{PDF} Learn to Read Latin

LEARN TO READ LATIN PDF, EPUB, EBOOK

As beginning students learn basic forms and grammar, they also gain familiarity with patterns of Latin word order and other features of style. Get A Copy. Paperback , pages. Published December 11th by Yale University Press. More Details Other Editions 3. Friend Reviews. To see what your friends thought of this book, please sign up. To ask other readers questions about Learn to Read Latin , please sign up. Lists with This Book. This book is not yet featured on Listopia. Community Reviews. Showing Average rating 4. Rating details. More filters. Sort order. Thorough, but painfully tedious. I've read some dry grammar books, but this reaches new heights depths? Mar 05, Ian rated it liked it. Fairly good grammar- translation course. How I cut my teeth on Latin grammar. Worst Experience Of My Life. Arin rated it really liked it Dec 05, Michael E. Doren rated it it was amazing May 25, Erin Davis rated it it was amazing Jul 22, Euphy Yu rated it it was amazing May 09, Ben Carter rated it really liked it May 28, Tony Guerra rated it it was amazing Feb 05, Jennifer rated it it was amazing Jan 06, Pablo Stafforini rated it really liked it Nov 30, Stephen Bruce rated it really liked it Feb 20, Steven rated it really liked it Sep 04, Angie Chen rated it really liked it Apr 04, Tuhin rated it really liked it Sep 05, Rachel rated it really liked it Sep 06, Nick rated it liked it Oct 03, Another example, 'many hands make light work' in Latin is multae manus onus levius faciunt. Naturally, the difficulty of any given Latin text depends on the vocabulary and the grammar, but this can vary widely, as it does in modern languages. Latin grammar is reasonably consistent throughout the years but some styles are simpler than others and are written with less complex constructions. Another example of Latin written in straight-forward language, which is perhaps more famous although in these unenlightened times who knows is the Vulgate, Saint Jerome's translation of the bible. If you wish to read classical Latin, it is helpful to learn the full range of Latin grammatical constructions. They are somewhat arid, and lacking in jokes, but other than a good dictionary are all that you need to start learning the language. Personally, I would reccomend going through the first ten or so units before reading more widely. I managed to get to unit 21 of Teach yourself Latin before hitting some sort of metaphorical brick wall. One day, I will return to it. It is brilliant difficult to obtain at a reasonable price. If you can't obtain a Lewis and Short at a decent price mine only cost a few pounds at the time , the Oxford Latin mini Dictionary will do the job. I know it is fashionable to do everything on-line and digital like, but with Latin I personally prefer physical books and dictionaries. If the Gavin Betts books sound to much like hard work and too tedious, you could try learning a few key concepts bonus, bona, bonum, amo, amas, amat and start with deciphering short but complete Latin sentences and phrases. There are many examples of mottoes, phrases and maxims in Latin and these if you choose carefully tend to use simple grammar but as they are short there are few words to look up - before you start to parse and translate. If you are looking for a book Say it in Latin contains many Latin phrases, maxims and proverbs. An additional bonus, it that it also much easier to remember vocabulary in a sentence then in lists. This isn't for everyone and a more formal approach may suit you better, but I'm talking about playing with language and learning Latin as a hobby and fun past-time. You don't have to learn everything all at once. Learn medieval Latin - Latin

This article has been viewed , times. Learn more Despite what you may have heard, Latin is hardly a "dead language. Although Latin isn't commonly offered in a lot of schools, you can learn Latin on your own with a little self-discipline. Start by mastering the Latin alphabet and pronunciation so you'll know how to sound out words, even if you don't know what they mean. Use drills and exercises to help with grammar, which you'll also pick up if you try to read Latin text. It won't take long for you to start understanding spoken and written Latin. Bona Fortunum! Good luck! Tip: If you see 2 vowels together that would normally be a diphthong, but the second letter has 2 dots over it similar to an umlaut in German , that indicates that the 2 vowels are 2 separate syllables. The 2 dots are technically called a "diaresis. Tip: Recognizing the verb inflection is especially critical in Latin because the word order of sentences is much more flexible than in English and other languages. However, if you can recognize the verb, you can also find the subject, regardless of where the words appear in the sentence. Tip: If you live near a university that has a Classics department, you may be able to find people to chat with there. Find out if they have a Latin club that is open to the public. If you're a student, find out if your school has a Classics department that teaches Latin. Please help us continue to provide you with our trusted how-to guides and videos for free by whitelisting wikiHow on your ad blocker. Log in Facebook. No account yet? Create an account. Edit this Article. We use cookies to make wikiHow great. By using our site, you agree to our cookie policy. Cookie Settings. Learn why people trust wikiHow. Explore this Article methods. Related Articles. Method 1 of All rights reserved. This image may not be used by other entities without the express written consent of wikiHow, Inc. Pronounce most consonants as you would in English. Since the English alphabet is derived from the Latin alphabet, most of the consonants make the same sounds. This makes Latin fairly easy to pronounce if you're already familiar with English. There are a few exceptions: [2] X Research source The letters "c" and "g" are always hard, as in the "c" in the English word "cow" or the "g" in the English word "go. The "r" is trilled, similar to the Spanish "r. Identify long vowels by the macron. Latin has the same vowels as English, with each vowel having a short and long form. Long vowels are indicated by a straight line over the top of the letter, known as a macron. Use the short vowel sound for unmarked vowels. While there is a mark for short vowels, it typically isn't used. Rather, if a vowel doesn't have a macron over it, pronounce it with the short vowel sound. Short vowels in Latin make the following sounds: [3] X Research source The short vowel "a" sounds like the "a" in the English word "about. Practice using "i" and "u" as consonants. In Latin, the letters "i" and "u" can be both vowels and consonants. For ancient Romans, "u" and "v" were considered to be the same letter, both pronounced like the English "w" in the word "week. However, the "j" retains the "y" pronunciation, similar to how the letter is pronounced in Spanish. Keep consonant sounds distinct. Consonants don't blend in Latin as they sometimes do in English when they occur next to each other. Rather, you pronounce each letter separately. Latin consonants don't change the sound they make, regardless of the other letters around them, with one exception: when you see "bs" or "bt," the "b" takes on a sharper "p" sound. For example, "ch" in a Latin word sounds like the "ck" and "h" in the English phrase "block head. For example, the "tt" in the Latin word "admittent" sounds like the English phrase "admit ten. Recognize diphthongs that are pronounced as one syllable. A diphthong is 2 vowels next to each other that are pronounced together as a single sound. There are 6 diphthongs in Latin. When you see "ii," this is not a diphthong, but 2 separate syllables. This comes up frequently in science, as with biological names. Stress the syllable that is second or third from last. Each vowel in a Latin word constitutes a separate syllable, with the exception of diphthongs. The last syllable is never stressed in a Latin word, so if the word has 2 syllables, the first syllable is stressed. A heavy syllable in Latin has a long vowel, a diphthong, or a short vowel followed by 2 or more consonants the letter "x" is considered a double consonant because it is pronounced "ks". If the next to last syllable is heavy, it takes the stress. Otherwise, the stress falls on the syllable before it. Method 2 of Start by memorizing the basic inflections of verbs. Conjugating verbs is a staple of learning any language, and Latin is no different. Like Spanish and some other languages, pronouns aren't necessary in Latin. However, you can always tell the subject of the sentence by looking at the ending of the verb. As in English and other Latin-based languages, there are also irregular verbs. You'll typically have to memorize the endings for these, which can take a lot of drilling. Identify the cases for nouns, adjectives, and pronouns. Nouns and pronouns change endings depending on whether they are the subject, direct object, or indirect object of the sentence. Adjectives also change form depending on whether they are related to the subject or object of the sentence. Additionally, you'll change the ending to indicate plurality and gender masculine, feminine, or neuter. Keeping these separate may prove difficult if you are a native English speaker. However, the case forms are fairly regular, so once you've memorized the endings you should be able to identify them fairly easily. Drill yourself on endings of nouns, pronouns, and adjectives, just as you did drills conjugating verbs. Download a mobile app to drill vocabulary and grammar. Smartphone apps alone won't enable you to become proficient in Latin, but they can help you memorize word endings and expand your vocabulary. Many apps are free, although some have a one-time cost or a subscription fee for premium access. If you're interested in understanding the meaning of famous Latin quotes and phrases, "Latin Wisdom" for iOS helps teach you Latin by providing translations of well-known Latin sayings. Go through the exercises in a Latin textbook. Unlike with modern languages, it can be difficult to just go out and start chatting with people in Latin. While it's usually possible to learn a language without a textbook, a basic Latin grammar textbook is essential if you want to become proficient. All of these have answer keys as well, which are indispensable if you're learning on your own and don't have a teacher to check your work. Two of the most popular Latin textbooks are Wheelock's Latin , a conventional textbook, and Lingua Latina Per Se Illustrata , which contains no English at all, but rather is designed for beginners to be able to read in Latin immediately, and learn without rote memorization.. When you go through the exercises, mark your mistakes and figure out what you're having problems with. Then you can devote additional time to practicing the things that give you the most trouble. Write in Latin for at least 10 minutes a day. Drills will only get you so far. If you want to become proficient in Latin, start writing yourself. You don't necessarily have to write about philosophy or anything academic. Simply keep a journal in Latin about your activities and thoughts over the course of the day. Keep a dictionary at hand so you can look up words you don't know. If you don't know a word, write the English word and then go back to it. When the timer goes off, read over what you've written and look up the words you didn't know. It can also help to check your textbooks and make sure you've conjugated words correctly and used the right case for nouns, pronouns, and adjectives. If you translate what you wrote in Latin back into English, you may also have an easier time catching errors. When you first start, it will probably take you longer and your writing might be simplistic and stilted. However, with practice, you'll find you're able to craft more eloquent Latin prose. Method 3 of Start with readers that have keys. These can help you learn to read Latin. Some of these are simple stories written at a beginner level, while others are actual texts from ancient Roman philosophers and historians. You can set aside a specific time each day to read Latin or pull up the text when you have a moment, such as when you're waiting in line. Copying the text in your own writing can help you learn how Latin is written and how words are formed. Writing the text yourself also starts building muscle memory for the grammar and spelling of Latin words and sentences. Bookmark a good online dictionary for reading. When you first start reading, you'll undoubtedly come across words that you don't know. Look those words up so you gain a better understanding of the text. Even if you think you've figured out a word from the context of the sentence, it's still good practice to look it up and make sure you're correct. Start chatting in an online Latin forum. Some may be surprised to hear the Latin alphabet is also used in China and by some Baltic and Slavic states. As colonialism spread European culture throughout the world, the Latin script came with it and eventually influenced the writing system of the indigenous American, Australian, and African languages. Its broad reach and influence has resulted in the Latin alphabet being used to develop a standard alphabet for other languages across the world. When referencing the Latin alphabet , be aware that the term refers not only to the alphabet that is used for Latin but also for the many other alphabets derived from the Latin script. The group of Latin script alphabets have a core set of letters and then variations that drop some sounds or add other letters, such as the Norwegian alphabet. The evolution of the Latin script has taken different paths depending on the language. Why should language learners choose to learn Latin? Understanding Latin is the key to unlocking many mysteries not just for scholars but for any learners eager to explore European history, literature, culture, and other languages. Many consider the Roman empire as the cornerstone of European civilization. As such, the Latin language dominated the Middle Ages not only as the mother tongue of the Roman Catholic church but also as the language of scholarship, diplomacy, and philosophy in the Western world. Historians, art historians, archaeologists, and literary scholars will all find an intimate knowledge of the Latin language invaluable in their fields of interest. While Latin grammar might be complicated, it also forces language learners to get a better understanding of the grammar of their own languages and a better grasp on writing and sentence structure. All of these prominent figures in literature, science, and philosophy wrote primarily in Latin. You could certainly read a translation, but there is something to be said for being able to appreciate these works of literature in their original form with all the implied meanings and intricacies intact. As with any language, there are several different paths you can take in your language learning journey. Here are a few tips for the best way to learn Latin and get the most out of your language lessons. Immersive learning environments like the ones Rosetta Stone offers provide the kinds of audio and visual cues your brain needs to stimulate more advanced understanding. For beginners, attending mass in Latin or listening to it on YouTube may be an interesting way to absorb the intonations of spoken Latin. For more advanced learners, hearing classic works as audiobooks in the original Latin can be a rewarding immersion experience. Your ability to learn Latin will be shaped by how much time you can spend reviewing lessons and practicing pronunciation. You might be worried that reading in Latin involves delving into the complexities of philosophy or the complicated history of the ancient world. Select a language. Spanish Latin America. English American. Chinese Mandarin. English British. Filipino Tagalog. Persian Farsi. Portuguese Brazil. Spanish Spain. For Young Learners: Homeschool Students. For Enterprise. For Schools. For Students. How to Speak Latin: A Beginner's Guide to Living Latin

It not only presents basic Latin morphology and syntax with clear explanations and examples but also offers direct access to original, unaltered Latin writings. As beginning students learn basic forms and grammar, they also gain familiari Learn to Read Latin helps students acquire an ability to read and appreciate the great works of Latin literature as quickly as possible. As beginning students learn basic forms and grammar, they also gain familiarity with patterns of Latin word order and other features of style. Get A Copy. Paperback , pages. Published December 11th by Yale University Press. More Details Other Editions 3. Friend Reviews. To see what your friends thought of this book, please sign up. To ask other readers questions about Learn to Read Latin , please sign up. Lists with This Book. This book is not yet featured on Listopia. Community Reviews. Showing Average rating 4. Rating details. More filters. Sort order. Thorough, but painfully tedious. I've read some dry grammar books, but this reaches new heights depths? Mar 05, Ian rated it liked it. Fairly good grammar-translation course. How I cut my teeth on Latin grammar. Worst Experience Of My Life. This is basically an attempt to speak Latin with the same pronunciation used during the heyday of ancient Rome, the age of Cicero, Caesar, Virgil and Ovid. Thanks to the efforts of scholars dating back to the time of the Renaissance, we have a pretty good idea of what Latin sounded like in classical times, and this pronunciation is what has normally been taught in schools even outside of a Living Latin context. If you had some Latin in high school or college, this is probably the pronunciation you learned. The second approach is known as Ecclesiastical Pronunciation, because it reflects the pronunciation used in the Catholic Church over the past millennium. Some of the consonants and diphthongs have shifted away from their pronunciation in Roman times, and now they bear a striking resemblance to the pronunciation of modern Italian. As its name suggests, this pronunciation is primarily used in religious circles and institutions, but it also has some popularity among Medievalists as well, since this was the pronunciation followed by medieval authors writing in Latin. Restored Classical pronunciation is by far the most popular choice, but whichever pronunciation you choose, you can rest assured that you will be able to understand and be understood by users of the other pronunciation. Most Living Latin gatherings include a mix of both approaches, and with a little practice, your ear can follow both without difficulty. But Latin is not the only language to face this challenge. This was the same problem faced by other ancient languages when they first had to cope with the modern world. Arabic, Persian and Hebrew, for example, all have a written tradition spanning millennia. When it came time to talk about modern phenomena such as electricity, cars and tweets yes, even tweets , speakers of these languages were not content to just bring these words into their speech wholesale with just a local accent. They wanted to preserve the authentic sound and structure of the language in the new vocabulary they introduced. So what they coined new words for these phenomena based off of native roots. First off, the fluency you develop from actively using a language exists on two levels: not just vocabulary, but grammar as well. Vocabulary will vary greatly across authors, and in the end, you will have to hone your vocabulary with the authors you most want to read. However, the fluency you develop in processing the structures of Latin grammar — that is, developing an immediate sense of them as units of meaning and not just forms to be parsed — will carry over into any text you pick up. You reap the benefits of this grammatical fluency no matter what vocabulary you used in developing it. Then as a second point, it is far from useless to learn this neo-Latin vocabulary. You bring a language to life by anchoring it to your daily reality, and so applying even slightly modified or unclassical Latin words to your everyday experience makes them and by extension, the more classical words they derive from more vivid for you than if they had just remained on the page. For example, the kind of raeda the Romans rode around in was clearly different than a modern automobile, but I have to confess that the word never stuck in my mind when I just came across it in classical texts as another type of vehicle used by toga-clad ancients. But as soon as I linked the word to an object that I saw and used every day, it became seared unforgettably in my brain. But where do you start when it all seems so intimidating? Listen to a vast range of spoken Latin. Especially spontaneous Latin by contemporary speakers and recordings of intermediate level texts. This will help anchor vocabulary and grammatical structures in your head, and pretty soon you will be able to instinctively deploy them yourself. After reading a passage from Virgil, Caesar, or your own favorite author, try to retell the action out loud in simpler language using your own words. This helps you retain vocabulary and convert the passive experience of reading into the active skill of speaking. The network of Latin speakers is connected more than ever before, both virtually and in real life. Sad to say, Google Translate has not yet reached the level where it can translate English into anything close to comprehensible Latin a deficiency that has led to many unfortunate tattoos. So if you want to know how to say something in Latin, your best bet is these two dictionaries. Fortunately, there are a plethora of YouTube channels, podcasts and other audio resources to help you get started. And finally Catholic mass is still given in Latin, and official documents of the Vatican and the Holy See use the language. Many of those who are considered the fathers of philosophy, like Immanuel Kant, not only wrote in Latin but employed Latin vocabulary to name concepts. Rosetta Stone believes learning Latin is about the language, not just the words. The Latin alphabet forms the basis of many writing systems around the world. The Latin alphabet used by the Romans has quite an origin story. Derived from a version of the Greek alphabet, the Latin script has roots that can be traced back to the Phoenician alphabet which in turn was influenced by Egyptian hieroglyphics. Most widely used as the writing system of Ancient Rome, the Latin alphabet has become the basis of Germanic and Romance language writing systems. Some may be surprised to hear the Latin alphabet is also used in China and by some Baltic and Slavic states. As colonialism spread European culture throughout the world, the Latin script came with it and eventually influenced the writing system of the indigenous American, Australian, and African languages. Its broad reach and influence has resulted in the Latin alphabet being used to develop a standard alphabet for other languages across the world. When referencing the Latin alphabet , be aware that the term refers not only to the alphabet that is used for Latin but also for the many other alphabets derived from the Latin script. The group of Latin script alphabets have a core set of letters and then variations that drop some sounds or add other letters, such as the Norwegian alphabet. The evolution of the Latin script has taken different paths depending on the language. Why should language learners choose to learn Latin? Understanding Latin is the key to unlocking many mysteries not just for scholars but for any learners eager to explore European history, literature, culture, and other languages. Many consider the Roman empire as the cornerstone of European civilization. As such, the Latin language dominated the Middle Ages not only as the mother tongue of the Roman Catholic church but also as the language of scholarship, diplomacy, and philosophy in the Western world. Historians, art historians, archaeologists, and literary scholars will all find an intimate knowledge of the Latin language invaluable in their fields of interest. While Latin grammar might be complicated, it also forces language learners to get a better understanding of the grammar of their own languages and a better grasp on writing and sentence structure. All of these prominent figures in literature, science, and philosophy wrote primarily in Latin. You could certainly read a translation, but there is something to be said for being able to appreciate these works of literature in their original form with all the implied meanings and intricacies intact. As with any language, there are several different paths you can take in your language learning journey. Here are a few tips for the best way to learn Latin and get the most out of your language lessons.

3 Ways to Learn Latin on Your Own - wikiHow

For beginners, attending mass in Latin or listening to it on YouTube may be an interesting way to absorb the intonations of spoken Latin. For more advanced learners, hearing classic works as audiobooks in the original Latin can be a rewarding immersion experience. Your ability to learn Latin will be shaped by how much time you can spend reviewing lessons and practicing pronunciation. You might be worried that reading in Latin involves delving into the complexities of philosophy or the complicated history of the ancient world. Select a language. Spanish Latin America. English American. Chinese Mandarin. English British. Filipino Tagalog. Persian Farsi. Portuguese Brazil. Spanish Spain. For Young Learners: Homeschool Students. For Enterprise. For Schools. For Students. Discover the best way to learn Latin, including the history of the Latin Language and how to get beyond Latin translations. Learn Latin. The Origins and History of Latin. Should I Use a Latin Dictionary? The Latin Alphabet and Latin Script. The Latin or Roman Alphabet is the basis for many other alphabets The Latin alphabet used by the Romans has quite an origin story. Although we may think of Latin as the language of Virgil and Cicero, the fact is Latin was spoken as a native language by people from every social class and level of education. Its intricacies are no more impossible to master than those of other languages that people somehow manage to speak, such as Russian or Turkish. If we recognize that Latin is a natural language, then this has important consequences for how we teach and learn it. First and foremost, this means that even if your goal is just to read texts in the language, an approach focused solely on reading is not the most efficient method for getting there. This goes back to the way that your brain processes language. To put it simply: as far as your brain is concerned, the real language is the spoken language. Your brain is designed to absorb and internalize language by hearing and speaking it — this is how you learned your native language, after all. By contrast, reading and writing are an abstract, secondary representation of the spoken language. If you want to practice your listening, there are podcasts, newscasts, songs, and recordings of classical texts. If you want to practice speaking, there are online classes and conversation groups that help you connect with other Latin speakers at your level. There is also an ever-multiplying number of Latin conventions and weekend getaways where participants speak Latin to one another. But this raises another crucial question. How do we pronounce it when we speak it? The first is Restored Classical Pronunciation. This is basically an attempt to speak Latin with the same pronunciation used during the heyday of ancient Rome, the age of Cicero, Caesar, Virgil and Ovid. Thanks to the efforts of scholars dating back to the time of the Renaissance, we have a pretty good idea of what Latin sounded like in classical times, and this pronunciation is what has normally been taught in schools even outside of a Living Latin context. If you had some Latin in high school or college, this is probably the pronunciation you learned. The second approach is known as Ecclesiastical Pronunciation, because it reflects the pronunciation used in the Catholic Church over the past millennium. Some of the consonants and diphthongs have shifted away from their pronunciation in Roman times, and now they bear a striking resemblance to the pronunciation of modern Italian. As its name suggests, this pronunciation is primarily used in religious circles and institutions, but it also has some popularity among Medievalists as well, since this was the pronunciation followed by medieval authors writing in Latin. Restored Classical pronunciation is by far the most popular choice, but whichever pronunciation you choose, you can rest assured that you will be able to understand and be understood by users of the other pronunciation. Most Living Latin gatherings include a mix of both approaches, and with a little practice, your ear can follow both without difficulty. But Latin is not the only language to face this challenge. This was the same problem faced by other ancient languages when they first had to cope with the modern world. Arabic, Persian and Hebrew, for example, all have a written tradition spanning millennia. When it came time to talk about modern phenomena such as electricity, cars and tweets yes, even tweets , speakers of these languages were not content to just bring these words into their speech wholesale with just a local accent. They wanted to preserve the authentic sound and structure of the language in the new vocabulary they introduced. So what they coined new words for these phenomena based off of native roots. First off, the fluency you develop from actively using a language exists on two levels: not just vocabulary, but grammar as well. Vocabulary will vary greatly across authors, and in the end, you will have to hone your vocabulary with the authors you most want to read. However, the fluency you develop in processing the structures of Latin grammar — that is, developing an immediate sense of them as units of meaning and not just forms to be parsed — will carry over into any text you pick up. You reap the benefits of this grammatical fluency no matter what vocabulary you used in developing it. Then as a second point, it is far from useless to learn this neo-Latin vocabulary. Use the short vowel sound for unmarked vowels. While there is a mark for short vowels, it typically isn't used. Rather, if a vowel doesn't have a macron over it, pronounce it with the short vowel sound. Short vowels in Latin make the following sounds: [3] X Research source The short vowel "a" sounds like the "a" in the English word "about. Practice using "i" and "u" as consonants. In Latin, the letters "i" and "u" can be both vowels and consonants. For ancient Romans, "u" and "v" were considered to be the same letter, both pronounced like the English "w" in the word "week. However, the "j" retains the "y" pronunciation, similar to how the letter is pronounced in Spanish. Keep consonant sounds distinct. Consonants don't blend in Latin as they sometimes do in English when they occur next to each other. Rather, you pronounce each letter separately. Latin consonants don't change the sound they make, regardless of the other letters around them, with one exception: when you see "bs" or "bt," the "b" takes on a sharper "p" sound. For example, "ch" in a Latin word sounds like the "ck" and "h" in the English phrase "block head. For example, the "tt" in the Latin word "admittent" sounds like the English phrase "admit ten. Recognize diphthongs that are pronounced as one syllable. A diphthong is 2 vowels next to each other that are pronounced together as a single sound. There are 6 diphthongs in Latin. When you see "ii," this is not a diphthong, but 2 separate syllables. This comes up frequently in science, as with biological names. Stress the syllable that is second or third from last. Each vowel in a Latin word constitutes a separate syllable, with the exception of diphthongs. The last syllable is never stressed in a Latin word, so if the word has 2 syllables, the first syllable is stressed. A heavy syllable in Latin has a long vowel, a diphthong, or a short vowel followed by 2 or more consonants the letter "x" is considered a double consonant because it is pronounced "ks". If the next to last syllable is heavy, it takes the stress. Otherwise, the stress falls on the syllable before it. Method 2 of Start by memorizing the basic inflections of verbs. Conjugating verbs is a staple of learning any language, and Latin is no different. Like Spanish and some other languages, pronouns aren't necessary in Latin. However, you can always tell the subject of the sentence by looking at the ending of the verb. As in English and other Latin-based languages, there are also irregular verbs. You'll typically have to memorize the endings for these, which can take a lot of drilling. Identify the cases for nouns, adjectives, and pronouns. Nouns and pronouns change endings depending on whether they are the subject, direct object, or indirect object of the sentence. Adjectives also change form depending on whether they are related to the subject or object of the sentence. Additionally, you'll change the ending to indicate plurality and gender masculine, feminine, or neuter. Keeping these separate may prove difficult if you are a native English speaker. However, the case forms are fairly regular, so once you've memorized the endings you should be able to identify them fairly easily. Drill yourself on endings of nouns, pronouns, and adjectives, just as you did drills conjugating verbs. Download a mobile app to drill vocabulary and grammar. Smartphone apps alone won't enable you to become proficient in Latin, but they can help you memorize word endings and expand your vocabulary. Many apps are free, although some have a one-time cost or a subscription fee for premium access. If you're interested in understanding the meaning of famous Latin quotes and phrases, "Latin Wisdom" for iOS helps teach you Latin by providing translations of well-known Latin sayings. Go through the exercises in a Latin textbook. Unlike with modern languages, it can be difficult to just go out and start chatting with people in Latin. While it's usually possible to learn a language without a textbook, a basic Latin grammar textbook is essential if you want to become proficient. All of these have answer keys as well, which are indispensable if you're learning on your own and don't have a teacher to check your work. Two of the most popular Latin textbooks are Wheelock's Latin , a conventional textbook, and Lingua Latina Per Se Illustrata , which contains no English at all, but rather is designed for beginners to be able to read in Latin immediately, and learn without rote memorization.. When you go through the exercises, mark your mistakes and figure out what you're having problems with. Then you can devote additional time to practicing the things that give you the most trouble. Write in Latin for at least 10 minutes a day. Drills will only get you so far. If you want to become proficient in Latin, start writing yourself. You don't necessarily have to write about philosophy or anything academic. Simply keep a journal in Latin about your activities and thoughts over the course of the day. Keep a dictionary at hand so you can look up words you don't know. If you don't know a word, write the English word and then go back to it. When the timer goes off, read over what you've written and look up the words you didn't know. It can also help to check your textbooks and make sure you've conjugated words correctly and used the right case for nouns, pronouns, and adjectives. If you translate what you wrote in Latin back into English, you may also have an easier time catching errors. When you first start, it will probably take you longer and your writing might be simplistic and stilted. However, with practice, you'll find you're able to craft more eloquent Latin prose. Method 3 of Start with readers that have keys. These can help you learn to read Latin. Some of these are simple stories written at a beginner level, while others are actual texts from ancient Roman philosophers and historians. You can set aside a specific time each day to read Latin or pull up the text when you have a moment, such as when you're waiting in line. Copying the text in your own writing can help you learn how Latin is written and how words are formed. Writing the text yourself also starts building muscle memory for the grammar and spelling of Latin words and sentences. Bookmark a good online dictionary for reading. When you first start reading, you'll undoubtedly come across words that you don't know. Look those words up so you gain a better understanding of the text. Even if you think you've figured out a word from the context of the sentence, it's still good practice to look it up and make sure you're correct. Start chatting in an online Latin forum. 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