Analele ştiinţifice ale Universităţii „Al. I. Cuza” Iaşi Tomul LVII, fasc. 1, s. II a. Biologie vegetală, 2011

VASCULAR FLORA OF THE DANUBE DELTA

V. CIOCÂRLAN*

Abstract: The aim of this paper is to present an updated list of the vascular flora of the Danube Delta, together with endangered categories, in accordance with the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Also, the flora’s categories are presented according to ecological and habitat criteria. Keywords: vascular flora, Danube Delta, IUCN.

Introduction

The Danube Delta is Romania’s youngest relief unit and the territory with the greatest habitat diversity and as a consequence with an impressive taxonomic diversity. On a relatively limited area of 3,466 km2 [10] representing 1.5% of the Romanian territory, live around 1,000 vascular species, almost 1/3 of all the species of the Romanian flora.

Short history of floristic research

The Danube Delta’s vascular flora1 has drawn the attention of many scientists. Different groups of related to different habitats (such as water, swamps, pastures, sands, salty areas), plants that are important for fishery or wooden plants are described in over 300 scientific articles published so far. Other articles record taxons that are new to the Romanian flora. There are also many papers on vegetation where species found in different associations are published. Below are listed the main authors that researched and published synthesis articles on the Danube Delta’s flora. The authors are mentioned in the chronological order and in the bibliography additional data can be found: Kanitz A. (1879-1881), Brândză D. (1898), Grecescu D. (1898, 1909), Pallis M. (1916), Panţu Z. and collab. (1935), Prodan I. (1935-1939, 1939), Borza Al. (1947, 1949), Săvulescu Tr. (edit.) (1952-1976), Beldie Al. (1977, 1979), Dihoru Gh. and Negrean G. (1976), paper with a rich bibliography - 228 titles, Şeliag-Sosonko, Dubîna (1984), paper refering to the flora of Chilia’s secondary delta, Ciocârlan V. (1994, 2000, 2009).

Materials and methods

Before presenting the flora’s categories according to ecological and habitats criteria, the following explanation is necessary: - we will only refer to species living in the actual Delta; - all commentaries target species recorded in the last 30 years and which exist at least partially as a documentary material in the herbariums BUAG

*University of Agronomical Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, B-dul Mărăşti nr. 59, Sector 1, Bucharest, Romania. 1 We use the term – Vascular flora – in accordance with the English, French and German botanical literature.

41 (University of Agronomical Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest), I (“Al. I. Cuza” University of Iaşi) and IAGB (Botanical Garden of Iaşi University); - as the publication of an annex volume comprising the complete list of species is envisaged, in this first part we will focus on the main species that determine plant associations, species that are characteristic to certain habitats, trying to anticipate their future evolution; - in the presentation of the flora categories, we must consider the great capacity of plant species to adapt to the ecological factors, which makes possible for one species to be recorded in different ecological groups with two or three step variation. Example: mesophilic-hydrophilic species or resistant halophilic-preferant halophilic species or psamofilic-calcareous species or neutral-moderately acidophilic species etc.

Results and discussions

Aquatic Flora (Hydrophyta)

The water as an ecological factor induces a relative uniformity of the flora. However there are obvious flora differences determined by other factors that lead to the formation of different habitats with their own species. Thus the aquatic flora shows differences according to the type of water – fresh or salty, running or stagnant, the degree of mineral or organic clogging, the levels of pollution, eutrophication or oxygenation, etc. The flora of the fresh running waters is represented by few but nummerically abundant species that are living on streams and channels with reduced water flow, while on the Danube’s branches and on the channels with an active water flow the vascular species are either lacking or are present only on the shores. Along the streams and channels where the clogging phenomenon and accumulation of decaying organic matter are present the following species thrive: Stratiotes aloides, Hydrocharis morsus-ranae, Utricularia vulgaris, which are floating species during anthesis, as well as fixed species, such as: Hippuris vulgaris, in shallow eutrophic waters, Hottonia palustris, sparsely seen lately, Potamogeton pectinatus very frequent, living in stagnant low-salted waters, Nymphoides peltata, Vallisneria spiralis, etc. We mention that these species also live in small lakes with slow water circulation. The flora of the fresh stagnant waters. The species living in lakes are different depending on the lakes’ characteristics, firstly on the lake’s size and on the water exchange level. There are the so-called open pools (lakes), which are lakes having a spread acvatorium, with natural active water exchange, and the closed pools (lakes) which are smaller and with a slow water circulation. The open lakes (pools) are subjected to the action of winds, water bottom currents, the water is well-oxygenated, while the aquatic plant species, as well as the submerse plant species, fixed or not, are scarce and found towards the lakes' shores, where they are protected by the taller helophilic species, primarily by the reed (Phragmites australis).

42 The closed lakes (pools) are smaller, less exposed to winds and less influenced by currents, and as a consequence in these habitats the processes of clogging, sedimentation and organic matter’s decaying are predominant. These processes are favoring the development of a very rich immerse and submerse flora, floating or fixed. The hydrophilic species have a very large area, some are cosmopolitan, others are circumpolar, Eurasian, European and a few are adventive. Hydrophilic species with a reduced living area, specific to the Danube Delta, are not known. There are few taxons, recently discovered in the Delta, whose complete spreading within the Delta is not yet known. Such species are: Lemna minuta and Trapa natans subsp. muzzanensis known only in the vicinity of the Nebunu Lake. Otherwise, Elodea nuttalli is frequent throughout the entire Delta and has replaced in great part Elodea canadensis which has become a rarity. Ceratophyllum demersum and Potamogeton pectinatus are also well represented, as well as Elodea nuttallii, which show an explosive spreading as a result of the eutrophication. Species mentioned as frequent by the old literature [9] became rarer: Aldrovanda vesiculosa, Ceratophyllum submersum, Hottonia palustris, Marsilea quadrifolia, and according to some observations even Trapa natans has dissapeared from such lakes as Roşu, Roşuleţ, Puiu, Fortuna [15]. Since a second volume (annex) will be published with a complete list of vascular species and taking into account the large spreading of the hydrophilic species, well known to the specialists, we mention the existence throughout the entire Delta of species belonging to the following genera: Potamogeton, Myriophyllum, Nymphaea, Utricularia, etc. The flora of the brackish and salty waters is very poor as in the inner Delta there are only fresh water lakes. However, Najas marina was recorded in the Răducului Lake, a species that is facultative halophitic or tolerant to salinity. We mention that the pH of the lake is of 8.02. Also, in the north-east of the Sinoe Lake, close to Gura Portiţei, was recorded Ruppia cirrhosa [7], a halophilic species new to the Romanian Flora. We emphasize that the Sinoe Lake is connected to the sea waters. Zannichellia palustris subsp. pedicellata, a halophilic taxon, is mentioned from the Sinoe and Goloviţa Lakes, that are influenced by sea waters [9].

Higro-helophilic flora (Hygro-helophyta)

This is the most spread flora category within the Danube Delta and is represented by a large number of species with numerous individuals. This type of flora lives on lake shores, channels and streams, in shallow pools and even on areas that are periodically flooded, but with permanent water to the root system during the drought periods. The alluvial layer is rich in nutritive substances, dead plant organs (rhizomes, roots) in different stages of decomposition. By the accumulation of dead undecomposed organs, a new layer isolating the contact of the living roots with the bottom alluvia is formed and these roots get fixed in this layer. Through the action of the wind and of the resulting waves, pieces of the isolating layer become detached from the bottom, start floating and form islets known as “plaur”. The higro-helophilic species have a large range, as the hydrophilic species, the majority being circumpolar and Eurasian. Few species have a reduced range, such as: Carex elata, with an European area, forming dense large bushes, more or less cylindrical, known as “popândaci”.

43 Within the Danube Delta were recorded and published [7] a few adventive species: Bidens connata, B. frondosa, B. vulgata, Cyperus odoratus, Lindernia dubia, Sagittaria trifolia. Other floristic novelties for the Romanian flora, recorded within the Danube Delta are: Achillea innundata and Eleocharis mitracarpa, that are Pontic species, and Cladium mariscus subsp. martii [7]. Rare species are: Limosella aquatica, only in Meleaua Sacalin, Angelica sylvestris, Tanacetum serotinum, Sonchus palustris, Rumex dentatus subsp. halacsy, Lysimachia punctata, Erianthus ravennae, E. strictum, Carex panicea, Carex viridula, etc. The majority of the higro-helophilic species, with an abundant development within the Danube Delta are well-known by the specialists and will be found in the conspectus from the annex volume.

Halophilic flora (Halophyta)

The halophilic species live on salty lands, mainly in the fluvial-marine delta and less frequently in the fluvial delta. The main types of soils for these species are the solonchaks, the freatic-wet solonetzes, and salinized sandy soils. The halophilic species are classified in obligatory halophilic (strict halophilic) which live only on strongly salinized soils and facultative halophilic species, adabtable to salinity, which grow both on strongly salinized soils and on unsalinized soils [4]. The obligatory halophilic species are few: Salicornia spp., Suaeda spp., Spergularia media, Bassia hirsuta, Artemisia santonica, Limonium meyeri, L. bellidifolium, Aeluropus littoralis, Argusia sibirica, etc. The facultative halophilic species are numerous and they either live as preferant halophilic species or as tolerant halophilic species (Bucur N. et al., 1957). The majority of the facultative halophilic species are mesohalophilic and higrohalophilic. These are a few examples: Lactuca tatarica, Alopecurus arundinaceus, Peucedanum latifolium, Chenopodium glaucum, Juncuscompressus, Carex distans, C. secalina, Achillea asplenifolia, Inula britannica, Cirsium alatum, Trifolium fragiferum, biennis, etc. The halophilic species new for the Romanian flora, recorded and published in the last 20 years are: Suaeda confusa, Salicornia ramosissima, S. procumbens, Sagina maritima, Plantago coronopus subsp. stricta, P.maritima subsp. ciliata, Elymus athericus subsp. deltaicus. We emphasize that salty lands are also in the fluvial Delta, such as on the Sulina branch, close to Gorgova, in a spot called Baba Rada, in former fishery pools, were Salicornia and Suaeda were identified. It seems that the sea's influence is not limited to the erosion of the sea shore but also stimulates the development of the halophilic flora.

Psamophilic flora (Psamophyta)

This group of plant species grows on sands – dunes and interdunes, and on the sea shore sands where they are influenced by the sea water. The psamophilic species are represented by numerous genera and show the ecological potential of the Danube Delta’s dry lands. Without water, these lands would be a steppe with an arenarious flora. This type of flora is well developed on the Letea and Caraorman sand hills. The psamophilic species’ range is smaller compared to those

44 of other types of flora. Many actual psamophilic species, that is xeropsamophilic species, are of Eastern-Pontic, Continental-Eurasian and Continental-European origin. These are a few examples: Dianthus bessarabicus, Minuartia setacea, Apera spica-venti subsp. maritima, Syrenia montana, Asperula setulosa, Carex colchica subsp. colchica, Leymus sabulosus, Stipa pennata subsp. sabulosa, Senecio borysthenicus, etc. There are also psamophilic species with smaller-Euxinic range, such as: Convolvulus persicus, Plantago arenaria subsp. orientalis, Linaria euxina, Festuca beckeri subsp. arenicola, etc. A few psamophilic species have a large range, that is Atlantic-Mediterranean, reaching the Danube Delta, such as: Plantago coronopus subsp. coronopus, Eryngium maritimum, Petasites spurius, or a Mediterranean range in a broad meaning, such as: Stachys maritima, Lolium rigidum subsp. lepturoides, Erianthus hostii, etc. We emphasize that some southern species have extended their area towards the north, reaching the Danube Delta; these are: Stachys maritima, Lolium rigidum subsp. lepturoides, Parapholis incurva, and Trachomitum venetum, re-recorded after more than 100 years on the Perişor sand hill. We emphasize that the northern extension of the range of some species is a general phenomenon proved also by the discovery to the north of the Danube, within Romania, of a few species, such as: Ranunculus neapolitanus, Daucus brotteri, Cytissus danubialis, etc. Along with the xeropsamophilic flora exists a mesopsamophilic flora and even a mesohigropsamophilic one, formed of species that live on wet and flooded sands, with an alternative humidity regime. Such species are: Scirpoides holoschoenus, nigricans, Calamagrostis epigeios, etc. There are also situations that are difficult to define and species that are difficult to characterize, when the water is salty, as happens on the seaside band. Here there are sands on more or less leveled and low lands, but also sands in the form of dunes. The former are strongly influenced by the salty sea water, the latter are less influenced, only through the water drops or through vapors. That is why on the seaside band we will find halopsamophilic species and psamohalophilic species. The delimitation between these two plant groups is very difficult or even impossible to make, as one and the same species comprises individuals that live both on the low sands and on the high sands, that is on the dunes. The flora of the seaside band. The flora of the seaside band is either halopsamophilic or psamohalophilic, depending on the sands’ salinization level, determined by the land’s position, that is either low, level, and wetted sands, or sand dunes. We emphasize that many species which live on the maritime sands that belong to the seaside band can also be found on the sands of the two large sand hills – Letea and Caraorman. We will mention a few main species that live only on the seaside band, from Gura Portiţei up to the north. We emphasize again that the delimitation between the halopsamophilic species and the psamohalophilic species is indeed very difficult, as we have previously shown. Here are some of the species that are specific to the seaside band: Crambe maritima, species that is tolerant to salinity, vulnerable, and whose range reduced being still found between Portiţa and the Perişor sand hill. Eryngium maritimum and Cakile maritima subsp. euxina are species that became very rare, their existence being

45 endangered. Other species became floristic rarities such as Medicago marina, Astrodaucus littoralis, Artemisia tschernieviana and other species. The species Sagina maritima and Parapholis incurva were recorded in the last years, while Trachomitum venetum was re-recorded. The seaside band’s plant species have been subjected to the stress of constructions and tourism. An effective protection of what is left on the Danube Delta’s seaside is imperative. The introduction of species on the red lists does not prevent their endangerment and even extinction.

Grasslands’ flora (forage)

Valuable species in terms of forage are relatively few in the Danube Delta. The lands with such species are mainly used for grazing rather than for mowing, that is for hay making. At Caraorman and on the Letea sand hill there are also lands used for mowing. We emphasize that the free grazing, practiced until recently, was banned in strictly protected areas. The main species that make up the grasslands are mesophilic and mesohigrophilic and are situated on unsalinized lands, as well as on low to moderately salinized lands. Species of unsalinized grasslands: Agrostis gigantea, A. stolonifera, Alopecurus pratensis, Cynodon dactylon, Elymus repens (facultative halophilic as well), Festuca arundinacea (facultative halophilic as well), Phalaris arundinacea, Poa palustris, P. trivialis, Juncus articulatus, Carex distans (facultative halophilic as well), Trifolium fragiferum (tolerant to salinity), T. hybridum, Trigonella procumbens, Coronilla varia, Medicago falcata, Melilotus albus, Tetragonolobus maritimus (facultative halophilic as well), Daucus carota, etc. Species of salinized grasslands: Aeluropus littoralis, Alopecurus arundinaceus, Agrostis stolonifera subsp. maeotica, Elymus elongatus, Crypsis spp., Puccinellia spp., Lotus glaber, Cyperus pannonicus, Aster tripolium, Taraxacum bessarabicum, etc. We mentioned only frequent species.

Weeds’ flora

The weed species found in cultivated fields are xeromesophilic to mesophilic species, having their main range in the steppe and the silvo-steppe and less frequently in the oak forests area and the sessile oak (Quercus petraea) area. The cultivated area is small, and situated in the following locations: Pardina, Grindul Stipoc, Câmpul Chiliei, Ostrovul Tătarul. The main cultivated species are: the barley, the wheat, the maize, the sun-flower. We will mention only the segetal species. The main species recorded in the straw crops (wheat and barley) are: Galium aparine, Consolida orientalis, C. regalis, Raphanus raphanistrum, Sinapis arvensis, Bifora radians, Papaver rhoeas, Rubus caesius, Veronica spp., Avena fatua, Setaria spp., etc. In the hoeing crops (sun-flower, maize, beets, tomatoes) the main weeds are: Amaranthus albus, A. blitoides, A. powellii, A. retroflexus, Sonchus asper, S. arvensis, S. oleraceus, Chenopodium album, C. hybridum, C. polyspermum, Sorghum halepense,

46 Echinochloa crus-galli, Cirsium arvense, Calystegia sepium, Xanthium italicum, Chondrilla juncea, Lycopis arvensis subsp. orientalis, Solanum nigrum, Heliotropium europaeum, etc. Some weeds are found both in straw crops and in hoeing crops. Examples of such species are: Cirsium arvense, Setaria pumila, S. viridis, S.verticillata, Convolvulus arvensis, Reseda lutea, Falcaria vulgaris, etc.

Forests’ flora

Within the Danube Delta the presence of the Letea and Caraorman forests, situated on the homonymous sand hills, is well known. The existence of these forests has increased the fame and the tourists’ and scientists’ attraction to the knowledge of the Danube Delta. The two forests together with the water have modeled and moderated the influence of the ecologic factors characteristic to the steppe, stemming a large diversity of habitats, and as a consequence the existence of species of great scientific interest. Here live together species that form different types of flora (aquatic, marsh, halophilic, psamophilic, etc.) of different origins and ranges. The forests’ flora to which we will refer in the following paragraphs is less varied, more homogenous regarding the species’ origins and ranges. The main wooden species are represented by the following trees: Quercus robur, Q. pedunculiflora, Fraxinus pallisiae, F. angustifolia subsp. oxycarpa, Populus alba, P. tremula, Tilia cordata, T. tomentosa, Carpinus betulus (rare), Pyrus pyraster, Malus sylvestris, etc. Dominant are the Quercus species, which occupy the more elevated microrelief, and the two Fraxinus species which occupy the low lands, with excess humidity. The shrubs are represented by the following species: Euonymus europaea, E. verrucosa, Ligustrum vulgare, Cornus sanguinea, Crataegus monogyna, Corylus avellana, Berberis vulgaris, Rhamnus cathartica (the last two species are found only in sunny places, at the edge of the forest), Rosa scabriuscula, Rubus caesius that is very frequently and forms thickets difficult to cross, etc. Along with the trees and shrubs, there are also vines: Periploca graeca, an Est-Mediterranean element, Vitis sylvestris with a central European-Mediterranean range, Clematis vitalba and Humulus lupulus. We emphasize another fact – the frequent presence of the species Loranthus europaeus on the two species of Quercus, contributing to the partial drying of their upper branches, that have a winding ondullated and growing pattern, while the trees that are more isolated, between the interdunes with small areas, dry and perish. The herbaceous flora is scarce, partially due to the species Rubus caesius that grows exuberantly suppressing other species. Nevertheless, in the free spaces, we find the following species: Convallaria majalis, Polygonatum latifolium, Alliaria petiolata, Glechoma hederacea, Lysimachia vulgaris, Astragalus glycyphyllos, Cephalanthera longifolia, Limodorum abortivum, Neottia nidus-avis, Aegopodium podagraria, Lithospermum officinale, L. purpureocaeruleum, Brachypodium sylvaticum, Festuca gigantea, etc. Some of the species cited in the old literature, such as: Salvia glutinosa (Prodan I., 1939), Mycelis muralis (Brândză D., 1898), Lathyrus vernus (Panţu Z., 1935), were not found any longer, as they either became very rare, or became extinct.

47 The riparian wooden flora of the water banks – Danube’s branches, streams, channels, lakes - is represented by species of Salix and Populus, while the species Alnus glutinosa is very rare. Within the western fluvial delta, the species Salix and Populus are present, while in the eastern fluvial-maritime delta the two forests are found – Letea and Caraorman, as mentioned above. There are also isolated bushes formed of the following shrub species: Amorpha fruticosa, Hippophäe rhamnoides, Tamarix ramosissima, Salix cinerea (widespread) and Salix rosmarinifolia. The Danube Delta’s wooden flora has a European and Eurasian character, and only a few species are Pontic, Pontic-Balcanic and Pontic-Sub-Mediterranean.

The phytogeographical and geobotanical classification of the Danube Delta corresponds to the physical-geographical and pedo-geographical classifications [23]. The Delta’s territory is situated at the merging limit of the two floristic provinces, respectively to the east of the Danubial province of the Lower Danube and to the west of the Pontic province, forming a particular unit – the Danube Delta’s District (Sector). From the point of view of the vegetation zoning, the Delta is situated in the steppe area, where it benefits from a particular continental-moderate climate – the deltaic topoclimate. The presence of the water models and moderates the influence of the ecological factors that are specific to the steppe, fact that enabled the setting of the two forests – Letea and Caraorman.

Brief analysis of the flora

The analysis of the bioforms (life forms) shows a high percentage of terophytes, including hemicryptophytes, that is winter annual species and bisannual species. Then follow the hemicryptophytes and the cryptophytes that include the geophytes, helophytes and hydrophytes. Below are the comparative percentages from the delta’s flora and from the Romanian flora: Therophyta (including Hemitherophyta) 38% 26.2% Hemicryptophyta 33% 44.2% Cryptophyta 21% 15% Chamaephyta 1.7% 6.5% Phanerophyta (including vines) 6% 7.8% Epiphyta 0.2% 0.1% The analysis of the floristic elements (geoelements) In order to show the characteristics of the Danube Delta’s flora, we will refer to the large groups of florisitic elements: Eurasian 28%; European 14%; Eastern (continental Eurasian, continental European, Pontic) 24%; South and South-Eastern (Mediterranean, Sub-Mediterranean, Balcan, Anatolic-Caucasian) 9%; Western (Atlantic, Atlantic-Mediterranean, Atlantic-Pontic) 2.3%; Circumpolar 8.4%; cosmopolitan 8.3%; adventive 4.6%; endemic 0.4%. Compared with the situation in the Romanian flora, we emphasize the presence within the Danube Delta of a large number of cosmopolitan and adventive species – 13% whereas within the Romanian flora these represent only 5%; secondly, there are 24% Eastern species within the Delta’s flora and only 20% within the Romanian flora.

48 With reference to the number of vascular species that exist within the Danube Delta, we can say with an approximation of only 4-5% that their number is of 985 species. Explanations: - species recorded in the past and that could not be confused were not recorded any more, but we cannot say with certainity that they are extinct; - species recorded in the past, some very likely erroneously identified, could not be verified because of the lack of material. So, new research is needed in order to elucidate some controversial matters. However, the research of the past 30 years have enriched the Danube Delta’s flora with more than 130 species and with a large number of novelties for the Romanian flora. These are the phytotaxons recorded within the Danube Delta, in the last 20 years, that are novelties for the Romanian flora: Achillea innundata, Allium albiflorum, Amaranthus emarginatus, Ambrosia coronopifolia, Bidens connata, Chenopodium pumilio, Cyperus odoratus, Elodea nuttallii, Eleocharis mitracarpa, Lemna minuta, Linaria euxina, Lindernia dubia, Lolium rigidum subsp. lepturoides, Parapholis incurva, Ruppia cirrhosa, Sagina maritima, Sagittaria trifolia, Salicornia procumbens, S. ramosissima, Salsola collina, Suaeda confusa, Trachomitum venetum, Xanthium orientale, Cladium mariscus subsp. martii, Plantago scabra subsp. orientalis, Plantago coronopus subsp. stricta, Plantago maritima subsp. ciliata, Trapa natans subsp. muzzanensis. There are 23 species and 5 subspecies [7]. The large number of adventive species is obvious. The research of the last two decades led to the record and publication of some taxons new to science: Elymus athericus subsp. deltaicus, Fumana procumbens subsp. sabulosa, Elymus elongatus var. gemminatum, Syrenia montana var. brachycarpa [5, 6, 7].

Flora protection and trends in the flora’s evolution

The contemporary impact on the taxonomic diversity was highlighted by scientists and accepted as a worldwide consensus. As a consequence the efforts for nature’s conservation and for protection have intensified. The issue of flora and biodiversity conservation is an intrinsec part of these general measures to protect the nature and the environment. In order to meet this major objective – the conservation of biodiversity, it is necessary to identify the periclitated species and to evaluate the status of the ecosystems and biotops that shelter the endangered species. The making of red lists is necessary but does not solve the issue of biodiversity conservation. There is one red list of the Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve [6]. There are also designated protected areas with species that need protection as well as administrative measures to ensure their protection. In 1992 were GPS-localised a number of rare species whose evolution and population dinamics was surveyed. Unfortunately until now there were no field inspections made so as to record possible changes. We consider that at least once in 5 years this kind of inspection is needed. For instance, in 1975, at Portiţa and Perişor, Eryngium maritimum was well represented, but dissapeared after 1980; the same happened with Centaurium spicatum, that was recorded on the Sărăturile sand hill, but dissapeared a few years later.

49 Within the Danube Delta the multiple actions of the human being, correlated with the influence of the natural factors, led to important changes on the ecosystems and biotops and, implicitly, profound changes in the florisitc spectrum. The ecosystems’ and biotops’ changes through dams, draining works, chemical treatments, forests’ area reductions and forests’ thinning through the extraction of valuable species, especially Quercus, grazing, tourism, etc. led to the increase of the continentalization level, the aridification of the Delta’s land. The Danube’s polution, internal and external, associated with the eutrophication, led to changes especially in the aquatic flora. The changes in the florisitc spectrum may be evidenced through: - the reduction of taxonomic diversity; over 100 species mentioned in the literature until around 1950 were not recorded any longer; - the enrichment of the Delta’s flora with circa 130 species, partly weeds (Sorghum halepense, Avena fatua, Bifora radians, etc.), but also adventive species (Ambrosia coronopifolia, Bidens connata, Cyperus odoratus, etc.), and recently recorded indigenous species (Crepis sancta, Centaurium spicatum, Camelina rumelica, Viola kitaibeliana, Carex viridula, etc.); - the ruderalization and uniformization tendencies of the vegetal coverage, phenomena that are mainly due to grazing; we hope that the flora corresponding to biotops will recover, following the banning of grazing within the protected areas; - the extension of the range of certain southern species towards the north, reaching the Danube Delta (Lolium rigidum subsp. lepturoides, Parapholis incurva, Sagina maritima, Stachys maritima, etc.); - qualitative and quantitative changes due to pollution and eutrophication, such as: the replacement of the species Elodea canadensis that became a rarity with E. nuttallii that is polution resistant; the same situation with Ceratophyllum demersum, that has a remarcable development while C. submersum is a rarity; - the numerical reduction that probably leads to the extinction from the Danube Delta’s flora of species with a mountainous range within Romania and that presently exist as very rare individuals. Such species are: Angelica sylvestris, Comarum palustre, Cephalanthera longifolia, Dactylorrhiza incarnata, Potentilla erecta, Salvia glutinosa, etc. The field inspection of the endangered and vulnerable species’ status is required (see the conspectum in the annex). The reseach of the vernal flora based on old data is required so as to find species considered extinct. The research for species considered as having a certain location may bring data to confirm their rerecord or extinction. Finally, we emphasize once more that the Danube Delta’s flora reseach is not over and it must be continued.

50 List of species. IUCN indices

The list of species will be presented in alphabetical order. The species that were not recorded in the last 50 years but were mentioned in the previous literature and that we think were correctly recorded will be considered as disappeared or likely disappeared. These species either are very rare and were not recorded by the more recent research or have disappeared. To the right of species will be abbreviated the endangerment category, in accordance with the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Ex = extinct species or likely extinct; E = critically endangered species, close to extinction; V = vulnerable species that need protection; R = rare species not yet endangered but in need of surveillance; I = species for whom we lack sufficient information to fit them in one of the previous categories. In this latter category we also include the species whose is controversial, as well as the species with uncertain presence within the Danube Delta. End. = endemic species and Subend. = subendemic species. Please note that the IUCN indices refer to the species from within the Danube Delta.

51 Abutilon theophrasti Medik. Alyssum hirsutum M. Bieb. Acer campestre L. Alyssum minutum Schlecht. Achillea asplenifolia Vent. R Amaranthus albus L. Achillea coarctata Poir. V Amaranthus blitoides S. Watson Achillea collina J. Becker ex Rchb. Amaranthus blitum L. Achillea innundata Kondrat. I Amaranthus crispus (Lesp. & Thév.) Achillea millefolium L. N. Terracc. Achillea pannonica Scheele Amaranthus deflexus L. Achillea setacea Waldst. & Kit. Amaranthus emarginatus Uline & Bray R Acorus calamus L V Amaranthus powellii S. Watson Aegilops crassa Boiss. I Amaranthus retroflexus L. Aegilops cylindrica Host R Ambrosia coronopifolia Torr. & A. GrayR Aegopodium podagraria L. Ammophila arenaria (L.) Link Aeluropus littoralis (Gouan) Parl. subsp. arundinacea Lindb. Fil.Ex Agropyron cristatum (L.) Gaertn. Amorpha fruticosa L. subsp. pectinatum (M. Bieb.) Anacamptis pyramidalis (L.) Rich. V Tzvelev Anagallis arvensis L. Agrostemma githago L. R Anagallis foemina Mill. Agrostis gigantea Roth Anchusa azurea Mill. R subsp. gigantea Anchusa officinalis L. subsp. maeotica (Klokov) Tzvelev subsp. officinalis Agrostis stolonifera L. subsp. procera (Besser) Ciocârlan subsp. stolonifera R subsp. albida (Trin.) Tzvelev Angelica sylvestris L. R Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle Anthemis austriaca Jacq. Ajuga chamaepytis (L.) Schreb. Anthemis ruthenica M. Bieb. subsp. ciliata (Briq.) Smejkal Anthericum ramosum L. R Ajuga genevensis L. Anthriscus caucalis M. Bieb. Ajuga reptans L. Apera spica-venti (L.) Beauv. Aldrovanda vesiculosa L. V subsp. maritima (Klokov) Alisma gramineum Lej. Tzvelev Alisma lanceolatum With. Apium graveolens L. Alisma plantago-aquatica L. Apium nodiflorum (L.) Lag. Ex Alliaria petiolata (Bieb.) Cavara & Grande Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. R Allium albiflorum Omelczuk I Arabis hirsuta (L.) Scop. Allium guttatum Stev. V Arabis turrita L. R Allium podolicum Blocki ex Racib. & Szafer Arctium lappa L. Allium rotundum L. R Arctium minus (J. Hill) Bernh. Allium scordoprasum L. Arctium tomentosum Mill. Allium ursinum L. Arenaria rigida M. Bieb. Ex subsp. ucrainicum Kleopow & Oxner Arenaria serpyllifolia L. Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn. Argusia sibirica (L.) Dandy Alopecurus aequalis Sobol. Aristolochia clematitis L. Alopecurus arundinaceus Poir. Armoracia rusticana P. Gaertn., B. Meyer & Alopecurus geniculatus L. R Schreb. Alopecurus pratensis L. Artemisia absinthium L. Althaea officinalis L. Artemisia annua L. Alyssum alyssoides (L.) L. Artemisia austriaca Jacq. Alyssum borzaeanum E. I. Nyárády V Artemisia campestris L. Alyssum desertorum Stapf. Artemisia santonica L.

52 subsp. santonica (subsp. patens Bidens vulgata E.L. Greene R (Neilr.) K. Persson Bifora radians M. Bieb. R subsp. monogyna (Waldst. & Kit.) Blackstonia acuminata (Koch & Ziz) Domin Leonova Ex Artemisia scoparia Waldst. & Kit. Bolboschoenus maritimus (L.) Pallas Artemisia tschernieviana Besser V Brachyactis ciliata (Ledeb.) Ledeb. R Artemisia vulgaris L. Brachypodium sylvaticum (Huds.) Beauv. Arum maculatum L. Brassica nigra (L.) Koch Asarum europaeum L. R Brassica rapa L. subsp. campestris (L.) A.R. Asparagus littoralis Stev. I Clapham Asparagus pseudoscaber Grec. Bromus arvensis L. Asparagus officinalis L. Bromus commutatus Schrad. Asparagus tenuifolius Lam. Bromus hordeaceus L. Asparagus verticillatus L. R Bromus inermis Leyss. Asperugo procumbens L. Bromus japonicus Thunb. Asperula cynanchica L. Bromus ramosus Huds. Asperula setulosa Boiss. R Bromus secalinus L. Asperula taurina L. Bromus squarrosus L. Asperulla tenella Heuff. ex Degen R Bromus tectorum L. Aster linosyris (L.) Bernh. R Bryonia alba L. Aster tripolium L. subsp. Tripolium Bupleurum rotundifolium L. subsp. pannonicus (Jacq.) Soó Bupleurum tenuissimum L. R Astragalus cicer L. Butomus umbellatus L. Astragalus contortuplicatus L. Cakile maritima Scop. Astragalus cornutus Pallas Ex subsp. euxina (Pobed.) E.I. Nyárády Astragalus glycyphyllos L. V Astragalus varius S.G. Gmel. V Calamagrostis canescens (weber ex F.H. Astrodaucus littoralis (M. Bieb.) DrudeE Wigg.) Roth R Atriplex litoralis L. Calamagrostis epigeios (L.) Roth Atriplex micrantha Ledeb. R Calamagrostis pseudophragmites (Haller fil.) Atriplex oblongifolia Waldst. & Kit. Koeler Atriplex patula L. Caldesia parnassifolia (L.) Parl. Ex Atriplex prostrata Boucher ex DC. Calla palustris L. Ex Atriplex rosea L. R Caltha palustris L. I Atriplex sagittata Borkh. Calystegia sepium (L.) R.Br. Atriplex tatarica L. Calystegia soldanella (L.) R.Br. Ex Avena fatua L. Camelina alyssum (Mill.) Thell. Azolla filiculoides Lam. Camelina microcarpa Andrz. Ballota nigra L. Camelina rumelica Velen. R Bassia hirsuta (L.) Asch. Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz Bassia sedoides (Pallas) Asch. R Campanula sibirica L. Bassia laniflora (S.G. Smel.) A.J. Scott Camphorosma annua Pall. Bassia prostrata (L.) G. Beck Cannabis sativa L. Bassia sieversiana (Pallas) W.A. Weber subsp. spontanea (Vavilov) Serebr. Beckmannia eruciformis (L.) Host Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik. Berberis vulgaris L. Cardamine impatiens L. Berteroa incana (L.) DC Cardamine pratensis L. Berula erecta (Huds.) Coville subsp. dentata (Schult.) Celak. Bidens cernua L. Cardaria draba (L.) Desv. Bidens connata H.L. Mühl. ex Willd. R Carduus acanthoides L. Bidens frondosa L. Carduus thoermeri Weinm. Bidens tripartita L. Carex acuta L.

53 Carex acutiformis Ehrh. Cerastium gracile Dufour R Carex colchica Gay Cerastium semidecandrum L. Carex diluta M. Bieb. I Ceratocarpus arenarius L. Carex distans L. Ceratophyllum demersum L. Carex divisa Huds. Ceratophyllum submersum L. R Carex elata All. Chaerophyllum temulum L. Carex extensa Good. subsp. sacalinensis Chamaesyce canescens (L.) Prokh. Ciocârlan subsp. massiliensis (DC.) Soják Carex hirta L. Chamaesyce maculata (L.) Small Carex liparocarpos Gaud. Chamaesyce peplis (L.) Prokh. Carex melanostachya M. Bieb. ex Willd. Chenopodium album L. Carex otrubae Podp. Chenopodium ambrosioides L. Carex panicea L. Chenopodium botrys L. R Carex paniculata L. R Chenopodium chenopodioides (L.) Aellen Carex praecox Schreb. Chenopodium ficifolium Sm. R Carex pseudocyperus L. Chenopodium glaucum L. Carex riparia Curt. Chenopodium hybridum L. Carex secalina Wahlenb. Chenopodium murale L. subsp. sabulosa Ciocârlan R Chenopodium polyspermum L. Carex spicata Huds. Chenopodium pumilio R.Br. R Carex viridula Michx. Chenopodium rubrum L. Carex vulpina L. Chenopodium strictum Roth Carpinus betulus L. Chenopodium suecicum J. Murr. Carthamus lanatus L. R Chenopodium urbicum L. Catabrosa aquatica (L.) Beauv. Chenopodium vulvaria L. Centaurea apiculata Ledeb. Chondrilla juncea L. subsp. adpressa (Ledeb.) DostálR Chorispora tenella (Pall.) DC. R Centaurea arenaria M. Bieb. Chrysopogon gryllus (L.) Trin. subsp. borysthenica (Gruner) Dostál Cichorium intybus L. Centaurea besserana DC. Cicuta virosa L. Centaurea cuneifolia Sibth. & Sm. Cirsium alatum (S.G. Gmel.) Bobrov subsp. pallida (Friv.) Hayek R Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. Centaurea cyanus L. Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten. Centaurea diffusa Lam. Cladium mariscus (L.) Pohl Centaurea iberica Trev. subsp. martii (Roem. & Schult.) Centaurea jacea L. Soó Centaurea micranthos S.G. Gmel. Clematis vitalba L. Centaurea pontica Prodan & E. I. Nyárády Clinopodium vulgare L. R (End.) Comarum palustre L. I Centaurea rutifolia Sibth. & Sm. Conium maculatum L. subsp. jurineifolia (Boiss.) Nyman Consolida orientalis (Gay) Schrödinger Centaurea stereophylla Besser Consolida regalis S.F. Gray Centaurea stoebe L. (C. rhenana Boreau) Convallaria majalis L. Centaurium erythraea Rafin. Convolvulus arvensis L. subsp. erythraea Convolvulus cantabrica L. subsp. turcicum (Velen.) Convolvulus lineatus L. Ex Melderis R Convolvulus persicus L. R Centaurium pulchellum (Swartz) Druce Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronq. Centaurium spicatum (L.) Fritsch. V Corispermim marschallii Steven R Cephalantera longifolia (L.) Fritsch. R Corispermum nitidum Kit. in Schult. Cerastium dubium (Bast.) Guépin Cornus mas L. Cerastium glomeratum Thuill. Cornus sanguinea L.

54 Coronilla varia L. Dianthus platyodon Klokov V Coronopus didymus (L.) Sm. R Dianthus pontederae Kerner R Corylus avellana L. Dichantium ischaemum (L.) Roberty Corynephorus canescens (L.) Beauv. Ex Digitaria ischaemum Schreb. ex Muhl. Cotoneaster integerrimus Medik. Ex Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. Crambe maritima L. V subsp. sanguinalis Crateagus monogyna Jacq. subsp. pectiniformis HenrardR Crepis foetida L. Diplotaxis erucoides (L.) DC. Ex subsp. rhoeadifolia (M. Bieb.) Diplotaxis muralis (L.) DC. Celak. Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.) DC. Crepis sancta (L.) Bornm. Dipsacus laciniatus L. Crepis setosa Hall. fill. Dorycnium herbaceum Vill. V Crepis tectorum L. Ecballium elaterium (L.) A. Rich. E Cruciata laevipes Opiz Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv. Cruciata pedemontana (Bellardi) Ehrend. Echinops sphaerocephalus L. R Crypsis aculeata (L.) Aiton Echium vulgare L. Crypsis alopecuroides (Piller & Mitterp.) Eleocharis acicularis (L.) Roem. & Schult. Schrad. Eleocharis mitracarpa Steud. R Crypsis schoenoides (L.) Lam. Eleocharis palustris (L.) Roem. & Schult. Cucubalus baccifer L. R Eleocharis parvula (Roem. & Schult.) Link ex Cuscuta approximata Bab. R Bluff, Nes & Schauer Cuscuta campestris Yunck. Eleocharis uniglumis (Link) Schult. Cuscuta epithymum (L.) L. Elodea canadensis Michx. subsp. epithymum Elodea nuttallii (Planch.) St. John R subsp. trifolii (Bab. & Gibson) Elymus athericus (Link) Kerguélen Berher subsp. athericus Cuscuta europaea L. subsp. deltaicus (Ciocârlan) Cynanchum acutum L. Ciocârlan R (End.) Cynodon dactylon L. Elymus elongatus (Host) Runemark Cynoglossum officinale L. subsp. elongatus Cyperus flavescens L. subsp. ponticus (Podp.) MelderisR Cyperus fuscus L. Elymus farctus (Viv.) Runemark ex Melderis Cyperus glaber L. subsp.bessarabicus(Săvul.&Rayss) Cyperus glomeratus L. Melderis E Cyperus hamulosus M. Bieb. Elymus hispidus (Opiz) Melderis Cyperus longus L. Elymus repens (L.) Gould Cyperus michelianus (L.) Link Ephedra distachya L. Cyperus odoratus L. (Torulinium odoratum Epilobium hirsutum L. (L.) Hooper R Epilobium parviflorum Schreb. Cyperus pannonicus Jacq. Epilobium tetragonum L. Cyperus serotinus Rottb. Epipactis atrorubens (Hoffm.) Besser glomerata L. subsp. danubialis (K. Robatsch & Dactylis polygama Horvátovszky I J. Rydlo) Ciocârlan et R. Dactylorrhiza incarnata (L.) Soó V Rös. R Dasypyrum villosum (L.) P. Candargy R Epipactis palustris (L.) Crantz Datura stramonium L. Equisetum arvense L. Daucus broteri Ten. I Equisetum fluviatile L. Ex Daucus carota L. Equisetum hyemale L. R Daucus guttatus Sibth. & Sm. Equisetum palustre L. subsp. zahariadii Heywood R Equisetum ramossisimum Desf. Descurainia sophia (L.) Webb ex Prantl Eragrostis minor Host Dianthus bessarabicus (Kleopov) KlokovV Eragrostis pilosa (L.) Beauv.

55 Erianthus hostii Griseb. V subsp. sabulosa Ciocârlan R(End.) Erianthus ravennae (L.) Beauv. V Fumaria schleicheri Soy.-Willem. Erigeron acris L. Galega officinalis L. Erodium ciconium (L.) L’Hérit. V Galinsoga parviflora Cav. Erodium cicutarium (L.) L’Hérit. Galium aparine L. Erodium hoefftianum C.A. Meyer R Galium humifusum M. Bieb. Erophila verna (L.) Chevall. Galium mollugo L. Eruca sativa Mill. Ex Galium odoratum (L.) Scop. Eryngium campestre L. Galium palustre L. Eryngium maritimum L. E Galium rubioides L. Erysimum diffusum Ehrh. subsp. rubioides Erysimum repandum L. subsp. dasypodum (Klokov) Euonymus europaea L. Ciocârlan Euonymus verrucosa Scop. Galium tricornutum Dandy Eupatorium cannabinum L. Galium wirtgenii F.W. Schultz R Euphorbia agraria Bieb. I Genista tinctoria L. Euphorbia amygdaloides L. I Gentiana cruciata L. E Euphorbia leptocaula Boiss. R Geranium dissectum L. Euphorbia lucida Waldst. & Kit. Geranium phaeum L. Ex Euphorbia palustris L. Geranium pusillum Burm. fil. Euphorbia paralias L. V Geum urbanum L. Euphorbia peplis L. V Glaucium flavum Crantz Euphorbia seguierana Neck. subsp. flavum Euphorbia stricta L. (E. serrulata Thuill.)I subsp. leiocarpum (Boiss.) Ciocârlan Euphorbia virgata Waldst. & Kit. Glechoma hederacea L. Euphrasia stricta D. Wolff ex J.F. Lehm. Glinus lotoides L. R Falcaria vulgaris Bernh. Glyceria fluitans (L.) R.Br. Fallopia convolvulus (L.) A. Löve Glyceria maxima (Hartm.) Holmb. Fallopia dumetorum (L.) Holub. Glycyrrhiza echinata L. Festuca arundinacea Schreb. Gnaphalium luteo-album L. subsp. arundinacea Gnaphalium uliginosum L. subsp. orientalis (Hack.) Tzvelev Gratiola officinalis L. Festuca beckeri (Hack.) Trautv. Groenlandia densa (L.) Fourr. R subsp. arenicola (Prodan) Gypsophila muralis L. Ciocârlan Gypsophila pallasii Ikonn. (G. glomerata Festuca gigantea (L.) Vill. R auct. non Pallas) Ex Festuca valesiaca Schleich. & Gaudin Gypsophila muralis L. Filago arvensis L. Gypsophila paniculata L. Filago vulgaris Lam. Gypsophila perfoliata L. Filipendula vulgaris Moench Halimione pedunculata (L.) Aellen Fimbristylis bisumbellata (Forskal) Bubani Halimione verrucifera (M. Bieb.) AellenR V Halocnemum strobilaceum (Pall.) M. Bieb. Frangula alnus Mill. R Frankenia hirsuta L. R Hedera helix L. Frankenia pulverulenta L. R Helianthemum nummularium (L.) Mill. Fraxinus angustifolia Vahl Helichrysum arenarium (L.) Moench subsp. oxycarpa (M. Bieb. ex Willd.) subsp. ponticum (Velen.) Clapham Franco & Rocha Afonso Heliotropium curassavicum L. Fraxinus excelsior L. Heliotropium dolosum De Not. R Fraxinus ornus L. Heliotropium europaea L. Fraxinus pallisiae Wilm. Heliotropium suaveolens M. Bieb. I Fumana procumbens (Dunal) Gren & Godron Heracleum sphondylium L.

56 subsp. flavescens (Willd.) Soó Lappula patula (Lehm.) Gürcke Hesperis tristis L. R Lappula squarrosa (Retz.) Dumort. Hibiscus trionum L. Lapsana communis L. Hieracium bauhinii Schult. Lathyrus lacteus (M. Bieb.) Wissjul. (L. Hieracium echioides Lumn. versicolor auct.) Hieracium umbellatum L. Lathyrus palustris L. Hippophäe rhamnoides L. Lathyrus pratensis L. Hippuris vulgaris L. Lathyrus sylvestris L. Holcus lanatus L. Latryrus tuberosus L. Holosteum umbellatum L. Lathyrus venetus (Mill.) Wohlf. Hordeum bulbosum L. Leersia oryzoides (L.) Sw. Hordeum geniculatum All. (H. hystrix Roth) Lemna gibba L. Hordeum jubatum L. R Lemna minor L. Hordeum marinum Huds. Lemna minuta Kunth Hordeum murinum L. Lemna trisulca L. subsp. murinum Leontodon autumnalis L. subsp. leporinum (Link) Arcang.R Lepidium campestre (L.) R.Br. Hottonia palustris L. Lepidium cartilagineum (J. Meyer) Thell. Humulus lupulus L. subsp. crassifolium (Waldst. & Kit.) Hydrocharis morsus-ranae L. Thell. R Hymenolobus procumbens (L.) Torr. & A.Gray Lepidium latifolium L. Hyoscyamus niger L. Lepidium perfoliatum L. Hypericum elegans Stephan Lepidium ruderale L. Hypericum perforatum L. Leucojum aestivum L. V Hypericum tetrapterum Fr. R Leymus sabulosus (M. Bieb.) Tzvelev Inula britannica L. Ligustrum vulgare L. Inula salicina L. Limodorum abortivum (L.) Sw. R Iris pseudacorus L. Limonium bellidifolium (Gouan) Dumort. Iris variegata L. R subsp. danubiale (Klokov) Roman Isatis tinctoria L. R R (L.) R.Br. R Limonium meyeri (Boiss.) O. Kuntze Juncus articulatus L. em. Richt. Limosella aquatica L. R Juncus bufonius L. Linaria euxina Velen. R Juncus compressus Jacq. Linaria genistifolia (L.) Mill. Juncus conglomeratus L. Linaria vulgaris Mill. Juncus gerardi Loisel. Lindernia dubia (L.) Penell R Juncus hybridus Brot. R Linum austriacum L. Juncus littoralis C.A. Mey. Linum hirsutum L. Juncus maritimus Lam. Linum perenne L. Juncus minutulus Krecz. & Gontsch. R Liparis loeselii Rich. Ex Juncus subnodulosus Schrank I Lithospermum arvense L. glauca (Spreng.) DC. subsp. arvense subsp. glauca subsp. glandulosum (Velen.) subsp. rochelii (Schur) Nyman Ciocârlan Kohlrauschia prolifera (L.) Kunth (Petrorhagia Lithospermum officinale L. prolifera (L.) P.W. Ball. & Lithospermum purpureocaeruleum L. I Heywood) Lolium multiflorum Lam. Lactuca saligna L. Lolium perenne L. Lactuca serriola L. Lolium rigidum Gaud. Lactuca tatarica (L.) C.A. Mey. subsp. lepturoides Sennen & Lamium amplexicaule L. Mauricio E Lamium purpureum L. Loranthus europaeus Jacq.

57 Lotus corniculatus L. Muscari racemosum (L.) Mill. Lotus tenuis Waldst. & Kit. Myagrum perfoliatum L. Lychnis flos-cuculi L. Mycelis muralis (L.) Dumort. Ex Lycium barbarum L. Myosotis arvensis (L.) Hill. Lycopis arvensis L. Myosotis scorpioides L. subsp. orientalis (L.) KuntzeR Myosotis sparsiflora Mikan ex Pohl Lycopus europaeus L. Myosotis stricta Link Lycopus exaltatus L. fil. Myosoton aquaticum (L.) Moench Lysimachia nummularia L. Myosurus minimus L. Lysimachia punctata L. R Myriophyllum spicatum L. Lysimachia vulgaris L. Myriophyllum verticillatum L. Lythrum hyssopifolia L. Myrrhoides nodosa (L.) Cannon Ex Lythrum salicaria L. Najas marina L. Lythrum thymifolia L. R Najas minor All. Lythrum tribracteatum Salzm. ex Spreng. Nasturtium officinale R.Br. Lythrum virgatum L. Neottia nidus-avis (L.) Rich. R Malus sylvestris Mill. Nonea pulla (L.) DC. Ex Malva neglecta Wallr. Nuphar lutea (L.) Sibth. & Sm. Malva pusilla Sm. Nymphaea alba L. Marrubium peregrinum L. Nymphoides peltata (S.G. Gmel.) O. Kuntze Marrubium vulgare L. Odontites vernus (Bellardi) Dumort. Marsilea quadrifolia L. E subsp. vernus Matricaria perforata Mérat subsp. serotinus (Dumort.) Corb. Matricaria recutita L. Oenanthe aquatica (L.) Poir. Medicago falcata L. Oenothera biennis L. Medicago lupulina L. Oenothera parviflora L. Medicago marina L. E Ononis arvensis L. Medicago minima (L.) L. Ononis spinosa L. Medicago x varia Martyn Onopordum acanthium L. Melampyrum arvense L. Onosma arenaria Waldst. & Kit. Melampyrum cristatum L. Onosma setosa Ledeb. I Melica transsilvanica Schur Onosma visianii G.C. Clementi Melilotus albus Medik. Ophioglossum vulgatum L. I Melilotus altissimus Thuill. Ex Orchis coriophora L. Melilotus arenarius Grec. I subsp. fragrans (Poll.) K. Richt.V Melilotus dentatus (Waldst. & Kit.) Pers. Orchis laxiflora Lam. Melilotus officinalis Lam. subsp. elegans (Heuff.) Soó Melilotus polonicus (L.) Pall. I Orchis morio L. Melilotus tauricus (M. Bieb.) Ser. I subsp. picta (Loisel.) K. Richt.V Melilotus wolgicus Poir. I Origanum vulgare L. Melissa officinalis L. Orlaya grandiflora (L.) Hoffm. Mentha aquatica L. Ornithogalum amphibolum Zahar. (Subend.) Mentha arvensis L. R Mentha longifolia (L.) L. Ornithogalum orthophyllum Ten. Mentha pulegium L. subsp. kochii (Parl.) Zahar. Menyanthes trifoliata L. I Ornithogalum oreoides Zahar. (Subend.) R Merendera sobolifera C.A. Meyer R Orobanche alba Stephan ex Willd. vernale M. Bieb. Orobanche arenaria Borkh. Minuartia setacea (Thuill.) Hayek R Orobanche cernua Loefl. var. cumana (Wallr.) Molinia caerulea (L.) Moench G. Beck subsp. caerulea var. salsuginosa Pavl. Orobanche lutea Baumg. Ex Roshev. (M. euxina Pobed.) Orobanche picridis F.W. Schultz

58 Orobanche ramosa L. Plantago tenuiflora Waldst. & Kit R Orobanche reticulata Wallr. Plantago uliginosa F.W. Schmidt (P. major Oxalis corniculata L. subsp. intermedia (DC.) Arcang.) Palimbia rediviva (Pall.) Thell. I Platanthera bifolia (L.) Rich. Paliurus spina-christi Mill. R Poa angustifolia L. Papaver dubium L. Poa annua L. subsp. dubium Poa bulbosa L. subsp. confine (Jord.) Hörandl Poa compressa L. Papaver hybridum L. Poa palustris L. Papaver laevigatum M. Bieb. R Poa pratensis L. Papaver rhoeas L. Poa sylvicola Guss. Parapholis incurva (L.) C.E. Hubb V Poa trivialis L. Paspalum distichum L. I L. Pastinaca sativa L. Polycnemum heuffelii Láng. subsp. pratensis (Pers.) Celak. Polygala comosa Schkuhr subsp. repens (Gren. & Godr.) Celak. Polygala vulgaris L. Periploca graeca L. Polygonatum latifolium (Jacq.) Desf. Petasites spurius (Retz.) Rchb. Polygonatum multiflorum (L.) All. Petunia parviflora A.L. Juss. Polygonum amphibium L. Peucedanum arenarium Waldst. & Kit.R Polygonum arenarium Waldst. & Kit. Peucedanum latifolium (M. Bieb.) DC.R Polygonum arenastrum Boreau Phalaris arundinacea L. subsp. arenastrum Phleum paniculatum Huds. subsp. calcatum var. annuum (M. Bieb.) Westb.R (Lindm.)Wisskirchen Phleum phleiodes (L.) Karst. Polygonum aviculare L. Phlomis pungens Willd. Polygonum graminifolium Wierzb. ex Heuff Phragmites australis (Cav.) Steud. R subsp. australis Polygonum hydropiper L. subsp. chrysantha (Mabille) Soják (subsp. Polygonum lapathifolium L. altissimus (Benth.) W.D. Clayton; subsp. subsp. lapathifolium gigantea (Gay ex Boiss.) Bonnier & subsp. incanum (F.W. Schmidt) Layens) Schübl. & Martens Phytolaca americana L. Polygonum maritimum L. V Picris hieracioides L. Polygonum mesembricum Chrtek V subsp. hieracioides Polygonum minus Huds. subsp. villarsii (Jordan) Nyman Polygonum mite Schrank Plantago altissima L. I Polygonum neglectum Besser R Plantago cornuti Gouan Polygonum patulum M. Bieb. subsp. Plantago coronopus L. kitaibelianum (Sadl.) Asch. & Graebn. subsp. coronopus R subsp. stricta (Pilger) Ciocârlan Polygonum persicaria L. Plantago crassifolia Forssk. I Polygonum rurivagum Jord. ex Boreau Plantago lanceolata L. Polypogon monspeliensis (L.) Desf. Plantago major L. Populus alba L. subsp. major Populus canescens (Aiton) Sm. subsp. winteri (Wirtg.) W. LudwigR Populus nigra L. Plantago maritima L. Populus tremula L. subsp. ciliata Printz (P. salsa Pall.) Portulaca oleracea L. Plantago media L. Potamogeton acutifolius Link Plantago scabra Moench Potamogeton compressus L. R subsp. orientalis (Soó) Tzvelev Potamogeton crispus L. Plantago schwarzenbergiana Schur R Potamogeton gramineus L.

59 Potamogeton lucens L. Raphanus raphanistrum L. Potamogeton natans L. Rapistrum perenne (L.) All. R Potamogeton obtusifolius Mert. & W.D.J. Reseda lutea L. Koch R Rhamnus cathartica L. Potamogeton pectinatus L. Rorippa amphibia (L.) Besser Potamogeton perfoliatus L. Rorippa austriaca (Crantz) Besser Potamogeton pusillus L. Rorippa palustris (L.) Besser Potamogeton trichoides Cham. & Schlecht. Rorippa prolifera (Heuff.) Neilr. R Rorippa sylvestris (L.) Besser Potentilla anserina L. Rosa canina L. s.l. Potentilla argentea L. Rosa jundzillii Besser Potentilla erecta (L.) Räusch. E Rosa pseudoscabriuscula (Keller) Henker et G. Potentilla inclinata Vill. (P. canescens Besser) Schulze R R Rubus caesius L. Potentilla pedata Willd. R Rumex acetosa L. Potentilla recta L. Rumex acetosella L. subsp. recta Rumex conglomeratus Murray subsp. laciniosa (Kit. ex Nestl.) Soó Rumex crispus L. Potentilla reptans L. Rumex dentatus L. Potentilla supina L. subsp. halacsyi (Rech.) Rech. fil. Prunella vulgaris L. Rumex hydrolapatum Huds. Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn Ex Rumex maritimus L. Puccinellia convoluta (Hornem.) Hayek Rumex obtusifolius L. subsp. pseudobulbosa (E.I. Nyárády) subsp. transiens (Simonk.) Rech. fil. Borza Rumex palustris Sm. Puccinellia distans (L.) Parl. Rumex stenophyllus Ledeb. Puccinellia gigantea (Grossh.) Grossh. (P. Rumex tuberosus L. R convoluta (Hornem.) Hayek p.p.) Ruppia cirrhosa (Petagna) Grande Puccinellia limosa (Schur) Holmb. Sagina maritima G. Don R Puccinellia poecilantha (K. Koch) Grossh. Sagittaria sagittifolia L. (P. brachylepis Klokov) I Sagittaria trifolia L. V Pulicaria dysenterica (L.) Bernh. Salicornia europaea L. Pulicaria vulgaris Gaertn. var. patula (Duval-Jouve) Crép. Pulsatilla montana (Hoppe) Rchb. I var. prostrata (Pall.) Rchb. Pyrus pyraster (L.) Burgsd. Salicornia procumbens Sm. Quercus pedunculiflora K. Koch Salicornia ramosissima Woods Quercus robur L. Salicornia veneta Pign. & Lausi. I Ranunculus acris L. Salix alba L. Ranunculus aquatilis L. Salix aurita L. Ranunculus baudotii Godr. I Salix cinerea L. Ranunculus circinatus Sibth. Salix fragilis L. Ranunculus ficaria L. Salix petandra L. Ranunculus lingua L. Salix purpurea L. Ranunculus peltatus Schrank R Salix rosmarinifolia L. Ranunculus polyanthemos L. Salix x rubens Schrenk (S. alba x fragilis) subsp. polyanthemoides (Boreau) Salix triandra L. Ahlfv. R Salsola collina Pall. Ranunculus repens L. Salsola kali L. subsp. ruthenica (Iljin) Soó Ranunculus rionii Lagger subsp. tragus (L.) Nyman Ranunculus sardous Crantz Salsola soda L. Ranunculus sceleratus L. Salvia aethiopis L. Ranunculus trichophyllus Chaix Salvia austriaca Jacq. R

60 Salvia glutiosa L. Ex Sisymbrium altissimum L. Salvia nemorosa L. subsp. tesquicola (Klokov Sisymbrium loselii L. & Pobed.) Soó Sisymbrium officinale (L.) Scop. Salvia natans (L.) All. Sisymbrium orientale L. Sambucus ebulus L. Sisymbrium polymorphum (Murray) Roth Sambucus nigra L. Sium latifolium L. Samolus valerandi L. Sium sisarum L. Sanicula europaea L. Ex Solanum alatum Moench R Saxifraga tridactylites L. Solanum dulcamara L. Scabiosa argentea L. Solanum nigrum L. Scabiosa ochroleuca L. Solanum retroflexum Dumort. R Schoenoplectus lacustris (L.) Palla Sonchus arvensis L. Schoenoplectus litoralis (Schrad.) Palla subsp. arvensis Schoenoplectus supinus (L.) Palla (Isolepis subsp. uliginosum (M. Bieb.) Nyman supina (L.) R.Br.) Sonchus asper L. Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani (C.C. Gmel.) subsp. asper (L.) Hill Palla subsp. glaucescens (Jordan) Ball R Schoenoplectus triqueter (L.) Palla R Sonchus oleraceus L. Schoenus nigricans L. Sonchus palustris L. R Scirpoides holoschoenus (L.) Soják Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. Sclerochloa dura (L.) Beauv. Sparganium emersum Rehm. Scolymus hispanicus L. Sparganium erectum L. Scorzonera hispanica L. R subsp. erectum Scorzonera laciniata L. (Podospermum subsp. neglectum (Beeby) K. Richt. laciniatum (L.) DC.) Spergularia media (L.) C. Presl. Scorzonera parviflora Jacq. Spergularia rubra (L.) J. Presl. & C. Presl. Scrophularia nodosa L. Spergularia marina (L.) Griseb. Scrophularia umbrosa Dumort. I Spirodella polyrhiza (L.) Schleid. Scutellaria galericulata L. Stachys annua (L.) L. Scutellaria hastifolia L. Stachys atherocalyx K. Koch. R Secale sylvestre Host Stachys maritima Gouan V Senecio erucifolius L. Stachys palustris L. Senecio jacobea L. subsp. borysthenicus (DC.) Stachys recta L. Ciocârlan Stellaria media (L.) Vill. Senecio paludosus L. Stemmacantha serratuloides (Georgi) Senecio vernalis Waldst. & Kit. M. Dittrich (Leuzea salina Spreng.) Ex Senecio vulgaris L. Stipa capillata L. Seseli arenarium M. Bieb. Stipa pennata L. Seseli campestre Besser I subsp. sabulosa (Pacz.) Tzvelev R Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. & Schult. Stipa pulcherrima K. Koch I Setaria verticillata (L.) Beauv. Stratiotes aloides L. Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv. Suaeda confusa Iljin Sideritis montana L. Suaeda maritima L. Silene borysthenica (Gruner) Walters Suaeda salsa (L.) Pall. R Silene chersonensis (Zapal.) Kleopow Suaeda splendens (Pourr.) Gren. & Godr. I Silene conica L. Symphytum officinale L. Silene latifolia Poir. subsp. alba (Mill.) Greuter Symphytum tanaicense Steven & Burdet Syrenia montana (Pall.) Klokov Silene multiflora (Waldst. & Kitt.) Pers. R Tamarix ramosissima Ledeb. Silene viscosa (L.) Pers. Tanacetum serotinum (L.) Schultz-Bip. Silene vulgaris (Moench) Garcke (Leucanthemella serotina (L.) Tzvelev) Sinapis arvensis L. V

61 Tanacetum vulgare L. Trigonella gladiata Steven R Taraxacum bessarabicum (Hornem.) Hand.- Trigonella monspeliaca L. R Mazz. Trigonella procumbens (Besser) Rchb. Taraxacum officinale Weber ex Wiggers Tussilago farfara L. Taraxacum serotinum (Waldst. & Kit.) Poir. Typha angustifolia L. R Typha latifolia L. Tetragonolobus maritimus (L.) Roth Typha laxmannii Lepech. Teucrium chamaedrys L. Ulmus minor Mill. Teucrium scordium L. Ulmus laevis Pall. subsp. scordium Urtica dioica L. subsp. scordioides (Schreb.) Arcang. Urtica kioviensis Rogow. Thalictrum flavum L. Urtica urens L. Thalictrum lucidum L. Utricularia australis R.Br. Thalictrum minus L. Utricularia bremii Heer Thelypteris palustris Schott Utricularia minor L. Ex Thesium arvense Horv. Utricularia vulgaris L. Thlaspi arvense L. Vaccaria hispanica (Mill.) Rauschert R Thlaspi perfoliatum L. Valeriana officinalis L. Thymelaea passerina (L.) Coss. & Germ. Valerianella carinata Loisel. R Tilia cordata Mill. Valerianella coronata (L.) DC. R Tilia tomentosa Moench Valerianella locusta (L.) Laterr. em. Betcke Tordylium maximum L. R Vallisneria spiralis L. Torilis arvensis (Huds.) Link Verbascum banaticum Schrad. Trachomitum venetum (L.) Woodson Verbascum blattaria L. (Apocynum venetum L.) E Verbascum lychnitis L. Tragopogon dubius Scop. Verbascum nigrum L. Tragopogon floccosus Waldst. & Kit. R Verbascum phlomoides L. subsp. floccosus Verbascum phoeniceum L. subsp. podolicus (DC.) Ciocârlan Verbena officinalis L. Tragus racemosus (L.) All. Veronica anagallis-aquatica L. Trapa natans L. V Veronica anagalloides Guss. subsp. natans Veronica arvensis L. subsp. muzzanensis (Jäggi) Schinz Veronica beccabunga L. Tribulus terrestris L. Veronica catenata Pennell Trifolium arvense L. Veronica chamaedrys L. Trifolium campestre Schreb. Veronica hederifolia L. Trifolium diffusum Ehrh. R Veronica longifolia L. Trifolium dubium Sibth. R Veronica orchidea Crantz Trifolium filiforme L. (T. micranthum Viv.) Veronica persica Poir. Ex Veronica prostrata L. Trifolium fragiferum L. Veronica scardica Griseb. subsp. fragiferum Veronica scutellata L. subsp. bonannii (C. Presl) Soják Veronica triphyllos L. Trifolium hybridum L. Viburnum opulus L. subsp. hybridum Vicia angustifolia L. subsp. elegans (Savi) Asch. & Vicia biennis L. Graebn. Vicia cracca L. Trifolium pratense L. Vicia hirsuta (L.) S.F. Gray Trifolium repens L. Vicia pannonica Crantz Trifolium suffocatum L. I Vicia villosa Roth Triglochin maritima L. Vincetoxicum hirundinaria Medik. Triglochin palustre L. subsp. hirundinaria

62 subsp. nivale (Boiss. & Heldr.) Markgraf Vincetoxicum scandens Sommier & Levier Ex Viola arvensis Murr. Viola hirta L. Viola kitaibeliana Roem. & Schult. R Viola odorata L. Viola palustris L. R Viscum album L. Vitis sylvestris C.C. Gmel. Wolffia arrhiza (L.) Hork. ex Wimmer Xanthium italicum Moretti Xanthium orientale L. Xanthium saccharatum Wallr. Xanthium spinosum L. Xanthium strumarium L. Xeranthemum annuum L. Zannichellia palustris L. subsp. palustris subsp.pedicellata (Wahlenb. & E. Rosén) Arcang. Zygophyllum fabago L. R

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