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Summary Assessment of Sand and Gravel Extraction in the OSPAR Maritime Area

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Summary assessment of sand and gravel extraction in the OSPAR maritime area Biodiversity Series 2009 OSPAR Convention Convention OSPAR The Convention for the Protection of the Marine La Convention pour la protection du milieu marin Environment of the North-East Atlantic (the de l'Atlantique du Nord-Est, dite Convention “OSPAR Convention”) was opened for signature OSPAR, a été ouverte à la signature à la réunion at the Ministerial Meeting of the former Oslo and ministérielle des anciennes Commissions d'Oslo Paris Commissions in Paris on 22 September et de Paris, 1992. The Convention entered into force on 25 à Paris le 22 septembre 1992. La Convention est March 1998. It has been ratified by Belgium, entrée en vigueur le 25 mars 1998. Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Iceland, La Convention a été ratifiée par l'Allemagne, Ireland, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, la Belgique, le Danemark, la Finlande, Portugal, Sweden, Switzerland and the United la France, l’Irlande, l’Islande, le Luxembourg, la Kingdom and approved by the European Norvège, les Pays-Bas, le Portugal, Community and Spain. le Royaume-Uni de Grande Bretagne et d’Irlande du Nord, la Suède et la Suisse et approuvée par la Communauté européenne et l’Espagne. The OSPAR maritime area and its five Regions Acknowledgement This report has been prepared by Brigitte Lauwaert. (Belgium), assisted by the Sebastian Unger, Dr Joe Jarrah and Kati Rowson (all OSPAR Secretariat) Cover photo provided by Group De Cloedt Summary assessment of sand and gravel extraction in the OSPAR maritime area Contents Executive Summary................................................................................................................................ 3 Récapitulatif ............................................................................................................................................ 3 1. Introduction....................................................................................................................................... 5 2. Concerns relating to sand and gravel extractions............................................................................ 5 3. Management of aggregate extraction activities ............................................................................... 8 3.1 Changes in aggregate extraction patterns and techniques................................................... 8 3.2 Regulation and control ..........................................................................................................8 3.3 Implementation...................................................................................................................... 9 4. The principal effects of aggregate extraction...................................................................................9 4.1 Benthic impacts.......................................................................................................................... 9 4.2 Effects on the water column.................................................................................................. 9 5. Conclusions and recommendations for future management of sand and gravel extraction.......... 10 References ........................................................................................................................................... 10 Technical Supplement: Sand and gravel extraction in the OSPAR area ............................................. 12 2 OSPAR Commission, 2009 Executive Summary Sand and gravel extraction affects a significant area Each year across the OSPAR area, around 50 – 60 million cubic metres of marine mineral deposits are extracted from the seabed for the construction industry or for beach nourishment. Gravel and sand (aggregates) are the principal materials extracted, but in some countries significant volumes of non- aggregate marine mineral resources such as maerl are also exploited. Regulatory developments have focussed on minimising impacts OSPAR has adopted ICES guidance on environmental impacts of aggregate extraction (OSPAR Agreement 2003-15). The regulatory imperative has been to promote the management of marine aggregate operations in order to minimise the footprint and potential resource conflict with other marine users. In all countries where significant aggregate extraction takes place, legislation has been adopted that takes into account the Habitats Directive (92/43/EEC). Specific mitigation and monitoring is routinely specified in consents for major extraction operations and some operations are subject to periodic or continual review. Extraction activities may affect the marine system The extraction of marine mineral deposits has profound effects on the seabed. It removes the substrate and associated organisms and may disrupt ecological services. Dredging may also result in changes to the nature and stability of sediments, increased turbidity, redistribution of fine particulates and the production of plumes of suspended material. Ecological recovery depends on both the nature of the activity and the pre-existing conditions Recolonisation of a dredged area may start to take place relatively rapidly, with restoration of biomass to pre- dredge levels anticipated to occur within two to four years if the activity is short-term. The seabed may take more than seven years to recover from intensive or protracted extraction operations. Further efforts are needed to reduce pressure on the marine environment The spatial extent of sand and gravel extraction is poorly understood. OSPAR Contracting Parties should supply comprehensive information to the ICES WGEXT relating to annual production rates, the area of seabed licensed and the area of seabed dredged. The use of electronic monitoring systems and a uniform reporting format by OSPAR Contracting Parties is recommended in this regard. The effects of aggregate extraction are not fully understood. Further work is needed on impacts to fish, the smaller benthic fauna, on long-term recoverability of the seabed and the feasibility of seabed restoration. Where there is the potential for cumulative effects, a regional approach to development and assessment should be considered. This may require co-operation and co-ordination between Contracting Parties where a resource is on or near a national boundary. Récapitulatif L’extraction de sable et de gravier affecte une zone considérable Chaque année dans la zone OSPAR, environ 50 à 60 millions de mètres cubes de gisements miniers marins sont extraits du fond marin aux fins de l’industrie de la construction ou du réapprovisionnement des plages. Les matériaux principaux que l’on extrait sont du gravier et du sable (agrégats) mais, dans certains pays, sont exploités des volumes importants de ressources minérales marines autres que des agrégats, telles que le maërl. 3 Summary assessment of sand and gravel extraction in the OSPAR maritime area Les avancées réglementaires se sont focalisées sur la minimisation des impacts OSPAR a adopté des orientations du CIEM sur les impacts environnementaux de l’extraction d’agrégats (Accord OSPAR 2003-15). L’impératif réglementaire vise la promotion de la gestion des opérations d’extraction des agrégats marins afin de minimiser l’empreinte et le conflit potentiel, dans ce domaine, avec d’autres usagers de la mer. Tous les pays qui pratiquent une extraction importante des agrégats ont adopté une législation qui tient compte de la Directive sur les habitats de l’UE. Les autorisations délivrées pour des opérations majeures d’extraction spécifient habituellement une mitigation et une surveillance spécifiques et certaines exploitations sont soumises à une revue périodique ou continue. Les activités d’extraction risquent d’affecter le système marin L’extraction des gisements miniers marins a d’importants effets sur le fond marin. Elle déplace le substrat et les organismes correspondants et risque de perturber les systèmes écologiques. Le dragage peut également entraîner des modifications de la nature et de la stabilité des sédiments, en augmentant la turbidité, en redistribuant les particules fines et en produisant des matières en suspension. La récupération écologique dépend aussi bien de la nature de l’activité que des conditions préexistantes La recolonisation d’une zone draguée peut se produire relativement rapidement et l’on prévoit que la biomasse atteindra les niveaux pré-dragage dans les deux à quatre ans qui suivent, si l’activité est de courte durée. Par contre, si les opérations d’extraction sont intensives ou prolongées, la récupération du fond marin risque de prendre plus de sept ans. Il est nécessaire de faire des efforts supplémentaires pour réduire les pressions exercées sur le milieu marin L’étendue spatiale de l’extraction du sable et du gravier est mal comprise. Les Parties contractantes OSPAR devraient communiquer au WGEXT du CIEM des informations exhaustives sur les taux annuels de production, la zone du fond marin autorisée et la zone du fond marin draguée. On recommande, à cet égard, aux Parties contractantes OSPAR d’utiliser des systèmes de surveillance électronique et un formulaire de notification uniforme. On ne comprend pas pleinement les effets de l’extraction d’agrégats. Il convient donc de poursuivre les travaux relatifs aux impacts sur le poisson et la faune benthique de plus petite taille, à la récupération à long terme du fond marin et à la possibilité de récupération du fond marin. On devrait envisager une approche régionale pour le développement et l’évaluation dans le cas d’effets cumulatifs potentiels.
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  • Characterization and Economic Potential of Historic Tailings From

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    minerals Article Characterization and Economic Potential of Historic Tailings from Gravity Separation: Implications from a Mine Waste Dump (Pb-Ag) in the Harz Mountains Mining District, Germany Kerstin Kuhn * and Jeannet A. Meima Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR), Stilleweg 2, 30655 Hannover, Germany; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +49-(0)511-643-3370 Received: 4 April 2019; Accepted: 14 May 2019; Published: 16 May 2019 Abstract: In contrast to modern tailings from froth flotation, little is known about historic tailings from gravity separation. However, they may be of economic interest due to their higher metal grades compared to modern tailings. As an example for these types of historic tailings, the inner structure, as well as the economic potential (Pb, Zn, Cu, Ag, Sb), of the old Bergwerkswohlfahrt mine waste dump in Germany were studied. The investigations focused on textural, geochemical, and mineralogical properties. For this purpose, an extensive drilling program was undertaken. The drill cores were subsequently analyzed with a laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) core scanner to obtain the detailed spatial distribution of potentially valuable elements. The fine-sized residues could be differentiated into different layers, all of them including valuable metals in varying proportions. The strong variations in stratification and in metal distribution over short distances are caused by the batch-wise deposition of the tailings. This heterogeneity within short distances has to be taken into account for future exploration of these types of deposits. The application of a core scanner using LIBS is very convenient for detailed spatial analysis of drill cores, however, the calibration effort, particularly for heterogeneous sample material, is proportionally large.