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Human Cerebrospinal Fluid Induces Neuronal Excitability Changes in Resected Human Neocortical and Hippocampal Brain Slices

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Human Cerebrospinal Fluid Induces Neuronal Excitability Changes in Resected Human Neocortical and Hippocampal Brain Slices bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/730036; this version posted August 8, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-ND 4.0 International license. Human cerebrospinal fluid induces neuronal excitability changes in resected human neocortical and hippocampal brain slices Jenny Wickham*†1, Andrea Corna†1,2,3, Niklas Schwarz4, Betül Uysal 2,4, Nikolas Layer4, Thomas V. Wuttke4,5, Henner Koch4, Günther Zeck1 1 Neurophysics, Natural and Medical Science Institute (NMI) at the University of Tübingen, Reutlingen, Germany 2 Graduate Training Centre of Neuroscience/International Max Planck Research School, Tübingen, Germany. 3 Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany 4 Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany 5 Department of Neurosurgery, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany * Communicating author: Jenny Wickham ([email protected]) and Günther Zeck ([email protected]) † shared first author, Shared last author Acknowledgments: This work was supported by the German Ministry of Science and Education (BMBF, FKZ 031L0059A) and by the German Research Foundation (KO-4877/2-1 and KO 4877/3- 1) Author contribution: JW and AC performed micro-electrode array recordings, NS, BU, NL, TW, HK and JW did tissue preparation and culturing, JW, AC, GZ did data analysis and writing. Proof reading and study design: all. Conflict of interest: None Keywords: Human tissue, human cerebrospinal fluid, Microelectrode array, CMOS-MEA, hippocampus, cortex, tissue slice 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/730036; this version posted August 8, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-ND 4.0 International license. Abstract Human cerebrospinal fluid (hCSF) have proven advantageous over conventional medium when culturing both rodent and human brain tissue. Increased excitability and synchronicity, similar to the active state exclusively recorded in vivo, reported in rodent slice and cell-cultures with hCSF as recording medium, indicates properties of the hCSF not matched by the artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) commonly used for electrophysiological recording. To evaluate the possible importance of using hCSF as electrophysiological recording medium of human brain tissue, we compared the general excitability in ex vivo human brain tissue slice cultures during perfusion with hCSF and aCSF. For measuring the general activity from a majority of neurons within neocortical and hippocampal human ex vivo slices we used a microelectrode array (MEA) recording technique with 252 electrodes covering an area of 3.2 x 3.2 mm2 and a second CMOS-based MEA with 4225 electrodes on a 2 x 2 mm2 area for detailed mapping of action potential waveforms. We found that hCSF increase the number of active neurons and the firing rate of the neurons in the slices as well as increasing the numbers of bursts while leaving the duration of the bursts unchanged. Interestingly, not only an increase in the overall activity in the slices was observed, but a reconfiguration of the network functionality could be detected with specific activation and inactivation of subpopulations of neuronal ensembles. In conclusion, hCSF is an important component to consider for future human tissue studies, especially for experiments designed to mimic the in vivo situation. 2 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/730036; this version posted August 8, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-ND 4.0 International license. Introduction The brain, with all its neurons, glia cells and blood vessels, is cushioned and protected by a colourless fluid called cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The CSF can be found in the space between the brain surface and the scull, the subarachnoid space, in all the ventricles as well as in and around the spinal cord. It is a fluid characterised by a low percentage of protein and high percentage of salts that is in constant contact with the interstitial fluid of the parenchyma, the fluid located between neurons and glia cells all over the brain. The close connection with the interstitial fluid gives the CSF a potential to act as a vessel for different neuromodulatory signals (Agnati et al., 1986; Agnati, Guidolin, Guescini, Genedani, & Fuxe, 2010) and experimental findings summarised in the review by Bjorefeld et al 2018 (Bjorefeldt, Illes, Zetterberg, & Hanse, 2018) show that the human CSF (hCSF) can influence the function of neurons in the both hippocampal slices and cortical neuronal cultures from rat. In general, all electrophysiological experiments performed using either rodent brain tissue slices or human brain slices from resected tissue use a solution called artificial CSF (aCSF) for perfusion of the tissue during the experiment. The aCSF is carefully made with several different salts together with glucose to mimic the components in CSF. But the CSF also contains a number of neuromodulators such as neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, neurosteroids, purines and endocannabinoids which is not present in the aCSF (Skipor and Thiery, 2008) (Bjorefeldt et al., 2018). When the hCSF was compared to the aCSF in experiments with rat hippocampal slices the spontaneous firing of action potentials increased in both hippocampal and cortical slices (Bjorefeldt et al., 2015). The activity mimicked what is usually only seen during recordings in vivo and activation of G-protein coupled receptors seemed to be the reason for the enhanced activity. Clear advantages of using hCSF as culturing medium for human organotypic brain slices has previously been shown by us. Experiments with cortical human brain slices, acquired from resected human brain tissue removed as part of treatment, resulted in healthier slices over both short and long incubation times when using hCSF compared to conventional culturing medium (Schwarz et al., 2017). Using resected human brain tissue as an ex vivo platform for modelling diseases or to study healthy brain activity provides huge 3 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/730036; this version posted August 8, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-ND 4.0 International license. translational advantages and several insights in healthy and disease related mechanisms have already been gained from this tissue (Dossi et al., 2018) (Mansvelder et al., 2019). The major limitation of the human tissue ex vivo platform is the lacking of directly comparable in vivo result. It is therefore of great importance to design the ex vivo experiments to mimic the in vivo situation as much as possible. It is now known that human tissue survives better when cultured with hCSF compared to conventional cell culture medium but if the hCSF affect the function of the human neurons and level of activity is still an open question. The aim of our present study is to find out whether perfusion of hCSF affect the neuronal activity, on a single cell and network level, compared to perfusion with the commonly used aCSF. We hypothesised that, just as was seen in the rat study, the general activity in the neurons will increase with perfusion of hCSF compared to aCSF. We perform extracellular recordings using high-density micro-electrode arrays (MEA) to allow for analysis of the response from both individual neurons, and how their activity contribute to the overall network activity (Ferrea et al., 2012; Gong et al., 2016; Zeck, Jetter, Channappa, Bertotti, & Thewes, 2017). 4 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/730036; this version posted August 8, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-ND 4.0 International license. Materials and methods Human hippocampal and cortical organotypic slice cultures were prepared from resected tissue obtained from patients undergoing epilepsy surgery. For this study, we collected and included data of 5 patients. All patients were surgically treated for intractable epilepsy. Approval (# 338/2016A) of the ethics committee of the University of Tübingen as well as written informed consent was obtained from all patients, allowing spare tissue from resective surgery to be included in our study. Hippocampus was carefully micro dissected and resected en block to ensure tissue integrity, directly transferred into ice-cold aCSF (in mM: 110 choline chloride, 26 NaHCO3, 10 D-glucose, 11.6 Na- ascorbate, 7 MgCl2, 3.1 Na-pyruvate, 2.5 KCl, 1.25 NaH2PO4, und 0.5 CaCl2) equilibrated with carbogen (95% O2, 5% CO2) and immediately transported to the laboratory. Tissue was kept submerged in cool and carbogenated aCSF at all times. The tissue was trimmed to give a flat glue- surface in the coronal plane, glued onto the slicing platform (Figure 1A) and then sliced in to 250 µm thick slices using a Microm HM 650V vibratome (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc). Subsequently, the slices were transferred onto culture membranes (uncoated 30 mm Millicell-CM tissue culture inserts with 0.4 µm pores, Millipore) and kept in six well culture dishes (BD Biosciences) as shown in Figure 1A. The plates were stored in an incubator (ThermoScientific) at 37°C, 5% CO2 and 100% humidity. For electrophysiological recordings slice cultures were transferred to the MEA-recording chamber. We received and pooled hCSF of several patients with normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) who needed to undergo a tap test either by lumbar puncture or lumbar drain as part of the diagnostic workup.
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