗conflict‘ then and ‗fraternization‘ first of notions the Under 1848. June statistical sources and are rare reliable that reservation the notwithstanding circumstances, contemporary the illuminating The third section approaches the revolutions in Pest in revolutions the approaches section third The T

- the changes of the public discourse with regard to the advancingnationali the regardto with discourse public the changesof the speakin

he n mre it te atvtn mo o eain n exuberance and elation of mood captivating the into merged and second section second r tae ad analysed and traced are

this chapter. Eventually, differences and similarities of the public discourses in discourses public the of similarities and differences Eventually, chapter. this nce the traditional master traditional the nce g

tically shifted tically naiat o both of inhabitants

in the course of course the in . The identification of areas of event and debate where the revolution the where debate and event of areas of identification The . - Buda Prague,are and and evaluated. discussed

centres on the initial phase of the revolution from March to early early to March from revolution the of phase initial the on centres s. Through analysing the representation of the urban events and events urban the of representation the analysing Through s. often inthe scattered written record. , little by little, by little , m a chronological perspective. By entangling both case both entangling By perspective. chronological a m Wees uig h frt as f h rvltos the revolutions the of days first the during Whereas . the revolution the cities - narratives of ‗1848‘ are mainly concentrated on the on concentrated mainly are ‗1848‘ of narratives

diverse inputs, opinions and comments in the local the in comments and opinions inputs, diverse toay oiis n ter self their and policies utionary

6 join

investigates to a str a to t

, their contri their , h rvltoay as wt authentic with cause revolutionary the ong emphasis of exclusive, or rath or exclusive, of emphasis ong

- the involvement of involvement the Buda and Prague from a spatial a from Prague and Buda bution to and perception of of perception and to bution

, this this , - organis the s ation of the of ation enon of the the of enon enchanted German to in ation er er - - - CEU eTD Collection posed the between differences and similarities this, above emi a had has which ‗spatiality‘ and ‗space‘ of concepts the about debate the on reflection short ev urban an as revolution the of speaking when important especially and Finally text. con given the in application its as well as critique its and sphere‘ ‗public the of theory mas‘ revolution. the and pre Pest in revolutions the of topic the to tributions outlined the for analyzed and examined in the urban realm. chap t This of. aware fully were contemporaries most which meaning bolic sym a gained but city respective the in sphere public the of constituents material the only not were rooms assembly and parks streets, and squares events: particular to connected timately in codes and ciphers became They revolution. the of course the in imprint emblematic an assuming were realm urban the in places certain that is surmise the chapter the of part last the pl public rededicating and renaming by example for space, urban the into meaning certain a inscribe to strategiesvarious their Hereby, contemporaries. the by space urban the of manipulation of mechanism social sp urban the in events of sites actual the localising by revolution the of topography urban an delineates it Firstly, layers: three contains This sion. tations for the subject matter of this thesis, namely the linkage between the urban public urban the between linkage the namely thesis, this of matter subject the for tations nent impact on scholarship at least in the past decade is appropriate before engaging in the in engaging before appropriate is decade past the in least at scholarship on impact nent ter drafts a symbolic topography of the revolution and thus makes the revolution visible visible revolution the makes thus and revolution the of topography symbolic a drafts ter

mentioned scope research. of and analysed and All these All sources the of discussion a contains Revolution‖ and ―City chapter prefixed The outline . The other central points in this chapter are a concise discussion of Haber of discussion concise a are chapter this in points central other The

Since both revolutions took very different paths, the former (Pest former the paths, different very took revolutions both Since

aces according to the ideals of the revolution, is a central point. For point. central a is revolution, the of ideals the to according aces chapters

are to be conceptualized in a comparative way. By doing doing By way. comparative a in conceptualized be to are

agenda and a literature review of those scholarly con scholarly those of review literature a and agenda 7 cases of cases

ace of both of ace - ua n Pau wih provide which Prague and Buda Pest - Buda and the Prague the and Buda cities. Secondly, it analyz it Secondly, cities. hird segment of the the of segment hird can

- be ex be Buda) es the the es ent, a ent, inter ------CEU eTD Collection to the urban region history the of phenomenon European a as tion ties ded methodologically a provides It respectively. cities largest historio existent an close to seeks thesis The consideration. into taken are revolution the of months three first the only 1848, June mid in Uprising Pentecost the with ending (Prague) leadi

thitherto account in a high a in account g o the to ng rpy f h 14 rvlto i te asug oacy n is eod n third and second its and monarchy Habsburg the in revolution 1848 the of graphy . The comparative perspective opens up a trans a up opens perspective comparative The . acrimoniously ly relevant spatial context which has b has which context spatial relevant ly ogt a o idpnec utl uut 89 te latter the 1849, August until independence of war fought , sheds new light on the existing scholarship and contributes and scholarship existing the on light new sheds , .

in - een studied with different priori different with studied een national panorama of the of panorama national ventive

and theoretically groun theoretically and

gap in the in gap revolu - - - CEU eTD Collection unsicher auf auf unsicher etwas noch ersten Tagen den in Gesicht manches schaute Zwar entfesselte geistig Volk,… das zieren Farben 11 t (all Auf Eine ungewöhnliche geblieben. Rückwirkung mächtige ohne nicht unsre Hauptstadt und Land auf unser auch 10 of demonstrations and gatherings street the after city the in atmosphere changed the centuated Pet Sándor famous the with placards countless the to points later report the although day, one within faced have impossibly could city the which changes physical actual to relate ap parent though defined clearly not scene, local the of appearance modified somehow a about readership his informed subsequently and uprisings recent of context European broader the these put journalist the onset, the from Right day. previous the Pest in occurred had which events memorable editor the likely most author, Zeitung W

Bohemia, No. 53, 2 April 1848 2 April 1848 53, No. Bohemia, 1848 March 16 615, Zeitung,No. Pester t te lines the ith regung herrscht seit gestern in Pest und hat die Physiognomie unserer werkthätigen Stadt völlig verändert] völlig Stadt werkthätigen unserer Physiognomie hat die und Pest in seitgestern herrscht regung ranslations by the author). author). the by ranslations ly well ly – populace, because the surprise was just too big. c the of crush happy the at looked haltingly faces few a days first the in Indeed, nation. L – whichPest has entirely changed the physiognomy capital our and our country on backlash weighty a had recently Europe shaking been have which events great The , the leading daily of the German the of daily leading the ,

ively activity ively Anonymous, Pester Zeitung, 16 March 1848 Anonymous, Bohemia, 2 April 1848 das frohe Gewühl der heiteren Bevölkerung heiteren Gewühl der frohe das őfi‘s - noticeable. The term The noticeable.

f h frt ut aoe pbihd n h Mrh 16 March the in published above, quote first the of ‗Nemzeti Dal‘ ‗Nemzeti “

cheers up our hearts our up cheers great events great

[(…), eine lebensfrische Regsamkeit erfreut unsere Herzen. Die böhmischen böhmischen Die Herzen. unsere erfreut Regsamkeit lebensfrische [(…),eine -

in city

[National song] hanging at every street corner, but rather ac rather but corner, street every at hanging song] [National - ” chief Eduard Glatz himself, Glatz Eduard chief . Since yesterday an unusual excitement has been prevailing in prevailing been has excitement unusual an yesterday Since .

which had been taking pl taking been had which C [Die großen Ereignisse, welch Ereignisse, großen [Die “ ity Revolution and physiogn . The Bohemian colours Bohemian The . - Chapter 1

speaking community in Pest in community speaking 9 omy (

…

) , denn die Uiberraschung Uiberraschung die denn , ” 11

used by the journalist did obviously not obviously did journalist the by used

of our industrious city.

ace in the city on the Danube into Danube the cityon the in ace e jetzt Europa durchschüttern, sind sind durchschüttern, jetzt Europa e

opened his commentary on the on commentary his opened adorn

the intellectually unleashedintellectually the th - (sic!) (sic!) Bu

su o the of issue 10 da, an anonymous an da,

war zu groß] warzu 1 Points‘ ‗12 heerful Pester Pester .

and

- - CEU eTD Collection CenterPress, 12 assumptions discussed abovethe which within frame theoreticala set to and‗1848‘ of context historical the into considerations these integrate to attempts chapter following The posed. par the for grounding theoretical the sound to order in scholarship rical brief t mas‘ Haber on reflection thorough a contains first This agenda. research outlined the to applied be to set methodological and terminological the to attention pay to needs one Prague, and Buda stancesaccompanied these ledtoand events changing change did exactly A alteration. explicable a undergone had character inherent hitherto whose the of interpretation listic of incidences a the b in announced press, of freedom of granting The March. in events revolutionary the after character altered [Prague‘s physiognomy March 15 since c introductory an in term very this used author compilednewspaper this article. the when evening late presumably the on assessed be hardly could consequences reaching 15 March on crowd revolutionary the

very A lice ness, the ongoing and prolific debate on the relevance of conceptions of ‗space‘ in histo in ‗space‘ of conceptions of relevance the on debate prolific and ongoing the ness,

heory of the public sphere and its various currents of criticism and, in the necessary the in and, criticism of currents various its and sphere public the of heory similar similar Freifeld, Freifeld, Before exploring these q these exploring Before and events factual the about readers respective their inform only not did articles Both in newspapers German the of one also enough, Interestingly

2000 the unfolding revolution in Pest in revolution unfolding the ‗ Nationalism and the Crowd in Liberal Hungary, 1848 Hungary, Liberal in Crowd the and Nationalism atmospheric change ),

45 -

46. here, old newspaper headlines and countless leaflets and placards, had caused caused had placards, and leaflets countless and headlines newspaper old

changed atmosphere in the city the in atmosphere changed

y ht en ad on and means what by

unprecedented

uestions in depth and detail to be raised for both cases, Pest cases, both for raised be to detail and depth in uestions ‘

in the capitalcityBohemian Kingdom. ofthe 12 th th ommentary —

] published] April2 inits

mat f hs ocrecs n h ubn public urban the on occurrences these of impact daai eet nen n et o date. to Pest in unseen event dramatic a 10 - Buda and Prague, but also presented a journa a presented also but Prague, and Buda

hc grounds which “Prags Physiognomie seit dem 15. März” 15. dem seit Physiognomie “Prags o a ol vgey defined vaguely only far so ?

—

what does that mean after all? after mean that does what - 1914

( Baltimore nd Mroe, ht circum what Moreover, ?

issue to describe the city‘s city‘s describe the issue to Prague ticular approach pro approach ticular : Woodrow Wilson Wilson : Woodrow , the the ,

n barel and Bohemia t far Its

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Ibidem,4. Melton, VanHorn James Anglo mainlyfrom views ofcritical A summary JürgenHabermas, ouim n etr Erp a e fr o te pbi‘ mre byn te representa the beyond emerged ‗public‘ the of form new a Europe Western in solutism ,

2001 ng the state represented by the (absolute) monarch as the ( the as monarch (absolute) the by represented state the ng analysed Reducing his main his Reducing can which notion central a introduction, the in suggested As line ), ), 4

- 5.

of argumentation, a crucial point is a critical survey, inventory, and assessment assessment and inventory, survey, critical a is point crucial a argumentation, of

( sources. Cambridge: Polity The Structural Tra Structural The we will nowturnwill tothe we The Rise of the Public in Enlightenment Europe in Enlightenment Public the of Rise The

idea cus of the ‗public‘ was situated and confined to. confined and situated was ‗public‘ the of cus he main scope. Finally, and Finally, scope. main he

to 1989 rmas of Historians rmas of nsformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry into a category of of a into Ancategory Inquiry Sphere: Public the of nsformation

points. its )

basic 14 - Saxon scholarship is collected by Harold Mah, „Phantasies of „Phantasies Mah, Harold by is collected scholarship Saxon

On the other side, critics indeed have rightlyiden have indeedcritics side, other the On prop 13 central argument. 11

ig n prety itkn one mistaken perfectly and ding nobel, aems n his and Habermas Undoubtedly, ,

― osition

The Journal of Modern History Modern of Journal The is ―new realm of communication‖ of realm ―new is

of the thesis is to be embedded into the the into embedded be to is thesis the of : firstly, the rise of modern nation modern of rise the firstly, :

the ‗public sphere‘ or, with the enhance the with or, sphere‘ ‗public the , H , gn for a rather fruitful and straight and fruitful rather a for gn particularly abermas argues that in the dusk of dusk the in that argues abermas

(

Cambridge: Cambridge University University Cambridge:Cambridge sole

) holder of sovereignty sovereignty of holder ) prove v prove important for pursuing for important 15

Habermas iden Habermas aluable

(2000), (2000), — hoy ha theory keeping in in keeping 16

153 for

- which states states -

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CEU eTD Collection 19 18 17 The revolution‘). (‗Atlantic 1775/1789 from age revolutionary erupting the and lightenment dissent andconflict spatially not subject, collective beco by step decisive and final the undergoes above Mah Harold As phase. emphasises, last its reached not has sphere public the of transformation tural histo most Although public. and culture representational courtly the superseded gradually which ciality, place various in public ‗bourgeois‘ educated increasingly and interested an by read umphal procession very inthis interiority ofthe family. other ‗the for grounding moral the formed values and norms along intimacy and privacy of shelter a as family bourgeois the of emergence the backed ments exchange. and communication of networks for needs growing entailed which auto certain a gained society terms, political in monopoly the possessed state the since society: into realm].‖ rule, royal under subjects of body ―private a of creation a promoted unintentionally turn, in which, authority public and

Mah, Ibidem,6 Ibidem,5.

nomy or even independence by pursuing economic activities on a (global) market level level market (global) a on activities economic pursuing by independence even or nomy what the Habermascalls rians reflecting on and applying Habermas‘ theory stop at thi at stop theory Habermas‘ applying and on reflecting rians side Rethinking t Rethinking Habermas dates the classic period of a ‗mature‘ publ ‗mature‘ a of period classic the dates Habermas newspape of distribution widespread and appearance the With (civil) and state between split further a reinforced capitalism of rise the Secondly, uh as such 17

with sincere affection and sensitivity beyond the spheres of state and labour. These These labour. and state of spheres the beyond sensitivity and affection sincere with

7. 7. Here was the nucleus of the private civil domain civil private the of nucleus the was Here

the public sphere which had been taken been had which sphere public the

aos cus n cfehue, n ntal cmeig ulc sphere public competing initially an coffeehouses, and clubs salons, he public sphere he public ,

but amass subjec

( … ‗

) bourgeois sphere public , 155. ,

society as a private realm distinct from it from distinct realm private a as society dispersed

t — or simply

n h sae of shape the in 12

the ‘

. mass its 18

ming ming

shape in the long period described period long the in shape located

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ulc a ntr ett, a entity, unitary a public, which would later would which s point, the alleged struc alleged the point, s rs, journals and books and journals rs, . 19

[i.e. the monarch‘s monarch‘s the [i.e. Both develop Both era of e of era s of so of s evolved grew n - - - - - ,

CEU eTD Collection 22 21 20 arena, discursive the entering for doubts serious studies gender of side the from one couldand enter, leave. occupy a setting‖, ―sit ―structural a called been has It way. spatialized a in it applied and understood dimension, spatial publicthe of notion the Since Another Pest in discourse public the of development the spheres. public diverse and discourse critical a society, of strata lower argued theyInstead, bourgeoisie. Habermas in sphere public the of notion the that was others and Eley Geoff by contention of point classic rather A challenged. cou con which, family the of privacy welfar interventionist hey the of typical realm, ‗private‘ the and state the between separation strict The arena. public lacking alongside industrialisation, beginning

Ibidem, 160. Ibidem,160. Mah, van Horn Melton, e‖, a ―domain‖ and a ―space‖ by various historians. Consequently, it had to be a a be to had it Consequently, historians. various by ―space‖ a and ―domain‖ a e‖, upin n cnomt while conformity and sumption 19 the of course the in diminished sphere, public bourgeois the of day rse. Rethinking the public sphere the public Rethinking 20

But was there a universal access to the public are public the to access universal a there was But been have theory Habermasian the of parts numerous critics, the of side the From dcto ad vial liue tim leisure available and education

point of critique of point

The Rise The which is, which e state, capitalist corporations and mass media increasingly inferred the inferred increasingly media mass and corporations capitalist state, e

of the Public the of was 21

however

As we will see later, see will we As

sphere, according to its definition by Habermas, had an inherentan had definitionby its Habermas, to sphere,according according to according , 1 on Habermas‘ grasping of grasping Habermas‘ on 58 ,

that among other social classes, in the elite as well as in the in as well as elite the in classes, social other among that 22 such as owing property and a certain degree of education, of degree certain a and property owing as such - 159. , , 9

‘

- it , 10. 10.

prah s a to ofnd o n sole one to confined too far is approach

with not rendered not consequently

did too evolve too did Habermas, gradually became a sphere of passive of sphere a became gradually Habermas, the emergence of a growing impoverished class class impoverished growing a of emergence the e, marked the quick end of open access to the the to access open of end quick the marked e, 13

have been raised been have

- Buda and Prague in the springtime of 1848. of springtime the in Prague and Buda

this point can be exemplified when tracing when exemplified be can point this expressis verbis expressis lost n

the public sphere public the which a as Habermas claims? Especially claims? Habermas as a t rlvne o te rtcl dis critical the for relevance its . Apart from the prerequisites the from Apart .

the end led to competing to led end the ,

historians have usually have historians th

century when the the when century in spatial term spatial

ls, the class, ‗locus‘ s - .

CEU eTD Collection 25 24 23 far of course the in units grand Un this in investigated scope spatial outlined the proach, sphere revolution. of inthe period thesis, arerega this of argumentation the to according which, discourse critical the of eventually and sation sociali debate, of arenas the identify to be shall aim The ‗1848‘. of eve the on Prague and app be will sphere‘ ‗public the conceptof the chapter, next the In restrictions. and conventions prevailing hitherto up break did volution re 1848 the particularly since static, and rigid too are critique its and accessibility universal an was important structural oftheevolving element public sphere. writers, and readers as and societies, and salons in audiences, theatre as example sph a as not and realm social private a as (understood sphere public the in participation active their enlightenment, the since rights political gained not indeed had women that fact the despite that, stressed has Melton van Horn James argument, it. enter to able or allowed not were groups social other also women universal discourse. male the to subordination political women‘s of perpetuation a meant sphere public one.‖ private (female) a and realm sphere intrinsicall were public the of norms ―the that argued has Landes Joan male. decidedly was sphere public the

Ibidem,14. Ibidem,13. van Horn Melton, ie le hsoigahcl cons hc tetd iis f hs eid s anonymous as period this of cities treated which accounts historiographical older like ae o tee rel sece kytns f h cnrl oin n aems ap Habermas‘ in notion central the of keystones sketched briefly these on Based initi the both thesis, this of course the in clear becomes it As

24 ces to access

hn aig hs ruet no consideration, into argument this taking When rded as the main constituents and preconditions for the emergence of the public emergence public ofthe the constituents andpreconditionsfor themain as rded The Rise The

h pbi sphere public the y masculinist, resting on gendered distinctions between a (male) a restingymasculinist, publicgendered between distinctions on

of the Public the of

- ecig eeomns uh s raiain n industria and urbanisation as such developments reaching , , 13 23

Insofar, - 14. 14. em t be to seems lied to the very concrete urban settings of Pest of settings urban concrete very the to lied

14 she concludes, concludes, she

thesis is a decidedly urban environment. environment. urban decidedly a is thesis severely 25

aems cam eadn the regarding claim Habermas‘ the structural properties of the the of properties structural the questioned, since apart from from apart since questioned, r o pltcl oe) for power), political of ere

n i rep his In l li aot the about claim al - dominated ly to this this to ly - Buda - - - -

CEU eTD Collection (Bielefeld: Transcript Verlag, Verlag, Transcript (Bielefeld: Döring 28 27 30 2009), Böhlau, 26 population. urban the of everyday the life to witness bear behaving and actingof levels spatial histo the for scope multilayered and differentiated more much a becomes space urban the changed, and fixed challenged, and communicated conventions and equalities in hierarchies, of result but a as city spaces controversial a and competing of disparate, and overlapping system social complex the within space linear and uniform a as thing such no is there that assumption the on Based action. human and communication of acts through de context. city the in ‗space‘ of dimensions city realm. ca groups of formation and practises cultural mediation,integration,andandconflict andassimilation marginalisation, inclusion of Patterns living. of ways and identities behaviour, urban modern of shaping the for laboratory a city space urban of refinement and diversification a with combination in Con proximity. closest in mechanisms cultural and social specific with experience] of [realm back with heterogeneousgroups wherea social focused place city, as cultural seen The topography. highly a as ceived anthropology. or geography human sociology, from rived de approaches interdisciplinary incorporates which scope city the to perspective historical historical urban modern lisation,

Ibidem,36 Ibidem,46 J cie, a scribed, uliaRichers, stant influx of people from the countryside encountering already established inhabitants, established already encountering countryside the from people of influx stant grounds lived and met, formed a subjective a formed met, and lived grounds

& atclr teto fo te ie f oen ra rsac hs en ad o the to paid been has research urban modern of side the from attention Particular Tristan Thielmann Tristan - - 38. A concise overview over the debate the debate over overview A concise 38. 48.

cnanr o a lsd entity closed a or ‗container‘ Jüdisches Budapest: kultu Budapest: Jüdisches

- 33.

dynamic, ‗polyphone‘ and diverse organism with a sophisticated social and social sophisticated a with organism diverse and ‗polyphone‘ dynamic, ,

eds., eds., 2009) Spatial Tu Spatial

research increasingly attempts to apply a qualitative micro qualitative a apply to attempts increasingly research relle Topographien einer Stadtgemeinde im 19. im 19. Stadtgemeinde einer Topographien relle rn. Das Raumparadigma in Kultur den Raumparadigma Das 28

n be identified within the dense social web of the of web social dense the within identified be n on the spatial turn spatial theon The premise is that ‗space‘ is not, as commonly as not, is ‗space‘ that is premise The priori a 15

Lebenswelt

xsig bt sca pout created product social a but existing, 26

is provided is [life world] and world] [life

aey te iy a be per been has city the Lately,

in -

und Sozialwissenschaften und and society, made the the made society, and

ananthology rian. These various various These rian. Jahrhundert Erfahrungsr by

(Köln: (Köln: J örg örg aum 27

- - - -

CEU eTD Collection University Press, University 31 30 Verlag, Transcript Thielmann 29 yearslands during the 1848/1849. pre the in conditions Kossuth (Lajos) Louis tagonist, and 1849, in army revolutionar Hungarian the of defeat the to 1840s and 1830s the in Era Reform the from lands. Hungarian the in revolution 1848 the of topic Deák Empire orderly and calm ostensibly hitherto the within fragility con Boand Hungary historyof the breaksin historical of‗1848‘. situation Pest of cities the preci more city, the is junction this thesis, this in argument of line the For junction. pical to a forming while coincide axes historical the and social the spatial, the that is assumption cause ‗space‘ as way (inter)action. human actual and processes social by constituted space‘ ‗lived the of dimension the is there sp (‗First space perceived the from apart that, suggests he which in space‘ ‗Third the of theory Soja‘s Edward to close comes approach This

István Deák, István Ibidem,256. Soja, Edward tribut ‘s

Unsurprisingly, the revolutions in Pest in revolutions the Unsurprisingly, book , ing

eds., eds.,

The Lawful Revolution. Louis Kossuth and the Hungarians, 1848 the Hungarians, and Kossuth Louis Revolution. Lawful The 29 atclr interpretation particular „ Th

Spatial Turn. Spatial Vom

1979 In other words, Soja argues that social processes shape spatial forms the same the forms spatial shape processes social that argues Soja words, other In 2009) e Lawful Revolution Lawful e - Buda and Prague in their spatial and social dimension and in the concrete concrete the in and dimension social and spatial their in Prague and Buda ). ‚ is modelled around the around modelled is Zeitgeist

, , 241 - revolutionary period and the most important inci important most the and period revolutionary ad ols oil processes. social moulds and s -

262, especially 250 262, Das Raumparadigma i Raumparadigma Das ‘

zum

. It . ‚ Raumgeist

provides a useful survey of both the political and social and political the both of survey useful a provides

s can

f the of hemia hemia - ‘ still 255. .

New Twists on the Spatial Turn Spatial the on Twists New political biography of the revolution‘s main pro main revolution‘s the of biography political n den n Kultur den 16 ace‘) and the conceived space (‗Second space‘), space‘), (‗Second space conceived the and ace‘)

- be considered be have attracted countless historians and scholars scholars and historians countlessattracted have ‗ Buda and Prague and Buda concussive

30 - It mainly follows the course of events of course the follows mainly It

und Sozialwissenschaften und

ae o tee osdrtos the considerations, these on Based ‘

events which caused unrest and and unrest caused which events the standard work of the overall the of work standard the

in their function as profound as function their in of the Metternich era Metternich the of - 49

‖ in J in ‖ ( NewYork dents in the Hungarian the in dents örg Döring, Tristan Tristan örgDöring,

(Bielefeld: (Bielefeld: : Columbia : Columbia . István . sely sely y - - CEU eTD Collection Slavic Review Slavic 34 33 32 cele floor dance the of politics ―the calls he what of help the with observance Pest in sphere public the in appearance the of c society, urban revolution the revolution the yearsof the sphere. public urban an population urban the of d infrastructural and edificial industrialisation, growth, pulation Pest and Buda of history urbanthe from come contributions illuminating the to respect particular German with context urban the in revolution the of spatiality the thesis, i scholarlywhich literature mans, Slovaks, move 1848. June 1848 March from movement revolutionary the to over leading the course events starti of book Pech‘s Z. Stanley is

Robert Nemes, ―The Politics of the Dance Floor: Culture and Civil and Culture Floor: ofthe Dance Politics ―The Nemes, Robert Nemes, Robert Stanley rtos odce b nwy one vlnay soitos n patriotic and associations voluntary founded newly by conducted brations ment and ment Dance Floor Dance pr rm hs le acut iiga te eea hsoyo h rvlto, the revolution, the of history general the at aiming accounts older these from Apart revolution 1848 the during lands Bohemian the for account Deák‘s of equivalent The - Z. Pech, Z.Pech, speaking inhabitants and their contribution to the events, is relatively ver theevents,contribution Some to rare. andtheir is inhabitants speaking

But u But 60 (2001), 802 (2001), 60

and The Once an Future Budapest Future an Once The

peasants, workers,peasants, students, pays lubs and associations and lubs The Czech Revolution of of 1848 Revolution Czech The nlike Deák, Pech Deák, nlike

the acting of the inhabitants during its duringits inhabitants actingthe ofthe ‖

special attention to the ethnic and social groups involved ( involved groups social and ethnic the to attention special in which in . 33 - With particular sensitivity for the spatial dimensions, spatial the for sensitivity particular With

823. ng thepre analysisconditions in ofthe withan

An important part useful for our causes concerns causes our for useful part important An ncorporates approaches relevant to the subject matter of the present present the of matter subject the relevantto ncorporatesapproaches points to the to points The Czech Revolution of 1848 of Revolution Czech The

Nemes in the 19 the in particularly ,

Robert Nemes Robert

also traces the emerging Hungarian civil society and their and society civil Hungarian emerging the traces - , importance of the public discourse for the outbreak of of outbreak the for discourse public the importanceof Buda during the 1840s. the during Buda (

( DeKalb ChapelHill play an important role in his in role important an play and th

17 century emphasizes the emphasizes : University of Illinois Press, Illinois : Universityof women). women).

: The University of North Carolina Press, Carolina North University of : The who with special regard to topics such as po as such topics to regard special with progress

Society in Nineteenth in Society . published a highly relevanthighly a published 32

Like D Like socio 34 evelopment and composition and evelopment to .

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the Pentecost the eá - structural aspects of the the of aspects structural k, Pech mainly follows mainly Pech k,

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‖ Century Hungary,‖ Hungary,‖ Century ). the emergence of emergence the

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CEU eTD Collection in Austria in counter and revolution of the history to contribution A 1848. year revolutionary the the in Crowd and 38 1981) Cohen, 37 CenterPress, 36 193 35 19 the in Budapest and Prague of histories urban the of anthology pedient by and capital, Bohemian the in revolution the of history urban the into insights helpful many vides Urban, Otto by the latter twoa are lackingspecific urban historyframe. book his in Cohen B. Gary by tackled are case, growin to regard 1848 of Hungary the 1848. aroundlife social defineurban to helps what forming and discourse tical con Pest in demonstrations and Hungary Liberal byimportant contributors totheurbanas identifying women political discourse. More events social and although German the for publication congruent A etc.) which

Otto Urban, Urban, Otto Spira, György AliceFreifeld, Nemes, Robert - tinuously during the following months. following the during tinuously 207 .

over, Nemes draws our attention to social group social to attention our draws Nemesover,

The Politics of Ethnic Survival: Germans in Prague, 1861 Prague, in Germans Survival: Ethnic of Politics The . the awakening Hungarian national consciousness consciousness national Hungarian awakening the Two classic contributions to contributions classic Two book Freifeld‘s Alice is study important Another

Jose

(New we know of know we

2000 f Polišenský f Die tschechische Gesellschaft, 1848 Gesellschaft, tschechische Die York: State University of New York Press, 1980). Press, York New of University State York: The Nationality Issue in the Hungary of 1848of Hungary the in Issue Nationality The Nationalism and the Crowd in Liberal Hungary, 1848 Hungary, Liberal in Crowd the and Nationalism ― ). Women in the 1848 the in Women Die tschechische Gesellschaft, 1848 Gesellschaft, tschechische Die

g national tensions in the course of the revolution which, for the Bohemia the for which, revolution the of course the in tensions national g in which a particular interest is dev is interest particular a which in o hc w sal return shall we which to

- a well a 49

who approaches the revolution from a Marxist perspective. Marxist a from revolution the approaches who

provides additional perspectives to the problems emerging with with emerging problems the to perspectives additional provides - Buda in the course of the revolution, not only on March 15 March on only not revolution, the of course the in Buda - established German cultural scene with balls, theatres, concerts theatres, balls, with scene cultural German established

- 1849 Hungarian Revolution, 1849

might be called a ‗public opinion‘ is keenly analysed and analysed keenly is opinion‘ ‗public a called be might the social history of the revolution in Bohemia arewritten Bohemia in revolution historythe social ofthe - 1918 36

hn eiig h pbi shr i Pest in sphere public the defining when The relevance of of relevance The 18 GyörgySpira

( -

Vienna s The Politics of Ethnic Survival Ethnic of Politics The ekn cmuiy i community peaking - - 49 1918 oted to the relevance of mass gatherings gatherings mass of relevance the to oted examplefor revolution, the in involved s : Böhlau, 1994); Josef Polišenský, JosefPolišenský, 1994); : Böhlau,

- ( 1914

Budapest ‖

could be could Journal of Women‟s History Women‟s of Journal , who in this extensive account pro account extensive this in who , ‘s account ‘s -

19 (P ainls ad h Cod in Crowd the and Nationalism r 14 inceton: Princeton Univers inceton: Princeton : AkadámiaiKiadó, the the

( Baltimore

mass displayed (balls, concerts (balls, displayed The Nationality Issue inIssue Nationality The s

for shaping the poli the shaping for : Woodrow Wilson Wilson : Woodrow tl a desideratum, a still th

century with con with century 35

1992). Gary 1992). B. .

13 (2001), (2001), 13 Aristocrats Aristocrats

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CEU eTD Collection Franz Klutschak & Bernhard Gutt, Prag: Verlag Gottlieb Haase, Gottlieb Verlag Gutt, Prag: & Bernhard Klutschak Franz 47 Blätter 46 Prag: Breier, Eduard / Red. Amtsblatt) Zeitung, Constitutionelle 45 / Leben undsociales 44 Literatur,Theater Kunst, für Interessen, magyarische 43 1845 & Ny., Heckenast Landerer 42 1986). ScienceMonographs, Social (Boulder: during 1848/1849 Freiheitskampf 41 2009). Böhlau, 40 (1867 Konflikte gesellschaftliche Kommunalpolitik, Urbanisierung, 39 necessa West und Ost Zeitung Pester in from Prague Pest and Pest of selection a comprises over Pest the for articles newspaper of edition single one from Apart press. German the in mirrored discourse public the of representations and changes revo the during and eve the on discourse public the of mechanisms the and functionality the of argu Pest in community Jewish the to attention draws Zimmermann. Susan and Melinz by edited is groups social and demographics urbanisation, of topics the to tributions

Austrian Nation Library Vienna/ call number call LibraryVienna/ Nation Austrian West: Ostund Mf C 004634, C004633, Mf numbers: call Prague/ Republic Czech Libraryofthe National Pragu Republic Czech Libraryofthe National number: call LibraryBudapest/ Szechényi National fürOrgan Ungar: zeitschriftliches Der FM3/988, number: call LibraryBudapest/ Szechényi National LibraryBudapes Szechényi National Rózsa, Mária Julia Zimmer Susan Melinz& Gerhard fluentia - lution of 1848. As stated above, the approach proposed is to trace the trace to is proposed approach the above, stated As 1848. of lution mentation for tackling likethis. a phenomenon decidedlyurban ua n al Hungary all and Buda

‗ für Kunst, Literatur und geselliges Leben / Red. Red. Leben/ geselliges und Literatur für Kunst, Richers, Richers, 1848‘ The sources in which the argumentation is grounded consist of a selection of the most the of selection a of consist grounded is argumentation the which in sources The investigation an at aims thesis present the literature scholarly instructive the on Based iy ersn ol a ml sml o te emn aes f hs ie I odr to order In time. this of papers German the of sample small a only represent rily l and widespread local newspapers published in Pest in published newspapers local widespread and l

„Ihr Männer aus, jetzt ruft die Zeit“. Deutsche Texte aus Ungarn zur Revolution und zum zum und Revolution zur Ungarn aus Texte Deutsche Zeit“. die jetzt aus, ruft Männer „Ihr Jüdisches Budapest: kulturelle Topographien einer Stadtgemeinde im 19. Jahrhundert im 19. Stadtgemeinde einer Topographien kulturelle Budapest: Jüdisches provided by Domokos G. Kosáry, Kosáry, G. Domokos by provided , 46 42

Red. L. P. Horváth L. P. Red. Der Ungar Der and -

Buda (Budapest: Ak (Budapest: Bohemia

. - 41 ti eaiain a t rl o oiia ise o newspapers of issues original on rely to had examination this , 1852. 43

mann, eds., mann,eds.,

leaf and 47 t/ call number: H 4249, Pester Zeitung / Red. Zeitung / Red. Pester 4249, H number: t/ call

39 , Pest 1848. Pest ,

lets and other printe other and lets adémiai kiadó, 2006). kiadó, adémiai

Pau) I nes o e ttd ht hs newspapers these that stated be to needs It (Prague). Die Morgenröthe Die Lastly, in her recently published dissertation Julia Richers Julia dissertation published recently her in Lastly,

s Wien Wien e/ call number: number: call e/ : 394190 The press during the Hungarian Revolution of of Revolution 1848 Hungarian the during press The

Hermann / Red. undMode – FM3/5153,

19 Prag Prag Rudolf Glaser, Prag: K. Gerzabek 1847 Gerzabek K. Prag: Glaser, Rudolf - C.20.

- – Buda and provides a sound approach and and approach sound a provides and Buda

Budapest. Blütezeit der Habsburgermetropolen. Habsburgermetropolen. der Blütezeit Budapest. -

1847, 44 52 A 42, 1848/1. A 42, 52 A general introduction into the issue of the press press theof the issue Ainto general introduction

Buda case by case Buda 1847 Comp. und Medau

d material d Morgenröthe (Pest - 1918)

394190 - 1848. - Buda), and the and Buda),

(Wien: Promedia, 199 Promedia, (Wien: -

Buda and Prague, notably the notably Prague, and Buda - C.21 1848,1 C.21 illustrat : Tageblatt für Kunst, Literatur Literatur Kunst, für : Tageblatt , Prager Zeitung (Prager Zeitung (Prager Prager , Klein, Pesth Klein, 40 Mária Rózsa Rózsa Mária

, 1848. 1848. ,

Eduard Glatz, Pest: Pest: Glatz, Eduard ing , Bohemia / Red. , / Red. Bohemia

Prager Zeitung Prager development, the development, the revolution in revolution the : 1842 - 1848. 6). which more which -

1848

- Gerhard Gerhard (Köln: (Köln: 1849 .

, 45 -

CEU eTD Collection vided manifold information for opinion making. S making. opinion for information manifold vided pro announcements and proclamations bodies, political local the of protocols of publication the with alongside events latest the on reporting comprehensive and commentaries editor, opini and debate political passionate for forum a became newspapers discussed the of all sudden, a of All transformation. fundamental a undergo would they press the of freedom granted being after Only topics. artistic and aesthetic on reported exclusively de political in engage not did newspapers some why reason one be might This censorship. to ject construction the of sites, installation railways. street and, of lighting, course, thenew urban of progress the e.g. know, to had readership the things other various and commended coffeehouses which where, and place took gatherings club which neighbourhood, her or his in on going was what reader the informed usually news sketched briefly very These assembled. was days previous the select which in common in section a had periodicals these all reviews, literature and stage as such issues, cultural on articles haustive German the among discourse public readers respective the by reception and evaluation nalistic jour their events, local the on reporting the that is assumption the con words, being other In was stituted. centres urban both in discourse public the ways which in and how stand which and went withtheof diversificationopinions. political handinpositions process a increased; heavily periodicals of number sheer the 1848 March after that mind in ha one Certainly, examination. for chosen were press the of freedom the of granting the and events March the before existed already had which those only number, their confine bates or even commenting whatsoever. whatsoever. commenting even or bates One has One newspa of corpus this of examination the of principle paramount The to be aware of the fact that before the March events all newspapers were sub were newspapers all events March the before that fact the of aware be to

have been opened or renovated, whose public lecture could be re be could lecture public whose renovated, or opened been have - paig omnte i bt pae. pr fo ex from Apart places. both in communities speaking ed events and happenings having occurred in the city the in occurred having happenings and events ed Ost und West und Ost 20

ome editorial offices even decided to issue to decided even offices editorial ome

and and hip had a formative impact on the on impact formative a had hip Bohemia on. Fervent letters to the to letters Fervent on.

in Prague for example for Prague in pers is to under to is pers s to keep keep to s

------

CEU eTD Collection and contributors to the newspapers make it possible to draft an urban topography of the revo the of topography urban an draft to possible it make newspapers the to contributors and information the above, d approach spatial the following Additionally, attitudes. exclusivist towards shift a and nationalisation by supplanted increasingly waschapter, this of outset the at quotations the th identify and events March the after population city respectively Czech and Hungarian the and ‗German‘ enthu revolu the to contribution and th of make thema central source city respective the in discourse public vibrating the for relevance their and events occurring the to time in proximity Their information. of spread the for medium paramount the came t delivered or hotels, and coffeebookshops houses, numerous in accessible Openly context. urban the in critique and opinion as well as rumours, and news of popularization the for means key the considered be can journals and leaf as such material, printed other with Alongside vironment. en urban the in people the among evoked they reactions of kind what and perceived were developments political the how of mechanisms the into insight firsthand a one gives math thei and revolutions the on commenting and reporting their of vestigation on the currently issu debated on discussion dedicated out carry to essays short and editor the to letters further publishing of opportunity the readership interested the give to order in papers supplemental periodic going and constantly changing public discourse in the cities in question. Through an in an Through question. in cities the in discourse public changing constantly and going e siasm and fraternization which bridged the subtly smouldering differences between the the between differences smouldering subtly the bridged which fraternization and siasm

German Based on the analysis of these sources one can investigate can one sources these of analysis the on Based the of mirror a as serve newspapers the that presume can we account, into this Taking - e turning points when the ‗enchanted‘ atmosphere, which we encountered in encountered we which atmosphere, ‗enchanted‘ the when points turning e speaking communities in Pest in communities speaking about es.

for the revolutiondecidedlyfor asa the event. urban

and the interpretation of events events of interpretation the and in. hs aeil nbe u t flo te revolutionary the follow to us enables material This tions. - o an increasing number of subscribers, they be they subscribers, of number increasing an o 21 Buda and Prague, their perception, involvement perception, their Prague, and Buda

in lets and placards, these papers papers these placards, and lets

the urban space by journalists journalists by space urban the the attitudes and reactions and attitudes the

r immediate after immediate r epicted epicted ------CEU eTD Collection in question. discourse public conditions mic Pest the in biography and historio chronology on emphasis existing hitherto the to perspective fresh a adds plot‘ ‗historical the to dimension ‗spatial‘ this Adding discourse. public the through lu tion by identifying places with symbolic connotations an connotations symbolic with places identifying by tion - Buda and Prague in the run the in Prague and Buda Before graphy the revolution. of

engaging in these issues, the next chapter concentrates on the on concentrates chapter next the issues, these in engaging

n the and itself, on how it it how on itself,

hne o te ouain structure population the of changes - up to and during the during and to up emerged and by what means it was it means what by and emerged 22

revolutions d emblematic imprints generated imprints emblematic d , and eventually focuses focuses eventually and , , reflects on the s the on reflects , maintained in the period period the in maintained urban urban ocio space - econo on the the on

of - CEU eTD Collection 51 50 illa‟ dies irae, ‚dies Grauens 49 1971) Press, Arno (New York: 48 not meant be to or a account. exhaustive comprehensive was and arrival his after cities both through tour his on based is eclecticdescription This visit. yethe in Buda and Pest of cities the of description firsthand a givesus account,he his aristo f and Hungary Upper Balaton, the to him lead later would which and Vienna in begun had he journey his on Transyl versi the is least, at This, English‖ dark Pest John When

Ibidem. Paget, August 19 1845 Zeitung, 82, No. Pester author, Anonymous Paget, John - - Buda on board of a steamer from Pressbsteamerfrom a of board Budaon opeindmn ih iglrybih y,addesdi asyes completely so style a in dressed and eye, bright singularly a with man, complexioned crat whose person, public activities and achievements Paget devotes an entire chapter of chapter entire an devotes Paget achievements and activities public person, whose crat more expensive. h has excruciating The – crowds of nobles and citizens mingled together in the levelling waltz and gallopade. Saal wall and paved here is which Quay, the along drove we As Hungary and Transylvania and Hungary vania

50 John Paget, 1835.

, ht ae iiily upsd i t b a countryman a be to him supposed initially Paget that Hungary and Transylvania: with remarks on their condition, social, political and economical and political social, their condition, on remarks with Transylvania: and Hungary Paget a ,

ball first published in London in 1839, in which the Englishman accurately reports reports accurately Englishman the which in 1839, in London in published first nly Transylvania. inally , a trained physician and passionate traveller from Leicestershire, arrived at arrived Leicestershire, from traveller passionate and physician trained a , - room of very large dimension and elegant proportions, gay in winter with happy with winter in gay proportions, elegant and dimension large very of room in Praguein and Pest 49

– –

der Kaffee ist theurer geworden] ist theurer Kaffee der Pester Zeitung, 19August 1845. [reprint], n ae peet i hs voluminous his in presents Paget on U pee, h dy f horror, of day the appened,

rban Spacerban and Public Sphere 202

233. - 203. 203. 51

pr fo hs etn wt te aos Hungarian famous the with meeting his from Apart

- Chapter 2 Buda on the eve of ‗1848‘ urg 23

in 1835, the first person he met was a ―rathera was met heperson first the 1835, in

[Das Entsetzliche ist geschehen, d ist geschehen, Entsetzliche [Das .

is irae dies

ed in, we arrived at the the at arrived we in, ed ,

is illa dies —

travelogue on Itá Szechényi. István Count

— ofe a become has coffee

Hungary and and Hungary er Tag des er Tag 48 Redouten

ar of his of ar

CEU eTD Collection 54 53 52 in general experienc life social urban and redevelopment a underwent structure edificial the dramatically, enlarged num pro urbanisation this river, the of banks both on stock building the to destruction severe caused which floodwater 1838 the and 1831 in epidemic cholera lethal the of backlashes the After far a undergoing of process the in were Pest particularly and which of appealed tothesenses theEnglishman. full as appeared Buda the sheltered which fortress the of complexes edificial the and vineyards fine its with afterwards visited he cit the like just visitor the impressed time, Paget‘s race a as served and Ages Middle the in diets Hungarian the for place gathering the be to used which plain, Rákos the and Academy Hungarian the of building the Museum, The exem dó) giant the smell, tobacco fragrant and interior pleasant its with sino datio

Ibidem,235 Ibidem,235. Ibidem,229

es ceeae ad nesfe i th in intensified and accelerated cess and the paved streets. paved the and ber and structure of the urban population were under continuing change, the city areas city the change, continuing under were population urban the of structure and ber ns in the Austrian dominions, the clean fiacres, the splendid houses at the Quay, the Ca the Quay, the at houses splendid the fiacres, clean the dominions, Austrian the in ns plifying that From his account we get the impression that the city agglomeration of Buda, Óbuda Óbuda Buda, of agglomeration city the that impression the get we account his From (…)marshes which are now h neighbouringthe in frogs of croaking the for sleep not could occupants first the that town, the ofout farago, years a few so middleonlyPestthe oflarge was,in squares thenow of (…) one ac best the of one as Hotel Palatine the praised Paget features, many Among - -

236, 238 236, 233. öilce Statthalterei Königliche

- ed a manifoldedand diversification ainner refinement. 243, 245 243, - fledged

52 -

246. e cnwegs etseomu got f th of growth enormous Pest‘s acknowledges He

cities with amenities and characteristics of modern urbanity urbanity modern of characteristics and amenities with cities

andsome streets.

n the and e following decades and entailed several aspects: aspects: several entailed and decades following e 24

naice Hofkammer Ungarische

53 y of Buda on the other bank of the Danube Danube the of bank other the on Buda of y

- r eaching urban transformation. urban eaching Redoutensaal

. 54

Over e last years by years last e l, et and Pest all,

( P - esti course in in course commo

V iga - - - CEU eTD Collection 56 55 jahr the in published and conscription military the on based statistic demographic elaborate An Pest. meration possible. agglo urban entire the in rumours and news of circulation fast a making thus started, lution re was it when purpose its served bridge a March between revolution the of riod the of ject pro the to led eventually had and upturn economic cities‘ the for impediment an as regarded pro This wintertime. the in drift ice expected the of cause pon temporal a by and ferries regular by maintained was cities the between exchange and traffic i construction under still was Danube the of banks both connecting bridge stone Pest re the outbreakof the followingevents, the forground the preparesend the casesat both of rison T generated. was it means what by and how tracing by discourse public citywide the of tenance main and emergence the as well as revolution the yearsbefore immediate the in terms spatial P of settings actual the on focuses chapter this structures, inner its also but city the of appearance outward the only

he remarks first concentrate on Pest on concentrate first remarks he Pester Zeitung, No. 699, 5 March 1848. 5 699, Zeitung,No. Pester Nemes, Robert volution in March in chaptervolution inthe 1848whichnext be will discussed toon bridge, which was normally installed in early spring and removed in late autumn be autumn late in removed and spring early in installed normally was which bridge, toon Pester Zeitung Pester - [military conscription year] 1836/37 the total population had amounted to roughly 70,000 toroughly 70,000 population hadamounted year] total[military conscription 1836/37 the Buda, formed a vibrant sphere of communication and interaction. Since the prospected prospected the Since interaction. and communication of sphere vibrant a formed Buda, I Pest of agglomeration urban the of area The not affected which urbanization advancing of process this of background the Against nflux of people from the countryside caused an increase of the urban population in population urban the of increase an caused countryside the from people of nflux L á nchíd The Once an Future Budapest Future an Once The 56

gives an idea of the quickly developing changes: whereas in t in whereas changes: developing quickly the of idea an gives [chain bridge] which, however, was only completed by 1849. by completed only was however, which, bridge] [chain

est

- ua n Pau. t drse ter hrceitc i sca and social in characteristics their addresses It Prague. and Buda

- Buda; then the focus shifts to Prague. A short compa short A Prague. to shifts focus the then Buda;

( DeKalb - d ue 88 ti tei fcss n te pontoon the on, focuses thesis this 1848, June nd installed on March 4 March on installed 25 : University of Illinois Press, : UniversityofIllinois

- Buda - visional bridge was generally being generally was bridge visional Óbuda, from here on simply called simply on here from Óbuda, th

1848, right before the revo the before right 1848, .

2005 ) , 116 , - 117 n the 1840s, 1840s, the n 55 he he

In the pe the In .

Militär ------CEU eTD Collection 62 61 2009 Böhlau, 60 59 forradalomig 58 57 inhabita of number largest second (7,700). the had Castle, and Hill Gellert between Tabán, popu a from astoun an in phenotype different a city the gave boom building incipient the commission] fication the Széchenyiand Count waterdamage. of becausecollapsed had József in mainly areas, housing the 1838 in flood the by caused catastrophe the to Due 1847. in 38,000 ca. of lation Terézv time: of period short a within changes fundamental undergoing been had them of All district. inner the around (Josephstadt Józsefváros resienstadt), gistered. the by featured was Pest Debrecen. city, smaller next the of size the double most %. 43 ca. of crease 100,000 than more already had it inhabitants,

Ibidem, Kosáry, Richers, Julia Idem. Kosáry Domokos see statistics the detailed For 1847. March 19 411, Zeitung,No. Pester population, Pest ofthe Statistics ae ie i te itit f íiáo (asrtd) eet te castle the beneath (Wasserstadt) Víziváros of district the in lived lace város dingly period. shorttime ot 100 naiat i 13 t 4,0 i 1847. in 40,500 to 1838 in inhabitants 31,000 bout

The significantly smaller cityof significantlysmaller The 62

58 373 Budapest története Budapest

The

( h ohr itit of districts other The - Budapest: Akadémiai kiadó 1975 Akadémiai kiadó Budapest:

and Ferencváros, had to be rebuild, since more than 50 % of the houses in Pest in houses the of % 50 than more since rebuild, be to had Ferencváros, and 375. 119

Jüdisches Budapest: kulturelle Topographien einer Stadtgemeinde im 19. Jahrhundert im 19. Stadtgemeinde einer Topographien kulturelle Budapest: Jüdisches population -

122. 57

Hence, Pest was by far the largest the far by was Pest Hence, ,

inner Pester Verschönerungscommission Pester 373

of the a bit upstream located city of city located upstream bit a the of - áros advanced the biggest district in the city with a total popu total a with city the in district biggest the advanced áros 375. 59

district of Belváros (Innenstadt) wher (Innenstadt) Belváros of district

h eiiil tutr o te uub cagd dramatically. changed suburbs the of structure edificial The

h ct, ióvrs ( Lipótváros city, the ad Ferencváros and ) ) 60 Buda on the other the on Buda , , 373 ,

ed., ed., Under the aegis of Palatine Joseph, the omnipresentthe Joseph, Palatine ofaegis Underthe - Budapest története a török török a története Budapest

375. 26 only eight years later, later, years eight only

The highest density of inhabitants in inhabitants of density highest The city in the Hungarian Kingdom, al Kingdom, Hungarian the in city bank of the river the of bank

eplsat, eévrs (The Terézváros Leopoldstadt),

61 ( (Szépitő Bizottság) (Szépitő [Pest Franzstadt

A Óbuda on 3 % 1,1) f the of (11,414) % 30 round kiűzesetől a márciusi márciusi a kiűzesetől which mean which e 20,762 people were re were people 20,762 e

did not increase at all at increase not did gopd clockwise grouped )

developed slower, developed te itit of district the ; t

a Terézváros rate of rate

(Köln beauty : nts in ------, CEU eTD Collection 68 67 66 65 64 63 consciousness national im identity‘ ‗national aconstituting of rather pragmatic since a way, weissue in this tackle goalsfor thesis ofthis the with deal to how approaches different many controversywith prolific and dedicated a fuelled have manyothers and Brubaker Rogers Geertz, Clifford Hroch, Miroslav Anderson, Benedict Hobsbawm, Eric id national and group of construction and emergence the of question the to tributions ex f limited the to due that, stated be must it question, sophisticated highly this addressing Before nationality. or which meant ofapproximately apercentage %. 10 com Jewish local the of centre a was faith‘ ‗mosaic the to affiliated was population the of third indivi 13,000 about with peak new a reached and years six in number its doubled had which it of portion good population. Jewish considerable a had agglomeration urban the %), 60 Óbuda in parated150,000 cities of roughly 7,600 about of level a retained and

Anoverview Kosáry, Richers Idem. Ibidem, Idem. pla otn t epaie that emphasise to portant munity. aoy oe ad aiiy f hs trs o te rsn cnet Te ies con diverse The context. present the for terms these of validity and power natory

A more difficult issue is the composition of the cities‘ population in terms of ethnicity of terms in population cities‘ the of composition the is issue difficult more A of majority vast the While ,

397 Budapest története Budapest Jüdisches Budapest Jüdisches - 66 398. of the most relevant approaches is presented by presented is most approaches relevant the of

In sum, ca. 15,000 Jews lived in the agglomeration of the three cities by 1851, by cities three the of agglomeration the in lived Jews 15,000 ca. sum, In rame of this thesis, it is not the aim to engage in the scholarly debate about the the about debate scholarly the in engage to aim the not is it thesis, this of rame

the issue of issue the ul cnetae i te itit f Terézváros. of district the in concentrated duals was ,

, 59 , 398

- -

tl fud n amorphous and fluid still 399. 63.

n h tm pro ti tei i daig ih h awakening the with dealing is thesis this period time the in ‗identity‘

the inhabitants was Catholic (in Pest 80 %, in Buda 75 %, %, 75 Buda in %, 80 Pest (in Catholic was inhabitants the , making a total population of all three administratively se administratively three all of population total a making ,

as such are such as

which, however, which, 27

not not

67 in

Richers, Richers, the centre of the subject matter. Yet, it is it Yet,matter. subject the centreofthe

n dd o hv clear have not did and

cannot be cannot Jüdisches Budapest Jüdisches

discussed here. discussed 65

lo bd wee a where Óbuda Also , 41 , the actual ways the - 46. - u dividing cut 64

In Pest a Pest In entity by entity

Instead, - -

CEU eTD Collection 72 71 70 69 in evident also is which society urban the of composition ‗national‘ and linguistic the changing been increasinglyprocesshadMagyarization the relativemajority,although a constituted Budastill post Pest 1848 in habitants well as tothePraguecase ofthisstudy. Pest the to applied be to is clarification terminological This population. Jewish the of German rev the after con ‗national‘ a and during particularly and 1840s the of course towards the in change to began only which sciousness attitude indifferent rather a had populace the of portion good prima whose inhabitants urban those by demanded rather was ability this although life, everyday in role important an played bilingualism that mind in keep to important is it Additionally, context. urban the in proceeded po mo 19 the of ci respective the in life everyday and culture commerce, of language mary language. by importantly, most and, status social education, by fined liable stati lines

Kosáry, Kosáry, Ibidem,105. 101 Ibidem,17, Nemes, pularising the Hungarian language and customs. We customs. and language Hungarian the pularising vement was gaining ground through fostering a Magyar nationhood by emphasising and emphasising by nationhood Magyar a fostering through ground gaining was vement - . Many other reservations concerning this issue can be made, for example the lack of re of lack the example for made, be can issue this concerning reservations other Many . revolution census of 1851 i 1851 of census revolution Thus, with all due reservations, we act under the assumption that the majority of in of majority the that assumption the under act we reservations, due all with Thus, Pest of cities the in ‗German‘being it, put has Nemes Robert As - Budapest speakers whose primary language was German. This also includes the vast majority vast the includes also This German. was language primary whose speakers Budapest története Budapest th stics. century. Against this background, only slowly but steadily, the Hungarian national national Hungarian the steadily, but slowly only background, this Against century. the public discourse. public the olution.

- 102. 102.

, 15 , -

71 16.

In short, when speaking of ‗Germans‘ in the present context, we mean we context, present the in ‗Germans‘ of speaking when short, In

- ua a b cniee German considered be can Buda , 399. ,

ry language was Hungarian. was language ry 72 n which the nationality was surveyed, the Germans in Pest in Germans the surveyed, was nationality the which n

In the newspapers of the years before 1848 we find many find we 1848 before years the of newspapers the In

will see later how this development this how later see will - paes Ee o te ai o the of basis the on Even speakers. 70

Finally, it can be assumed that a that assumed be can it Finally, 69 -

Buda was chiefly de chiefly was Buda German was the pri the was German ties in the first half first the in ties - Buda as as Buda ------CEU eTD Collection 77 Review Lászl 76 75 74 73 hand in hand went often latter the Especially activities. cultural in as well as economic and Haber articula people which in sphere public semi a constituted gatherings social intimate more these media, print the of censorship strict associations.‖ for ―mania a as development this characterized even Nemes decad two the in mushroomed which clubs and sociations Pest in and influenced politic the discourse public the entered appear, might they as individual and negligible examples, these circles. Magyar incited nationally among unrest caused therefore sign shop and street of issue the about was names Hungarian non the for the difficult of pronunciation the because especially places, renamed the editor the of side the On administration. German the of decrees new the to according magyarized, be the in andlocationshills of names the that learnt readership the later, obey. not would he otherwise Hungarian, in addressed be to wanted he that structor German apparently his at yelled had burgher notable a of son a that the example, for 1846 In ments. com minor very of form the in sometimes process, subtle this exemplify which instances

Nemes, its and intelle of Magyar nationalism topic the on overview concise a For Nemes, 4 July1847. 470, Zeitung,No. Pester 3 July1846. 264, Zeitung,No. Pester ó

Deme, „Writers and Essayists and the Rise of Magyar Nationalism in the 1820s and 1830s and the 1820s in Nationalism RiseofMagyar the and Essayists and „Writers Deme, a hs ugse i hs hoy Te wr eggd n hlnhoi, infrastructural philanthropic, in engaged were They theory. his in suggested has mas 43 in - In the 1840s, the Hungarian national awakening had already made substantial progress substantial made already had awakening national Hungarian the 1840s, the In - Buda. -

Budapest Budapest speaking inhabitants this very measure obviously caused some irritations, so that the that so irritations, some caused obviously measure very this inhabitants speaking ( chief of the of chief 1984), 624 1984), 76

, 61. , 123 , uges rm aiu sca bcgons omd r on vlnay as voluntary joint or formed backgrounds social various from Burghers - 640.

- -

Hungarian 128 Pester Zeitung Pester

al ofthe opinion inhabitants.

- speakers.

Pester Zeitung Pester , Eduard Glatz, s Glatz, Eduard , ted and exchanged opinions and standpoints, just like just standpoints, and opinions exchanged and ted i Pest in s 74

A bit earlier, a very similar debate had occurred had debate similar very a earlier, bit A 29

reported on an occurrence in the local bath local the in occurrence an on reported - Buda which usually were in German and and German in were usually which Buda uggested an upkeep of German labels for labels German of upkeep anuggested

s eoe h rvlto. Robert revolution. the before es ctual underpinnings before 1848 see 1848 before underpinnings ctual 75

- Buda Mountains wereto BudaMountains speaking swimming in swimming speaking i te esaes all newspapers the Via 77

Considering the Considering , ― Slavic Slavic 73

A year A s - - - - CEU eTD Collection 79 Refor Societyin 78 by ted werewidespread Other papers issues. linguistic cameto agendait when com nationalism. German of Hun the Pest in published were newspapers German of number considerable a sis, three periodicalsand branchesbecame it lerate had events more a with and topics of culturally spectrum feuilletonistic, broad a with newspapers of number creasing a monarchy the of cities) also (mostly parts other in and environment immediate their in both developments of note take pro city. pre the of sphere public the in ‗players‘ fluential in as appeared and cohesion cultural and linguistic political, and social of forces tied they urbanoverestima ofsociety behardlycan mobilization and politicization the forrole inhabitants. of hundreds upon hundreds attracted quickly associations and clubs these progressin a with

Nemes, Ibidem,142 liferation of local newspapers through which the inhabitants of the respective city could could city respective the of inhabitants the which through newspapers local of liferation P mented critically on the tendencies of Magyarization by affirming a rather conservative conservative rather a affirming by Magyarization of tendencies the on critically mented idea the with acquainted therefore was and Leipzig of University the at studied had gary, a more noticeable political reporting and opinion and reporting political noticeable more a ester Zeitung ester Lázár Petrichevich Horváth Petrichevich Lázár Apart from many Hungarian periodicals, which are not taken into account in this the this in account into taken not are which periodicals, Hungarian many from Apart cityw a of setup the of part essential An . At the latest during the months after the revolution, most publications merged t merged publications most revolution, the after months the during latest the At .

Budapest

- 143. An overview is presente An is overview 143. m - Era Hungary, Era , 74 , g creation of a national awareness. During the first weeks of the revolution revolution the of weeks first the During awareness. national a of creation g . Its editor Its . - - 75. oriented coverage of incidents happening in the city the in happening incidents of coverage oriented

79 -

oriented

As the main contributor of the of contributor main the As ‖

Austrian History Yearbook History Austrian -

in nd beyond. In the course of the 1840s, we can observe an in an observe can we 1840s, the of course the In beyond. nd - chief, Eduard Glatz, came from a German family in Upper in family German a from came Glatz, Eduard chief, ones ,

Der Ungar Der d ina covering the entirearray covering the topical with an emphasis on book and stage reviews, stage and book on emphasis an with 2001 article by Roby article 2001 30

by the Jewish jo Jewish the by ide public discourse was the emergence and and emergence the was discourse public ide

- 32 (2001), 3 (2001), 32 eouinr ad ae te revolutionary the later and revolutionary , at least as far as censorship would to would censorship as far as least at , bert Nemes, bert Pester Zeitung Pester - 28 .

urnalist Herrmann Klein and Klein Herrmann urnalist ―Associations and Civil and ―Associations .

Die Morgenröthe Die , -

Buda, among them them among Buda, he, as he, and some of them of some and

attitudes seen above, seen ted, since since ted, rather : 78

others others Their

hese hese edi - - - - - CEU eTD Collection to existJ to in 80 year the change quote. introductory the in see can we as coffee, for increasingprices the about news latest the larised about readership their Pest in scene‘ ‗coffeehouse the of developments the on eye close a had press local The interest. public of issues about debates in engage and monarchy, the of parts in ones, local the mainlynewspapers, vided pro the read could One company. in or individually either time, spending for spots preciated aphighly were they meetingsthere; their regularly have associations and clubsformed newly social all for areas access open completely not were these like places that mind in keep to has one course, restau pers downright dailies. pa respective the made which events unfolding the with up catch to order in published were when revolution the the of in course only changed fundamentally practise This week. a times four to three issued were example, even which competitive and diversified was Belváros. of district Rosenthal‘s Samuel

The newspaper The rants where on where rants

, there were countless urban places of socialisation of places urban countless were there , Additional to the to Additional a coffeehouses as such places, public in or home at either read were Newspapers .

une 1847. une1847. Usually, Der Ungar Der strata; yet there were major places of socialisation of places major were there yet strata; entitled

t he first months first he 80 Der Spiegel Der

could discuss and argue with other people being present at the spot. Of Of spot. the at present being people other with argue and discuss could

und Der Spiegel für Kunst, Eleganz und Mode und Eleganz Kunst, für Spiegel Der new

Unlike in earlier decades, the German press market in the mid 1840s mid the in market press German the decades, earlier in Unlike

coffeehouses coffeehouses Pester Zeitung Pester - established or renovated places, gave recommendations and popu and recommendations gave places, renovated or established

onls seil editions, special countless

whose editorial office was situated, just like Glatz‘s, in the in Glatz‘s, like just situated, was office editorial whose

of the year the of with their relevance for public public for relevance their with

were constantly were

some hotels even a selection of papers from other from papers of selection a even hotels some led to arguments b arguments to led 31

were

under the impression of glamorous car glamorous of impression the under

had been published since 1827 and ceased and 1827 since published been had

bickering and Extra etween the the etween get . Not only did many of the of many did only Not . - - Nummern togethers . Most of the newspapers the of Most debate and critical critical and debate - Buda and informed and Buda editorial staffs editorial

in all seasons of seasons all in seil issues], [special . For . ex n d ------CEU eTD Collection 85 84 38 1848 in Hungary, Crowd Liberal the and Nationalism 83 Review Slavic 82 81 impressively an and life association urban flourishing a theatres, the the theatre the had local for had German the in reports a after down burned completely it when tastrophe 1 the from night to according chiefly theatres, were were byalways accompanied ass also Szolnok) to and Vác (to lines railway new for ac people, 22,000 around attracted impressively which 1846 August in fair industry Pest large ob (semi thes songs, and celebrating by and language Hungarian the cul dance reform Hungary‘s ring guilds and circles balls nival

Pester Zeitung, No. 386, 4 February 1848; Pester February 4 1848; 386, Zeitung,No. Pester Freifeld, the indust For September 1846. 10 303, Zeitung,No. Pester Nineteenth in Civil Society and Culture Floor: ofthe Dance Politics ―The Nemes, Robert January1846. 20 170, Zeitung,No. Pester - cording to a report of the ofreport a cordingto served at other events, the annual horse race in spring, concerts spring, in race horse annual the events, other at served 43. tivating

- a German a

)public floor‖ argues that venues like ba like venues that argues floor‖ Aside from these structural prerequisites, such as the great the as such prerequisites, structural these from Aside theatre.the wasdiscourse public urbanthe nourishing placeforAnother Nationalism and the the Crowd and Nationalism — the national consciousness particularly on the Hungarian side. Hungarian the on particularly consciousness national the

60 not less than 84 balls were held in 1846. in held were balls 84 than less not German press German s

( phere 2001), 802 2001), bls a a ecuiit hrce. n hs es, hs culy pre actually this sense, this In character. exclusivist an had balls e and st

invited to these kinds of activities of kinds these to invited to 2 to

a Hungarian stage Hungarian a of festivities became increasingly politicised increasingly became festivities of nd

s f mnn interest eminent of is -

823. February 1847, the German theatre in Pest experienced a experienced Pest in theatre German the 1847, February Pester Zeitung Pester

of the following days (even weeks) make clear what importance what clear make weeks) (even days following the of aesthetic and aesthetic glamorous

, 29 , - 34.

- lls lls coexisting speaking community. speaking fe .

a 83 Zeitung, No. 394, 18 Feburary 1848. Feburary18 394, 1848. Zeitung,No. artistic principles not to national prejudices. In the the In prejudices. national to not principles artistic and feasts and ‗ sts and fairs. and sts Hungarian style Hungarian

- Other occasions, such as the openingceremoniesthe as occasions,such Other 1914 32 Rbr Nms n i atce Pltc o the on ―Politics article his in Nemes Robert .

( . German newspapers ofte newspapers German . Baltimore ry fair and other gatherings see see gatherings ryother fair and stroke of lightening of stroke 81 .

umed a virtually patriotic character and character patriotic virtually a umed were highly important for shaping for important highly were T

A great arra great A heir decidedly political character du character political decidedly heir

: Woodrow Wilson CenterPress, : WoodrowWilson ‘

with its its with 85

, a , in y of associations, patriotic associations, of y quantity of coffeehouses, of quantity

the summ the trend trend special special multifaceted multifaceted . The .

82 which - Century Hungary‖ Hungary‖ Century

n reviewed both reviewed n Alice Freifeld, AliceFreifeld, folklore, dresses dresses folklore, By using solely using By very er 84

time, In

can

press mar press

emotional Pest - fatal political

and also be be also 2000 there

and and the the ca ),

- - - CEU eTD Collection 87 86 ancient the with Strana/Kleinseite) Bohemian the (Vltava/Moldau), stream broad a on lay metro Prague cludedstrata. more from allsocial andinhabitants more d a shaped and interests manifold had active, well were people engaged innumerable the years: past the over emerging been had rumours and information with nourished public urban complex A 1848. March before con political increasing gradually a with gatherings mass that shows overview short this people, of thousands allured Kossuth Lajos of popularity the to due which fairs industry the and diet Buda sofar. and Pest in unseen feast outdoor an celebrating quayside the at and streets the in gathered fire 31 August on city residence his at Stephan him. to th and Joseph for preciation ap their express to order in January!) (in days following the in Danube the crossed Pest from the of report a to According Buda. in played urban 13 Januaryon died Joseph Palatine When the space. in crowds huge attracted which ‗1848‘ before events mass also were there ket,

Pester Zeitung, No. 503, 5 September 1847. September 1847. 5 503, Zeitung,No. Pester January1847. 19 377, Zeitung,No. Pester out of Prague featured structural characteristics similar to those of Pest of those to similar characteristics structural featured Prague of out wo et n h pbi sae f h ct wr nt u not were city the of space public the in tent polis on the Danube, at least to a certain a to least at Danube, the on polis k ad n luiain f h cte: eot sy ht oe hn 0,0 onlookers 100,000 than more that say reports cities: the of illumination an and rks ocrig h eouin f h pbi shr i te ra cnet t context, urban the in sphere public the of evolution the Concerning campaign election the as such instances, other many with Together 86 in the years before the revolution revolution the before years the in

An even larger crowd gathered on the occasion of the arrival of the new Palatine new the of arrival the of occasion the on gathered crowd larger even An 87

e achievements during his long reign by paying their last respects last their paying by reign long his during achievements e

royal

1847, a festive event which was accompanied by accompanied was which event festive a 1847, ate Hačn/rdci) n a agr and larger a and (Hradčany/Hradschin) castle oe eebac t te flour the to resemblance bore 33 Pester Zeitung Pester nmc ra dsore hc peeel in piecemeal which discourse urban ynamic degree

1847, his mortal remains were publicly dis publiclywereremains mortal his 1847,

capital Pest of inhabitants the to nknown . Very schematically speaking, the city city the speaking, schematically Very .

had , more than 50,000 inhabitants 50,000 than more ,

a smaller western part (Malá (Malá part western smaller a - Buda s for the 1847/48 the for s sig Hungarian ishing e iuto in situation he . Located too Located . - organised, organised, - Buda - - - CEU eTD Collection 91 Press University 90 Europ 89 1996) Promedia, (1867 Konflikte gesellschaftliche Kommunalpolitik, Urbanisierung, Habsburgermetropolen. der Agglom Prager der 88 ―social was it suggested, Cohen Gary As account. into taken be to are indifference national Landes of tradition the as such peculiarities Bohemian specific above stated vations con mono movement. national Czech prominent the to regard with especially discourse, public the for issue this of significance delicate the plays other several by challenged fiercely were figures these months, following the of course the In Czechs. 36,600 ca. German, were Prague of inhabitants 66,000 about that giste re parish of investigation an of basis the on issue this researched had who University, Prague at law of professor Schnabel, Georg ‗nationality‘. their to regard with population urban the wasit by the agglomeration far inthe Bohemian largest urban Kingdom. Pest as smaller was thus and inhabitants 118,405 had districts five its with Prague signi 19 Schützen and Ages Middle the from Bridge) whose city, The Město/Neustadt). continuousl

Ostund Cohen, Gary B. ―Society Cohen, Gary B. Láník, Jaroslav see Prague in process urbanisation theAsfor th sciousness among the urban populace is not easy to deal with, since apart from the reser the from apart since with, deal to easy not is populace urban the among sciousness

rs, published his calculations in the in calculations his published rs, century, fi ean Quarterly ean lithic or carved in stone. Just like in Pest in like Just stone. in carved or lithic aty es n h f the in less cantly patriotismus An important point of p of point important An

West, No. 17, February 8 1848. 17, No. West, insel (Střelecký Ostrov), underwent a underwent Ostrov), (Střeleckýinsel y expanding part on the opposite bank (Staré Město/Altstadt and Nové Nové and Město/Altstadt (Staré bank opposite the on part expanding y

, lhuh o wt te ae ae f nrae s et te iy ouain grew population city the Pest: as increase of rate same the with not although , 46 ,

1981 The Politics of Ethnic Survival: Germans in Prague, 1861 Prague, in Germans Survival: Ethnic of Politics The eration,‖ eration,‖

- 20 (1986), 468. (1986), 20 57, esp. esp. 57, 47 ),20.

Bhma (re [Bohemian and Culture in Prague, Vienna, and Budapest in the late Nineteenth Century,‖ Century,‖ inNineteenth the late Budapest and Vienna, Prague, Culturein and

in in

Gerhard Melinz & Susan Zimmer Susan Melinz& Gerhard rt af f h 19 the of half irst - 48.

ublic dispute was the statistics concerning the composition of composition the concerning statistics the was dispute ublic

gional) patriotism] and the issues of bilingualism and and bilingualism of issues the and patriotism] gional) shores by Prager Zeitung Prager h younge the 91

were linked by the stony Old Old stony the by linked were gi, e hud o tk tee iue a too as figures these take not should we Again, th 34 n

century.

expansion the in course of the first half of the of half first the of course in the expansion - Bu da, the question of an emerging national emerging an of question the da, „ mann, eds., mann,eds., r Urbanisierung in Böhmen und die Entwicklung Entwicklung und die Böhmen in Urbanisierung hi bridge Chain 88

on January 16 January on

codn t te ess f 1850, of census the to According - Wien Wien 1914

– (

P Prag Prag (Ketten th r inceton: Princeton inceton: Princeton

89 1848.

– scholars. This dis This scholars.

Budapest. Blütezeit Blütezeit Budapest. b brücke 90 ridge (Charles (Charles ridge -

1918) He suggested suggested He böhmischer - Buda; yet, Buda; )

(Wien: (Wien: i the via East East - - -

CEU eTD Collection 96 95 2002), Siedler, ed., Prinz, Friedrich in Konfrontation,― 94 93 92 lit Club‘, ‗Repeal the notably most associations, and by theirclubsdents, like Hungarian fostered thenational founding just equivalents, movement stu and intellectuals Czech the culture, and language German of predominance this Against com cen stra lation. nume of district whel industrials. and merchants clergy, higher military, the in officers administration, local the in officials state as positions influential most te cultural and guistic for themonarchy identification remained territory. and the con Czech the German of majoritygreat the means, and status has one whereby Prague‖, German separated which occupation and status

Ibidem Cohen, Gary B. Prinz, Friedrich Ibidem,26. Cohen, rly oae te oein ai, htpt f textile of hotspot a basin, Bohemian the located trally sci tion and economy in the kingdom. The early industrial development made Prague, very very Prague, made development industrial early The kingdom. the in economy and tion ais wih ee lot xlsvl i te ad f h German the of hand the in exclusively almost were which panies, igy sd agae a Gra. h Jw i Pau mil cnetae i the in concentrated mainly Prague in Jews The German. was language used mingly rically amounted to 6,400 in 1848, which meant a share of about 5 % of the total popu total the of % 5 about of share a meant which 1848, in 6,400 to amounted rically 95 ous ethnic identity of the ‗Germans‘ in ‗Germans‘ the of identity ethnic ous Prague as the ancient capital of Bohemia had an eminent position concerning position eminent an had Bohemia of capital ancient the as Prague Pest like Just , 23 ,

Politics of Ethnic Survival Ethnic of Politics -

Židovské Město Židovské . paig population.‖ speaking

311 The Politics of Ethnic Survival Ethnic of Politics The „Von der Revolution bis zum Neoabsolutismus: Sozialer Aufbruch und wachsende nationale nationale wachsende und Aufbruch Sozialer Neoabsolutismus: zum bis Revolution „Vonder - 312.

- Buda, Prague featured a numerous Jewish population which was, in lin in was, which population Jewish numerous a featured Prague Buda, m, lsl cnetd o h Gra ihbtns h ocpe the occupied who inhabitants German the to connected closely rms,

to keep in mind that ―[b]eyond the sometimes great differences in in differences great sometimes the ―[b]eyond that mind in keep to (today Josefov) and the neighbouring part of the Old Town and Town Old the of part neighbouring the and Josefov) (today

, 24. , Deutsche Geschichte i Geschichte Deutsche 92

oe cnldd ht l tee set d nt ugs a suggest not do aspects these all that concluded Cohen ,

20. 94

n hs bace o ubn ie te over the life, urban of branches these In - Vormärz speakers had frequent and close contacts with with contacts close and frequent had speakers

- speakers from their Czech neighbours in in neighbours Czech their from speakers m Osten Europas. Böhmen und Mähren Mähren und Böhmen Europas. Osten m erary salons and patriotic circles and thus and circles patriotic and salons erary

Prague. Instead, the decisive factors decisive the Instead, Prague. 93

- rdcn ad machine and producing

- paig elite. speaking (Berlin: -

building ad mini 96 - - - - -

CEU eTD Collection 97 themes inthemostly a typica were plays an theatre and the literature of moreover review the lighting, balls, and street festivities of or nouncement revolution) the for important become later would the as such the evaluation. achievements, withajournalistic Technological urbancombined oftentimes realm, in events and developments latest the about readership the informing at aimed topics ful poli as Zeitung althoughthe Pest, in journals the of ahead step conceptuallyone Praguewas in riodical the sum, In reports. cultural and life social science, Asia and Americas the tries, array. topical broader Pest their West the were German in periodical major three the notable most papers, Czech several from Apart Prague. in existed processthis was the within factor important An debate. critical of area an and politicised increasingly became city realm. urban the in life social diversifying a to contributed

Ibidem,29. filled the same key task task key same the filled Bohemia ticization of theirticization reporting afterthe only stirring days 1848. inMarch

by When it comes to the documenting of local circumstances in the city, the newspapers newspapers the city, the in circumstances local of documenting the to comes it When culture press diverse very a 1848 year revolutionary the of dawn immediate the In

gradually caught up, particularly in the course of the revolution. the of course the particularlyin up, graduallycaught uof Glaser Rudolf - ua qiaet te rge aes perd oe mo more appeared papers Prague the equivalents Buda

installation of the electro the of installation any engaged mainly press. press. The news reporting of the of reporting news The - political papers ofpolitical the

and

Bohemia

s hi cutrat i Pest in counterparts their as

in covering cultural events in Prague and underwent a strong strong a underwent and Prague in events cultural covering in .

O ther ther -

magnetic telegraph between Vienna and Prague (which (which Prague and Vienna between telegraph magnetic by prominent prominent rn Klutschak Franz Prager Zeitung Prager Vormärz 36

Prager Zeitung Prager ois were topics P rager Zeitung rager .

- Buda. The selection of news and and news of selection The Buda. 97 a edited by edited nd Bernhard Gutt Bernhard nd

The (semi The cnm ad rd, r and art trade, and economy

covered the European coun European the covered

as the leading German pe German leading the as en n aot n hd a had and layout in dern Eduard Breier Eduard - Ost und West und Ost Pražské Nowiny Pražské )public sphere of the of sphere )public

. Compared to Compared . , Ost und Ost

as well well as Pester Pester , the , - - - l CEU eTD Collection 98 dage ofcensorship hadbeen torn. bon the after public urban the in discourse political engaged more even an for way gave turn in which and 1848 March of days the in erupted revolution the which in context specific the is This inhabitants. the of interaction the by refined constantly was space urban the nerated; organism. social multifaceted and ‗polyphone‘ a city the made and cosmos urban the from people more and (semi and quan great a causes, political and particularcultural to anddevoted associations,clubs as such socialisation, of formsOrganized 1848. yearsbefore the in emerged had life public dynamic and active very a Prague and Buda in theatre Czech the in success Premyslid the of end on commentaries sitive theatre premieres Jungmann, Josef of o reports Exhaustive sympathy. certain with but way, prejudiced or pejorative a in

Bohemia clination. On the basis of what is outlined above, we can assume assume can we above, outlined is what of basis the On not movement, national Czech the of importance the on put was emphasis particular A , No. 7/8, 13/14 January 1848. 13/14 January 1848. 7/8, No. , - )public 98

An urban sphere of communication, exchange and discourse was being ge being was discourse and exchange communication, of sphere urban An

displayed a sincere interest of the German press in this regard. The very po very The regard. this Germanin press ofthe interest a sincere displayed fora a leading figure leading a

dynasty

of consumption and debate, continuously attracted and involved more involved and attracted continuously debate, and consumption of Ferdinand Břetislav Mikovec‘s play ‗Das Ende der Přemysliden‘ [The Přemysliden‘ der Ende ‗Das play Mikovec‘s Břetislav Ferdinand

in January in ]

, a very patriotic and solemn work of art, which had grandiose had which art, of work solemn and patriotic very a ,

tity of newspapers as catalysers of information and opinion, opinion, and information of catalysers as newspapers of tity

the movement, movement, the and February and 37

1848 Palacký‘s , can serve as an example for this for example an as serve can , that in the cities areas of Pest of areas cities the in that Matice česká Matice

or n the death death the n successful successful - - - -

CEU eTD Collection Geburtswehen seyn werden!]. werden!]. seyn Geburtswehen welche Zeit bringt, neue wissen,wasdie noch wer kann Aera, neue eine tritt in Land Unser Ende…. ein zurückgegeben Schriftsteller dem Schmachten hoffnungslosem langem, nach 102 entscheide ein ist, berechtigt Eingeburt und Zahl seine durch schon sondern Intelligenz, seine durch blos nicht welches (…) U 101 Brüderlichkeit]. die es lebe Freiheit, die es lebe König, der lebe (…)Es Weltbürg 100 Geheimnißkrämerei!]. jeder Pereat gehaltenes treu und aufrichtiges Ein Oeffentlichkeit! die lebe Es 99 al editor Klutschak, Franz that standable Habs announced censor which Vienna in court imperial the from sent telegram the When

eberzeugung aufgedrungen, dass das deutsche Element wirklich hintangesetzt erscheint, das deutsche Element, deutsche das erscheint, hintangesetzt wirklich Element deutsche das dass aufgedrungen, eberzeugung most poeticmost way: Stadthauptmann Moritz Graf Deym Graf Moritz Stadthauptmann

Franz Klutschak, Bohemia, No. 43, 16 March 1848 March 1848 16 43, No. Bohemia, Klutschak, Franz April 1848 6 636, Zeitung,No. Pester Kendelenyi, Karl Constitutioneller Verein, Prager Zeitung, No. 66, 27 April 1848 1848 April 27 66, No. Zeitung, Prager Verein, Constitutioneller burg monarchy in a foreseeable period of time was made public in Prague, it was under was it Prague, in public made was time of period foreseeable a in monarchy burg hp te sun o a rs lw n te umnn o te sae i al at o the of parts all in estates the of summoning the and law press a of issuing the ship, speech. The killing of thoughts has an end (…). Our country enters a new era. Who knows knows what future will bri Who era. new a enters country Our (…). end an has thoughts of killing The free speech. of right innate the back given is writer the languor, hopeless and long a after Finally, – a decisivehave say all mattersin concerning the common fatherland. intellige its by only not which, aside, pushed be to appears element German the that us on conviction mournful the forced also they (…) liberty, cheers to fraternity. other each take families as just nations that time is It (…). other each to speak we world, the of citizens as state, common a of citizens As Brothers! secretiveness! public to Cheers press! the of freedom the to Cheers er, sprechen wir zueinander. (…) Die Zeit ist da daß sich die Nationen wie Familien die Hände reichen. reichen. Hände die wieFamilien Nationen die sich daß da (…) Zeit ist Die wir zueinander. sprechen er,

ndes Wort in den Angelegenheiten des gemeinsamen Vaterlandes mitzusprechen Vaterlandes gemeinsamen des Angelegenheiten Wortden ndes in German Constitutional Club, Prager Zeitung, 27 April 1848

–

Count Deym,Moritz Bohemia, 25 March 1848

ng, what throes there will be!

Revolutionary (dis)enchantment: F

rom fraternization to conflict , Bohemia, Extra Bohemia, , 100

–

Karl Kendelenyi,Karl Pester Zeitung, 6April 1848 - in - Chapter 3 chief of the of chief - [Das angeborne Recht des freien Wortes wird endlich Wortes wirdendlich freien Recht des angeborne [Das 38 Nummer, 25 Mar 25 Nummer,

nce but by quantity and indigeneity, is entitled to entitled is indigeneity, and quantity by but nce [Brüder, als Bürger eines gemeinsamen Staates, als als Staates, gemeinsamen eines Bürger als [Brüder,

102

Bohem

ity! A sincere and persistent and sincere A ity! ‟s hands. Cheers to the king, cheers to cheers king, the to Cheers hands. ‟s

() i habe sie [(…) ch1848 ia . Die Tödtung des Gedankens hat Gedankens .des Tödtung Die , expressed his thoughts in an in thoughts his expressed ,

[(…), es lebe die Preßfreiheit! Preßfreiheit! die [(…),es lebe 101 n uns auch die traurige traurige die auch uns n

]. ].

pereat the end of of end the

to all to - CEU eTD Collection 103 fol the Baths Václav the in assembly public a announcing streets the in appeared leaflet lingual 8 March on when begun had Prague in play‘ ‗revolutionary The luation oftheand similarities differences ofbothcases inquestion. eva an to shifts focus the Finally, event. urban this to reactions and of perception the about German of involvement the of idea an get to possible also is it media, key local the in alteration fundamental this of representations the tracing the in courses dis publicchanging ‗conflict‘the then and‗fraternization‘ first of headlines the underdresses ad chapter This ground. gained mistrust of spirit murky a eventually violence, of eruptions langua respective the of status legal the how Pest Pragueand in politicaldevelopmentweeksof next the fratern romantic of atmosphere An happiness. of outburst an to bewithin reach firstfor time. the few a only ginable unima been had which achievement tremendous a meant press the of freedom the of granting the course, Of lead. eventually would events of tide the where foresee not certainly could di who colleagues his of many than farsighted more be to proved he later, out turn would it As come. to days the in difficulties the for sensorium fine a displayed Klutschak future, the of challenges possible to pointing By

Otto Urban, Urban, Otto lowing Saturday evening. Saturday lowing ever, this enchanted temper underwent a slow but advancing metamorphosis. Conflicts on Conflicts advancingmetamorphosis. but slow a underwenttemper enchanted ever,this 3.1 Fraternization3.1 and relief common experienced public urban the Vienna, from news the by Impacted Die tschechische Gesellschaft, 1848 Gesellschaft, tschechische Die urban realms of Prague and Pest and Prague of realms urban

days earlier. Without censorship, an unrestricted public discourse seemed seemed discourse public unrestricted an censorship, Without earlier. days

103

The invoking came from the radical ‗Repeal Club‘ which had which Club‘ ‗Repeal radical the from came invoking The ved into the sheer endless joy of the moment, although he although moment, the of joy endless sheer the into ved

ges, assaults on the Jewish population and further further and population Jewish the on assaults ges, - 1918 39

(Vienna: Böhlau, 1994), 44. 1994), (Vienna:Böhlau, - Buda reflected in the German press. By re By press. German the in reflected Buda - paig uges n h revolution the in burghers speaking - Buda. In the course of April 1848, April of course Inthe Buda. ization emerged and dominated dominated and emerged ization

(Ash

ensa) bi a Wednesday) ------, CEU eTD Collection nach dem Ziele höherer Kultur wird kräftigend, versöhnend, verbrüdernd Beider Wohl beg Beider verbrüdernd versöhnend, wirdkräftigend, Kultur höherer demZiele nach Streben gleiches bewohnen, Böhmen verschlungen und vereint Schluß Schicksals durch die deutschen, wieder geh Institutionen durch Gleichberechtigung und Kultur zur Entwicklung seiner in warbisher König, seinen und das Land an hat Anrecht nächste das welche b 107 106 105 47. 104 instituti public all in language German the and Czech the of equalization the meant mainly which nationalities, both of equality the importantly, most and, press the of freedom faith, of freedom system, manorial the of resolution the nistration, muni the of reform the Prague, in installed be to Kingdom entire the for rities autho central of establishment the system, estate the of reform the concerned demands The language in German the and Czech the of equality the was point central The demands. political of points twelve comprised which introduced was Brauner, František lawyer the by edited emperor, num lowly a also although Czech, mostly was and officials, and burghers students, mainly people, planned. as place took people thousand few a gatheringof Müller, burgo Josef and director, police Heyde, Josef Bohemia, of governor Stadion, Count by represented authorities, urban the of side the from measures security comprehensive the and city. the over all invitations the scattered clandestinely ewohnen das gesegnete Königreich, die Perle Majestät erhabener Kaiserkrone; das eine, das ursprüngliche, ursprüngliche, das eine, das Kaiserkrone; erhabener Majestät Perle die Königreich, gesegnete das ewohnen

Publication of the petition, Bohemia, No. 43, 16 March 1848 March 16 43, No. Bohemia, ofthe petition, Publication Ibidem,57. Pech, Stanley

ber of Germans was was Germans of ber atr f rge wo a wre a warned had who Prague, of master fraternizing manner. wi culture higher for striving equal and Bohemia, in proximity closest in together living are which and destiny by united Bohemian the nationalities, both of development Free de cultural its in hindered been hitherto has king, Majesty‟s His of and pearl country for claim nearest the had the which one, primal the is which one, Kingdom, the crown; exalted blessed the in live elements national different Two The Czech Revolution, Czech The

Z. Pech, Z.Pech,

the Bohemian Kingdom.the The Czech Revolution of of 1848 Revolution Czech The

107

present. 56

- 57.

106 ll cause the welfare of both in a invigorating, reconciling and reconciling invigorating, a in both of welfare the cause ll indert… Freie Entwicklung beider Nationalitäten, der böhmischen böhmischen der Nationalitäten, beider Entwicklung Freie indert…

n h cus o te eee meig a eiin o the to petition a meeting, fevered the of course the In

(Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1969), 1969), Press, Carolina North University of Hill: The (Chapel gainst any disturbances of the public peace, the the peace, public the of disturbances any gainst 40

[Zwei verschiedene nationale Elemente Elemente nationale verschiedene [Zwei eomn by velopment 104 [i.e. Czech] [i.e.

105 Despite the cold and rainy weather rainy and cold the Despite

n, uh s col ad admi and schools as such ons, The audience consisted of youngof consisted audienceThe

[different] and the German, which arewhich German, the and ründen]. ründen]. ntttos (…). institutions ia admi cipal

- - - CEU eTD Collection 111 themeaning information. of ‗revolutionary‘ the literal readership the signalled size type enlarged headlines and bold using by patent the of the announcement Insofar, specifics. ofthe Hu the death suchas news highlyimportant Even 110 109 108 ‗Sláva‘crieswere and in the‗Vivat‘ streets, pastry.celebrated and ‗constitutional‘ Crowds ate be everything Virtually days. following the in tongue everyone's of tip the on was ‗constitution‘ patent. the of content the explicated he which in theatre the in speech his nished The inhabitants. the among exuberance and joy incredible excited German, in as well as Czech in papers local all in headlines bold through Stadion, Rudolf Count Bohemia, of governor press,national of theaguard formation and summoning possible thequickest estates. ofthe the of freedom the granting published been had patent imperial an Subsequently, Metternich. 14 March By narchy. mo Habsburg the in elsewhere and Prague in events the to turned eventually it before ment govern French new the of discussion thorough a including Paris in developments volutionary the whereas constitution, the of pa asse hall, onMarch 14 town the and bookshops coffeehouses, in as such Prague, in places several at subscription for eventual The days. next the in tition pe the of version final a formulate to authorised was Committee, Václav the called simply committee,a later verysmaller this evening, on debates passionate nistrative authorities. After

cam pers Bohemia, No. 44, 44, No. Bohemia, b today, Unlike Urban, Pech, m Bohemia bly at St Václav Baths, since censorship was still intact. The rather culturally rather The intact. still was censorship since Baths, Václav St at bly e ‗constitutional‘: people wore ‗constitutional‘ hats, bought ‗constitutional‘ umbrellas ‗constitutional‘ bought hats, ‗constitutional‘ wore people ‗constitutional‘: e Ost und West und Ost The news about this imperial patent imperial this aboutnews The memorable the about silence kept Prague in newspapers German the day this to Up The Czech Revolution Czech The Die tschechische Gesellschaft tschechische Die reported on the on reported old headlines wereheadlines old th 17 March 1848. March 17 . 108

th and and

, the revolution in Vienna had led to led had Vienna in revolution the ,

, Bohemia

65.

thrilled reactions of the audience after Count Stadion had fi had Stadion Count after audience the of reactions thrilled rather , rgr Zeitung Prager

engaged in political reporting only after the proclamation proclamation the after only reporting political in engaged

- model was copied several thousand times and laid public laid and times thousand several copied was model un 49. usual

which was cabled to Prague and announced by the the by announced Pragueand to cabled was which in the in 41 ngarian Palatine in 1847 was presented without graphical without graphical was presented 1847 in Palatine ngarian

contemporary newspapers in Prague and Pest and Prague in newspapers contemporary

a aray lsl comm closely already had

the demission of state chancellor state of demission the ne o te re the on ented 111

The term The - oriented oriented - Buda. 109 110

- - - - -

CEU eTD Collection 114 Morgenröthe]. die neue drang (…) näher immer tagen, zuerst zu begann‟s Westen (…) auf: Osten im im nicht Sonne unsere brach zuwider, Astronomen der Lehren (…)Allen 113 112 Eber Egon Karl thus assumed athe city. thepublicdiscourse key role in function later would city the in everywhere mushrooming corps and clubs The over. times many one pre the exceeded and immense was associating for demand public The plan‘. in circumstances new the to adjust to needed city the of organism social complex the since organisation, of degree backgrounds tothose siteswhere surged th and strata social all from people up, set writers and students artisans, professionals, of corps academia. in also reforms demanding emperor the to tition speec eloquent gave Dresden, from arrived just had who Horn, well the eventually and burgomaster the professors, where versity, time the in assembled students The bustle. citywide a saw days following The Klu Boh the in ribbons and cockades wore polka), tutional‘ (‗con dancing and singing were people places, public in given were German and Czech in speeches lights, solemn in shone city the organised, were processions Torchlight on. went torrents. in flowed champagne everywhere, heard

Bohemia, Extra Bohemia, March 1848 17 44, No. Bohemia, Klutschak, Franz Pech, tschak hispoetic style: commented in A widely perceived foundation of a new association concerned the local intelligentsia. local the concerned association new a of foundation perceived widely A lesser a with probably beehive, a resembled days those of city the that assume can We clos coming been has aurora and closer. west the in begun had day the east: the in arise not astronomers,did sun our the Austria‟sarisenof overteachingsAgainst states. the has Sun The Czech Revolution, Czech The as means and catalysers of politi of catalysers andmeans as 113 -

Nummer, Nummer,

, pplr German popular a t, a rather short period of time and without any sort of top of sort any without and time of period short rather a 18 M 18

66. arch

1848 .

- paig ot pbihd n pel o l wies in writers all to appeal an published poet, speaking ci

ey could enlist into organised enlist into ey could orcorps. associations zation and mobilization of the local population andpopulation localof the mobilization andzation [Die Sonne ist über Oesterreichs Staaten aufgegangen: aufgegangen: Staaten Oesterreichs istSonne über [Die 42

112

Even in the late eve late the in Even

emian colours, red and white. Editor Editor white. and red colours, emian 114

hes, and passed their own pe own their passed and hes, Burgher militia were formed, were militia Burgher - known dissident Uffo Uffo dissident known ning the festivities the ning - - - honoured uni honoured down ‗master down revolutionary r and er sti - - -

CEU eTD Collection verlorene Zeit und schreitet rüstig zur Erlezur rüstig schreitet Zeit und verlorene deutschen des wer nur blickt, mit Schmerz werde; seinen der mit gleichberechtigt reden, Landes des Bewohner der drei Viertheile welche Sprache die dass Forderung, der Gerechtigkeit 117 116 115 Landes ―materiellen the wrote, he Instead, lands. Bohemian the and Prague German from language the of removal or abolishment an to lead not would thrust general the end the in ju had earlier, days few Allegedly, himselfknewGerman theauthor numerous gildedbeen elation. by thecommon thus languagesBohemiaand in both of status equal an for longing the of cause just the acknowledged author the Edlenbach, v. A. resident, Prague a by essay an In petition. burghers‘ the of concerns the for thusiasm the volatility momentand well arranged the historic of this realized had intellectuals the Obviously, distrust. and bridgedifferencesto volition and ability new This equality. of basis the on Germans and Czechs between harmony and cooperation for called ( Klutschak editors newspaper writers, sixty by subscribed and later days few a released appeal public Czech solely a with fancied had first d de association an found to order in náměsti) Václavské trh/today (Koňský Rossmarkt the at Stephan‘ Erzherzog zum ‗Hotel the gatherin to tongue, mother their of Prague,irrespective icated to the spread of political education among the masses. the among education political of spread the to icated

Essay by A. v.Edlen A.Essay by 1848. March 23 47, No. Bohemia, writers‘club, the by Appeal by Appeal [i.e. Czech]. mother secondlearnand the tonguesprylyto time German start lost knowregret the only who inhabitants country‟s the of thirds three by spoken language the that demand, the of justness high the feels deeply German The G the in articles leading the Understandably, - established writers‘ club was thought to serve the function the serve to thought was club writers‘ established Karl EgonEbert Karl 117 bach, Ost und West, No. 35, 21 March 1848 March 21 35, No. undWest, Ost bach,

st started to learn Czech with incited verve. Edlenbach concluded that concluded Edlenbach verve. incited with Czech learn to started st

, Ost und West, No. 34, 18 March18 1848. 34, No. West, Ostund ,

againwhich tothehad language attractednotice issuerecently Bohemia rnung der zweiten Muttersprache zweiten der rnung

- speaking club of scholars agreed on this suggestion. A suggestion. this on agreed scholars of club speaking [i.e. Czechs] [i.e. , lsr ( Glaser ), 43

, is to be equal be to is , s ud West und Ost erman press first expressed limitless en limitless expressed first press erman -

speakers who, after the festive events a festiveafter the a events who, speakers

[Tief fühlt der Deutsche die hohe hohe die Deutsche der fühlt [Tief

- received venture. joint 115 ]. ].

Even František Palacký whoPalacký František Even

with his own language; those language; own his with , uad ( Kuranda ),

Wortes mächtig ist, auf die die ist,auf mächtig Wortes

of a role model for the the for model role a of among them the the them among Grenzboten

116 ), ), - - -

CEU eTD Collection 120 119 118 ship. pam the Flugblätter‖ und Pamphlete der Umsichgreifens des Verhinderung zur (―Comité founded was committee special a misinformation of kind this of circulation trolled fright major caused understandably which capital Bohemian the on troops imperial of attack impending an announced had ducts pro print these of One public. the of disposition immediate the affected leaflets some issues, other needed, urgently was material printed the on name his put to publisher a force and would which misused being from press the prevent would which law press a that insisted city, the Zeitung Prager pre the evaluate to managed and thoughtful became contributors and commentators several soon, fra of ideas with rife was festivities ongoing the in or abovementioned, as press, the in displayed to fullyidiosyncrasies. cultivate own its nation a rightof acknowledgedinnate the foremost and tendenciesfirst but exclusivist sharply comprise not did which nationalism idealistic and romantic rather a of ideas the developme by affected recent the of reading optimistic the considered be can reasoning His future. the for indispensable languages both in skills speaking made fatherland, common interesse

Bohemia, No. 50, No. Bohemia, for committee „The March 1848. 19 Zeitung, 45, No. Prager enzto ad eoclain ewe te to ifrn ntoa eeet. Yet, elements.‖ national different ―two the between reconciliation and ternization sent situation in Prague with the necessary distance. Eduard Breier, editor Breier, Eduard distance. necessary the with Prague in situation sent Bohemia hes a nt en stemmed been not had phlets 120 ie oaiy n ehcl rnias ee s were principals ethical and morality wise

The sympath The

n‖ [material interests of the country], defined by fast progress and glorification of the the of glorification and progress fast by defined country], the of interests [material n‖

in an artic an in , by alluding to the countless anonymous leaflets a leaflets anonymous countless the to alluding by ,

28 March 1848. March 28 the y for the Czech cause was widespread. The atmosphere in the city public, city the in atmosphere The widespread. was cause Czech the for y prevention prevention le urged this committee to intensify its activities, since the flood of flood the since activities, its intensify to committee this urged le

fromthe —

ht a a ihrp wl atr h aoiin f censor of abolition the after walk tightrope a was that mn te ouain I odr o rvn te un the prevent to order In population. the among

prolifera

44 tion of pamphle tionof

vrl endangered. everely ts and leaflets― tsand nd placards circulating in circulating placards nd . 119 118

). Some days later, days Some ).

pr fo these from Apart - in t ad was and nts - chief of the of chief very very con - - - CEU eTD Collection 124 123 122 121 demands. the of approval lackingfull the against protest orderto in held meetingswere public city. the through wafted disillusionment of mood common a time, first the For cele inhabitants. city the by frustration serious with received and vague disappointingly was emperor, the of name the in Cabinet Kolowrat/Pillersdorf the of reply the was actually w reply, imperial The citizenship. Prague the of deputation official an by emperor the to wereweeks doubts and could be and certainnot fully palpable mistrust dispelled. last the of joy public omnipresent sheer the of spite in that shows incident delicate this Still, com the in declaration a publish to constrained himself found corps, the of leader the Havliček, force. of use imminent for sign a as populace German the by understood was thus and combat, and in corps the as cross red a introduced had and them against agitating started had Corps‘ ‗Václav Czech purely the Allegedly, unease. of the counterrevolution, whichqualified for it objec fierce since Bohemia in Church Catholic the of status politicised traditionally the of context the in seen be certainly must act precautious This assailable. general in church the made which way platform. political a as to pulpits in developments recent on their stances their uttered had clergymen mistake some Apparently, to not them reminding diocese his of Arch

Bohemia, No. No. Bohemia, Pech, 1848. March 47, No. Bohemia, Havlicek, by Declaration 1848. March 23 47, No. Bohemia, Bohemia brations on the occasion of the delegation‘s return to Prague wer Prague to return delegation‘s the of occasion the on brations l wt raiy u ayo anucd h itouto o a ifrn cu emblem. club different a of introduction the announced anyhow but reality with ply bi shop of Prague, Alois Josef Schrenk von Nötzig, had sent a circular letter to all priests all to letter circular a sent had Nötzig, von Schrenk Josef Alois Prague, of shop The petition which meanwhile had been signed by thousands of burghers was handed handed was burghers of thousands by signed been had meanwhile which petition The German the put rumours new March, of end the At the Bohemia, in Church Catholic the of representative senior most the Meanwhile, The Czech Revolution Czech The

stating 50, 28 March 1848. March 28 50, that these rumours and misgivings about anti about misgivings and rumours these that

, , 71.

signia, which was apparently associated with blood with associated apparently was which signia, 45

tions fromtions the Czech national camp. - speaking population into a feeling a into population speaking - German agitation did not did agitation German e immediately cancelled. cancelled. immediately e 124

A series of series A o a blunt blunt a o 123

hich The 122 121

CEU eTD Collection 127 126 125 Cathedral thundering Vitus St in service thanksgiving the During Hradčany. the to Bridge Charles the via Town Old the in hall city the from went thousands by attended procession torchlight large further city. the of part northern the in (Stromovka) Baumgarten vernal the in celebrated was constitution‖ the of grand A ―feast increasingtensions. these down calmed markedlyStrobach burgomasterAnton as well astime, this receivedbetter was whichVienna, perorin of April. week first the during population incited vehemently already the up stirred which issues, other a robot the of cancellation the regarding decisions purported about and figures political tral cen of appointments and abdications resignations, about movement, the of abatement coming pav covered streets, Böhmen ‗ the them among founded, being papers new announced gularly news censorship, of kind any from Unleashed politicised. increasingly became arena public the in com nistry Bohemian for lands,and court the brought theimperial inVienna. to mi responsible own an of concession the involved example, Hungarian the following which, poi more with petition another Subsequently,

Prager Zeitung, No. 59, 13 April 1848. 13 Zeitung, 59, No. Prager April11 1848. 58, No. Bohemia, Pech, mittees and boards took place in order to maintain public safety and peace. The discourse discourse The peace. and safety public maintain to order in place took boards and mittees aes omne o rec on commented papers Bohemian King, the true father of liberty of his peoples, Emperor Ferdinand, has conceded has Ferdinand, Emperor peoples, his of liberty of father true the King, Bohemian the that news,happy The joy. prosperous youthfully in shone Prague of city royal ancient The em the to petition second the handed had who deputation second the of return The election citywide weeks, following the In The Czech Revolution, Czech The ‘ [Constitutional paper from Bohemia]. Countless leaflets and placards deluged the the deluged placards and leaflets Countless Bohemia]. from paper [Constitutional ‘ 125 126

Finally on April 12 April on Finally ements or were adhered to house walls. Rumours were circulating about a a about circulatingwere Rumours walls. house to adhered were or ements

gun salutewas fired.

67 - 68.

n dvlpet wt itne rtcs. detsmns re Advertisements criticism. intense with developments ent

, on t on , he occasion of the approval of the second petition, a petition, second the of approval the of occasion he 127

Klutschak noted: 46 td otltos a datd n ra rush great in drafted was postulations nted

wr hl, h stp f aiu burgher various of setup the held, were s

the election of the new Praguenew the ofelection the osiuinle Bat aus Blatt Constitutionelles

nd nd - - - - CEU eTD Collection 131 70. 1979), Press, University 130 the Kingdo in most city important farbythe and economy and education official highest as the notwas the‚capital Pest speaking, 129 Prags] Stadttheile alle Flämmchen zitternden millionenfach in durchlachte gewährt habe, alles Böhmen treuen seinen Ferdinand, Kaiser Völker, seiner Freiheit der Vater ächte der König, Böhmens daß Nachricht, frohe Die Freude. 128 a by brought steam been had which before day the Vienna in revolution the about news the by 14 March from night the spent they where City Inner the in co a and ideas democratic propagated which 1846 in Ten‘ of ‗Society the formed had and circles twenty meanwhile the 1848, March fore Alre unfold. to is revolution proper a how knew they that convinced adamantly were friends of group a and Petőfi Sándor poet the Revolution, French the of history the studied capitals affected by therevolutionary tide. European other many in like just script, revolutionary same the followed closely Pest in events the it, put Nemes Robert As change. revolutionary exciting an undergone had the In city. residence his at arrive to Stephan Palatine expecting were Guard National the of detachments by accompanied and Batthyány Count by en overall the and augmented society urban the within rifts the quick how show would however, weeks, coming The pleasure. ostensible with ended ‗drama‘ the of act first The

ming revolution.ming thusiasm shrank. De Deák, István Robert April13 1848 59, No. Bohemia, á . thelateship in evening. k,

n h cs o Pest of case the In Pest in day same very the On districts Prague. of Boh faithful his for everything The Lawful Revolution, Lawful The Nemes, The Lawful Revolution. Louis Kossuth and the Hungarians, 1848 the Hungarians, and Kossuth Louis Revolution. Lawful The The Once an Future Budapest Future an Once The resided in Buda. Buda. in resided 130

The group of self of group The

128

- 71. ua eeyhn satd n cfehue Hvn intensively Having coffeehouse. a in started everything Buda, ‘ of the Hungarian Hungarian ‘ ofthe

131

[Die alte Königstadt Prag strahlte gestern Abend in jugendlich blühender blühender jugendlich in Abend gestern strahlte Prag Königstadt alte [Die

Nonetheless, Pest, as outlined above, was the epicentre of culture, ofculture, wasepicentre the outlinedabove, as Pest, Nonetheless,

129 emians, disseminated in the form of millions of torches in all in torches of millions of form the in disseminated emians,

- Buda, the new the Buda, - reliant revolutionaries met in met revolutionaries reliant

(DeKalb: University of Illinois Press, 2005) Press, UniversityofIllinois (DeKalb: - ie er l Ptf hd en naig n radical in engaging been had Petőfi old year five K 47 ingdom, since the diet diet since the ingdom,

- installed Hungarian government headed government Hungarian installed past month, the cities on the Danube the on cities the month, past th m.

to 15 to

met th -

49 in Pressburg and the Palatine Palatine the and inPressburg 1848 debating, stirred up up stirred debating, 1848

the coffeehousethe ‗Pilvax‘

(New York: Columbia (New Columbia York: , 131. Strictly 131. , temper of of temper ady be ady - CEU eTD Collection 135 134 133 47 2000), CenterPress, 132 b pontoon the over hall muni the over took provisionally which up set subsequently was Safety Public for Committee The order‖ public of disruptions avoid will city vice Rottenbiller, pold Leo demands. their with representatives municipal present the confronted and hall town Pest ‗12 points‘inthearchive ―for eternity.‖ the of sheet paper original the deposit to demand the with assailed was Kubinyi, museum, the Museum National the of front speechesdelivered to listening in gathered crowd larger even an when afternoon, rainy re a of appointment the important, highly including, Prague, in those like classic just demands, liberal the contained earlier revolutionists the by formulated been had which points‘ ‗12 exaltation of atmosphere an creating speeches political delivered ment ting Petőfi‘s ‗Nemzeti(Nationaland Dal‘ ofthe of irrespective ‗12 song), censorship. points‘ i the demanded vehemently thousands several meanwhile of crowd the there, Arrived office. its had Heckenast‘, & ‗Landerer Pest, of shop print largest the where house joi longer.‖ anyslaves be won‘t we that swear ―We like gans slo inciting declaiming while school, medical the towards streets empty the through march pnil Hnain iity n Bdps‘ The ‗Budapest‘. in ministry Hungarian sponsible

De Cit.in Freifeld, Zeitung,No Pester AliceFreifeld, nt the enlarging procession which passed the law school and halted in front of the Horvath the of front in halted and school law the passed which procession enlarging the nt á cipal government.cipal k, The mass, meanwhile raised to more than ten thousand peo thousand ten than more to raised meanwhile mass, The freshly The mo early the In The Lawful Revolution Lawful The Nationalism and the Crowd in Liberal Hungary, 1848 Hungary, Liberal in Crowd the and Nationalism Nationalism and the Crowd, and Nationalism .

- 616, 17 1848. March 17 616, - printed leaflets were being distributed, while the protagonists of the move the protagonistsof the while distributed, werebeing leaflets printed 48.

- 135 rning, the group of about sixty people left the place and started their their started and place the left people sixty about of group the rning, burgomaster, addressing the revolutionists that ―under your aegis our aegis your ―under that revolutionists the addressing burgomaster,

ig t Bd‘ Vice Buda‘s to ridge

The last coup of this eventful day was the procession from the townthe from procession the wasday eventful this of coup last The ,72.

by Petőfi and others in Hungarian and German. The director of directorof The German. Hungarianand in others and Petőfi by

133 49.

134 48

allowed the ‗12 points‘ to be officially sealed. officially be to points‘ ‗12 the allowed -

ea Cucl n h csl. ne te im the Under castle. the in Council Regal revolutionary tensions spread later this this later spread tensions revolutionary 132 -

1914 Students from the school quicklyschool the from Students

(Baltimore: ple, moved further to the to further moved ple, and enchantment. The enchantment. and Woodrow Wilson Wilson Woodrow mmediate prin mmediate - - - - -

CEU eTD Collection zu gleichem Jubel und Lobgesang aufzumuntern (…)] aufzumuntern Lobgesang und Jubel gleichem zu sie und bringen, zu Kunde frohe die Brüder meiner hunderttausenden die Fähigkeit, fassen, zu Bedeutung dessen mit die Fähigke Du daß ließest, erleben Tag großen diesen mich daß Du Dankgefühles, kindlichen 140 139 138 137 136 every in put lights illuminated, were Buda and Pest evening, same very the Later removed. been had insignia imperial the after era, new the signalled Tricolour Hungarian the buildings an hall Pest town topofthe enforce insteadmilitary.Onthe andofthe order law National and thecommotions commissioned asto enlargedconstituted Guard, militia, thenew ur new The com L free!]. is press [The frei!‖ ist Presse ―Die headline bold the with opened newspapers German All Zeitung free leaf where plays songsand patriotic were performed. sym prisone political a Táncsics, Mihály of release the censorship, of abolition the on agreed and mands de political the with complied quickly council the gathering, mass enormous this of pression ajos Kossuth, authored as recurrent commentator in commentator recurrent as authored Kossuth, ajos

Der Ungar, No. 64, 17 March 1848 1848 March 17 64, Ungar, No. Der 1848. March 17 616, Zeitung,No. Pester M 16 615, Zeitung,No. Pester Freifeld, Idem. lets and placards fresh off the press adhered to house walls announced the newly gained newly the announced walls house to adhered press the off fresh placards and lets dom. bol the incited crowd returned to Pest. The celebrations went on in the National Theatre National the in on went celebrations The Pest. to returned crowd incited the bol pletely and by virtuallyevents: the overwhelmed intoxicated 139 guard. national a of creation the and one), only (the r rs is enn, h aiiy o ovy hs ofl es o udes f huad o my of thousands of hundreds to brothers and to animate them the to same jubilance and news praise. joyful this convey to ability the meaning, its grasp gratitude, of feeling infantine inmost an with fraught worlds, of leader exalted knees, my on me see You achiev these about news The , the ,

137 h junls Mro Dóy wo ol ltr eoe h proa sceay of secretary personal the become later would who Diósy, Márton journalist The Nationalism and the the Crowd and Nationalism ban government enacted new instructions how to maintain public security after the after security public maintain to how instructions new enactedgovernment ban

The local newspapers provided first hand reports the following day. In the In day. following the reports hand first provided newspapers local The editor Eduard Glatz compiled a reporting on the events on the very same day. same very the on events the on reporting a compiled Glatz Eduard editor

that You let me live to see this great day, that You provided me with the capacity to capacity the with me provided You that day, great this see to live me let You that

arch 1848 arch

[Auf den Knien siehst du mich, erhabener Weltenlenker, voll des innigsten innigsten des voll Weltenlenker, erhabener mich, Knien siehstdu den [Auf , 50 , . - ements disseminated in the city. Already on the next day, next the on Already city. the in disseminated ements

51.

Der Ungar. Der 136 140

With Táncsics as its living its as Táncsics With

On March 17 March On

d other public public d other it verliehen, it verliehen, th , he wrote he , Pester 138 -

CEU eTD Collection hearts / A spirit animating Germans and Magyars / Hand in hand they strive for one goal goal //]one strive for they in hand Magyars/ Hand and Germans spirit animating / A hearts / T come has the hour feel, you / But nay, hand, brother it, German my not contemn / Do firm band, to Hungarians, you, reach 1848/1849 Freiheitskampf 141 for propelled and Pest, in Theater National the at evening every documented own, their of rhythm a had days moon honey ―[t]hese subsumes, Freifeld Alice As excitement. of mood citywide a caused press tra ex an churches urban the in day; next the newspapers the in published and streets the in ted distri being was Song‘, ‗National Petőfi‘s of translation German a with together it, where pre printing the to brought immediately and success grandiose a was poem The Hungary] emotional inwhichhe in living German a of [Voice Deutschen‖ wohnenden Ungarn in eines ―Stimme entitled piece latter a hadderous theday events the audience. written applause before, ofthe Touchedby the G Gustav and Foglar Ludwig them among poets, heard were cries everywhere. ‗Éljen‘ singing, and celebrating ribbons and cockades wearing people streets the bays, and gables the from waved flags window,

Mária Rózsa, Rózsa, Mária ordinary ut ie n rge te fo the Prague, in like Just 14th stanza: 7th stanza: local 1847), in down burned had one actual (the theatre German provisional the In he partition between peoples is gone; Once grandchildren shall be told / A feeling affecting all all affecting feeling / A told shall be Once grandchildren isgone; peoples between partition he Te Deum Te

„Ihr Männer aus, jetzt ruft die Zeit“. Zeit“. die jetzt aus, ruft Männer „Ihr

was sung. was

Sie gingenSie Hand Handin zu Einem Ziel! Ein Geist beseelte Deutsche und Magyaren, Durch alle Herzen bebte Ein Gefühl, Und späte Enkel sollen einst erfahren: Die zwischen Völkern stürzt die Scheidewand Doch nein, Ihr fühlt, gekommen istdie Stunde Verschmäht sie nicht, die deutsche Bruderhand, Darum reich‟ ich Ungarn Euch zum Bundefesten (Budapest: Akadémiai kiadó, 2006) kiadó, Akadémiai (Budapest: ward with the arrival of the evening steamship carrying the news from from news the carrying steamship evening the of arrival the with ward

ly calledfor fraternity Hungarians: between Germans and llowing days after the achievement of the freedom of the the of freedom the of achievement the after days llowing Deutsche Texte aus Ungarn z Ungarn aus Texte Deutsche 50

rimm, recited political poems under thun under poems political recited rimm, ,

56 -

58; 58;

[the approximate English translation is: I I is: translation English approximate [the 141

were crowed with thousands of of thousands with crowed were

ur Revolution und zum zum und Revolution ur .

ss from sses

bu - - - - CEU eTD Collection 146 charge?] ministersin be to 145 144 143 thousand 142 twenty to founded be to journal new every for deposit the levied which law impact the of afraid milar tightrope cityadministration inPrague. asthe walk issued government city the regulat press, the of freedom the of misuses prevent To sold. being were diet the of protocols and papers poems, pamphlets, manifests, city the in corner street u far so reached terial suggested. leaflets countless the of one as underrated, rather István Deákfutureeminent tippedwithSzechényi asanportfolio,whereas ministers were was was mill rumour The began. resorts mental govern the of allocation personal the about speculations keen taken, was measure reaching Minister. Prime new as Batthyány Count with Ministry garian Stephan Palatine by public made decree, By cities. hilarating immediacy‖.authenticityand A mation. solidarity transmitted, was infor of flow new information the by emboldened were People organized. G.M.W.] were actions and established, museum, the [of steps the ―[F]rom urb public revolution museum the of steps abroad.ThePressburg],and PozsonyVienna,[i.e.

Pester Zeitung, No. Zeitung,No. Pester Ministern?― verantwortlichen zu Nation sich wünscht die leaflet „Wen Printed Zeit Pester Idem. Freifeld, ions, introduced committees to evaluate these print materials and thus performed a si a performed thus and materials print these evaluate to committees introduced ions,

Unintentionallyan thePest atmosphere abetting ofunrest in the in atmosphere zippy the to contributed days these in made decisions political The Nationalism and the the Crowd and Nationalism — tog rmus tl aone, h nwy re pes mud es ih n ex an with news imbued press freed newly the abounded, still rumours lthough n icus ws otnosy e wt ifrain n rmus circulating. rumours and information with fed continuously was discourse an ung, No. 618, 19 1848. March 19 618, No. ung, eae h frm f nueal ofca ad nfiil gatherings.‖ unofficial and official innumerable of forum the became 618, 19 March 1848. 1848. March 19 618,

of an unleashed press on the already incited crowds, passed a new press press new a passed crowds, incited already the on press unleashed an of , Pester Zeitung, No.617, 18 March 18 1848. ,Zeitung,No.617, Pester kon iesos A the As dimensions. nknown

, 52. 52. ,

143

set going. Of course, Lajos Kossuth and Ferenc and Kossuth Lajos course, Of going. set 51

, King Ferdinand agreed to install a Hun a install to agreed Ferdinand King , etr Zeitung Pester 146

145

The float of these print ma print these of float The - 144

Buda, the diet in Pozsony, Buda, thediet [Whom does the nation want want nation the does [Whom eot, t ieal every literally at reports,

hrl atr hs far this after Shortly — the launching pad of thelaunchingof pad 142

The ------CEU eTD Collection 149 148 147 ap martial of kinds these of disapproval his uttered repeatedly Klein, intro had and black in partly dressed corps this of members The Age. Golden Hungary‘s as ceived 15 the in Corvinus Matthias King under served which unit litary regiment]. [black Sereg‘ ‗Fekete called corps constituted o reported media. the in attention particular attracted 15 corps March founded after society urban of strata social all among intensified had which joyful the c darkened the in shadows atmosphere first outcome, visible without running still were ministry body,as thediet, main political the of relocation the demanded ultimately points‘ ‗12 the since especially peak, new a reached movement recent the of ‗capital‘ the and Kingdom the of centre political minal in situated was hotspot revolutionary the whereas gathered, diet the where Pozsony in made still were decisions political the because particularly regard, this in neuralgic very be to proved opinion public deposit, the of bisection lat changes certain underwent form original its in law press the though Pest. in Square Hall City the on it burned publicly hands, their into edict visional pro the getting after students, and people young Youth, March the Consequently, points‘. the to contrary running as perceived was and overcome, be to thought epoch an of nisms mecha repressive the to resemblance bore this like designed law a that surprising not was fi florins nancial b nancial

Der Ungar, No. 66, 19 March 1848. March 19 66, Ungar, No. Der Idem. Freifeld duced a black flag with a skull as their corps insignia. The editor of editor of insignia. corps The their a as skull with aduced flag black —

Since far away in Vienna, the negotiations about the exact legal basis of the Hun the oflegal basis exact the negotiationsabout the Vienna, farawayin Since an astronomic amount of money which could hardly been afforded without massive without afforded been hardly could which money of amount astronomic an , Nationalism and the the Crowd and Nationalism te uhomn cu lf i te iy eoe ciia ntc t a recently a to notice critical devoted city the in life club mushrooming the n ackup. 147 well as the installationofwell thenew as ministry in‗Budapest‘.

t pbi o Pest of public ity Although the abolition of censorship had not been put into question, it question, into put been not had censorship of abolition the Although

, 54. ,

- Buda. In the course of the ‗mania for associations‘ associations‘ for ‗mania the of course the In Buda. Pest 52 - Buda. The latent antagonism between the no the between antagonism latent The Buda.

149

It was named after a famous mi famous a after named was It e Ungar Der th

etr,cmol per commonly century, pearances in the public the in pearances er on, among others the others among on, er Der Ungar Der

hc extensively which th , Hermann , Hermann

148 newly a garian

Even

‗12 ‗12 - - - - - CEU eTD Collection 153 Brüderlichkeit!] und Gleichheit Fr der und Ordnung der Erlangung zur waren Agitatoren mächtige und Beispiele, mit dem vorangingen die solche als und Vaterlandes, meines Augensterne Mit 152 151 150 revolution. world coming the about spoke and Királyokhoz) (A Kings‖ the ―To poem narchic re wearing museum the of front 15 March of events the had called Szechényi weather foul the to regard with as revolution‘, ‗umbrella the of course the revolution second a that temper thunderous and 29 March on demonstrations daunting the unanimously, itdescribe Freifeld Alice later DeákandIstván firstradicalised. As more became public urban negotiat the of completion the about news relieving the since But mediatelycrowd common impatienceaddressed dispel the inorder the q the at torches crackling with burghers of thousands by awaited 25 March of evening late the on Pozsony from steamer a of board on arrived had He change. entire an from atmosphere the prevent couldinterior, the of minister Szemere, the political pathof thecoming weeks. concerning issues undecided yet the to due movement the of radicalisation impending an for grew. rapidly emblems and flags solely of red amount the whereasstreets, the Hungarianin Tricolour the of numberdecreasing city. enchanted revolutionarily the of sphere

Deák, March 1848 31 10, No. Morgenröthe, translation, in German Szemere by Speech April 1848. 1 78, Ungar, No. Der 1848. March 30 76, Ungar, No. Der bürger principles:holy liberty, equality and fraternity! three the greet I (…) liberty and order of attainment the for agitators mighty those example, „darlings‟ two the as Buda with together it greet I fatherland. the of heart the as Pest of city the greet I citizens! fellow honoured you, greet I Pest in cabinet new the of minister first the of arrival the even Not

The Lawful Revolution Lawful The .

Ich begrüße die Stadt Pest, als das Herz des Vaterlandes, ich begrüße sie samt Buda, als die beiden beiden die als Buda, siesamt begrüße ich Vaterlandes, Herz des das als Pest, Stadt die begrüße Ich

, 95

;

th Freifeld, Freifeld, , barricades were erected, thirty thousand people gathered in gathered people thousand thirty erected, were barricades ,

ace adwvn rdfas Ptf rctdhs anti his recited Petőfi flags. red waving and patches d 151

Klein inter Klein eiheit. eiheit.

Nationalism and the Crowd the and Nationalism ( 150 … 53 )

preted this alteration as a bad augury and sign and augury bad a as alteration this preted

Apart from that particular case, he observed a observed he case, particular that from Apart Ich begrüße diese drei heiligen Grundsätze: Freiheit, Freiheit, Grundsätze: heiligen drei diese begrüße Ich

ary outburst seemed inevitable. seemed outburst ary 152

fm fteln,toe hc fret by forwent which those fatherland, my of th

and 30 and , 55 - uayside of Pest. Szemere im Szemere Pest. of uayside 56. Nemes 56. th ions was not received, the received, not was ions

assumed such a charged charged a such assumed [Ich grüße Euch, geehrte geehrte Euch, grüße [Ich

and unrestand ,

Budapest - ua B Buda, th 153 : , impatiently ,

, 132 ,

Unlike in Unlike - ertalan 133. 133. - mo

- - CEU eTD Collection 157 156 155 154 extent, certain a to that, impression the gets one events, these on reportages the reading When pla took Tricolour) German the and Hungarian (the flags of exchange symbolic highly a and delivered were German and Hungarian in speeches enthusiastic where museum, the multi a organised had dents stu fellow their as well as government city The April. early in body student Viennese the of and public speeches byhigh Eötvös. József and selényi Wes Miklós like figures known publicly otherwise or political by speeches to listened and mainly held, were meetings public daily, Almost tranquillity. and ease from away far still was life though urban even employment, their up took immediately ministers the arrival, completed the diffe in accommodated were and Batthyány, was one last the capital, new the at arrived ministers Hungarian new the one by One decreed. soon was ministry the of approval final the once), resignation his offered even th if even And Vienna. in negotiations ongoing the over the politics. primate of that question beyond parti is It direction. ‗right‘ the Vienna in proceedings the give to means ap viole more and ―darker as mood the describes Nemes Robert reach. within was republic the of proclamation The

pearance of large crowds, bound and determined, in the city space could be handled as a as handled be could space city the in determined, and bound crowds, large of pearance Pester Zeitung, No. 636, 6 April 1848; No. 637, April 1848. No.637, 7 April 1848; 6 636, Zeitung,No. Pester April 1848. 4 634, Zeitung,No. Pester Deák, Nemes, cularly Kossuth followed this calculation, although he would not have let ‗the street‘ take take street‘ ‗the let have not would althoughhe calculation, this followed Kossuth cularly A remarkable and widely perceived event was the reception of an official deputation official an of reception the was event perceived widely and remarkable A on impact an have would Pest in commotions the about news the that evident was It The Budapest

Lawful R Lawful in front of the museum or the city hall, where people gathered by the thousands thousands the by gathered people where hall, city the or museum the of front in , 133. , evolution

nt‖ than on March 15 March on than nt‖

156 ,94 155 - - ranked officials remained a daily occurrence.ranked remained officials day program. day

Demonstrations and processions, parades of the National Gu National the of parades processions, and Demonstrations -

95; Nemes, 95;

rent houses scattered across the inner district of Pest. After After Pest. of district inner the across scattered houses rent

Budapest 157 th

54 They were shown the memorial site in front of front in site memorial the shown were They . 154

, 133. ,

Eventually, one has to keep in mind that the that mind in keep to has one Eventually, ey went on for a further while (Batthyány while further a for on went ey

ard ce. - - CEU eTD Collection the outbreak of violence. Invidious rumours functioned as triggers. The news about the the about news The triggers. as functioned rumours Invidious violence. of outbreak the quest the and Easter and Week Holy the around motives religious supplies, daily for prices Rising public. the in debated dedicatedly were Guard National the to Jews of admission the about question achie the with do to had part least anti the of motivations manifold the about said be can Much blue. the of out come not did Jews the against violence erupting the speaking, Generally particular. in elements‖ national ―two the between tensions increasing the for cipher a but not, or Frankfurt in Assembly National the to representatives sending of issue the about only not was which question‘ ‗Frankfurt the and inhabitants Jewish the v the issues: two entailed mainly conflict growing of process this Prague, In Bohemian capital. the in observed be can process similar Interestingly,a population. Jewish local the on assaults fundament a underwent discourse urban the achieved, been had balance ostensible this after shortly However, down. calmed meetings Hun laws‘), ‗April the called (later laws liberal of package a pass to about and constituted was ministry The balance. of state unstable an attained public urban the of move ideas initial the of reminder a likewise and stimulant a considered be can putation de Viennese the of appearance the Thus, ago. month a almost city the through wafted had re partly officials ministerial and municipal by given receptions and diners festive of series the vived the meanwhile badly damaged atmosphere of fraterniz of atmosphere damaged badly meanwhile the vived gary took residence in Buda and the fierce and almost violent tensions during the public the during tensions violent almost and fierce the and Buda in residence took gary ment which tothe outbreak hadre led ofthe 3.2 Conflict3.2 the that say can one 1848, April mid in situation the describe to tries one if Insofar, ions of emancipation and identity of the Jewish population also contributed to contributed also population Jewish the of identity and emancipation of ions

vements of the revolution as such, although for example the example for although such, as revolution the of vements al change, among other things, due to a series of of series a to due things, other among change, al 55

volution. volution. in Bohemia in general and in Prague in and general in Bohemia in

the Palatine as new vice new as Palatine the ation and enchantment which which enchantment and ation - eii tak, the attacks, Semitic iolent assaults on assaults iolent - king of king - CEU eTD Collection 161 160 159 158 risk. at districts the in patrols their intensified they although safety, public tain per several about reported newspapers the time, first the For May. of days first the in culmination amplitu and number in increased attacks the Week potpourri. Holy the explosive During an yielded this Prague, in workers unemployed of number growing the with alongside people, the of sympathy and papers the in attention great attracted which bread. especially afore anti by continued assaults during minor However, Jews. the against violence any opposed which letter th of betrayal a meantand principles Christian not complywith did Jews on Attacks very clear: standpoint his made Klutschak Editor Guard. National the of supervision special under now was lived, Jews of district the In days. those in city anti with pamphlets numerous Reportedly, affixed. were Jew] the shop whose at Wehli chant April. mid in circulated already the newspapers, German the Among Bohem press. the in also refusal, grand with met assaults

Bohemia, No. 70, 2 May 1848. 2 May 70, 1848. No. Bohemia, Pech, No. Bohemia, Pech sons injured. Itsons injured. thateven had rumoured person diedinone brawls. was one ofthe etoe lalt wih a acsd eih hpepr o oepiig groceries, overpricing of shopkeepers Jewish accused had which leaflets mentioned

ia only Holythe Week. - The National Guard, the military and the student leg student the and military the Guard, National The a and unemployment facing workers particularly that suggested Pech Stanley Jews of intimidation the about news first the description, Pech‘s Stanley to contrast In The Czech Revolution Czech The Jewish propaganda were behind these incidents. This diagnosis coincides with the the with coincides diagnosis This incidents. these behind were propaganda Jewish

objected them in the most decisive themost objected way. them in mentions the assaults on May 1st and later and Mayon1st assaults mentions the

62, 19 April 1848. April19 1848. 62, e newly gained freedom. gained newly e 160

obnd ih h diy es bu te aie n nor in famine the about news daily the with Combined

, 293 - door severa door

294. 158

The Židovské město (Jewish quarter), where the majority of of majority the where quarter), (Jewish město Židovské l skulls and the inscription ―Tod des Juden‖ [death of [death Juden‖ des ―Tod inscription the and skulls l Bohemia 159

Also the Archbishop of Prague issued a circular a issued Prague of Archbishop the Also 56 , see Pech, Pech, see ,

eotdo nasut nteJws mer Jewish the on assault an on reported The Czech Revolution Czech The ion had serious problems to main to problems serious had ion - Jewish content deluged the deluged content Jewish de and reached their their reached and de , 139 , - 140. hr Bohemia thern 161

The Bo The

ffected ffected he - - - CEU eTD Collection 165 164 163 162 desperatel had leaf chargefor of outburst brute this forceprovided. not was violence. of form any against up stand cha dens was events these Pest in happened assault similar very a later, out turn will it As houses. and shops demolished in resulted which battles street fierce to led widespr already the attacking with mingled Christians‘), are (‗Jews prejudices of array vast a precipitated quickly had provocation This so. do to person unnamed an by instructed been had they confession, their to According smear had they that light to brought hall town the in spection in close A burns. chemical as interpretedbe could what byshowing people further stirringup streets the through running been had They hall. town the to brought were hands and arms andwith bla a a ‗vicious‘women ofthis boy, ambush, by. ostensible victims Two passing people on windows their of out acid) (sulphur vitriol pouring of accused were Jews got arrested. Na the themselves, defending were Jews the goes, reporting the As attacks. further prevent not har of threat the under p.m. eight after people five than more of gatherings and open the in out routs forbade government mian

Affair 4 May 71, 1848. No. Bohemia, Extra Bohemia, Officiald tional Guard had to make use of their rifles to stop the murderous mob, and many people people many and mob, murderous the stop to rifles their of use make to had Guard tional racterised by disapproval or even abhorrence. Klutschak called on ―the better‖ (citizens) to better‖(citizens) ―the calledon Klutschakabhorrence. even or racteriseddisapproval by lets drafted by a print shop assistant, František Groll, made burgomaster Strobach, who who Strobach, burgomaster made Groll, František assistant, shop print a by drafted lets Prague in May 1848 did not find its peace. An affair about one of the most aggressive most the of one about affair An peace. its find not did 1848 May in Prague The ‗ Groll‘ eclaration of the Bohemian government, Bohemia, No. No. Bohemia, government, Bohemian ofthe eclaration Bohemia

, Bohemia, No. 75, 11 May11 1848. 75, No. Bohemia, , y sought to retain law and order, resign from his office. his from resign order, and law retain to sought y - Nummer, 3 May1848. 3 Nummer,

gives an example of a particularly malicious rumour circulating. A few A circulating. rumour malicious particularly a of example an gives e and exhausting, the comments of the editors were overwhelmingly overwhelmingly were editors the of comments the exhausting, and e

d penalty in case of violation. of case in penalty d

164

But a clear identification of the persons or groups i groups or persons the of identification clear a But

- 57 Buda, too. The reporting in the newspapers on on newspapers the in reporting The too. Buda, ead anti ead

- Jewish tension of the last weeks and and weeks last the of tension Jewish 70, 2 May 2 70, 1848.

ed their hands with black dirt. black with hands their ed 162

But all these measures did measures these all But

165

Groll, after printing after Groll, ckenedfore 163 n - -

CEU eTD Collection 168 167 166 repeated and populace German the among ground gained apparently which anxiety of traces Ger public. in attacked even or insulted were cockades Ger revol German the of symbols wear publicly to priate would be decided. future its where place the was ‗Frankfurt‘ Therefore Confederation. German the of part now an Empire Roman Holy the of electorate an be to used Bohemia argumentation: of line national byarticles histori the on debate public The Vienna. in developments the on eyes their kept Czechs the Frankfurt, po pre Frankfurt the by tation 11 April on dated Palacký by letter famous the and question‘ restriction, seemed to in ‗laissez way, either view, of point their From respectively. it with deal to authorities responsible the of difficulties the and Prague in discourse political the of situation delicate the c certainly does Groll release finally to authorities the forced hard the of ment infringe an as public the by perceived mainly was arrest the that incident, this of pretation Pech Stanley order. public the of disturbance of because short, in Church, the and Germans Jews, against agitation open to due arrested been had pamphlet, the distributing and

iia pt fo Mrh 11 March from path litical Bohemia, No. 61, 16 April16 1848. 61, No. Bohemia, Ibidem, Pech, a itletas ie a appeasement: at aimed intellectuals man black wearing people when incidents on reporting were newspapers man Interestingly, the fight was catalysed by a very concrete issue, namely if it was appro was it if namely issue, concrete very a by catalysed was fight the Interestingly, ‗Frankfurt the with started conflict urban to contributing development second The The Czech Revolution Czech The 79 a aflain f h Bhma lns ea. n h Gra nwppr several newspapers German the In began. lands Bohemian the of affiliation cal - 82.

- won freedom of the press and therefore led to mass demonstrations which demonstrations mass to led therefore and press the of freedom won -

minded people, oftentimes students, were published, mostly with a similar similar a with mostly published, were students, oftentimes people, minded evitably or leadeven discontent topublic violence.

, - 140. 140. parliament and avowed himself to a reshaped Austria. reshaped a to himself avowed and parliament

was split into two. Whereas the Germans tensely looked at at looked tensely Germans the Whereas two. into split was 58 hy ulse esy i odr o ipl any dispel to order in essays published They

168

utions, the black the utions, The reactions of several Prague several of reactions The th ome up to reality. to up ome

in which he declined the invi the declined he which in - red

- gold colours. All colours. gold 166 167

It displays It

Thus, theThus, - - red faire‘ or or faire‘ s inter ‘s - d was d based - gold - - - - CEU eTD Collection Moravia and Silesia for the preservation of their nationality their of thefor preservation Silesia and Moravia ofBohemia, Germans of [League Nationalität‖ ihrer Aufrechterhaltung zur undSchlesien Mähren ausBöhmen, 175 174 173 172 31. 1981), Press, University 171 170 Apr14 60, No. Bohemia, Bohemia], 169 representation. ‗national‘ a of sense the in Prague of course eventsrelatively canconsidered small. be further the on Club Constitutional the of impact actual the right, likely most is re movement, national Czech the of leaders the by perceived was it Surely, extent. certain a to anti implacable an of center major ―a became Club Pech‘ Stanley Moreover, clear.very this makes Club the to articles many dedicated which newspapers the into look A suggests. Cohen public than greater of much perception, terms in club, the of importance the and diverse more indeed was membership radicals. youngish by formed primarily interpretation Club Cohen‘s Constitutional the interests, German decidedly as identified they what of ongo the in sides take not nationalists, Czech provoking and Empire Habsburg the subverting of afraid them, made which conservatism social and political their with indication this explains o majority vast the ill apparently this notwithstanding that, argues Cohen Gary equality of principle the stressed common the emphasized also unity. for calls their presented in the National Committee, as their majotheir as Committee, National the presentedin

Anotherimportant Cohen, Pech, Ibidem Cohen, Gary B. I of inhabitants German the to letter [Open Böhmens― Bewohner deutschen an die Brief „Offener Kliebert dem. ing conflicts. Only few of them managed to set up an association devoted to the defence the to devoted association an up set to managed them of few Only conflicts. ing

n u, h Cntttoa Cu atd s h ol eitn lby f h Germ the of lobby existing only the as acted Club Constitutional the sum, In The Czech Revolution Czech The , 32. , Politics of Ethnic Survival Ethnic of Politics

The Politics of Ethnic Survival: Germans in Prague, 1861 Prague, in Germans Survival: Ethnic of Politics The

association dedicated to the nationality issue in Bohemia was the ―Verein der Deutschen Deutschen der ―Verein was the in Bohemia the nationalityissue to dedicated association 169 German f

First informal gatherings of the German inhabitants after the trespassesthe after inhabitants German the of gatherings informal First

, , 88.

il 1848. paes n rge btie fo ay eiie action. decisive any from abstained Prague in speakers , 32. ,

— aims shared by Germans and Czechs but simultaneously simultaneously but Czechs and Germans by shared aims

which, from their standpoint, seemed to be endangered. be to seemed standpoint, their from which,

174

] founded in Vienna, see Ernst Karl Sieber, Sieber, Karl Ernst see in Vienna, founded ] 175 -

Czech sentiment‖ Czech r political antagonist but, and hereCohen and antagonistbut, political r It propagated the ideas of an inclusion of inclusion an of ideas the propagated It - received anti received 172 - 1914

One can add here, add can One

(P 173 r inceton: Princeton inceton: Princeton

s assessment that the that assessment s appears exaggerated appears - German sentiment, sentiment, German — Ludwig Ludwig n Gary in that the that 171 n in ans

He 170

CEU eTD Collection 178 April 1848. 22 65, No. April 1848; Bohemia, 30 68, Zeitung,No. 177 176 29 1996), Press 1848 Empire, Austrian the Identity in National and Experience, and 1965), Lerche, Robert Verlag Löhner. von which subsequently involved new reactions. attitudes weretheseexpressed of critiques insistent However,also ‗natural‘bonds. of pression ‗Frank for Germans the of sympathy the that out point to trying argumentation very this followed war. civil to lead inevitably would Ger and Czechs between harmony that clear make to sought letters many Club, Constitutional the and issues nationality on discussions the of occasion the On debates. the to contributed man, i published who Czechs, also but Germans only not that fact the to advert to important It public. is and standpoints opinions personal appreciated place tomake anpages became and coul editor Pra the April late In debate. of forums new necessitated Prague in elements‖ dignant statement. the of editors the by example for repudiated were accusations These discord. cultivating Club the of organs party downright becoming of accused were papers By the sessionsanddevelopment. haustivelyreported onits ex which newspapers German the by popularised was and Prague in Germans the among identity group defined nationally a shape to means a was Club Constitutional the Insofar, m its of convictions the to according which, Bohemia in tionality‘ ‗na German the of upkeep an and state national German future a into lands Bohemian the

Anonymous, „Noch eins, ehe es zu spät ist―, Bohemia, No. 70, 2 May 2 1848. 70, No. Bohemia, ist―, es zuspät ehe „Nocheins, Anonymous, [open Sprechhalle― „Offene was Zeitung entitled Prager ofthe supplement paper The Zeitung, No. Prager as ut e eand ohrie h ―Nationalitätenfanatismu the otherwise retained, be must mans Zeitung ger furt‘ did not mean a coercive ‗Anschluss coercive a mean not did furt‘ h ddctd debate dedicated The Ein Vorkämpfer des Deutschtums in Böhmen, Mären und Schlesien im Jahre 1848/1849 Jahre im Schlesien Mären und Böhmen, in des Deutschtums EinVorkämpfer b pbihd ihu itra censorship. internal without published be d - 68.

nrdcdsplmna ppr t teruulise i hc etr t the to letters which in issues usual their to papers supplemental introduced 176 68, 30 April 1848. 30 68,

Pieter M. Judson, Judson, M. Pieter

bu ‗rnfr‘ n te eain bten h ―w national ―two the between relations the and ‗Frankfurt‘ about 178

The overwhelming majority of these letters to the editor the to letters these of majority overwhelming The Exclusive Revolutionaries. Revolutionaries. Exclusive

60 ‘ of Bohemia as a whole but was rather an ex an rather was but whole a as Bohemia of ‘

- 1914

177

( Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan University ofMichigan The Arbor: Ann

Czech national camp, news Czech national these hs ppr cmrsd several comprised papers These

Liberal Politics,Social Liberal embers, was threatened. threatened. was embers, Prager Zeitung Prager ‖ ntoa fanaticism] [national s‖ tr

ibune]; Prager ibune]; Prager Bohemia

(München:

in an in an in and the and n Ger n ------

CEU eTD Collection 180 179 des Tag Friedens― ein Versöhnung, allgemeiner Tag „ein feast, giant A movement. national Czech Ger violence.without in the of parts of attitudes oppositional popularised thus and disfavour of exposure this for sons rea possible the about speculations in indulged or information provided they day: following newspap the pleasurably, high many caused rows These bluster. harmonic ‗music‘ make to started and disliked the of micile si or instruments music of kinds all with ‗armed‘ them, of groups night, at Frequently disapproval. of demonstration noisy this of use made months, two past the of course the in fraternities of number great a formed had ―cats‘ literally music; [rough ―Katzenmusik‖ was holders, po passing from inputs manydifferen en and critical, and vivid unfolded, ‗Czech‘) versus ‗German‘ just than more rate any (at opinions and stances of spectrum diversified highly a with discourse public a Vienna, in intensif additionally May, in tensions local the of spite uni new the in discussed be could aiat. nie n rge ―aznuie‖ n Pest in ―Katzenmusiken‖ Prague, in Unlike habitants.

ua eeet f xrsig rtcs, seily hn t novd eti dsie office disliked certain involved it when especially criticism, expressing of element pular Prager Zeitung, No. Prager Extra Bohemia, versity where fifty where versity as ae ut rm h Ntoa Cmite hc hd eoe s a become had which Committee National the from just came mans An impressive attempt to improve the lately deteriorated relations between Czechs and Czechs between relations lately deteriorated the improve to attempt impressive An very a readership, respective the of reactions the and public journalistic this Beyond opi coffeehouses, as such debate public of places usual the from Apart 180

[a day of common reconciliation, a day of peace], was announced to take placeannounced in totake was of peace], reconciliation, aday common day[a of - Nummer, 20 May1848. 20 Nummer,

79, 19 May 1848. May 19 1848. 79, - two different regional and supra and regional different two

r rpre aot h ‗itm‘ f h lts ―aznui‖ the ―Katzenmusik‖ latest the of ‗victims‘ the about reported ers

- established ―Zeitungshalle‖ [newspaper reading room] at the at room] reading [newspaper ―Zeitungshalle‖ established mply metal devices, appeared in front of the respective do respective the of front in appeared devices, metal mply t perspectives. t perspectives.

- akd fiil sepes ihs Almost nights. sleepless officials ranked — ied by the news about a series of riots of series a about news the by ied - regional papers were provided. were papers regional culy n ear an actually

music‖]. Particularly students, who students, Particularly music‖]. - ua i nt las ae place take always not did Buda - efnn ad dis and deafening rnhl o the of tronghold nions like these like nions 179 com

In - - - - CEU eTD Collection 182 Scenerie bewegt freudig welch ach Musiciren, Jubeln,Singen, noch ich höre Ohren, den erlebt. wasich schildern soll und Schreibtische 181 Deutschen‖ satiricalsongsGermans]. worst about the [the followin West und editor Glaser, Rudolf relations. the of improvement the for effect lasting long conflict and mistrust of period a in reconciliation of event outstanding an as regarded be can and media rangecontroversial and issues ofunsolved wide the covered elation and enchantment revolutionary of it atmosphere initial moment, the a seemed, For mingled. and detachments their left officials and students military, the recited poems responded, and proposed were toasts sung, given,folksongs werelanguagesspeeches In both Baumgarten. the in trees the gathered under people thousands, the By event. the of picture lively a conveys report enthusiastic Beier‘s pressions ofthe feast day, that editor of Breier, evening Eduard late the In success. unimaginable an was it contemporaries, the for cele public a of organisation the soon, held be to diet Bohemian the for elections the and gress Con Slavic forthcoming the violence, the altercations, political experienced the of ground M on Prague of part northern the in (Stromovka) Baumgarten the

Ost und West, No. 64, 27 May 1848. May 27 1848. 64, No. West, Ostund the „ on feast Report bration was first considered a highly sens highly a considered firstwas bration Yet, even though the lavish celebration was perceived with great sympathy in the local the in greatsympathy with perceived wascelebration lavish the though evenYet, a surge, what a manifold, joyously mov whatoh, music, the singing, cheering, the hear I still ears, my it in dins it eyes, Still my before whirs (…) see. to lived I what describe shall and desk my at sitting am I late. already is It

g day students in the ancient the in students day g , noted later that, besides his sympathy for the feast‘s intention, already the the already intention, feast‘s the for sympathy his besides that, later noted , — and as such utte such as and Der Der

( … in an exuberant way:in an - in ) 25. 25. ] . -

he o the of chief Mai―, Prager Zeitung, No. 83, 26 May 1848 May 26 1848 83, Zeitung,No. Mai―,Prager

rly underrated in previous historiography previous in underrated rly

Clementinum rgr Zeitung Prager ( …

) questions whichhadalmost everywhere. lurkedquestions

ed setting. Noch schwirrt es mir vor den Augen, noch dröhnt es mir in mirin es dröhnt noch Augen, den mirvor es schwirrt Noch

itive issue. Surprising for the historian as well as as well as historian the Surprisingfor issue. itive 62

had sung ―die ärgsten Spottlieder auf die auf Spottlieder ärgsten ―die sung had 181 ein Wogen, Strömen, welch eine reichgestaltige, reichgestaltige, eine welch Strömen, Wogen, ein cud o hl bt riuae i im his articulate but help not could ,

182 , flags waved. The National Guard, Guard, National The waved. flags ,

[Es ist schon spät. Ich sitze am sitze am spät.Ich ist schon [Es ay 25 ay — th , it did not have the have not did it , . Against the back the Against . - in - chief of chief Ost

- - - CEU eTD Collection 184 May 8 56, 1848. No. West, Ostund ofhumankind], [bond ―Menschheitsbund‖ finalmerge wouldthe into oforganisation kind any process ofthis At end the Germans. ‗naturall Slavicall peoples 183 12 June On city. the of parts various in placed been had which batteries artillery and units military the remove to body student the by inPraguelitarization a ratherthre had increasingmi the newspapers, the in reported prominently was which Milan, ofsurrender the and Italy northern in revolution the of abatement the of background the Against students. the s the on anger severe caused space, urban the in present soldiers General of arrival Windisch the Especially attention. and interest special elections attracted diet beginning Bohemian the and workers, malcontent of groups by of machines destruction textile the and strikes with alongside government, Viennese the by void and null declared later was which Thun, von Leo Count governor, Bohemian the by Bohemia of ment to other developments had a relevance which morefor immediate theinhabitants. due be also might This commenting. pejorative from abstained articles daily the that striking quite is it but journalists the of side the on stances suspicious and distanced by characterised was reporting the that assume might One city. the in place taking was occurrence historic Holy festivities, processions and Masses accompanying The discussed. issues and speakers about informed ship negotiations. its began ( ballroom splendid the in gathered several announced gress

Urba Glaser example Rudolf For n, The eventual way to the bloody Pentecost Uprising started with the ultimate demand ultimate the with started Uprising Pentecost bloody the to way eventual The gov provisional the of neutrally, it put to appointment, questionable legally The Con Slavic The motion. in city the in discourse political the kept event big further A Die tschechische Gesellschaft tschechische Die grätz at Prague on May 20 May on Prague at grätz y‘ club together. Accordingly, the German Confederation was the logical frame for all for frame logical was the Confederation German Accordingly,the together. y‘ club 183

through the city made clear, even for the non the for even clear, made city the through

welcomed the idea of the Slavic Congress Slavic ofthe welcomedthe idea The German press closely followed the debates and kept its reader its kept and debates the followed closely press German The ek ao n, eakby frt clie i al emn papers German all in acclaimed first remarkably, and, ago weeks

, 75 , Palac Žofín) Palac - th 76, 79. 76, atening character.atening , after which he had significantly raised the number of number the raised significantly had he which after , th

(Whit Monday), (Whit

on the Sophieninsel (Slovanský Ostrov) and and Ostrov) (Slovanský Sophieninsel the on

184

the Holy Mass on the Rossmarkt Rossmarkt the on Mass Holy the in an article in ide of the National Guard and and Guard National the of ide .

- He reading public, that a that public, reading stressed the stressed

logics that that logics

o the for ern - - - - CEU eTD Collection Richers, Richers, 188 2009) Böhlau, 187 186 185 of theGerman and the(German inhabitants. German the of side the from especiallyrefusal, with met measure this although Guard, National the join to allowed even were Jews later while A Safety Public the into coopted even were Jews Two participation. public and political of tunities oppor them brought had revolution The population. Jewish the towards turned first wrath cit the Yet, Easterdays. sub again wascommitted, nowrestrainedcanalised. and narrowly was press The voluntarily. left censorship. thousands city, were the workers, from unemployed expelled especially people, of hundreds decreed; was revolution the courseof the in formed bodies political the of and Guard Nationalthe of dissolution the siege, of state the Under military. the of hit mightya with ended had Prague cityof the in revolution The yet. finished not was fights deadly the after cleanup the but buried, killed the removed, later days ten published took place. side other the on military the and side one the on Guard, National the by joined were who i from far Not ―Katzenmusik‖. a likelystage to wanted most crowd the where residence general‘s the was demonstration the of target The many the with ended attendance heavy with

Petöfi‘sspeech Richers, Julia Ibidem,159. Pech,

Committee right after the March events and thus held political offices for the first time.first politicalthe officesfor held thus and Marcheventsthe rightafter Committee w mnh ale i Pest in earlier month Two were newspapers local the of issues next the Pentecost, after Tuesday of Instead Jüdisches Budapest Jüdisches The Czech Revolution Czech The 186

, , 176

Jüdisches Budapest: kulturelle Topographien einer Stadtgemeinde im 19. im 19. Stadtgemeinde einer Topographien kulturelle Budapest: Jüdisches

h oe pltcl icus i te iy erir meuu, ies and diverse impetuous, earlier city, the in discourse political open The on March 20 March on - 177. 177.

, ies on the Danube were far away from ease. Just like in Prague, public Prague,public likein Just ease. from away far were Danubethe on ies

177.

o Jn 23 June on , , , 145. th :

A német polgárok polgárok német A

- speaking) Jewish populations began populations Jewish speaking) growing. - Buda, the inhabitants were preparing themselves for the the for themselves preparing were inhabitants the Buda, rd . In the meantime, most of the barricades had been been had barricades the of most meantime, the In . és a zsidók [The German burghers and the Jews], cit. in cit. Jews], the and German burghers [The zsidók és a - voiced call ―Let‘s march past Windischgrätz.‖ past march ―Let‘s call voiced 64

t, the triggering brawl between the protestors, the between brawl triggering the t,

187

The co The nflict between partsbetween nflict Jahrhundert Jahrhundert 188

(Köln: (Köln: et to ject 185 -

CEU eTD Collection 194 193 192 191 190 189 se had Guard National The houses. and shops demolished they where Terézváros of district the crowd. the up stirred had burgher Pest a houses their of out vitriol poured had Jews few a that saying rumours that the later, Days examined. newspapers German the of basis the on demanded. was Guardsmen Jew National the of disarming the which in out broke violence the before immediately meeting Pest. of district Terézváros the in pedestrians on oil hot ci the by anti without Jews mus the of front in workers mainly of gathering immediately. request this de into taken short fairly be seems this account, to has certainly which burghers, German several of opposition mentioned direction‖ nationalist revolutio the about ambivalent openly was that minority German banized

ee rbes o etr odr nmru ptos uh t ought patrols numerous order; restore to problems vere manded the expulsion of all Jews from Pest from Jews all of expulsion the manded Pester Zeitung, No. 651, 21 April 1848. April 1848. 21 651, Zeitung,No. Pester Richers, Nemes, April 1848. 18 648, Zeitung,No. Pester April16 1848. 91, Ungar, No. Der Freifeld, - Jewish sentiment. Jewish The violence erupted on April 19 April violenceeruptedon The ur ―an identifies Freifeld Alice April. mid in started Jews the on assaults violent The rculating rumour that Jews had thrown stones out of their windows and had poured poured had and windows their of out stones thrown had Jews that rumour rculating Budapest Jüdisches Budapest Jüdisches Nationalism and the the Crowd and Nationalism incolat , 134. ,

189 was demanded. All these events can be considered a sign for a growing a for sign a considered be can events these All demanded. was

191

as the main propagators of the anti the of propagators main the as

, 187. , 190

n pi 18 April On

- sighted. Indeed, a group of group a Indeed, sighted. , 61. ,

193 194

The actual course of events can not be reconstructed be not can events of course actual The th

Marauding mobs had subsequently been heading for heading been subsequently had mobs Marauding . As Robert Nemes describes, the riot was nourishedwas Nemesriot Robert describes,the .As th the , 65 - Buda, yet the magistrate of Buda (!) rejected rejected (!) Buda of magistrate the yet Buda,

eum where too the expulsion of all tolerated tolerated all of expulsion the too where eum etr Zeitung Pester 192

German inhabitants in Buda had Buda in inhabitants German peet ute asut i the in assaults further prevent o - ui Rces etos public a mentions Richers Julia Jewish riots. Despite the afore the Despite riots. Jewish

Pester Zeitung Pester eotd bu a public a about reported n with its Magyar its with n nd had attacked a a attacked had nd

confirmed ish - - CEU eTD Collection 201 200 199 198 197 196 April 1848. 30 Zeitung, 658, No. Pester 1848, 195 editor its since agitation und o ginning be the since Jews against protests in involved been had ―Magyars also Germans the with alongside because suffice, not certainly does papers, Hungarian contemporary the of parts adds. Nemes pr factors. triggering as market local the on craftsmen Jewish with competition heavy and unemployment growing assaults tookplaceJewish inmany inthose days. places inHungary com ―tact as proceeding this assesses Déak István Whereas tensions. the of appeasement an with lating calcu certainly laws, immigration the of enforcement strict a announced and Guardsmen, gathe public made inhabitants. Jewish the of favour in enforcing measures safety in reluctant acted ministry Hungarian the mobs, the led having for bourgeoisie city Pet ambivalent. were Whereas baptisms of among North to mediumterm, emigration America. and, theJews inthe number increasing an were events these of consequences The days. coming

ejudices as well as opposition to the debated emancipation laws come into play, as Robert Robert as play, into come laws emancipation debated the to opposition as well as ejudices Idem. Ibidem,135. Nemes, Richers, De Nemes, in founded was America North to promotion ofemigration the to devoted Anassociation munity now being shorn of any means of self of means any of shorn being now munity clynt unwise,‖ not ically Morgenröthe á k, Similar t Similar violenc of outburst this to reaction and of perception public The

The Lawful Revolution Lawful The Budapest Budapest f the revolution.‖ the f Jüdisches Budapest Jüdisches 200

The solelyThe o Prague, the reasons for the riots were manifold. György Spira highlighted highlighted Spira György manifold. were riots the for reasons the Prague, o , 134 , 134. ,

199 eotd exhaustively. reported rings notifiable three days in advance, ordered the disarming of Jewish Jewish of disarming the ordered advance, in days three notifiable rings

oevr wt rgr t te prahn Ese dy, lo religious also days, Easter approaching the to regard with Moreover, 135. 197 -

, 190. ,

,114. 201 - andPetőfi by forward put as events, the of interpretation ‗national‘ Julia Richers sees in these decisions a humiliation of the Jewish the of humiliation a decisions these in sees Richers Julia chief, Hermann Klein, was a scion of a wealthy Jewish fami Jewish wealthy a of scion a was Klein, Hermann chief,

The German press widely condemned the riots. riots. the condemned widely press German The

őfi and the radicals around him quickly blamed theGerman quickly him radicalsőfi around and the

e Ungar Der 66

- defence 196

tef a cnrne wt anti with confronted was itself Batthyány only issued a decree, which decree, a issued only Batthyány — having in mind in having 198

195 e in the centre of the the of centre the in e

Pest in late April inlate Pest that similar anti similar that Pester Zeitung Pester - Jewish Jewish ly in in ly - - -

CEU eTD Collection wollen, so lange das genannte Schmähblatt dort aufliegt] dort Schmähblatt genannte das lange so wollen, zu betreten mehr wirnicht besuchen, die Klubbs, und Gasthöfe Kaffeehäuser, öffentliche jene wir, alle erklären 205 204 sollten kommen da die harrend, Dinge der und werfend Pistol vierläufig mein auf Blick vertrauensvollen einen Arbeitstische, meinem d ein Opfer Gefahrlaufe, Augenblick jeden ich indem tragen, zu Sorge meiner Person Sicherheit die für mich beschworen und Bureau, mein in Zeit 203 202 Ungar Der of acceptance high the to pointing By interest. public of issue an but readership his to known affa the made thus and demands, and motives he outrageous Swoboda‘s which debunked in philippic, fierce a article, response a published He on. head issue this tackle Con his paper any longer: the in appeal an published Swoboda Nepomuk Johann clockmaker the when May early in sharper even became newspaper his over conflict The A ―Judenmetzele downright a feared had he that shape threatening spective. Ungar the from ejection his demanded had public, the of tendencies Jewish anti on reporting determined his and cause national Magyar the towards attitudes positive Klein‘s appreciated not did who participants German particularly crowd, incited The Miskolc. p

Morgenröthe, No. 36, 2 May 1848 May 2 1848 36, No. Morgenröthe, Idem. in recht sein?―, Swoboda Nepomuk Johann gewissen einemdas „Wird April 1848. 30 103, Ungar, No. Der ril 19 , v 113 inced that attack is the best form of defence, Klein picked up the gauntlet and decided to decided and gauntlet the up picked Klein defence, of form best the is attack that inced

providedis there. avoid we sheet scandal named that the as long declare as clubs and guesthouses us coffeehouses, public those visiting Let rag. gossip outlawed commonly this to subscribe not us Let and waiting for the things to come. vengef and incited the of victim a becoming of risk the running was I since safety, my for care take to me conjured and Friends, acquaintances and strangershurried off from sitethe tumult, of rushed into my office, - y cuig i o bae cvrg fo a eiel rlgos ie Jws) per Jewish) (i.e. religious decidedly a from coverage biased of him accusing by 116 [ 116 th 202 :

among the intelligentsia and the relatively high numbers of subscribers (2,400), (2,400), subscribers of numbers high relatively the and intelligentsia the among Freunde, Bekannte und Unbekannte eilten vom Platze des Tumultes weg, stürzten händeringend händeringend stürzten weg, vom Tumultes des eilten Platze Unbekannte und Bekannte Freunde, codn t te esnl eot y li, h mnc hd sue sc a such assumed had menace the Klein, by report personal the to According ].

205

ul mass. I remained calm at my desk, trustfully looking at my pistol my at looking trustfully desk, my at calm remained I mass. ul er aufgehetzten, rachschnaubenden Masse zu werden. Ich blieb ruhig an an ruhig blieb Ich werden. zu Masse rachschnaubenden er aufgehetzten, [Pränumerir

204

en wir nicht mehr auf dieses allgemein geächtete Klatschblatt, Klatschblatt, geächtete allgemein dieses auf mehr wir nicht en

67 .

Morgenröthe Rózsa i‖ , Ihr Männer aus, jet aus, Männer Ihr 203

not to support Klein and Klein support to not

[slaughter of Jews] on Jews] of [slaughter editorial board of board editorial ir not only only not ir zt ruft die die zt ruft Der - - CEU eTD Collection 210 209 208 207 206 in change not did press Hungarian the of majority the of attitude deprecative The city. the in far. revo the of achievement important an assembly, of freedom the of readers their reminded Others separatists traitors, being of them denounced and country, the from Germans the expel to proposed even some Magyars, the of cause national the undermining of accused being was it Subsequently, Club. the with deal to how about out broke debate public man. Interessen‖ rischen p to was idea The inhabitants. city the of part German the for alike nothing but cause national Magyar the under strat social in all of people terested together bring and revolution the of ideas the spread and promote should which Club against Klein dissolve fully not did tensions the May, of strategypublic hadentireKlein. best tosomehowfor During react, the tobethe month proved threate continuous the Making confrontation. forthright a wage not did but Klein against brickbats bold uttered had others also Swoboda, agitation. insulting and brutish and timent, fo plea a like look appeal Swoboda‘s make to managed Klein

Idem. Nemes, Idem. April 1848. 7 637, Zeitung,No. Pester J gewissen „Aneinen 210 lution, which applied to the German Club as well as to all other associations founded so so founded associations other all to as well as Club German the to applied which lution,

standable: There were already countless associations and clubs in Pest in clubs and associations countless already were There standable:

The meetings of the Club became a political is political a became Club the of meetings The

Unsurprisingly, this proposal met with harsh criticism from the side on the radic the on side the from criticism harsh with met proposal this Unsurprisingly, German a of foundation a for called article newspaper a April, of week first the In

Budapest — rovide a forum for exchange of thoughts about the ―vaterländischen, d.i. unga d.i. ―vaterländischen, the about thoughts of exchange for forum a rovide , butw , 144. , 208 ohann Nepomuk Swoboda―, in Swoboda―, Nepomuk ohann

ere increasingly by supplanted conflicts. other [patriotic, i.e. Hungarian interests] Hungarian i.e. [patriotic,

a of urban society. urban of a

206 ning a political issue, to which people in the city the in people which to issue, political a ning 68 — Rózsa, Rózsa,

paety aie rm h drc atc by attack direct the from aside Apparently, wbd ee satd sgaue initiative signature a started even Swoboda 207 Ihr Männer aus, jetzt ruft die Zeit die jetzt aus, ruft Männer Ihr

sue and present in the medial discourse medial the in present and sue The main concern seemed obvious and obvious seemed concern main The — the language to be used was Ger was used be to language the r censorship, anti censorship, r

n wre things. worse and - Buda devoted to devoted Buda ,

- 108 Jewish sen Jewish - 112. als. A A als.

209 - - - -

CEU eTD Collection sicherlich ist er indirect ein Störer Störer ein ist indirect er sicherlich reizen siezu anzugreifen, nicht Leibe bei Elemente diese erfordert, Ungarns Existenz die ja die Sicherheit, … Elementen, vielen 212 selbst aufhören] von hervorrufen, Blut nur böses besudeln, Ver 211 expressi open of means a as musik‖ ―Katzen also associations, the in and bodies municipal the of sessions public in deliberations the and newspapers the in debates the from Apart continued. elections coming the to respect t on as well as issue language the on discussion public The [Let‘s„Verständigen wir agree!/Let‘s uns!― ourselves makewrote: understood!], he bur the languageof question commenced.particular Inthe issue this on discussion passionatea which Zeitung administ and political of sessions and debates hearings, all from Hungarian than language other any ban to mands de radical approaching, quicklywere diet Hungarian the for as well as level municipal the on controv for point eminent an been already had yet supervision close from andmistrust thecamp. remainedunder Magyarnational life society lively a initiated Club German Pest The tensionsorder tominimize thro in Club the join to Magyars courting started even Club the although months, following the

Ignaz August „Verständigen wir uns!―, Pester Zeitung/Volkstribüne, No. 670, 14 May14 1848 670, No. Zeitung/Volkstribüne, uns!―,wirPester „Verständigen August Ignaz May10 1848 666, Zeitung,No. Pester unglimpfungen, die leider auch ihren Weg in die Presse gefunden, und die indem sie den Deutschen Deutschen sieden indem die und Pressegefunden, die Weg in ihren leider auch die unglimpfungen, Hungarian weal. but enthusiast an be might that does it makes Hungary indi of existence the even security, (…) elements. many of consists Hungary In the meantime, the question of language had again become a central issue, albeit it it albeit issue, central a become again had language of question the meantime, the In found their way into pressthe and, by befouling the German, have only caused mischief. unfortunately have which stop will vilifications and accusations nasty the way a such in (...) gher Ignaz August argued for a very cautious approach. Under the ambiguous title title ambiguous the Under approach. cautious very a for argued August Ignaz gher

a ltl itoue a upeetl ae ―Volks paper supplemental a introduced lately had spensable not to affront these elements, not to tantalize, not to subdue them. Someone whoSomeone them. subdue to not tantalize, to not elements, these affront to not spensable – sie zu unterdrücken. Wer solches unternimmt, kann wohl ein Enthusiast sein, aber aber sein, einEnthusiast wohl kann unternimmt, Wer solches unterdrücken. siezu aie ois e wt ciiim rm h Gra sd. The side. German the from criticism with met bodies rative 212

des ungarischen Wohles] ungarischen des

ugh transparency: […so werden auch die gehässigen Beschuldigungen und und Beschuldigungen gehässigen die werden auch […so n f rtqe lyd n miet oe n Pest in role imminent an played critique of on ot certainly most 69 ersies before the revolution. Since the elections elections the Since revolution. the before ersies

, had formal statutes, and met regularly, met and statutes, formal had , he organisational proceedings with proceedings organisational he e is he - rbn‖ pol‘ tiue in tribune] [people‘s Tribüne‖

n niet itre o the of disturber indirect an

[Ungarn i [Ungarn

- st aus st aus Pester Pester 211 Buda.

- - CEU eTD Collection 214 213 13 Jun the On on. went trouble the oath, the swear to rós, ―Cecco regiment Italian the when undermined was event festive initially This in. sworn be to were not did conflicts Further in officers, used had for their by incited and drunk apparently infantrymen, two the that and out turned Lederer had it against since officers, charge a bringing recommended committee the of report final for breakthrough downright a sidered con was contemporaries the by which papers local the in published constantly were hearings the of protocols The public. the of attention immense attracted affair The days. following procee committee the that so Vienna, to escaped yet command, his from released subsequently was Lederer down. calm unrest the did committee investigation aninitiate to order in Stephen Palatine with met immediately Batthyány had that movement. political recent the of repression the even maybe force, of use further for harbinger a as military regular the of intervention the interpreted they reports newspaper As Pest. to Buda from disseminated quickly attack the about news The seriously. very them of some injured, were people Several interfered. began, ‗music‘ the after diately ‗visit‘ a expecting ly Lederer,apparentbloody a tumult. into turned sceneabruptly the ―Katzenmusik‖, endurea to 11 May on When habitants (since most of the detachments were Italian), was kept under close observation. close under kept was Italian), were detachments the of most (since habitants

Pester Zeitung, No. 677, 23 May 1848. May23 1848. 677, Zeitung,No. Pester May12 1848. 668, Zeitung,No. Pester

who had served in Italy and was fluent in the language, eventually convinced the soldiers the convinced eventually language, the in fluent was andItaly in served had who

pieri‖ refused the oath on the constitution. Despite the minister of war, Lázár Mésza Lázár war, of minister the Despite constitution. the on oath the refused pieri‖ From these days on, the military, commonly perceived as foreign body in midst of the of midst in body foreign as perceived commonly military, the on, days these From on the events tell, the entire urban scene was in a bustle, people were outraged since since outraged were people bustle, a in was scene urban entire the tell, events the on th

the commander of the military garrison in Buda, Baron von Lederer, had had Lederer, von Baron Buda, in garrison military the of commander the ce against the ‗musicians‘ without prior warnings. againstce without the‗musicians‘

n h eeig hd i hue ure b ifnr uis h, imme who, units infantry by guarded house his had evening, the in

hold off. On June 2 June On off. hold

the achieved degree of of degree achieved the nd 70 , the military garrison and the National Guard National the and garrison military the ,

th , the newspapers titled ―Blutige Pfing ―Blutige titled newspapers the , e t ha svrl inse i the in witnesses several hear to ded 213 Öffentlichkeit

Only aft Only

er the news got about got news the er

[publicity]. 214

The - - - - - CEU eTD Collection 215 full the for precondition and achievement decisive the considered be can censorship of lition to commitment outright and common acts symbolic places, public in festivities various through expressed and fraternization of atmosphere an by accompanied enchantment revolutionarythe light. to come studies case two the differencesbetweenand similarities 1848, June Marchto from revolution, the of threemonths inthe thepublicdiscourses cities during assessingWhen and the character developmentof the the with commenced advancing militarycampaignJelačić. Ban, Josip Croatian ofthe which ‗drama‘ the of act next the by supplanted soon were municipalbodies the in tensions The July. early in met diet new the passed, regularly were laws wa ministry Hungarian The sounds. background mere than more were they Pest in fights Pentecost the revolution, Pente Jakob Karl Pest, mayor new elected was Rottenbiller Leopold planned. as held were elections the March events. the since incident deadliest far so this in perished had people five restored; was calm the until Pala fu and immediately spread Guardsmen killing were shoot heavy where district város Bel the in laktanya) (Károly barracks Charles the in violence of outburst an to led had Guard Pest]: in Pentecost [Bloody Pest!‖ in sten

Pester Zeitung,Extra Pester tine Stephan appeared at the scene in order to negotiate a ceasefire. Three days passed by passed days Three ceasefire. a negotiate to order in scene the at appeared Stephan tine cost Uprising in Prague, which clearly had the character of an abatement of the entire entire the of abatement an of character the had clearly which Prague, in Uprising cost sohn in Buda; the restoration of the municipal bodies was soon completed. Unlike th Unlike completed. soon was bodies municipal the of restoration the Buda; in sohn 3. Despite ly shared go shared ly 3 3 Similarities and differences

the great consternation among the city inhabitants about the deadly violence violence deadly the about inhabitants city the among consternation great the - Nummer, 13 June1848. 13 Nummer, als was omnipresent in the first days after the March events. The abo The events. March the after days first the in omnipresent was als

- us ok lc. uor syn ta te tla soldiers Italian the that saying Rumours place. took outs

The most striking similarity concerns the general thrust: thrust: general the concerns similarity striking most The -

ua akd hs oiia bcgon, vn though even background, political this lacked Buda 215

the latent tensions between tensions latent the 71

elled public anger. Mészarós and even even and Mészarós anger. public elled

military and National and military s consolidated, consolidated, s e - - CEU eTD Collection 217 19 re the ‗drive‘ 216 national the to cities the of populace German the of reaction a as regarded can thesame ofGerman around timecertainlyas inApril, be Clubs, foundations inPrague the ele national ―two the between split growing the made effect, side unintentional an as which, uttered repeatedly were unanimity for pleas contributors and editors newspaper the of side the From exclusivist. more and more came attitud national agenda, liberal the of goals central achieved the Pentecost Uprising. example, demands‘. ‗24 of petition own an issued which Women‘ Hungarian ‗Radical the of circle the of form the in con as such activities city the of life public the in part took increasingly women that interest particular of is it unemployment, of issue the concerning mainly demands work and revolution the of agenda tional na the of supporters active most the became students Whereas demands. political culating arti and groups various in organized women and workers students, by transformed and trated well andpredominately male ‗bourgeois‘, afor place the only not was cities the of sphere public the the June and March between in period narrow place: took authorities and bodies regular the beyond participation political where print media ranging leafletsregard. thesignificantin this from newspapers indicator to is la evolve yered and highly diversified form over the months. The virtually exponential rise of the the of rise exponential virtually The months. the over form diversified highly and yered

3 Pech, Pech, 1848 ―Womenthe in Nemes, Robert - 207. ment of the open and critical public discourse which in both cases assumed a multi a assumed cases both in which discourse public critical and open the of ment The political discourse mirrored in the German press developed a similar way. Having Having way. similar a developed press German the in mirrored discourse political The t made society urban of groups social effectivelyall of mobilization The

The Czech Revolution Czech The

women contributed to debates in local newspapers and later even actively supported supported actively even later and newspapers local in debates to contributed women 216

iia eggmn cn e bevd n h cs o Pau we, for when, Prague of case the in observed be can engagement Similar certs, balls and feasts, but with specific political concerns, for example for concerns, political specific with but feasts, and balls certs, 217

, , 319

- 329. - 1849 Hungarian Revolution,‖ 1849

ers made their appearance in the urban realm with realm urban the in appearance their made ers ments‖ even more palpable. In Pest In palpable. more even ments‖ 72 - off public off

— o a psie cnues o public of ‗consumers‘ passive as not

any longer, but was gradually pene graduallywas but longer,any Journal of Women‟s History Women‟s of Journal es gained ground which later be later which ground gained es he city a place place a city he - Buda as well as Buda

13 (2001), (2001), 13

------CEU eTD Collection urban discours urban Pest in than articulated more was question‘ ‗national the on emphasis the Prague in that seems it question, in period the w there independence, of war the Pest in restoration, political the and abatement military the Prague in 1848, courseevents. of Pest and Pragueof settings urban comparable structurally the in discourse public the of terms, chronological in even com in shoot ‗Pentecostthe Congressand‗Lederer affair‘ the Pragueor Slavic the ―Katzenmusiken‖, like events individual by intensified and lysed themselves from theassaults. distanced publicly contributors and journalists revolution the Christian of values the to to and referring principles by pattern: same the followed mainly riots violent the of handling anti existing already fuelled Pest the the to in them and admitting Guard, by National play‘, ‗revolutionary the into Jews the including of issue The Pest in effects lasting longer with though week, same the roughly in starting habitants ela debate of arenas public language proceedingsanconflict. outstanding became tobeused of inofficial point b had movement spective borated and eloquent stage, both cities had seen the brutish violence against the Jewish in Jewish the against violence brutish the seen had cities both stage, eloquent and borated mented Irrespective of the very different progress of the revolutions in both contexts after June afterJune contextsboth in revolutions the of progress verydifferent the Irrespective of e coming the Moreover, new the in opinions and standpoints arguments, of exchange public the May in Before in all local newspapers. Altogether it is quite striking to identify the parallelisms, parallelisms, the identify to striking quite is it Altogether newspapers. local all in es, it had a more prominent significance in Prague, since the Czech language Czech the since Prague, in significance prominent more a had it es,

, e.g. the supplemental papers of the press, reached the probably most most probably the reached press, the of papers supplemental the e.g. , e asmn i te ek bfr. h qetos ocrig the concerning questions The before. weeks the in assuming een - Buda when it comes to the central social and politi andcentral socialthe to comes it Budawhen - Jewish attitudes among the urban populations. urban the among attitudes Jewish

- ua Ee tog te eae n agae perd n both in appeared language on debate the though Even Buda. lections in June caused a citywide excitement which was cata was which excitement citywide a caused June in lections ere also differences with regard to the public discourse. For discourse. public the to regard with differences also ere - ua ae y vn opig hm no oiia bodies, political into them coopting even by case Buda 73

- out‘ in Pest in out‘ - Buda,andclosely reported - Buda the way into into way the Buda The reception and reception The cal issues in thein issues cal

- B uda. uda. - - CEU eTD Collection 219 218 pape the than of a political attitudes coveredpapers broader intothe spectrum analysis, were which included Pest in press German the of entirety the that state can we issue, of basis the on unascertainable is motive anti an had Swoboda burgher bythe affront the extent what To readership. the of parts from refusal with meet could commenting of styles and types certain that shows Klein, mann concerning affair public the press, German the for As press. achievedend. inthe that whichofburghersfeast shows reconciliationtheBaumgarten in May the made possible inlate Prague the tensions, all despite hand, other the On used. language the of irrespective triotic], Pest in national windows. burgher many Pest, visiting was deputation student Tricolour German the of display public a about fights no were there example For Prague. in as determined as not but too, palpable, was larisation Inscribed thecollective into memorypeople. Pest ofthe in deeply were Josephinism and counterreformation of periods earlier the with whose experiences Czechs the of side the on sentiments national the fuelled which polarisation sharp 1844. of diet the since Hungary of language official the been had Hungarian whereas whatsoever, status official an have not did

Pester Zeitung, No. 637, 6 April 1848. 6 637, Zeitung,No. Pester Deák, an overcoming of ostensibly insurmountable antagonisms was at least tackled, though not though tackled, least at was antagonisms insurmountable ostensibly of overcoming an - However, a strong polarisation in Pest in strongpolarisation aHowever, more was Prague in Club Constitutional the that evident is it Clubs German the for As Buda whose self whose Buda The Lawful Revolution Lawful The - minded and dedicated to a defence of decidedly German interest than its equivalent its than interest German decidedly of defence a to dedicated and minded

rs in Prague. Nonetheless, the respective three newspapers of each city which city each of newspapers three respective the Nonetheless, Prague. in rs

- co ,47. cpinws ahr ―ungarisch rather was nception

218

Additionally, the debate on ‗Frankfurt‘ contribute ‗Frankfurt‘ on debate the Additionally,

the examination of the press. Despite this particular this Despite press. the of examination the - 74 Buda concerned the means of public debate, the debate,the public Budaofconcerned means the

s waved black waved s — - Buda onthe on the contrary: when the Viennese the when contrary: the on - vaterländisch‖

the editor of editor the - Buda, not only those news those only not Buda, - red other hand, a certain hand, po a other - gold flags out of their their of out flags gold 219 Der Ungar Der

[Hungarian pa [Hungarian - Jewish , Her , d to a to d - - - - - CEU eTD Collection re other the about informed readership the kept and arguments further with discourses local the fed which city other respective the in developments notable most the on commented peatedly the of editor the that know We newspapers. local their via impact mutual direct a had Prague and Buda per emperor the at look the from Apart course. of Vienna, in especially rope, Eu in cities many almost in developments political ongoing the on reported newspapers The ev whatso associations and clubs to re alignments no had and position moderate rather papers a presented accepted and widespread most the to belonged which and analysed been have volutionaryand theis movement er. spective of the Bohemian and the Hungarian metropolises, the public discourses in Pest in discourses public the metropolises, Hungarian the and Bohemian the of spective

Finally, it is important to mention that the urban discourses were not a closed entity. closed a not were discourses urban the that mention to important is it Finally,

Prager Zeitung Prager

had subscription for the for subscription had sues people facing were there. 75

P ester Zeitung ester

and

‘s residence from the from residence ‘s vice versa vice . Both re Both . - - - - - CEU eTD Collection haben musste] haben gerü sich Entzweite wie lang drückten, Hände die sich Böhmen wieselig strömten, Lippen von den Versöhnung der Worte die heiß wieglühend nannten, Brüder Deutsche und Tschechen hörteer wiesich heute entgegenschlugen, sollen sehen ihn ihr ja hättet heute begingen, Fest ein Prags Bewohner die wo heute trugen, Fahnen Bäume die wo heute, ihn hättet Ihr heute heut, aber 220 and ‗chronology‘ whatsoever, regret or judgement without conclude certainly can one Thus, shapesanand thecollective memory Palacký still inPrague and Pest in Batthyány and Kossuth like men meaningfulgreat of category This explicatory. considered was life public and politics to contribution individual whose ‗gr the of history the on emphasis strong a by has accompanied been paradigm usually predominant This thesis. this of chapter previous the in like just narration, historiography frame, chronological defi a constituting causality traceable and logical certain a followed even maybe which events, of chain consecutive a featured 1848 of revolutions the that assumption the Under

Eduard Breier, Prager Zeitung, No. 83, 26 May 1848 May26 1848 83, Zeitung,No. Prager Breier, Eduard hrt umarmten, umarmten, hrt – God emotionally hugged, today was it aBaumgartennot but aVolksgarten separated hitherto how hands, shook Bohemians blissfully how uttered, were reconciliation heard it today beat, seen have should you today indeed, feast, a celebrated Prague of inhabitants the when today flags, with tables, crowded long, with it, seen Y

ou Eduard Breier

(

… c in Heavenin must have rejoiced. i . ertainly know the romantic Baumgartenromantic the know ertainly t )

( doppelt schön, doppelt reizend, heute warer Zeuge, heute reizend, doppelt schön, doppelt …

( ), …

doubly nice, doubly delightful, today it witnessed how thousands of hearts happilyhearts of thousands howwitnessed it delightful,todaydoubly nice, doubly )

heute war er kein Baum warer kein heute , Symbolic topographies in the realmurban

Prager Zeitung, 26 1848May

sehen sollen, mit den langen, reichbesetzten Tafeln, mit den herrlichen Gezelten, Gezelten, herrlichen mit den Tafeln, reichbesetzten langen, mit den sollen, sehen Czechs and Germans calling each other brothers, how heartfelt words of words heartfelt how brothers, other each calling Germans and Czechs

Revolutions spatialized:

a oewemnl fcsd on focused overwhelmingly has 220 - , er war ein Volks ein er war ,

Chapter 4

fulgent 76 [O gewiß, ihr kennt den romantischen Baumgarten; Baumgarten; romantischen den kennt [O gewiß, ihr

(Stromovka);

pavilions, today when the trees were wearing were trees the when today pavilions,

- Garten, an dem Gott im Himmel seine Freude Freude seine Himmel im Gott dem an Garten,

wie sich Tausende von Herzen freudig freudig Herzen von Tausende wiesich d the respective national respective narrative. d the

but today but

!, [ a

people‘s garden

today you should haveshould you today temporal stream of of stream temporal - a mn o 1848 of men‘ eat Buda or Havliček Havliček or Buda ]

nitive nitive which CEU eTD Collection revolution and counter and revolution com and social a 221 as revolution the how idea an give to tries but where‘ happened ‗what urbanrevolution shape. space took inwhichthe publicly accessible the otherwas it hallsvenues, debates and balls and intown political feasts, the Despite cases. of majority overwhelming hub a places made What Pentecost the down put Windischgrätz General when areas revolution the to related indirectly and hotspots were There topography. urban specific t that claim can one realm, urban the in events the of localisation spatial to also but general in developments discursive and litical explanat the on Based volution un commonlysubsumed is which incidents of stream the within realm convictions, and attitudes political varie wide a following were who individuals outstanding by spurred time, in progressing events of series a only city the in revolution the was But purpose. this serve cities, or regions pro chronological mainly more: (once certain a which on stage a as limits, clear less or more ‗1848‘ with dealing when perspectives adequate most the as regarded been usually have ‗biography‘

Josef Polišenský, Polišenský, Josef rsinl ‗ly ta ‗play‘ gressional) , unaffected by this kind of occurrences,of kind this by unaffected , — This chapter seeks not only to draft an urban topography of th of topography urban an draft to only not seeks chapter This Topographies4.1 of events with space‘ ‗container the as up pops all, at mentioned if ‗space‘, that, to contrast In

of 1848 even structuralist approacheseven d structuralist ? ? Aristocrats and the Crowd in the revolutionary year 1848. A contribution to the history of of the history to contribution A 1848. year revolutionary the the in Crowd and Aristocrats -

revolution in Austria in revolution ions in the chapter before which has drawn attention not only to the po the to only not attention drawn has which before chapter the in ions e pae Nral pltcl r diitaie nt, uh s states, as such units, administrative or political Normally place. kes

of ‗revolutionary‘ activity was was activity‗revolutionary‘ of

somewhere

( he revolutions revolutions he New York: State University of New York Press York ofNew University New State York:

id not managepatterns.id not elude tofully these s

ok lc and place took

77 where things were goin were things where

? What about the role of space in the urban urban the in space of role the about What ? mnn rlvne f lb ad associations, and clubs of relevance eminent

the urban space where incidents directly incidents where space urban the of 1848 in Pest in 1848 of U prising in Prague with heavy artillery. heavy with Prague in prising their open accessibility open their ,

at the same time, there were there time, same the at - g on the usual way, even way, usual the gon Buda and Prague and Buda e revolution in terms of terms in revolution e der the notion of notion the der ,

1980 , at least in the in least at , 221 ) .

the had qui ty of of ty

and

et a - - -

CEU eTD Collection Transcript Verlag, Verlag, Transcript Thielmann 222 revolu of core be to proved District Inner the Altogether Palatine. the of institutions regal l street the where from bank Buda the on Tabán of district Th proximity. closest rough prin been had points‘ ‗12 the where Heckenast‘, & ‗Landerer office print the as well as gathered corner. uni The (Bélváros). District Inner the to next right (Landstraße) út Ország at located were place pu 15 March on gathering mass first the where forecourt its and seum Pest for As cities. the of districts inner the in concentrated mainly ces w accessibility; open of prerequisite structural the Pest of space urban the bates inpubli de rumours, products, print discourse, citywide the of means all by propagated was which a even maybe symbolical, highly a with vested were space, city the in discursive the In place. took city the in places certain of ‗labelling‘ and ‗minting‘ this which through discourse public the of mirror a as serve which press German analysed the on rely mainly considerations the Again, in sketched are which others and Soja Edward by tions and space urban shaped process municative

blic assemblies incl assemblies blic Edward Soja, Soja, Edward versity from where the students were allured to join thedemonstrations join wasversity around just studentswere to whereallured the from e, ee t rk ta Hregse ad avn uc (Hatvanerga utca Hatvani and (Herrengasse) utca Urak at were ted, ly a hundred meters apart; the Pest City Hall and the City Hall Square were also in in also were Square Hall City the and Hall City Pest the apart; meters hundred a ly h cfehue Pla‘ wee ádr eői n hs elw eouinss had revolutionists fellow his and Petőfi Sándor where ‗Pilvax‘, coffeehouse The in located revolution the of places the were Where ask: simply can one with, begin To

eds., eds., c places and wordc placesand ofmouth. „ Spatial Turn. Spatial Vom 2009) ‚ Zeitgeist , , 241 uding the large and incited demonstrations on March 29 March on demonstrations incited and large the uding pontoon e - Buda and Prague? And did they have anything in common apart from apart common in anything have theydid And Prague? and Buda -

26 Das Raumparadigma in den in Kultur den Raumparadigma Das 2. ‘

zum

- ‚ process, some of those sites, formerly just places just formerly sites, those of some process, rde (Ha bridge Raumgeist

‘ .

New Twists on the Spatial Turn Spatial the on Twists New vice versa vice jó 78 híd) connected the Pest bank bank Pest the connected híd)

ere there differences? Obviously, these pla these Obviously, differences? there ere . This takes up the theoretical assump theoretical the up takes This . -

und Sozial und the chapter ―City and Revolution.‖ and ―City chapter the ed uphill to the castle with the vice the with castlethe to uphill ed wissenschaften th

- as well as the following the as well as Buda, the National Mu National the Buda, ‖ in J in ‖ quasi örg Döring, Tristan Tristan örgDöring, sse) respectively, respectively, sse)

- (Bielefeld: (Bielefeld: th sacral meaning meaning sacral ih h Buda the with

and 30 and somewhere th

took

the the 222 ------

CEU eTD Collection 223 Inn the of end upstream debate. of hotspot this at on going everything in involved directly was thus Heckenast‘and & ‗Landerer of house the The city. the of centre the to close located were newspapers German the of offices editorial The forth. so and shops print several hall, city the university, the coffeehouses, many arena: discursive the of infrastructure necessary the tured largerdistrict not these km².All places than bereached 0.5 few could a minutes. within op the in out happened mainly tionary

Pester Zeitung, No. 1, 30 March30 1845. 1, Zeitung,No. Pester Additionally, the Inner District of Pest between the riverside walk an walk riverside the between Pest of District Inner the Additionally, activity in Pest. in activity 223

er District; er In this list we cannot only recognise the events of March 15 March of events the recognise only cannot we list this In

The ÓBUDA

Morgenröthe en but also the spatial concentration of the relevant sites in a in sites relevant the of concentration spatial the also but en

Der Ungar Der

had its office at the at office its had 79

in Magas utca in Buda beneath the castle and castle the beneath Buda in utca Magas in

Pester Zeitung Pester Map 1: Buda and Pest in 1848 in Pest Buda and 1: Map

even had its editor‘s office in office editor‘s its had even Redoutensaal

S T S d Ország út fea út Ország d

(redout) at the at (redout) th

which

- CEU eTD Collection 224 Fran printer the of release the demanded crowd incited an example for where places gathering Ring Altstädter the at hall city The well. as Altstadt), Město/ (Staré Town Old district, inner the in place took activity public the of much t Pest of centre the from revolutionary activity decreased. remote more the that clear makes overview short This Buda. in centre, the outside happened incident‘ ‗Lederer the Similarly, utca. Király and Váci in especially Térezváros, of district adjacent the in but Bélváros of centre the in con Danube. the of side other the on developmentsthe to exposed closelywas thus

Die Morgenröthe, No. 1, 1 January 1848; Pester Zeitung, No. 394, 18 February 1847. February18 394, 1847. Zeitung, No. Pester January1848; 1 1, No. Morgenröthe, Die flict ti šek Groll, theincident whichcaused later resignation Strobach. ofthe burgomaster s o Pau, h tpgah o te eouin a sihl dfeet O course, Of different. slightly was revolution the of topography the Prague, for As ,

where where for example for

the assaults on the Jewish population Jewish the on assaults the

P R AG U E

( trmssé náměstí Staroměstské

took place, were not located located not were place, took Map 2: Prague in in 1858 Prague 2: Map ws one was )

e oe rapid more he 224

The areas ofareas The f h main the of

CEU eTD Collection common were events March the above, outlined As 1848. June until events of course the in contemporaries the by space urban the of manipulation and handling social among onMarch themthedemonstration 15 events, big several experienced Buda whereas Cathedral, the in Masses Holy pro and torchlight cessions individual from apart activity, revolutionary any from untouched mained op the on Strana) (Malá Kleinseite the Yet, garten. Baum the as such places remote quite included even and space urban the in spread more were Prague in revolution the of scenes the Pest, in unlike sum, In May. late in conciliation th among celebrated, were feasts several where (Moldau) Vltava River the beyond city the of part its northern the in held (Stromovka) Baumgarten Congress the and sessions, Slavic the eventually and place took committees burgher of meetings ballroom large its with ostrov) (Slovanský Sophieninsel the revolution: Pest in unlike But celebrated. was emperor the and given were speeches welcome Vienna, from stude of deputations the when crowded densely were station railways the of forms plat The houses. festooned the from waved flags streets; these lined people thousands the bac Hiberner and Kolowratstrasse) called map 1858 the (in Graben Am via Rossmarkt the from way The the in one only the was ex for held, were celebrations public and Archbishop the with Masses Holy statue, Václav the ample on the occasion of the return of the second deputation to the emperor. the to deputation second the of return the of occasion the on ample k was usually the route of processions when deputations were seen off or welcomed. By welcomed. or off seen were deputations when processions of route the usually was k - ua as mr dsat lcs ee etns ih n seta cneto t the to connection essential an with settings were places distant more also Buda, n motn apc we tcln te eouin rm sail esetv i the is perspective spatial a from revolution the tackling when aspect important An plac important outstandingly An ly perceived as the overcoming of a period of constraints. From the point of view of of view of point the From constraints. of period a of overcoming the as perceived ly strasse (1858: Pflaster Gasse) to the railway station (today station railway the to Gasse) Pflaster (1858: strasse

centre of the city large enough for a gathering of thousands of people. people. of thousands of gathering a for enough large city the of centre e was the Rossmarkt (Koňský trh) at which, right at right which, at trh) (Koňský Rossmarkt the was e th

81 at the castle.

oie ak f h Vtv bscly re basically Vltava the of bank posite

m h get es o re of feast great the em Masarykovo nádraží Masarykovo regarded as a deep break deep a as regarded wee numerous where , The square The nts arrived nts ) and ) - - - - - CEU eTD Collection 227 226 46. 10, 2000), CenterPress, 225 t was it ‗Hun the Palatine and people its city, the to dedication dead his commemorating and person distinguished the of case the in whereas However, city. the in place central a at erected be to memorial prospective a for drafts commission to and money collect to order in founded was committee burgher a 1847 in Joseph Palatine rian apprec highly the of death the after when example for itself, revolution the fore be back went which tradition a had latter The project. renaming certain a to dedicated bitants revolu the de Pest in ‗1848‘ of case the in Interestingly afte observed be can process milar city label o any or names street of form the in representations its cisely, pre more or, space urban of manipulation the indeed was ‗1848‘ eternalize to way Another and nationalgenerations for emancipation the come. to politica the of document core the as there it keep to order in collection the of archive the in points‘ ‗12 the with sheet original the store to assailed was memory, historical Hungarian the directo the that chance by Itnotwaspeople. the collectivethe memoryachievementsof into its and revolution the scribe prota generat two than more the had as had Revolution society French of future the on impact similar a have would break this revolutionists, the

creed from the municipal or administrative authorities but initially came from the leaders of of leaders the from came initially but authorities administrative or municipal the from creed Pester Zeitung, No. 380, 24 Januar 1847. Januar24 1847. 380, Zeitung,No. Pester 1848. March 17 616, Zeitung,No. Pester AliceFreifeld, scape and consequently into communicative behaviour of the inhabitants. Of course, a si a course, Of inhabitants. the of behaviour communicative into consequently and scape ling of public places in the urban space was the attempt to inscribe the revolution into the into revolution the inscribe to attempt the spaceurbanwas the in places public ofling gonists of the Revolution in 1789, the ‗1848ers‘ in Pest in ‗1848ers‘ the 1789, in Revolution the of gonists 4.2 Inscribing4.2 meaning into the urban space inr cod fo vros lb o ascain o ee loe rus f in of groups loose even or associations or clubs various from crowd, tionary Nationalism and the Crowd in Liberal Hungary, 1848 Hungary, Liberal in Crowd the and Nationalism

r of the National Museum in Pest, which served as a repository of of repository a as served which Pest, in Museum National the of r

ams al eouin i te at w hnrd years. hundred two past the in revolutions all almost r

- Buda and Prague, the process of renaming was not was renaming of process the Prague, and Buda 82

os earlier. ions 226

- 1914 - ther kind of toponyms. The re The toponyms. of kind ther Buda and Prague sought to in to sought Prague and Buda 225

(Baltimore: Woodrow Wilson Wilson Woodrow (Baltimore:

And just like the Parisian the like just And he idea of honouring a a honouring of idea he iated Hunga iated ha 227 ------l

CEU eTD Collection 231 230 229 228 in Pest. Square Freedom renamed recently the on liberty of monument a erect to up came proposal the utca‘. thyány ‗Bat as (Herrengasse) utca Uri and utca‘ ‗Kossuth as renamed was (Wienerthorstraße) utca pre Hu the of agenda political coming the by influenced and guided was Buda 15 Lane‘. Press ‗Free but longer any utca Hatvani not street adjacent the and Court‘, Press ‗Free on now from called was Heckenast‘ ‗Pil co famous meanwhile Inner withthe Urak utca the District,In suggestions followed: Square‘. ‗Freedom in Square Hall City Pest the of name the change to was posal ‗mark‘print its theurban into space as soonaspossible. revolutionar the that signal a considered be can which pro thethat out It turns person. that orevent after namedthis be placeto aforcontras and pros the an proposals name of spread the to contributed leaflets and newspapers given, be could places certain names proper debated socialisation of localities other or associations in victions con and attitudes achievements, political of expression an was it general, in cause‘ garian

th Pester Zeitung, No. 629, 30 1848. March 30 629, Zeitung,No. Pester 62 Zeitung,No. Pester 1848. March 24 623, Zeitung,No. Pester 1848. March 19 618, Zeitung,No. Pester sented by the ministry and its most distinguished members: In the castle (vár), Bécsi kapu Bécsi (vár), castle the In members: distinguished most its and ministry the by sented cess of renaming was progressing very quickly during the weeks after the March events events March the after weeks the during quickly very progressing was renaming of cess vax‘ was renamed as ‗Victory Street‘, the Horváth house with the print shop ‗Landerer & ‗Landerer shop print the with house Horváth the Street‘, ‗Victory as renamed was vax‘

and reflected events decisive its atthe andachievements original site. 231 15 March of day memorable the embraced Pest Whereas Pest In Forthe

in the case revolution. ofthe

230 - cause of renaming public places, the discourse discourse the places, renamingpublic of cause Buda, it was Sándor Petőfi who first suggested a site to be renamed: his pro his renamed: be to site a suggested first who Petőfi Sándor was it Buda,

The preliminary end of these proceeding these of end preliminary The

6, 27 1848. 6,March 27

229

All of these new names new these of All 83

y movement consciously sought to im to sought consciously movement y

s of rededication was reached when reached was rededication of s in the city the in th directly referred to March to referred directly te eaig rcs in process renaming the , was essential. was

ngarian polity re polity ngarian d evaluated d 228 ffeehouse ffeehouse

Further People People - - - - - CEU eTD Collection 233 232 connotation. different a concisemost way andthe urban in visible andmanifest it space. made pre non the with break sharp a taneously tutions (1835 Ferdinand Emperor ling ru the of monument A dimension. further a had even message this Franzensquai, the of case achievements the of ration evident thanby tothe broader public re symboli its found liberties anti the from shift essential the but ‗con change to decision the With Prague. in everyone virtually to familiar name a with landmark a was Franzensquai inhabitants the Thus, day. every by of passed usually thousands where place crowded a it made Vltava), River the of (crossings Sophien the to next bridge Chain the and bridge) (Charles bridge Old the between location minent o Franzens Franzens t of clamation f centralisation and censorship, it was a conceivable ‗victim‘ of a quick rededication. Itspro rededication. quick a of ‗victim‘ conceivable a was it censorship, and centralisation f

Bohemia, Extra Bohemia, Extra Bohemia, etd y rn I Te nie nebe ipae te oe da f h revolution the of idea core the displayed ensemble entire The I. Franz by sented stitution‘ itself, which was on everyone‘s lips theseanyway, itself, whicheveryone‘s days was stitution‘ popularised lips didbecome on platz The renaming of the Rossmarkt ( Rossmarkt the of renaming The commemo mere a than more was process renaming the that evident is it point, this At pro the after day One Prague. in observed be can process similar a Unsurprisingly, ne (lvnk oto) oncig w iprat intersections important two connecting ostrov) (Slovanský insel quai commemorated the reign of Emperor Franz I and therewith the anti the therewith and I Franz Emperor of reign the commemorated quai Square). (Constitution Constitutionsplatz as Quay) (Francis quai — an approval of the monarchy as such and of Ferdinand in particular but simul but particular in Ferdinand of and such as monarchy the of approval an e osiuin a rpsto ws ulse i the in published was proposition a constitution, he - - Nummer, 22 March 1848. March 22 Nummer, 1848. March 18 Nummer, 233

Whereas the former name referred to the actual use of the largest the of use actual the to referred name former the Whereas of the revolution but a means to convey a political message. In the In message. political a convey to means a but revolution the of c expression. This ‗historic‘ shift could hardly be made more more made be hardly could shift ‗historic‘ This expression. c

- 88 ws o e rce i te ide f h nw Consti new the of middle the in erected be to was 1848) - liberal era of repression to a legal status which affirmed which status legal a to repression of era liberal -

constitutional character of the monarchy of the past, re past, the of monarchy the of character constitutional - coining acity. popular such siteinthe Koňský trh) which was proposed some days later had later days some proposed was which trh) Koňský 84

its name not only the notion of the of notion the only not name its Bohemia

232 n h ubn space urban the in

Since the name the Since

to rename the the rename to - liberal era liberal

in the the in ------CEU eTD Collection 235 234 orientation an shows rather ministers Hungarian two after named Buda in streets the of ample re this of interpretation national stricter a displays even of goals the to corresponding them naming re through inhabitants the of behaviour communicative the from therewith and map city the pre erase to was aim sym bore which places eminent rededicating by space urban the in revolution the of achievements Pest In light. to comes handling press.viewpoint ofthe German the from character exclusive certain a gain site the did statue Wenceslaus the at Mass brated attitudes. exclusivist or conflict suggested necessarily meaning deeper its nor square the of name the neither nization enchanted frater of atmosphere theof not consideredthebackground a since problem, against con was movement national Czech the and revolution the of course the in activity political ween bet mesh and impact mutual the held, were procession and demonstrations feasts, Masses, revolution the of liturgy political the in role important an played king cient of language compulsory the co of period following the Mountain, White of Battle the after especially cause, national Czech the for but whole a as Bohemia for less symbol a as served had king The Wenceslaus. King clear ( Wenzelsplatz name suggested the selling, horse i.e. city, the in square

e Bohemia, No. 90, 6 June1848. 90, No. Bohemia, Idem. rced counterreformation and the reign of Emperor Joseph II who sought to make German make to sought who II Joseph Emperor of reign the and counterreformation rced stituted at this very site. Interestingly, from the side of side the from Interestingly, site. very this at stituted bolic significance in the revolution. In Prague, as the as Prague, In revolution. the in significance bolic y a a nation a had ly

hn elcig n h rnmn poess n Pest in processes renaming the on reflecting When al character. It commemorated the patron saint of the Bohemian lands, lands, Bohemian the of saint patron the commemorated It character. al - revolutionary street names, which commemorated the earlier era, from from era, earlier the commemorated which names, street revolutionary 234

Onlydur

administration in his realms. Since the square named after the an the after named square the Since realms. his in administration

235 - Buda the main thrust aimed at a representation of the major the of representation a at aimed thrust main the Buda

ing the Slavic Congress when the present deputations cele deputations present the when Congress Slavic the ing the revolution. The ‗Wenceslaus square example‘ square ‗Wenceslaus The revolution. the 85

- ‗Franzensquai example‘ shows, the shows, example‘ ‗Franzensquai aeln poes wees h ex the whereas process, labelling

the German press, this nexus was nexus this press, German the - ua n Pau, a Prague, and Buda Václavské náměstí Václavské wee Holy where ,

different - - - ) - - - CEU eTD Collection press,Baths andVáclav thefreedom for ofassembly. the of freedom the for Heckenast‘ & ‗Landerer with house Horváth the crowd, the of cipation in be also may shape took process discursive the where rooms reading and shops Print category. Sophien Ross the and Pest in Square Hall City the or Museum National the of stairs the open, the in out Places city. the across scattered were activity revolutionary of spaces the above, outlined As classified: be can meaning symbolic a with space urban of categories different four least at revolution of symbolisation the aspect: further a comprises ‗1848‘ on perspective tial spa a space, urban of definition and use the negotiating processes social subsequent the and However achieve the eternalise to hoped revolutionists the that assume certainly can One discourse. public be self political of degree the concerning Vienna in success contempo to according cluded. The stairs of the Natio the of stairs The cluded.

an important means to inscribe the revolution into the urban space and eventually into the into eventually and space urban the into revolution the inscribe to means important an markt in Prague, and places indoors, such as th as such indoors, places and Prague, in markt d. Spaces (r and ofdialogue c. Spacesconflictviolence, ofand b. Spaces offraternization, a. Spacesrevolutionary of activity, 4.3 Symbolic spaces in the city ful outcome of the revolution for the Hungarian polity after the completed negotiation completed the after polity Hungarian the for revolution the of outcome ful ments of ‗1848‘ this way.ments of‗1848‘ this insel in Prague, the ‗Pilvax‘, the redout and the theatre in Pest, belong to this this to belong Pest, in theatre the and redout the ‗Pilvax‘, the Prague, in insel , apart from the localisation of the actual events of the revolution in the urban realm realm urban the in revolution the of events actual the of localisation the from apart ,

rary political developments. This, of course, was due to the more more the to due was course, of This, developments. political rary nal Museum in Pest became a cipher for the political eman political the for cipher a became Pest in Museum nal

e - )conciliation.

- administration. In sum, renaming proved to proved renaming sum, In administration.

e Václav Baths and the ballrooms of the of ballrooms the and Baths Václav e

space. As for the the for As space. - - CEU eTD Collection 236 Beier Eduard by report eyewitness The moment. short very a for aside pushed expectedly weeksbeforewere the of arguments and prevailing the tensions placeswhere Praguewere afore cost symbolicconstituted Uprising topographyconflict. spaces ofan of urban Pente the of beginning the after Prague in Town Old entire the and Pest in Barracks Charles t cerning con Committee National the of and Club the of spokesmen between disputes fierce course whose in held were Club Constitutional German the of sessions the where Prague in hall) vict of district the Prague in Terézváros, of district the Pest in 1848, April in place took population Jewish the on assaults harmony. 15 March of site symbolic most the made which Pest in sacral the saw Pest in Museum National the of front in square The celebrated. commonly was freedom gained newly the where deputation second the of return the after gatherings sole was petition burghers‘ the where site the as served example for Rossmarkt The category. former the of spaces the with overlap could fraternization of Spaceshere. listed be can nationality, or guage the to commitment the to appeals vent fer entailed which outdoors and indoors gatherings mass various the or club writers‘ thePrague as such inhabitants, the among unanimity and amity of spread the to devoted ciations

Bohemia, No. 70, 2 May 70, 1848. No. Bohemia, etoe. h meig lc o te rtr‘ lb bt seily h Bugre in Baumgarten the especially but club, writers‘ the of place meeting The mentioned.

ceremony of fraternization of the Viennese students‘ deputation with the city officials city the with deputation students‘ Viennese the of fraternization of ceremony The sp The dis the foremost and first were conflict and violence of spaces The difficult more are fraternization of spaces The e ‗Frankfurt‘ he

aces of dialogue and (re and dialogue of aces mnly read out before it was brought to Vienna. Later on, it staged the mass the staged it on, Later Vienna. to brought was it before out read mnly

Židovské město Židovské

su boe out. broke issue

- )conciliation were again overlapping with some of the of some with overlapping again were )conciliation

. Another place of conflict was the Konviktsaal (con Konviktsaal the was conflict of place Another . common goals of the revolution, irrespective of lan of irrespective revolution, the of goals common 236

oevr te eee rsdne n ua the Buda, in residence Lederer the Moreover, 87

to decode. The meeting places of asso of places meeting The decode. to th

a scene of universal concord and and concord universal of scene a tricts in which the which in tricts

quasi

un ------CEU eTD Collection present mémoire B consciousness national the of shaping the on impact formative a had lutions its topo urban the to piece puzzle important an added thereby and reconciliation, and dialogue least sym highly its of testimony telling most the is chapter this of beginning the in quoted is which oth are commemorated completely different completely commemorated are oth

commemorati bolic content. Those sites opened up the opportunity for compromise for opportunity the up opened sites Those content. bolic graphy ofthe whichhistoriography revolution has usually notdiscerned.

That, isanotherstory. however, an Finally, and visible

f 14‘ o practically do ‗1848‘ of on

important in Budapest‘s.

n h ubn space urban the in point when addressing the spatiality of spatiality the addressing when point

not appear in Prague‘s urban space today, today, space urban Prague‘s in appear not

n h floig decades following the in 88

in the in

respective cities respective .

the revolution the Undoubtedly hra the Whereas . and consensus, or at or consensus, and

in the long run. long the in

hy are they

is both

t lieux de lieux he

revo issue very very -

CEU eTD Collection 237 in and mobilized discourse critical of places these events, March the After space. urban dedicated societies bigger to clubs and circles intimate numerous from ranging diversification of degree high a loped deve sense Habermasian the in sphere public The cities. the of realms the in assembly and associations‖ for ―mania The society. urban of de ting histor hither which aspect an revolution, the of process the for relevance specific had space urban the Hereby,materialized. and explicit became ‗1848‘ of situation historical concrete the or ‗polyphone‘ and diverse a Prague and cities ofandof theuniquetopographyPest cultural the their social made inhabitantsand pre Frankfurt the to letter Na the of stairs the on poems his recited Petőfi Sándor that matter did it boldly: it put To tory. his of path following the for ramifications its all with revolution the constituted entirety their in which events the for stage the just than more were cities These peoples‘. the of ‗springtime the called been romantically has what of hubs indeed discourse, and activity revolutionary of Habsburg the shook t The core. monarchythe to which break epochal the on view different a provides smaller frame a spatial to scope the confine thus and history urban comparative a as Prague and Buda city the in Revolution

bate which contributed to the p the to contributed which bate Robert Nemes, Robert tional Museum in Pest and Pest in Museum tional The public The iography The Once and Future Budapest Future and Once The space

has underrated. — it —

- has parliament on the eve of ‗1848‘, the cities featured a variety of public of variety a featured cities the ‗1848‘, of eve the on to causes of public interest public of causes to wo largest cities in the monarchy aside from Vienna were hot wereVienna monarchy the from aside largestin wo cities

turned out turned not somewher not oliticization

not from from not

Conclusion that conceptualising the first phase of ‗1848‘ in Pest in ‗1848‘ of phase first the conceptualising that ganism in which the spatial and social di social and spatial the which in ganism

(DeKalb: University of Illinois Press, 2005), 61. 2005), Press, Illinois Universityof (DeKalb:

e 89 and mobilization of effectively all social groups groups social effectivelyall of mobilization and somewhere 237 , and that Františ that and ,

has yielded countless places of socialisation of places countless yielded has

n vnt gat aseet i the in events mass giant to even and

but from Prague. The heterogeneity heterogeneity The Prague. from but ek Palacký wrote his famous his wrote Palacký ek

men

to exis to sion of of sion fora cluded - Buda spot

of of s - - - -

CEU eTD Collection pl Pest in newspapers German The opinions. specific their for mentation pa exchangeopen cut mittee a propose one did violence; of ment frame Öffent o many to evident became It conflicts. and tensions growing of period the to press the of freedom of achievement the after elation of mood initial the from manner. Theyhabitants an and thechanges in unprecedented displayed fuelled simultaneously o reactions and perceptions and processes political making, opinion catalyzed city the over all distributed quickly dailies, and weeklies new many and placards citingpamphlets, public an were they meetings, places public in or home at either of spread for means decisive the becity the to proved the over all places many at sold and censorship from unleashed newspapers local The over. de to able even were realm urban the in sites public at gathering crowds cited In demands. of assertion and criticism articulation, political for place the became creasingly p this even ayed an important role in the totality of the urban discourse, were at the cutting edge of the of edge cutting the at were discourse, urban the of totality the in role important an ayed es ie n da f h cnrbtr‘ naeet n rsnig oeet ie o argu of lines coherent presenting in engagement contributors‘ the of idea an give pers administration municipal the of bodies official the against mands back of the hard the ofback those who had been marginalised in earlier periods like workers and women who from who women and workers like periods earlier in marginalised been had who those work, it could be misused (and indeed was misused) for fierce agitation and the incite the and agitation fierce for misused) was indeed (and misused be could it work, it n otiue t te oil n pltcl rcse. h ubn ulc pc in space public urban The processes. political and social the to contributed on oint , people could (and indeed did) simply override it by claiming this to be an outrageous outrageous an be to this claiming by it override simply did) indeed (and could people , lichkeit discourse The polit The

[publicity] was an ambivalent issue. Without certain regulations, i.e. a legal legal a i.e. regulations, certain Without issue. ambivalent an was [publicity] of arguments and standpoints possible: the fervent debates in the supplemental supplemental the debatesin fervent the possible: standpoints and arguments of . ical discourse ical

- won freedom of the press. The unleashed press on the other hand made an an made handother the on unleashedpress The press.the freedomof won essential part of the setup setup the of part essential — the explosion of print products, simple flyers and leaflets, in leaflets, and flyers simple products, print of explosion the , such as coffeehouses where also various clubs held their held clubs various also where coffeehouses as such , comprehensive press law or or law press comprehensive 90

and subsequent intensification intensification subsequent and information, rumours and R opinion. rumours information, te oiin edr‘ that leaders‘ ‗opinion the f a municipal arbitration com arbitration municipal — partly ‗the street‘ took street‘ ‗the partly - ua n Prague and Buda enforce specific specific enforce of a citywide a of te in the f ead ead ------CEU eTD Collection the side of professional historiography. To some extent, topics extent, some To historiography. professional of side the from interest special attracted haveBohemia in Germans and Czechs between tensions lasting Prague counterpart. Pest in Club mo case Prague the to peculiar problems as language Czech the of status lacking official the and ‗Frankfurt‘ identify to order in necessary is look closer a differences, the M in day as ―Katzenmusiken‖ monic dishar the finally fear; and mistrust of reactions evoked turn, in which, discourse public the lac perceived a to due April in Clubs German of founding the disapproval; decided of patterns similar showed which newspapers German the in commenting and reporting the Jews the against violence proc through space urban the into revolution the inscribe to attempts the mechanisms: discursive of array wide a in displayed particularly was the until May and April late in tensions creasing mid in enchantment common the from alteration fundamental the of terms in chronology the concern only not did however, parallelism, This 1848. June and March ween c in anatmosphere of increasing mistrust ways the on eventually and ‗Frankfurt‘ on lation, aga violence the of condemnation the on languages, respective the of status the as such issues on debates dedicated for forum a as served and developments latest ourse of this thesis is the parallelism in the developing public discourse in both cities bet cities both in discourse public developing the in parallelism the is thesis this of ourse eae ―ungarisch derate Certainly, the fateful war of indepe of war fateful the Certainly, Pest ay. All these elements can be regarded as similarities in both examined cases. As for As cases. examined both in similarities as regarded be can elements these All ay. - ua n Pau compared Prague and Buda - Buda which explicitly differed from the strong national strong the from differed explicitly which Buda

- aelnic‖ [Hungarian vaterländisch‖ a k of representation of the German the of representation of k means to express political dissent which were the order of the the of order the were which dissent political express to means

could beretain — ndence in the Hungarian case and the subject of the of subject the and case Hungarian the in ndence srkn apc wih a eaoae i the in elaborated was which aspect striking a 91 esses of renaming in March; in the case of the the of case the in March; in renaming of esses

riotous - aroi] self patriotic] how .

the unanimity of the urban inha urban the of unanimity the

and violent Pentecost days in June. It June. in days Pentecost violent and

- - speaking urban population in population urban speaking ocpin f h Ger the of conception like these these like - liberal positions of its of positions liberal ntteJws popu Jewish the inst have outdone the outdone have

March to the in the to March , or the rather rather the or , i n both cities both n bitants man - - - - CEU eTD Collection (1867 – 238 zentral ur largest three the of network and setting unique the complete to order in research coming for goal desirable pheno urban an as‗1848‘ for As disparatespace. and multiform diversified, a as but grand unit mous anony and monolithic a as not city the understand to helps sphere‘ ‗public the of theory mas‘ H of and turn‘ ‗spatial of notion the under subsumed debate scholarly the of input tical parativeThis perspective. rele

Budapest. Blütezeit der Habsburgermetropolen. Urbanisierung, Kommunalpolitik, gesellschaftliche Ko gesellschaftliche Kommunalpolitik, Urbanisierung, Habsburgermetropolen. der Blütezeit Budapest.

Péter Hanák Péter vance of an urb an of vance - 1918) menon, euro

(Wien: Promedia, 1996) Promedia, (Wien: päische centra Dreieck‖ [the , „ especially the especially Das zentraleuropäische Dreieck zentraleuropäische Das a cnrs n h Hbbr mnrh wih ée Hnk a cle ―das called has Hanák Péter which monarchy Habsburg the in centres ban an history of the revolution, not to mention an urban history from a com a from history urban an mention to not revolution, the of history an

conjuncture

inclusion of the of inclusion

, , 7 - 10.

opens up opportunities for furthertheore research.opportunitiesforThe up opens l European triangle]. ,―

in in case of case Gerhard Melinz & Susan Zimmer &Susan Melinz Gerhard 92

Vienna in Vienna 238 to the comparative analysis is a is analysis comparative the to

mann, eds., mann,eds., Wien Wien nflikte nflikte –

aber Prag Prag - - - - CEU eTD Collection 52 A42,1848/1 Mf C004634 Mf C004633, the of National Library Czech Republic 394190 394190 398 NationalLibraryAustrian FM3/5153 H 4249 National P FM3/988

RIMARY SOURCES 106 - - -

C.21 1848,1 C.21 1847 C.20. AltMagC Szechényi Library

Red.Breier, Eduard Medau Prag: 1848. undComp., PragerZeitung Ze (Prager Constitutionelle Red. Glaser, Rudolf K.Gerzabek Prag: 1847 Literatur BlätterOst undWest: Kunst, geselliges für Leben und / Haase,Gottlieb 1847 Bohemia /Red. Rosenthal. Der undMode /Red.vonSamuel Kunst, Spiegel, Eleganz für L.Red. Horváth P. Morgenröthe 1848 Literatur,Kunst, und Mode Theater/Red.Hermann Der Ungar:zeitschriftlichesInteressen, Organfür magyarische f 1845 Pester Zeitung /Red.

. -

1852

(Vienna)

(Budapest)

Pesth u. Ofen: Pesth u. : Tageblatt für Kunst, LiteraturLeben Kunst, für : Tageblatt / undsociales

FranzBernhard &Gutt, Prag: Klutschak Verlag , Pest:

Appendix

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Universitäts

Fr. Wiesen's Wtw.

- Buchdruckerei itung, Amtsblatt) / Amtsblatt) itung, -

1848. ,

1829

- Klein, Pesth 47.

1848.

ür

: 1842

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1914 ( Baltimore

( Budapest: - 49

- (

1867) ( Boulde P

( ( nd r New YorkNew Berlin inceton:

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(New York: Arno Press,(New York: 1971) Hungary and Transylvania: with remarks Transylvania:and with ontheir political social, Hungary condition, and

(Köln

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Vom The Once andFutureBudapestThe Once ― 1969 1), 193 „Von der zum„Von Revolution bis Neoabsolutismus:Sozialer Aufbruch und , Women in the 1848 Women The Czech RevolutionThe 1848 Czech of

1980 Aristocrats and the Crowd inthe andtheCrowd revolutionary to Aristocrats 1848.Acontribution year m Freiheitskampf 1848/1849 m Freiheitskampf Ludwig von Löhner. Ein Vorkämpfer des Deutschtums in Böhmen, von desDeutschtums Löhner. Ein Vorkämpfer MährenLudwig in : Böhlau, 2009 : Böhlau, Slavic Review ). ‚

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‖ Journal of Women‟sJournal of

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Austrian History History Austrian ,

2006 ‖ inJ ).

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The Nationality Issue intheHungaryThe Nationality of1848 , The European Revolutions,The1848 European ed., (page

Budapest története a török kiűzesetől történeteamárciusi atörök forradalomig Budapest (page 80 79 ), ), in:

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(Vienna:Böhlau, 1994).

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