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(: CD Veronica Vail1ancour't a Thesis Submi Tted to the Facul Ty Of ,..~ ,-- - - ..... , , , --. ,'~ .. ., • \ i~ ~ . (: > , , -" TIŒ ROLE OF CHAlU.BS PERRAULT IN THE BATlMENwrS" OU ROI' ----- f' \ CD veronica vail1ancour't • 0>, A thesis submi tted to the Facul ty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial. fu1fillment of the requirements for the degree of Mad ter' of Arts Oepar~nt of Art HistorY. McGill un~ versi ty , Mon treal, Canàda December, 1981 .<- r \ ( ABSTRACT Çharles Perrault, personal assistant to Jean~Baptiste Colbert and a Co:ptrôleur 'des Bâtiments, assu'lned a faJ;' more important.. role in the developmént of the King's,building projects tban was no~lly expected of' a high a~inistrator at that time. Hè was not only ins~rumentai in having Bernini's project 'for the Louvre façade ,abandonec1, ,but he also proposed the creation of an advisory body for the purpose of des'igning a new plan, a committeè to..-W!J..i:'ch his brother, Claude, was appointed. 1 In his M€mO~4e~, written late in life, Charles Perrault stated that he had co11aborated with Claude in the early stages of the design of the Louvre colonnad~ and other monu- '& rnents created by the 'doctor-architect. Charles a1so re­ l affirmed his c1aims rega~ding his brother's àuthorship of o these projects - claims which had been cha1lenged earlier by the critic-poet, Nicolas Boileau - Desprêaux, during their ~itter literary quarrel. Although the Mémo~4e~ h}ve frequent1y been criticized because of Perrault's overly praiseful attitude towards him- self and his famil~, tney nevertheless provide valuable infor­ mation on the operation"'of the Bâtiments and Charles' s, contri­ bution to that 066L~e during the reign of Louis XIV. 1 ( \ If 1 1 ( , RESUME " Charles Perrault, l'adjoint personnel- de' Jean-Baptiste Colbert et contrôleur des bâtiments, a eu' une, influence beau­ coup plus ~portante que celle habituellement Attribuée a un haut fonctionnaire sur la r~alisatioh des projets de construc­ tion du roi. Ainsi, en' plus de s'opposer' au projet conçu par Bernini pour la façade du Louvre, il proposa la cr~ation d'un comité consultatif, dont son frêre Claude faisait partie, char- g~ de pr~parer de nouveaux plans A cet effet. Dans ses Mlmo.(.ILe..6, rédigés vers la fin de sa vie, Charles " Perrault d~clare avoir collaboré avec Claude a lt'l~oration initiale des plans de la colonnade du Louvre et ! d'autres monuments attribués â l' archi tecte - œdecin. De plus, Charles r~affirme que son frêre est bel et bien l'auteur de ces projets, __ • ce qui avait ét~ contesté par le critique et poête Nicolas Boileau-Despr~aux lors d'une vive querelle littéraire. Bien que )es Mémo.Ute..6 aient- éU souvent critiqu~s en rai­ 1 1 son de l'attitude par trop ~lo9'ieuse de Perrault ep.vers lui­ '1 ,même etr â)l' égard de sa famille, ils constituent néanmoins une "J source d'information valable sur les bâtiments et mesurent 1 l'influence de Charles au niveau de cet Offic~fsous le rêgne de Loui s XIV. " _____ ~ .. _~T"' .... __- __ ........ _.____________ .~ .. __ .... -..-..-- ...... --........... ---0.- ----____ ___.. ~------------------- ii! .. Jo ( ACKNOWLEDGMENT~ Durinq the course of both tlle research and the writinq of my thesis, l benefited from the kind assistance of a nwnber of people. To Pro:fessor Thomas Glen, above aIl, l owe my deep f gratitude. His sound advice and meticulous attention to datail at aIl stages of the work were invaluable: l extend my sincere appreciation to Professor George Galavaris, Director of Graduate Studies, and to aIl my other professors for their encouragement and support. l am also grateful to Professor Guy Wal ton of New York- Universi ty for intro(iucing me to Perrault' s M~mo.Vr..e.6. Among my colleagues, l thank .iJoan Friedman who helped in ~ f editing, Detlef Stiebeling who took the photographs, Anne, \, Kosowski and Luci Felicissimo who were responsible for typing the manuscript and, in particular, Shirley Thomp~on who patient­ ly and generously assisted me in revising the text. l am greatly indebted to the staffs of the Inter-Library' Lean Service of McGill University, the Biblio'thêque Nationale, Paris, and the New York Public Library for their courtesy and coopera tion. Finally, l owe special thanks to my husband, de Guise, for much more than can be expressed here and to' our childre'n who offered good-humored encouragement. \ ( .: - . iv , 1 .. [ ( ~ , TABLE OF CONTENTS ~ ACKNbWLEDGMEN'l'S , ·- . ·.. ~ • • iii \ ·• LIST [OF ILLUSTRATIONS • · . vi 1t ,INTRODUCTION . .\. .. 1 • • ••••• CHAPTER 1. CHARLES PERRAULT, ASSISTANT '1'0 COLBERT · . II. THE COMPLETION OF THE LOUVRE: 'CHARLES . PERRAULT • S ROLE . • • • • • • • · . 15 Early Plans · . 15 Perrault and Bernin! ~ . 20- The Petit Conseil du Louvre · . 26 III. If>ItEAU 1 S CHALLENGE TO CHARLES PERRAULT'S CLAIMS ON BEHALF OF CLAUDE . 31 · · · · · · · · · · · ·, · The confl!ct between Nicolas Boileau-Despr~aux and Charles Perrault · , · · · · · · · · · · · 31 & (Il -\ The effects of Boileau' s accusations 38 · · -. j. " · · In defense o~ Claude · . · · · · /- . 40 The Claude Perrault albums · .. · 40 A comparison between the accounts in the Mêmoires and in the Registre · · · · · · · 42 A comparison between the accoun ts in the M~moires. and in the Leibniz report · · · 44 -------------- Claude Perrault's Vitruvius · · · · · · · · · · 47 Claude Perr~u1t's designs for the Observatoire' and the Arc de Triomphe 47 IV. "CHARLES PERRAULT, HOMME DES IDEES AND COLLABORATOR TO HIS BROTHER, CLAUDE • .... • • • • • • • 51 The Louvre peristyle and the Arc de Triomphe 51 ( \ ~-----... _,~--, ...... - ......... ~~ '. v - " TABLE OF CONTENTS (cont'd) ". \ Sain te-Geneviave • • S9 - , , The Grotto o~ 'l'hetis at Versailles o.· 63 CONCLUSlPN • " . • . • 72 APPENDIX , •• • • 75 , NOTES . • ~ ~r .$> • • • 80 BIBLIOGRAPHY : Q. , .118' 'ILLUSTRATIONS . , ) , . , \ , 1 , " "'" 1 ( .' ~ ............ _~--_. v~ ILLUSTRATIONS Figures 1. Gianlorenzo Bernini: Final scheme for the'eas~ façade of the Louvre, 1665 (from J.F. Blondel, Architécture' françoise, 4: pl. 8). 2. Claude Perrault: Project for the east façade of the Louvre. Eng~aving by Fr. Blondel (from J.F. Blondel, ArChiteC~franX":iSe, 4: pl. 7). n' 3. Boulogne, l'aisn~:~ L'ArChitectur~: EnJraving by B. Audran (from Charles Perrault, Cabinet, plate opposite p. 23): 4. 's. le Clerc, Frontispiece. Engraving by G. Scotin (from Claude Perrault, vitruvius). 5. Claude Perrault: Arc de Triomphe. Engraving by Babel (from J.F. Blondel, Architecture françoise 2: pl. Il). 6. Charles Perrault: Frontispiece to Hymnes de l'abbé Santeuil (from M. Soriano, Dossier Perrault, p~ate opposite • p. 225). 7. ' Claude Perrault: Project for the façade ot Ste. Geneviêve, Paris (from A. Laprade, D'Orbay, App. C3). ( • ) f ...... _ vii ./ ( 1 8. Claude p~ault: Project for an Obelisk, Paris (fram A. Laprade, D'Orbay, App. C4). 9" Claude pe'rrault:. Observatoire)' Paris '(from A. Laprade, D'Orbay,, App. C3).' i) -', 10. Façade ef the Grotte of Thetis at Versailles. Engraving . P (f b y J • Le autre rom A. Mar1e,,,1) Nalssance~ I:XXIX '. Il. The interior of the Grotte of Thetis at VersatIles. Engraving by J. Le Pautre (from A. Marie, Naissance, I:XXX). 12. Claude Perrault: project for an Obelisk, Paris (fram A. Laprade, D'Orbay, App. C4). ,0 ( : ' -!_-----_...------- --~~" _....... ~~"" ...... _-,- -- , ( j-" ( ~ INTROgpCTION One of the c':xqost influential personaltiiés in the 1 Bâtiments du Roi during tlÏe<i\ reign of Louis ,:XIV was a man 1 who is remembered today as the author of popu1ar fairy tales, Charles Perrault. The success of Leh Con~eh earned Perrault a reputation as a writer,l but little attention has been' given to his career a~ assistant to 'Jean Baptiste Colbert, Surintendant des Bâtiments ~rom 1664 to 1683. Yet, as early as 1663, Colbert appointed Perrault secretary to the Petite Acad€mie and only a year iater made him his c.omm.w or' personal 2 __ assistant. Perraùlt had the additional honor of being named Contrôleur Général in 1672, a post which he retained 3 until his resignation in 1681. These official ti tles, however, do not fUlly convey the extent oi l1is influence. Ambi tious and industrieus, Perrault was very much appre­ ciated by his overworkea.Auperior and indeed came to ~ regarded as Colbert's hommi de c.on6~ance. Perrault served in the Bâtiments during one of the most- sustained,periods of building activity undertaken by tqe royal house. 4 The administration of the Bâti~ents was complicated by the fact that Louis XIV, who took great persQna,l interest in his architectural prej ects, made constant interventions. In addition, Colbert, often indecisive himself, frequen~ly demanded costly revisions 1 1 1.....:-.. ___-_~=_;::'.f.'1~ .....~.J. .. ~.:;.. .. u~~ __.-:..~ ....... __... _> ____... ___> _>- __,_. _---.--_......... _~_ .. _t~...::.::::;..:_...::.._....::....-.....,.. ___ ... _~_ .. ~_> _-c_______ _ o' , 2 . ( . , and even, on occasion, ordered entirely new •plans once .1 construction was underway. It appeared as if both Louis XIV and his minister deemed nothing worthy enough to express the magnificence and glory of the Sun King, and . through the crown, the prestige of France. In his pursuit " of perfection, Colbert depended on the advice and support of a number of officers and advisors in the Bâtiments',# "--... not ..; the least of whom was his chief assistant, Charles, Perrault. Both official documents and. perraul t 1 S own perscmal corre­ r , spondence reveal him to have been a diligent functionaty wOO faith­ fully exe~cuted his superi~r 1 s orders. 5 He himself, however, , took credi t for more than this; for example, in''''ilis M~moires he stated that he had played a key role in the decision to 6 abandon Bernini' s plan for the LOJ,lvre façade. He also , portrayed himself as un homme de.6 .idéu who had conceived J • J .
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