DOCSLIB.ORG

Magnesium, Its Alloys and Compounds by Deborah A

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Magnesium, Its Alloys and Compounds by Deborah A Magnesium, its Alloys and Compounds By Deborah A. Kramer U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 01-341 This report is preliminary and has not been reviewed for conformity with U.S. Geological Survey editorial standards (or with the North American Stratigraphic Code). Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Introduction and history.......................................................................................................................................................................3 Occurrence............................................................................................................................................................................................3 Properties..............................................................................................................................................................................................4 Sources and supplies............................................................................................................................................................................5 Magnesium oxide............................................................................................................................................................................5 Magnesium carbonate.....................................................................................................................................................................8 Magnesium chloride........................................................................................................................................................................8 Magnesium hydroxide.....................................................................................................................................................................8 Magnesium sulfate ..........................................................................................................................................................................9 Magnesium metal............................................................................................................................................................................9 Prices...................................................................................................................................................................................................13 Magnesium compounds ................................................................................................................................................................13 Magnesium metal..........................................................................................................................................................................13 Uses and market demand ...................................................................................................................................................................15 Magnesium oxide..........................................................................................................................................................................15 Magnesium carbonate...................................................................................................................................................................15 Magnesium chloride......................................................................................................................................................................16 Magnesium hydroxide...................................................................................................................................................................16 Magnesium sulfate ........................................................................................................................................................................17 Magnesium metal..........................................................................................................................................................................18 Manufacturing, production, and shipment........................................................................................................................................21 Mining............................................................................................................................................................................................21 Magnesium oxide..........................................................................................................................................................................21 Magnesium carbonate...................................................................................................................................................................21 Magnesium chloride......................................................................................................................................................................21 Magnesium hydroxide...................................................................................................................................................................22 Magnesium sulfate ........................................................................................................................................................................23 Magnesium metal..........................................................................................................................................................................23 Economic aspects...............................................................................................................................................................................24 Tariffs and depletion provisions...................................................................................................................................................24 Grades, specifications, and quality control.......................................................................................................................................25 Magnesium oxide..........................................................................................................................................................................25 Magnesium metal..........................................................................................................................................................................25 Analytical methods........................................................................................................................................................................26 Production methods..................................................................................................................................................................26 Referee methods .......................................................................................................................................................................26 Environmental concerns.....................................................................................................................................................................26 Magnesium compounds ................................................................................................................................................................26 Magnesium metal..........................................................................................................................................................................26 Recycling and disposal ......................................................................................................................................................................27 Health and safety factors....................................................................................................................................................................27 References cited.................................................................................................................................................................................28 FIGURE 1. Average free market magnesium prices..................................................................................................................................14 TABLES 1. World magnesite reserves and reserve base.............................................................................................................................4 2. Properties of magnesium and its compounds ...........................................................................................................................4 3. World magnesium compounds annual production capacity, yearend 2000...........................................................................5 4. U.S. historical salient magnesium compounds statistics.........................................................................................................7 5. U.S. magnesium oxide (magnesia) statistics............................................................................................................................7 6. U.S. magnesium chloride statistics...........................................................................................................................................8 7. U.S. magnesium hydroxide statistics........................................................................................................................................9
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Chemicals Used for Chemical Manufacturing Page 1 of 2
    Chemicals used for Chemical Manufacturing Page 1 of 2 Acetic Acid (Glacial, 56%) Glycol Ether PMA Acetone Glycol Ether PNB Acrylic Acid Glycol Ether PNP Activated Carbon Glycol Ether TPM Adipic Acid Glycols Aloe Vera Grease Aluminum Stearate Gum Arabic Aluminum Sulfate Heat Transfer Fluids Amino Acid Heptane Ammonium Acetate Hexane Ammonium Bicarbonate Hydrazine Hydrate Ammonium Bifluoride Hydrochloric Acid (Muriatic) Ammonium Chloride Hydrogen Peroxide Ammonium Citrate Hydroquinone Ammonium Hydroxide Hydroxylamine Sulfate Ammonium Laureth Sulfate Ice Melter Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate Imidazole Ammonium Nitrate Isobutyl Acetate Ammonium Persulfate Isobutyl Alcohol Ammonium Silicofluoride Calcium Stearate Dipropylene Glycol Isopropanolamine Ammonium Sulfate Carboxymethylcellulose Disodium Phosphate Isopropyl Acetate Antifoams Caustic Potash D'Limonene Isopropyl Alcohol Antifreeze Caustic Soda (All Grades) Dodecylbenzene Sulfonic Acid Isopropyl Myristate Antimicrobials Caustic Soda (Beads, Prills) (DDBSA) Isopropyl Palmitate Antimony Oxide Cetyl Alcohol Dowfrost Itaconic Acid Aqua Ammonia Cetyl Palmitate Dowfrost HD Jojoba Oil Ascorbic Acid Chlorine, Granular Dowtherm SR-1 Keratin Barium Carbonate Chloroform Dowtherm 4000 Lactic Acid Barium Chloride Chromic Acid EDTA Lanolin Beeswax Citric Acid (Dry and Liquid) EDTA Plus Lauric Acid Bentonite Coal Epsom Salt Lauryl Alcohol Benzaldehyde Cocamide DEA Ethyl Acetate Lecithin Benzoic Acid Copper Nitrate Ethyl Alcohol (Denatured) Lime Benzyl Alcohol Copper Sulfate Ethylene Glycol Linoleic Acid Bicarbonate
    [Show full text]
  • Purified Sea Salt with Magnesium Carbonate
    Cargill® Food Processing Salts Purified Sea Saltwith Magnesium Carbonate Product Description Physical Information Purified Sea Salt with Magnesium Carbonate This material is a food grade, granular, white crystalline Purified Sea Salt with Magnesium Carbonate sodium chloride product manufactured under stringent PHYSICAL MIN TARGET MAX process control procedures. Cargill Sea Salts are made from Pacific Ocean sea salt, which is harvested from ponds NaCl (%) 99.7 99.96 100 near the San Francisco Bay. Ca & Mg as Ca (%) 0.003 Sulfate as SO4 (%) 0.01 Product Application Water Insolubles (%) 0.025 0.01 Bulk Density (#cu/ft) 69 74 84 This material is intended for table and cooking use, as well as direct application in foods manufactured by the various Bulk Density (g/l) 1105 1185 1345 food processing industries. This material contains Surface Moisture (%) 0.02 Magnesium Carbonate, which is added to improve caking Magnesium Carbonate (%) 0.5 resistance and flowability. PERCENT PARTICLE SIZE MIN TARGET MAX Product Certifications DISTRIBUTION (SCREENS) Sieve - USS 30 Mesh Retained 0 40 50 Cargill® Sea Salts meet USDA, FDA and Food Chemicals Codex for food use. Sieve - USS 40 Mesh Retained 34 Sieve - USS 50 Mesh Retained 16 Cargill® Sea Salts are certified Kosher for Passover (OU-P) SieveCargill - USS 70 Mesh® RetainedSea Salt 8 by the Orthodox Union. Sieve - Retained on Pan 0 1 10 Made with Sun, Wind and Time Allergen Status Harvesting sea salt from San Francisco Bay today is similar to the salt-making process that has been used for centuries. In accordance with the 2004 USA Food Allergen Labeling and Consumer Protection Act (FALCPA), no allergen declarations are required for this product.
    [Show full text]
  • Magnesium Sulfate
    MAGNESIUM SULFATE Prepared at the 68th JECFA (2007), published in FAO JECFA Monographs 4 (2007), superseding the specifications prepared at the 63rd JECFA (2004) and published the Combined Compendium of Food Additive Specifications, FAO JECFA Monographs 1 (2005). An ADI “not specified” was established at the 68th JECFA (2007). SYNONYMS Epsom salt (heptahydrate); INS No.518 DEFINITION Magnesium sulfate occurs naturally in sea water, mineral springs and in minerals such as kieserite and epsomite. It is recovered from them or by reacting sulfuric acid and magnesium oxide. It is produced with one or seven molecules of water of hydration or in a dried form containing the equivalent of between 2 and 3 waters of hydration. Chemical names Magnesium sulfate C.A.S. number Monohydrate: 14168-73-1 Heptahydrate: 10034-99-8 Dried: 15244-36-7 Chemical formula Monohydrate: MgSO4.H2O Heptahydrate: MgSO4.7H2O Dried: MgSO4.xH2O, where x is the average hydration value (between 2 and 3) Formula weight Monohydrate: 138.38 Heptahydrate: 246.47 Assay Not less than 99.0 % and not more than 100.5% on the ignited basis DESCRIPTION Colourless crystals, granular crystalline powder or white powder. Crystals effloresce in warm, dry air. FUNCTIONAL USES Nutrient; flavour enhancer; firming agent; and processing aid (fermentation aid in the production of beer and malt beverages) CHARACTERISTICS IDENTIFICATION Solubility (Vol. 4) Freely soluble in water, very soluble in boiling water, and sparingly soluble in ethanol. Test for magnesium (Vol. 4) Passes test Test for sulfate (Vol. 4) Passes test PURITY Loss on ignition (Vol. 4) Monohydrate: between 13.0 and 16.0 %, Heptahydrate: between 40.0 and 52.0 %, Dried: between 22.0 and 32.0 % (105°, 2h, then 400° to constant weight) pH (Vol.
    [Show full text]
  • Mechanosynthesis of Magnesium and Calcium Salt?Urea Ionic Cocrystal
    Letter pubs.acs.org/journal/ascecg Mechanosynthesis of Magnesium and Calcium Salt−Urea Ionic Cocrystal Fertilizer Materials for Improved Nitrogen Management Kenneth Honer, Eren Kalfaoglu, Carlos Pico, Jane McCann, and Jonas Baltrusaitis* Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Lehigh University, B336 Iacocca Hall, 111 Research Drive, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States *S Supporting Information ABSTRACT: Only 47% of the total fertilizer nitrogen applied to the environment is taken up by the plants whereas approximately 40% of the total fertilizer nitrogen lost to the environment reverts back into unreactive atmospheric dinitrogen that greatly affects the global nitrogen cycle including increased energy consumption for NH3 synthesis, as well as accumulation of nitrates in drinking water. In this letter, we provide a mechanochemical method of inorganic magnesium and calcium salt−urea ionic cocrystal synthesis to obtain enhanced stability nitrogen fertilizers. The solvent-free mechanochemical synthesis presented can result in a greater manufacturing process sustainability by reducing or eliminating the need for solution handling and evaporation. NH3 emission testing suggests that urea ionic cocrystals are capable of decreasing NH3 emissions to the environment when compared to pure urea, thus providing implications for a sustainable global solution to the management of the nitrogen cycle. KEYWORDS: Fertilizers, Nitrogen, urea, Mechanochemistry, Cocrystal, pXRD, NH3 Emissions, Stability ■ INTRODUCTION ammonia as opposed to up to 61.1% of soil treated with urea 7,8 fi only, which suggests that major improvements to the global Atmospheric dinitrogen, N2, xation to synthesize ammonia, 9,10 ’ 1 nitrogen cycle are achievable. Additionally, urea molecular NH3, consumes more than 1% of the world s primary energy.
    [Show full text]
  • Potassium-Magnesium Citrate Is an Effective Prophylaxis Against Recurrent Calcium Oxalate Nephrolithiasis
    0022-5347/97/1586-2069$03.00/0 JOURNAL OF UROLOGY Vol. 158,2069-2073, December 1997 Copyright Q 1997 by AMERICANUROLOGICAL ASS~CIATION, INC. Printed in U.S.A. POTASSIUM-MAGNESIUM CITRATE IS AN EFFECTIVE PROPHYLAXIS AGAINST RECURRENT CALCIUM OXALATE NEPHROLITHIASIS BRUCE ETTINGER,* CHARLES Y. C. PAK, JOHN T. CITRON, CARL THOMAS, BEVERLEY ADAMS-HIJET AND ARLINE VANGESSEL From the Diuision of Research, Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program, Oakland, California, the Department of Mineral Metabolism, Center for Mineral Metabolism and Clinical Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, Department of Medicine, Kaiser Permanente Medical Center, Walnut Creek, California, Department of Urology, Kaiser Permanente Medical Center, San Francisco, California, and Kaiser Foundation Research Institute, Kaiser Foundation Hospitals, Oakland, California ABSTRACT Purpose: We examined the efficacy of potassium-magnesium citrate in preventing recurrent calcium oxalate kidney calculi. Materials and Methods: We conducted a prospective double-blind study of 64 patients who were randomly assigned to receive placebo or potassium-magnesium citrate (42 mEq. potassium, 21 mEq. magnesium, and 63 mEq. citrate) daily for up to 3 years. Results. New calculi formed in 63.6%of subjects receiving placebo and in 12.9%of subjects receiving potassium-magnesiumcitrate. When compared with placebo, the relative risk of treat- ment failure for potassium-magnesium citrate was 0.16 (95%confidence interval 0.05 to 0.46). potassium-magnesium citrate had a statistically significant effect (relative risk 0.10,95%confi- dence interval 0.03 to 0.36) even after adjustment for possible confounders, including age, pretreatment calculous event rate and urinary biochemical abnormalities.
    [Show full text]
  • The Importance of Minerals in the Long Term Health of Humans Philip H
    The Importance of Minerals in the Long Term Health of Humans Philip H. Merrell, PhD Technical Market Manager, Jost Chemical Co. Calcium 20 Ca 40.078 Copper 29 Cu 63.546 Iron Magnesium 26 12 Fe Mg 55.845 24.305 Manganese Zinc 25 30 Mn Zn 55.938 65.380 Table of Contents Introduction, Discussion and General Information ..................................1 Calcium ......................................................................................................3 Copper .......................................................................................................7 Iron ...........................................................................................................10 Magnesium ..............................................................................................13 Manganese ..............................................................................................16 Zinc ..........................................................................................................19 Introduction Daily intakes of several minerals are necessary for the continued basic functioning of the human body. The minerals, Calcium (Ca), Iron (Fe), Copper (Cu), Magnesium (Mg), Manganese (Mn), and Zinc (Zn) are known to be necessary for proper function and growth of the many systems in the human body and thus contribute to the overall health of the individual. There are several other trace minerals requirements. Minimum (and in some cases maximum) daily amounts for each of these minerals have been established by the Institute of
    [Show full text]
  • Alkali Metals- Group 1 (IA)
    Alkali Metals- Group 1 (IA) The alkali metals make up Group 1 of the periodic table. This family consists of the elements lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, and francium (Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, and Fr, respectively). Group one elements share common characteristics. They are all soft, silver metals. Due to their low ionization energy, these metals have low melting points and are highly reactive. The reactivity of this family increases as you move down the table. Alkali metals are noted for how vigorously they react with water. Due to this, they are often stored in mineral oil and are not found in their elemental forms in nature. These characteristics can be explained by examining the electronic structure of each element in this group. Alkali metals have one valence electron. They readily give up this electron to assume the noble gas configuration as a cation. This makes the elements in this group highly reactive. History Explore the discoverer's biography, including general facts about his life and anecdotes regarding how he made this particular discovery. Also see other significant scientific discoveries built largely on this concept and other real-world applications in history that may not still be relevant. Discoverer/Developer See each tab for individual information about the discoverer of each element. Lithium Lithium was discovered in 1817 by Johan August Arfwedson. Arfwedson was born in 1792 to a wealthy family in Sweden. At a young age he attended the University of Uppsala and earned degrees in law and mineralogy. His interest in minerals is what led to his discovery of lithium.
    [Show full text]
  • Medication Other Information Aches and Pains Constipation Cough/Cold Diarrhea Fever Over the Counter Medications in Pregnancy
    Over the Counter Medications in Pregnancy Women commonly use over the counter medications in pregnancy. This is a list of those medication you may safely use during pregnancy. If you have any questions about these medications and how to use them please contact your Healthcare Provider's office. Unless otherwise stated please take the medication as directed on the manufactures label. Medication Other Information Aches and Pains * Tylenol Extra Strength 500 mg tablet No more than 6 tablets in a 24 hour period * Tylenol 325 mg tablet No more than 8 in a 24 hour period Constipation Stool Softener Increases the amount of water in your stools to make them easier to pass * Colace (docusate sodium) * Surfak (docusate calcium) * Docusate Fiber Laxative Increases the amount of bulk in your stools to make them easier to pass * Metamucil (psyllium) * Fibercon (Calcium polycarbophil 625 mg) Stool Softener/Fiber Laxative Increases the amount of water in your stools to make them easier to pass * Peri-Colace (docusate sodium/sennosides) * Senekot -S (docusate sodium/sennosides) Osmotic Laxative Increases the amount of water in your stools to make them easier to pass * Milk of Magnesia * MiraLax (polyethylene glycol 3350) Cough/Cold Expectorants Help thin mucus and phlegm so they can be coughed up * Robitussin * Guaifenesin Antihistamines Can be used to relieve seasonal allergy and common cold symptoms of nasal congestion, * Chlorpheniramine sneezing and itchy eyes Cough Suppressants Help calm a cough * Dextromethorphan Decongestants Are used to relieve
    [Show full text]
  • Robert Wilhelm Bunsen Und Sein Heidelberger Laboratorium Heidelberg, 12
    Historische Stätten der Chemie Robert Wilhelm Bunsen und sein Heidelberger Laboratorium Heidelberg, 12. Oktober 2011 Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker 1 Mit dem Programm „Historische Stätten der Chemie“ würdigt Robert Wilhelm Bunsen – die Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker (GDCh) Leistungen von geschichtlichem Rang in der Chemie. Als Orte der Erinnerung eine biographische Skizze werden Wirkungsstätten beteiligter Wissenschaftlerinnen und Wissenschaftler in einem feierlichen Akt ausgezeichnet. Eine Broschüre bringt einer breiten Öffentlichkeit deren wissenschaft- Bunsen war einer der Wegbereiter der Physikalischen Chemie liches Werk näher und stellt die Tragweite ihrer Arbeiten im und ein bedeutender Vertreter der anorganisch-analytischen aktuellen Kontext dar. Ziel dieses Programms ist es, die Erinne- Richtung. Seine wissenschaftliche Bedeutung liegt in der Ent- rung an das kulturelle Erbe der Chemie wach zu halten und die wicklung und Perfektionierung von Methoden und Instrumen- Chemie mit ihren historischen Wurzeln stärker in das Blickfeld ten. Diese Arbeitsschwerpunkte hat Bunsen von Beginn seiner der Öffentlichkeit zu rücken. Karriere an verfolgt und systematisch ausgebaut. Am 12. Oktober 2011 gedenken die GDCh, die Deutsche 1811 als jüngster von vier Söhnen einer bürgerlichen protestan- Bunsen-Gesellschaft für Physikalische Chemie (DBG), die Che- tischen Familie in Göttingen geboren, begann Bunsen dort 1828 mische Gesellschaft zu Heidelberg (ChGzH) und die Ruprecht- das Studium der Naturwissenschaften. Seine wichtigsten Lehrer Karls-Universität
    [Show full text]
  • United States Patent Office Patented Nov
    3,539,306 United States Patent Office Patented Nov. 10, 1970 2 properties of quick activity, durable effect and storage 3,539,306 PROCESS FOR THE PREPARATION Stability, and that, therefore, the same can provide an ex OF HYDROTALCITE cellent, ideal antacid. Teruhiko Kumura and Norio Imataki, Takamatsu-shi, Hydrotalcite is known as a mineral having a chemical Katuyuki Hasui, Kagawa-ken, and Takeo Inoue and 5 Structure of the formula Kimiaki Yasutomi, Nagao-machi, Kagawa-ken, Japan, assignors to Kyowa Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., Tokyo, MgAl(OH) 16CO3 4HO O Al2O3 6MgO CO2: 12H2O Japan, a corporation of Japan No Drawing. Filed July 21, 1967, Ser. No. 654,977 which has been naturally produced in only very limited Claims priority, application Japan, July 25, 1966, areas as Norway and Ural. Also a process for the syn 41/48,349; July 17, 1967, 42/45,658 O thesis of hydrotalcite was disclosed, which comprises add Int. C. COf 5/00, 7/00, A61k 27/06 ing Dry Ice or ammonium carbonate to a mixture of U.S. C. 23-315 4 Claims magnesium oxide and y-alumina or the thermal decom position product from of magnesium nitrate and aluminum nitrate, and thereafter maintaining the system at tempera ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE, tures below 325 C. and under elevated pressures of total A process for the preparation of hydrotalcite which 2,000-20,000 p.s.i. (Roy et al.: American Journal of comprises mixing an alumium component such as alumi Science 251, 350-353 (1953)). However this process is num Salt With a magnesium component such as magnesium obviously unpractical for industrial scale production of Salt in an aqueous medium in the presence of carbonate hydrotalcite, because the reaction system must be main ion at a pH of at least 8 and thereafter recovering the 20 tained under considerably high pressures.
    [Show full text]
  • Chemistry Is All Around Us
    Chemistry is all around us. Everyone can and should understand basic chemistry. The Story Apart from those wanting to become chemists, students Central wanting to become doctors, nurses, physicists, Science Cover nutritionists, geologists, and pharmacists all need to study chemistry. It is important to remember that the Chemistry importance of chemistry would not be diminished BIMAN BASU over time; rather it will continue to remain a That is not all. There would be no drugs a science. It was primarily directed at efforts promising career prospect. – painkillers, antacids, or antibiotics – no to turn all kinds of substances into the polyester fibre or nylon stockings, no precious metal gold by early chemists, who stainless steel, no sugar-free soft drinks, were known as alchemists. We have heard IGHT from the moment we get up in even no Diwali illumination and fireworks about the “philosopher’s stone” using which the morning till we go to bed at without chemistry. Without chemistry, we the alchemists sought to turn any metal night, we come intimately close to R would not have such items as computers, into gold. Of course it was a silly thought, chemistry and things related to it. The CDs, DVDs, iPods, fuel for vehicles, oil to because no one can really turn one toothpaste we use to clean our teeth, the cook, refrigeration units, radios, televisions, element into another by mere touch! Still, toilet soap, shampoo, and plastic buckets batteries, and so much more. So, then, the alchemists made important we use to take bath, the plastic comb
    [Show full text]
  • Magnesium Recycling in the United States in 1998
    FLOW STUDIES FOR RECYCLING METAL COMMODITIES IN THE UNITED STATES Magnesium Recycling in the United States in 1998 By Deborah A. Kramer Abstract......................................................................................................................................................................................................3 Introduction................................................................................................................................................................................................3 Global geologic occurrence of magnesium.........................................................................................................................................3 Production technology ........................................................................................................................................................................3 Uses.....................................................................................................................................................................................................4 Prices...................................................................................................................................................................................................6 Sources of magnesium scrap......................................................................................................................................................................6 Disposition of magnesium scrap ................................................................................................................................................................7
    [Show full text]