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International Waters in Southern Africa Water Resources Management and Dr Ralph Daley Policy Series Editors Director, UNU/INWEH Hamilton, Ontario, Canada Dr Juha I

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International Waters in Southern Africa Water Resources Management and Dr Ralph Daley Policy Series Editors Director, UNU/INWEH Hamilton, Ontario, Canada Dr Juha I The United Nations University is an organ of the United Nations estab- lished by the General Assembly in 1972 to be an international community of scholars engaged in research, advanced training, and the dissemination of knowledge related to the pressing global problems of human survival, development, and welfare. Its activities focus mainly on the areas of peace and governance, environment and sustainable development, and science and technology in relation to human welfare. The University operates through a worldwide network of research and postgraduate training centres, with its planning and coordinating headquarters in Tokyo. The United Nations University Press, the publishing division of the UNU, publishes scholarly and policy-oriented books and periodicals in areas related to the University’s research. International waters in Southern Africa Water Resources Management and Dr Ralph Daley Policy Series Editors Director, UNU/INWEH Hamilton, Ontario, Canada Dr Juha I. Uitto Monitoring and evaluation specialist, Dr David Seckler Global Environment Facility Director-General, International Water Washington, DC, USA Management Institute Colombo, Sri Lanka Professor Asit K. Biswas President, Third World Centre for Dr Ismail Serageldin Water Management Vice President, Special Programs, Mexico City, Mexico World Bank Washington, DC, USA Dr Aly M. Shady International Advisory Board Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) Dr Mahmoud A. Abu-Zeid Hull, Quebec, Canada Minister of Public Works and Water Resources Professor Yutaka Takahasi Giza, Egypt Professor Emeritus, Tokyo University Tokyo, Japan Dr Benedito P. F. Braga Professor of Civil Engineering, Dr Jose Galicia Tundisi Colorado State University, International Institute of Ecology Fort Collins, USA Sa˜o Carlos SP, Brazil The UNU Programme on Integrated Basin Management focuses on water man- agement, approaching the complex problematique from three particular angles: governance, capacity-building, and management tools. The programme is carried out through field-based research encompassing both natural and social sciences. It utilizes extensive networks of scholars and institutions in both developing and industrialized countries. This work is intended to contribute to policy-making by the United Nations and the international community, as well as to capacity- building in developing countries. The Water Resources Management and Policy series disseminates the results of research carried out under the Programme on Integrated Basin Management and related activities. The series focuses on policy-relevant topics of wide interest to scholars, practitioners, and policy makers. Earlier books in this series are: Hydropolitics Along the Jordan River: Scarce Water and its Impact on the Arab– Israeli Conflict by Aaron T. Wolf Managing Water for Peace in the Middle East: Alternative Strategies by Masahiro Murakami Freshwater Resources in Arid Lands edited by Juha I. Uitto and Jutta Schneider Central Eurasian Water Crisis: Caspian, Aral, and Dead Seas edited by Iwao Kobori and Michael H. Glantz Latin American River Basins: Amazon, Plata, and Sa˜o Francisco edited by Asit K. Biswas, Newton V. Cordiero, Benedito P. F. Braga, and Cecilia Tortajada Water for Urban Areas: Challenges and Perspectives edited by Juha I. Uitto and Asit K. Biswas Transboundary Freshwater Dispute Resolution: Theory, Practice, and Annotated References by Heather L. Beach, Jesse Hamner, J. Joseph Hewitt, Edy Kauf- man, Anja Kurki, Joe A. Oppenheimer, and Aaron T. Wolf International waters in Southern Africa Edited by Mikiyasu Nakayama United Nations a University Press TOKYO u NEW YORK u PARIS ( The United Nations University, 2003 The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the United Nations University. United Nations University Press The United Nations University, 53-70, Jingumae 5-chome, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo, 150-8925, Japan Tel: þ81-3-3499-2811 Fax: þ81-3-3406-7345 E-mail: [email protected] (general enquiries): [email protected] http://www.unu.edu UNU Office at the United Nations in New York 2 United Nations Plaza, DC2-2058-2066, NY 10017, USA Tel: þ1-212-963-6387 Fax: þ1-212-371-9454 E-mail: [email protected] United Nations University Press is the publishing division of the United Nations University. Cover design by Joyce C. Weston Cover photograph by Anthony Rex Turton, African Water Issues Research Unit (AWIRU) at the University of Pretoria Printed in Hong Kong UNUP-1077 ISBN 92-808-1077-4 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data International waters in Southern Africa / edited by Mikiyasu Nakayama. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references (p. ) and index. ISBN 92-808-1077-4 1. Water-supply – Africa, Southern – Management. 2. Water resources development – Africa, Southern. I. Nakayama, Mikiyasu. HD1699.A356 I58 2003 333.91000968—dc21 2002156546 Contents Listoftablesandfigures.............................................. vii Noteonmeasurements................................................ x Introduction: Opportunities and risks ................................ 1 Mikiyasu Nakayama 1 Water-resources management in Southern Africa . ........... 5 Piet Heyns 2 Role of public participation andaccesstoinformationinthe management of transboundary watercourses. .................. 38 Carl Bruch 3 Transboundary freshwater treaties . ......................... 71 Meredith A. Giordano and Aaron T. Wolf 4 Institutional aspects of international water-system management........................................................ 101 Mikiyasu Nakayama 5 Building the bridge between decision-support tools and decision-making.................................................... 114 Kazimierz A. Salewicz v vi CONTENTS 6 An overview of the hydropolitical dynamics of the Orange Riverbasin......................................................... 136 Anthony Turton 7 The search for an equitable basis for water sharing in the OkavangoRiverbasin............................................. 164 Peter Ashton 8 Hydropolitics and the quest of the Zambezi River-Basin Organization....................................................... 189 Munyaradzi Chenje 9 Joint development and cooperation in international water resources........................................................... 209 Abdullahi Elmi Mohamed 10 Interaction and existing constraints in international river basins............................................................... 249 Richard Meissner 11 Summaryofpresentationsanddiscussions....................... 274 Zafar Adeel, Thomas Ballatore, and Meredith Giordano Acronyms.............................................................. 283 Listofcontributors.................................................... 287 Index................................................................... 293 List of tables and figures Table1.1 Locationofriverbasinsandbasinstates.............. 7 Table 1.2 Shared river basins within the SADC states . 9 Table 1.3 Geographic details of the shared SADC river basins.................................................... 9 Table1.4 MajordamsintheKuneneRiverbasin............... 11 Table 1.5 Kunene River basin hydropower developments . 12 Table 1.6 Water-transfer schemes in the Limpopo basin. 15 Table 1.7 Orange River basin hydropower developments. 21 Table 1.8 Water-transfer schemes in the Orange River basin. 22 Table 1.9 Estimated water demand in the Orange River basin . 24 Table 1.10 Mean annual run-off in the Zambezi .................. 27 Table 1.11 Zambezi basin hydropower developments . ........... 27 Table 1.12 International inter-basin water-transfer schemes . 31 Table3.1 Event-intensityscale.................................... 84 Table 3.1A Category I: Agreements establishing general water commissions............................................. 92 Table 3.2A Category II: Agreements concerning single watercourses............................................ 92 Table 3.3A Category III: Agreements concerning specific water projects.................................................. 93 Table 3.4A Southern African water treaties signed by non-SADC members . ................................ 93 Table3.5A SADCwaterprotocols................................. 94 vii viii LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES Table 3.6A Category I: Agreements establishing general water commissions............................................. 95 Table 3.7A Category II: Agreements concerning single watercourses............................................ 97 Table 3.8A Category III: Agreements concerning specific water projects.................................................. 98 Table 6.1 Comparative statistics of South Africa’s international riverbasins.............................................. 139 Table 6.2 Various transfers of water involving international river basins in South Africa . ......................... 141 Table 7.1 Summary table showing the areas of the three countries comprising the Okavango delta catchment and their individual contributions to inflows and the overallOkavangodeltawaterbalance ................ 167 Table 7.2 Anticipated population-growth trajectories in the Angolan, Botswanan, and Namibian segments of the Okavangocatchmentuntiltheyear2020.............. 173 Table 7.3 Breakdown of existing water-consumption demands in the Angolan, Botswanan, and Namibian segments of the Okavango catchment, by water-use sector, for 2000,basedonland-usepatterns...................... 175 Table 7.4 Projected growth in water-consumption demand in the Okavango catchment under
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