DOCSLIB.ORG

The Formation and Function of the Brain Ventricular System

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Formation and Function of the Brain Ventricular System The Formation and Function of the Brain Ventricular System By Jessica T. Chang B.S. Molecular and Cellular Biology The Johns Hopkins University, 2006 Submitted to the Department of Biology in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Biology at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology June 2012 © 2012 Jessica T. Chang. All rights reserved. The author hereby grants to MIT permission to reproduce and to distribute publicly paper and electronic copies of this thesis document in whole or in part. Signature of author……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Department of Biology May 4, 2012 Certified by…..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Hazel L. Sive Professor of Biology Associate Dean, School of Science Thesis Supervisor Accepted by …………………………………………………………..…………………………………………………………………… Robert T. Sauer Salvador E. Luria Professor of Biology Chairman, Graduate Student Committee Chang | 1 Chang | 2 The Formation and Function of the Brain Ventricular System By Jessica T. Chang Submitted to the Department of Biology on April 13, 2012 in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Biology at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology ABSTRACT The brain ventricular system is composed of a highly conserved set of cavities that contain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), a protein-rich fluid essential for brain function. However, little is known about the function of embryonic CSF (eCSF), or the mechanisms of CSF production, retention, and circulation that regulate brain ventricle shape and size. Here we present data that begins to dissect the mechanisms governing CSF dynamics during zebrafish embryonic development. Our data indicate that the Na,K-ATPase regulates three aspects of brain ventricle development essential for normal function - neuroepithelial formation, permeability, and CSF production. Formation of a cohesive neuroepithelium requires both the alpha subunit (Atp1a1) and the regulatory subunit, Fyxd1, while only Atp1a1 modulates neuroepithelial permeability. Further, RhoA regulates both neuroepithelium formation and permeability, downstream of the Na,K- ATPase. Finally, we identified a RhoA-independent process, likely CSF production, which requires Atp1a1, but not Fxyd1. Therefore, formation of the vertebrate brain ventricles requires both production and retention of CSF. Although the embryonic brain ventricles contain large quantities of eCSF little is known about the function of the fluid or the mechanisms that drive fluid production. We developed a method to manually drain eCSF from zebrafish brain ventricles and show that eCSF is necessary for cell survival within the neuroepithelium. Further, increased retinol binding protein 4 (Rbp4), retinoic acid synthesis, and retinoic acid signaling via the PPAR (peroxisome proliferator- activated receptor gamma) receptors, prevents neuroepithelial cell death. Thus, we present a novel role for Rbp4 and retinoic acid synthesis and signaling during embryonic brain development. Finally, we also developed an assay to visualize CSF flow in the embryonic zebrafish. We found that the midbrain-hindbrain boundary acts as a barrier preventing CSF movement between the midbrain and hindbrain, while CSF moves freely between the midbrain and forebrain. Additionally, the heartbeat contributes to CSF movement increasing mixing between the hindbrain and forebrain/midbrain compartments. Furthermore, we determined that Chang | 3 hydrocephalic phenotypes observed in zebrafish are due to abnormalities in CSF production, retention and flow. These data demonstrate the importance of CSF dynamics during development and further suggest that disruption of these processes can all result in hydrocephalus. Thesis Supervisor: Hazel L. Sive Title: Member, Whitehead institute for Biomedical Research Associate Dean, School of Science Professor of Biology, MIT Chang | 4 To my parents who have provided endless support, love, and encouragement. Chang | 5 Chang | 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS: Page Abstract 3 Acknowledgements 15 Curriculum Vitae 17 Chapter 1 The brain ventricular system and cerebrospinal fluid dynamics 21 Formation and maintenance of the brain ventricular system Neural tube morphogenesis and brain ventricle inflation Epithelial polarization Neural tube opening Neuroepithelium and cell shape changes CSF production + Na transport - HCO3 transport Water transport Other mechanisms of CSF production CSF retention CSF-Brain barrier Blood brain barrier Blood CSF barrier CSF circulation CSF flow CSF reabsorption CSF function Conclusions Research Approach References Chapter 2 Multiple roles for the Na,K-ATPase subunits, Atp1a1 and Fxyd1, 55 during brain ventricle development Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Fish lines and maintenance Antisense morpholino oligonucleotide (MO) injection cDNA constructs RT-PCR In situ hybridization Chang | 7 Brain ventricle injections, dye retention assay, and ventricle size quantification Immunohistochemistry and Western blot Inhibitor treatments Intracellular Na+ measurements Results Na,K-ATPase subunits, Atp1a1 and Fxyd1 are required for brain ventricle development Atp1a1 regulates neuroepithelial permeability Na,K-ATPase pumping is required for brain ventricle development Atp1a1 and Fxyd1 co-regulate brain ventricle development Constitutively active RhoA rescues neuroepithelial cohesiveness but not brain ventricle inflation Discussion Dissecting the activities of the Na,K-ATPase during brain ventricle formation The role of Fxyd1 during brain ventricle development Connection between Na,K-ATPase function, RhoA signaling, neuroepithelial formation and permeability Modulation of CSF production by the Na,K-ATPase Significance of Na,K-ATPase activity during brain ventricle volume control Acknowledgements References Chapter 3 Zebrafish embryonic cerebrospinal fluid is required for retinoic acid 87 synthesis and neuroepithelial cell survival Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Fish lines and maintenance Brightfield brain imaging Manual drainage and brain ventricle injection Immunohistochemistry Antisense oligonucleotide morpholinos (MO) Mass Spectrometry Results eCSF is required for cell survival and tail extension eCSF is not required for neurogenesis eCSF promotes cell survival from 25- 30 hpf Cell survival is not dependent on ionic concentration or hydrostatic pressure Chang | 8 Retinoic acid but not IGF2 or FGF2 is required for neuroepithelial cell survival Rbp4 and retinol are required for neuroepithelial cell survival Retinoic acid synthesis is required for neuroepithelial cell survival Retinoic acid signaling via PPAR receptors promotes neuroepithelial cell survival Discussion eCSF is required for RA synthesis and neuroepithelial cell survival Generation of eCSF depleted zebrafish embryo Role of IGF2 and FGF2 within the eCSF Identifying the source of Rbp4 and RA synthesis Identifying the diencephalic cluster of eCSF and RA sensitive cells Altered eCSF composition and RA signaling in disorders of the nervous system Acknowledgements References Chapter 4 Embryonic zebrafish cerebrospinal fluid circulation in wild type 121 and hydrocephalic models Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Fish lines and maintenance Antisense morpholino oligonucleotide (MO) injection cDNA constructs and in vitro translation Purification of Kaede protein Mounting embryos for live imaging Live imaging – photoconversion and time-course Quantification of fluorescent intensity Results Visualization of CSF flow within embryonic zebrafish Embryonic zebrafish CSF flow Contributions of the heartbeat to CSF flow CSF flow in hydrocephalus models Neuroepithelial morphology prevents CSF mixing Discussion CSF flow method What generates CSF flow Identifying the mechanism leading to hydrocephalus Chang | 9 Acknowledgements References Chapter 5 An assay for permeability of the zebrafish embryonic 143 neuroepithelium Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Fish lines and maintenance Brain ventricle injection Brain ventricle imaging Quantification of dye movement Results Discussion Acknowledgements References Chapter 6 Manual drainage of the zebrafish embryonic brain ventricles 151 Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Preparing microinjection needles and CellTram Draining the eCSF Collecting the eCSF for composition analysis Reintroduction of selected factors Results Discussion Acknowledgements References Chapter 7 Conclusions and Future Directions 161 Regulating CSF production Establishment of the osmotic gradient Water influx into the brain ventricles Protein secretion into the CSF Pump-independent role of the Na,K-ATPase Regulating paracellular permeability and CSF retention Mechanisms of eCSF and retinoic acid induced cell survival Investigating the function of other eCSF components CSF circulation in embryonic zebrafish Abnormalities in CSF dynamics Chang | 10 References Appendix 1 The Na,K-ATPase beta subunit, Atp1b3a, is required for brain 183 ventricle inflation Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Fish lines and maintenance Antisense morpholino oligonucleotide (MO) injection cDNA constructs RT-PCR In situ hybridization Brightfield brain imaging, ventricle injections, forebrain ventricle size and dye retention assay Immunohistochemistry and Western blot Intracellular Na+ measurements Results Na,K-ATPase beta subunits are expressed at the time of brain ventricle development Na,K-ATPase beta subunits are required for brain ventricle inflation Atp1b3a is required for CSF production Atp1a1, Atp1b3a
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Spatially Heterogeneous Choroid Plexus Transcriptomes Encode Positional Identity and Contribute to Regional CSF Production
    The Journal of Neuroscience, March 25, 2015 • 35(12):4903–4916 • 4903 Development/Plasticity/Repair Spatially Heterogeneous Choroid Plexus Transcriptomes Encode Positional Identity and Contribute to Regional CSF Production Melody P. Lun,1,3 XMatthew B. Johnson,2 Kevin G. Broadbelt,1 Momoko Watanabe,4 Young-jin Kang,4 Kevin F. Chau,1 Mark W. Springel,1 Alexandra Malesz,1 Andre´ M.M. Sousa,5 XMihovil Pletikos,5 XTais Adelita,1,6 Monica L. Calicchio,1 Yong Zhang,7 Michael J. Holtzman,7 Hart G.W. Lidov,1 XNenad Sestan,5 Hanno Steen,1 XEdwin S. Monuki,4 and Maria K. Lehtinen1 1Department of Pathology, and 2Division of Genetics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, 3Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, 4Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, California 92697, 5Department of Neurobiology and Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, 6Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Sa˜o Paulo, Sa˜o Paulo 04039, Brazil, and 7Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University, St Louis, Missouri 63110 A sheet of choroid plexus epithelial cells extends into each cerebral ventricle and secretes signaling factors into the CSF. To evaluate whether differences in the CSF proteome across ventricles arise, in part, from regional differences in choroid plexus gene expression, we defined the transcriptome of lateral ventricle (telencephalic) versus fourth ventricle (hindbrain) choroid plexus. We find that positional identitiesofmouse,macaque,andhumanchoroidplexiderivefromgeneexpressiondomainsthatparalleltheiraxialtissuesoforigin.We thenshowthatmolecularheterogeneitybetweentelencephalicandhindbrainchoroidplexicontributestoregion-specific,age-dependent protein secretion in vitro.
    [Show full text]
  • Human Cerebrospinal Fluid Induces Neuronal Excitability Changes in Resected Human Neocortical and Hippocampal Brain Slices
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/730036; this version posted August 8, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-ND 4.0 International license. Human cerebrospinal fluid induces neuronal excitability changes in resected human neocortical and hippocampal brain slices Jenny Wickham*†1, Andrea Corna†1,2,3, Niklas Schwarz4, Betül Uysal 2,4, Nikolas Layer4, Thomas V. Wuttke4,5, Henner Koch4, Günther Zeck1 1 Neurophysics, Natural and Medical Science Institute (NMI) at the University of Tübingen, Reutlingen, Germany 2 Graduate Training Centre of Neuroscience/International Max Planck Research School, Tübingen, Germany. 3 Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany 4 Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany 5 Department of Neurosurgery, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany * Communicating author: Jenny Wickham ([email protected]) and Günther Zeck ([email protected]) † shared first author, Shared last author Acknowledgments: This work was supported by the German Ministry of Science and Education (BMBF, FKZ 031L0059A) and by the German Research Foundation (KO-4877/2-1 and KO 4877/3- 1) Author contribution: JW and AC performed micro-electrode array recordings, NS, BU, NL, TW, HK and JW did tissue preparation and culturing, JW, AC, GZ did data analysis and writing. Proof reading and study design: all. Conflict of interest: None Keywords: Human tissue, human cerebrospinal fluid, Microelectrode array, CMOS-MEA, hippocampus, cortex, tissue slice 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/730036; this version posted August 8, 2019.
    [Show full text]
  • Cerebrospinal Fluid in Critical Illness
    Cerebrospinal Fluid in Critical Illness B. VENKATESH, P. SCOTT, M. ZIEGENFUSS Intensive Care Facility, Division of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Brisbane, QUEENSLAND ABSTRACT Objective: To detail the physiology, pathophysiology and recent advances in diagnostic analysis of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in critical illness, and briefly review the pharmacokinetics and pharmaco- dynamics of drugs in the CSF when administered by the intravenous and intrathecal route. Data Sources: A review of articles published in peer reviewed journals from 1966 to 1999 and identified through a MEDLINE search on the cerebrospinal fluid. Summary of review: The examination of the CSF has become an integral part of the assessment of the critically ill neurological or neurosurgical patient. Its greatest value lies in the evaluation of meningitis. Recent publications describe the availability of new laboratory tests on the CSF in addition to the conventional cell count, protein sugar and microbiology studies. Whilst these additional tests have improved our understanding of the pathophysiology of the critically ill neurological/neurosurgical patient, they have a limited role in providing diagnostic or prognostic information. The literature pertaining to the use of these tests is reviewed together with a description of the alterations in CSF in critical illness. The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of drugs in the CSF, when administered by the intravenous and the intrathecal route, are also reviewed. Conclusions: The diagnostic utility of CSF investigation in critical illness is currently limited to the diagnosis of an infectious process. Studies that have demonstrated some usefulness of CSF analysis in predicting outcome in critical illness have not been able to show their superiority to conventional clinical examination.
    [Show full text]
  • Fetal Brain Anomalies Associated with Ventriculomegaly Or Asymmetry: an MRI-Based Study
    ORIGINAL RESEARCH PEDIATRICS Fetal Brain Anomalies Associated with Ventriculomegaly or Asymmetry: An MRI-Based Study X E. Barzilay, X O. Bar-Yosef, X S. Dorembus, X R. Achiron, and X E. Katorza ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Fetal lateral ventriculomegaly is a relatively common finding with much debate over its clinical signifi- cance. The purpose of this study was to examine the association between ventriculomegaly and asymmetry and concomitant CNS findings as seen in fetal brain MR imaging. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fetal brain MR imaging performed for various indications, including ventriculomegaly, with or without additional ultrasound findings, was assessed for possible inclusion. Two hundred seventy-eight cases found to have at least 1 lateral ventricle with a width of Ն10 mm were included in the study. Ventriculomegaly was considered mild if the measurement was 10–11.9 mm; moderate if, 12–14.9 mm; and severe if, Ն15 mm. Asymmetry was defined as a difference of Ն2 mm between the 2 lateral ventricles. Fetal brain MR imaging findings were classified according to severity by predefined categories. RESULTS: The risk of CNS findings appears to be strongly related to the width of the ventricle (OR, 1.38; 95% CI, 1.08–1.76; P ϭ .009). The prevalence of associated CNS abnormalities was significantly higher (P ϭ .005) in symmetric ventriculomegaly compared with asymmetric ventriculomegaly (38.8% versus 24.2%, respectively, for all CNS abnormalities and 20% versus 7.1%, respectively, for major CNS abnormalities). CONCLUSIONS: In this study, we demonstrate that the rate of minor and major findings increased with each millimeter increase in ventricle width and that the presence of symmetric ventricles in mild and moderate ventriculomegaly was a prognostic indicator for CNS abnormalities.
    [Show full text]
  • Meninges Ventricles And
    Meninges ,ventricles & CSF Dr.Sanaa Al-Shaarawy Dr. Essam Eldin Salama OBJECTIVES • By the end of the lecture the student should be able to: • Describe the cerebral meninges & list the main dural folds. • Describe the spinal meninges & locate the level of the termination of each of them. • Describe the importance of the subarachnoid space. • List the Ventricular system of the CNS and locate the site of each of them. • Describe the formation, circulation, drainage, and functions of the CSF. • Know some clinical point about the CSF MENINGES • The brain and spinal cord are invested by three concentric membranes ; • The outermost layer is the dura matter. • The middle layer is the arachnoid matter. • The innermost layer is the pia matter. DURA MATER ▪The cranial dura is a two layered tough, fibrous thick membrane that surrounds the brain. ▪It is formed of two layers; periosteal and meningeal. ▪The periosteal layer is attached to the skull. ▪The meningeal layer is folded forming the dural folds : falx cerebri, and tentorium cerebelli. ▪Sensory innervation of the dura is mostly from : meningeal branches of the trigeminal and vagus nerves & C1 to C3(upper cervical Ns.). DURA MATER Folds Two large reflection of dura extend into the cranial cavity : 1.The falx cerebri, In the midline, ▪It is a vertical sickle-shaped sheet of dura, extends from the cranial roof into the great longitudinal fissure between the two cerebral hemispheres. ▪It has an attached border adherent to the skull. ▪And a free border lies above the corpus callosum. DURA MATER Folds 2. A horizontal shelf of dura, The tentorium cerebelli, ▪ It lies between the posterior part of the cerebral hemispheres and the cerebellum.
    [Show full text]
  • Hypothesis on the Pathophysiology of Syringomyelia Based on Simulation of Cerebrospinal Fluid Dynamics H S Chang, H Nakagawa
    J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry: first published as 10.1136/jnnp.74.3.344 on 1 March 2003. Downloaded from 344 PAPER Hypothesis on the pathophysiology of syringomyelia based on simulation of cerebrospinal fluid dynamics H S Chang, H Nakagawa ............................................................................................................................. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2003;74:344–347 See end of article for authors’ affiliations ....................... Objectives: Despite many hypotheses, the pathophysiology of syringomyelia is still not well Correspondence to: understood. In this report, the authors propose a hypothesis based on analysis of cerebrospinal fluid Dr H S Chang, Department of Neurological Surgery, dynamics in the spine. Aichi Medical University, Methods: An electric circuit model of the CSF dynamics of the spine was constructed based on a tech- 21 Yazako-Karimata, nique of computational fluid mechanics. With this model, the authors calculated how a pulsatile CSF Nagakute-cho, Aichi-gun, wave coming from the cranial side is propagated along the spinal cord. Aichi 480–1195, Japan; Results: Reducing the temporary fluid storage capacity of the cisterna magna dramatically increased [email protected] the pressure wave propagated along the central canal. The peak of this pressure wave resided in the Received 14 June 2002 mid-portion of the spinal cord. In final revised form Conclusions: The following hypotheses are proposed. The cisterna magna functions as a shock 11 November 2002 Accepted absorber against the pulsatile CSF waves coming from the cranial side. The loss of shock absorbing 21 November 2002 capacity of the cisterna magna and subsequent increase of central canal wall pressure leads to syrinx ....................... formation in patients with Chiari I malformation.
    [Show full text]
  • Hydrocephalus Patient Information Guide Experience Life Without Boundaries
    Hydrocephalus Patient Information Guide Experience Life Without Boundaries Aesculap Neurosurgery 2 Table of Contents Foreword Page 4 About Us Page 5 What Is Hydrocephalus Page 6 Types Of Hydrocephalus Page 7 What You Should Know Page 8 Diagnosis Page 9 Treatment/Goal/Surgical Procedure Page 10 Complications Page 10 Prognosis/Helpful Sites Page 11 The Aesculap Shunts Page 12 Medical Definitions Page 13 3 Foreword The intention of this booklet is to provide information to patients, family members, caregivers and friends on the subject of hydrocephalus. The information provided is a general overview of the diagnosis and treatment of hydrocephalus and other conditions associated with hydrocephalus. About us History Aesculap AG (Germany) was founded in 1867 by Gottfried Jetter, a master craftsman trained in surgical instrument and cutlery techniques. Jetter’s original workshop, located in Tuttlingen, Germany, is the same location where Aesculap world headquarters resides today. The employee count has increased over the years (3,000+ employees), and the number of instrument patterns has grown from a select few to over 17,000; however, the German standard for quality and pattern consistency remains the same. Prior to 1977, many of the instruments sold in America by competing companies were sourced from Aesculap in Tuttlingen. In response to the United States customer demand for Aesculap quality surgical instruments, Aesculap, Inc. (U.S.) was established in 1977. Headquartered in Center Valley, Pennsylvania, with over one hundred direct nationwide sales representatives, Aesculap, Inc. currently supports the marketing, sales and distribution of Aesculap surgical instrumentation in the U.S. In order to support the company’s continued growth and provide the service and quality which customers have come to expect, Aesculap relocated the corporate offices from San Francisco to Center Valley, Pennsylvania.
    [Show full text]
  • Locus Coeruleus Complex of the Family Delphinidae
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Locus coeruleus complex of the family Delphinidae Simona Sacchini 1, Manuel Arbelo 1, Cristiano Bombardi2, Antonio Fernández1, Bruno Cozzi 3, Yara Bernaldo de Quirós1 & Pedro Herráez1 Received: 19 July 2017 The locus coeruleus (LC) is the largest catecholaminergic nucleus and extensively projects to widespread Accepted: 22 March 2018 areas of the brain and spinal cord. The LC is the largest source of noradrenaline in the brain. To date, the Published: xx xx xxxx only examined Delphinidae species for the LC has been a bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). In our experimental series including diferent Delphinidae species, the LC was composed of fve subdivisions: A6d, A6v, A7, A5, and A4. The examined animals had the A4 subdivision, which had not been previously described in the only Delphinidae in which this nucleus was investigated. Moreover, the neurons had a large amount of neuromelanin in the interior of their perikarya, making this nucleus highly similar to that of humans and non-human primates. This report also presents the frst description of neuromelanin in the cetaceans’ LC complex, as well as in the cetaceans’ brain. Te locus coeruleus (LC) is a densely packed cluster of noradrenaline-producing neurons located in the upper part of the rostral rhombencephalon, on the lateral edge of the fourth ventricle. Te LC is the largest catechola- minergic nucleus of the brain, and it supplies noradrenaline to the entire central nervous system. Noradrenaline neurons are located in the medulla oblongata and pons (termed A1-A7 divisions), while adrenaline neurons are located only in the medulla oblongata, near A1-A3 (and termed C1-C3)1.
    [Show full text]
  • A Recommended Workflow Methodology in the Creation of An
    Manson et al. BMC Medical Imaging (2015) 15:44 DOI 10.1186/s12880-015-0088-6 TECHNICAL ADVANCE Open Access A recommended workflow methodology in the creation of an educational and training application incorporating a digital reconstruction of the cerebral ventricular system and cerebrospinal fluid circulation to aid anatomical understanding Amy Manson1,2, Matthieu Poyade2 and Paul Rea1* Abstract Background: The use of computer-aided learning in education can be advantageous, especially when interactive three-dimensional (3D) models are used to aid learning of complex 3D structures. The anatomy of the ventricular system of the brain is difficult to fully understand as it is seldom seen in 3D, as is the flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). This article outlines a workflow for the creation of an interactive training tool for the cerebral ventricular system, an educationally challenging area of anatomy. This outline is based on the use of widely available computer software packages. Methods: Using MR images of the cerebral ventricular system and several widely available commercial and free software packages, the techniques of 3D modelling, texturing, sculpting, image editing and animations were combined to create a workflow in the creation of an interactive educational and training tool. This was focussed on cerebral ventricular system anatomy, and the flow of cerebrospinal fluid. Results: We have successfully created a robust methodology by using key software packages in the creation of an interactive education and training tool. This has resulted in an application being developed which details the anatomy of the ventricular system, and flow of cerebrospinal fluid using an anatomically accurate 3D model.
    [Show full text]
  • MENINGES and CEREBROSPINAL FLUID' by LEWIS H
    MENINGES AND CEREBROSPINAL FLUID' By LEWIS H. WEED Department of Anatomy, John Hopkins University THE divorce of structure from function is particularly difficult in any ana- tomical study: it was only 85 years ago that the two subjects of morphology and physiology were considered to justify separate departments as academic disciplines. But with this cleavage which fortunately has not at any time been a rigid one, only certain investigations could go forward without loss of in- spiration and interpretation when studied apart from the sister science; other researches were enormously hampered and could be attacked only with due regard to structure and function. So it is without apologies that I begin the presentation of the problem of the coverings of the central nervous system -coverings which encompass a characteristic body fluid. Here then is a problem of membranes serving to contain a clear, limpid liquid as a sac might hold it. Immediately many questions of biological significance are at hand: how does it happen that these structures retain fluid; where does the fluid come from; where does it go; is the fluid constantly produced or is it an inert, non-circu- lating medium; is the fluid under pressure above that of the atmosphere; does it move about with changes in the animal body?-but the list of problems springing into one's mind grows too long. Knowledge regarding these many questions has progressed since the first accounts of hydrocephalus were given by writers in the Hippocratic corpus, since discovery of the normal ventricular fluid in Galen's time, since its meningeal existence was first uncovered by Valsalva (1911) and advanced by Cotugno (1779), since the first adequate description by Magendie (1825) 100 years ago.
    [Show full text]
  • Neuroanatomy Dr
    Neuroanatomy Dr. Maha ELBeltagy Assistant Professor of Anatomy Faculty of Medicine The University of Jordan 2018 Prof Yousry 10/15/17 A F B K G C H D I M E N J L Ventricular System, The Cerebrospinal Fluid, and the Blood Brain Barrier The lateral ventricle Interventricular foramen It is Y-shaped cavity in the cerebral hemisphere with the following parts: trigone 1) A central part (body): Extends from the interventricular foramen to the splenium of corpus callosum. 2) 3 horns: - Anterior horn: Lies in the frontal lobe in front of the interventricular foramen. - Posterior horn : Lies in the occipital lobe. - Inferior horn : Lies in the temporal lobe. rd It is connected to the 3 ventricle by body interventricular foramen (of Monro). Anterior Trigone (atrium): the part of the body at the horn junction of inferior and posterior horns Contains the glomus (choroid plexus tuft) calcified in adult (x-ray&CT). Interventricular foramen Relations of Body of the lateral ventricle Roof : body of the Corpus callosum Floor: body of Caudate Nucleus and body of the thalamus. Stria terminalis between thalamus and caudate. (connects between amygdala and venteral nucleus of the hypothalmus) Medial wall: Septum Pellucidum Body of the fornix (choroid fissure between fornix and thalamus (choroid plexus) Relations of lateral ventricle body Anterior horn Choroid fissure Relations of Anterior horn of the lateral ventricle Roof : genu of the Corpus callosum Floor: Head of Caudate Nucleus Medial wall: Rostrum of corpus callosum Septum Pellucidum Anterior column of the fornix Relations of Posterior horn of the lateral ventricle •Roof and lateral wall Tapetum of the corpus callosum Optic radiation lying against the tapetum in the lateral wall.
    [Show full text]
  • Mathematical Modelling and Analysis of Cerebrospinal Mechanics: an Investigation Into the Pathogenesis of Syringomyelia
    University of Warwick institutional repository: http://go.warwick.ac.uk/wrap A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of PhD at the University of Warwick http://go.warwick.ac.uk/wrap/2751 This thesis is made available online and is protected by original copyright. Please scroll down to view the document itself. Please refer to the repository record for this item for information to help you to cite it. Our policy information is available from the repository home page. Mathematical Modelling and Analysis of Cerebrospinal Mechanics: An Investigation Into the Pathogenesis of Syringomyelia Novak Samuel Jon Elliott BSc(Hons) BE(Hons) MBiomedE This report is submitted as partial fulfilment of the requirements for the PhD Programme of the School of Engineering University of Warwick August 2009 AUTHOR: Novak Samuel Jon Elliott DEGREE: PhD TITLE: Mathematical Modelling and Analysis of Cerebrospinal Me- chanics: An Investigation Into the Pathogenesis of Syringomyelia DATE OF DEPOSIT: ............................. I agree that this thesis shall be available in accordance with the regulations gov- erning the University of Warwick theses. I agree that the summary of this thesis may be submitted for publication. I agree that the thesis may be photocopied (single copies for study purposes only). Theses with no restriction on photocopying will also be made available to the British Library for microfilming. The British Library may supply copies to individuals or li- braries. subject to a statement from them that the copy is supplied for non-publishing purposes. All copies supplied by the British Library will carry the following statement: \Attention is drawn to the fact that the copyright of this thesis rests with its author.
    [Show full text]