Estimation of Ventricles Size of Human Brain by Magnetic Resonance
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Telovelar Approach to the Fourth Ventricle: Microsurgical Anatomy
J Neurosurg 92:812–823, 2000 Telovelar approach to the fourth ventricle: microsurgical anatomy ANTONIO C. M. MUSSI, M.D., AND ALBERT L. RHOTON, JR., M.D. Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida Object. In the past, access to the fourth ventricle was obtained by splitting the vermis or removing part of the cere- bellum. The purpose of this study was to examine the access to the fourth ventricle achieved by opening the tela cho- roidea and inferior medullary velum, the two thin sheets of tissue that form the lower half of the roof of the fourth ven- tricle, without incising or removing part of the cerebellum. Methods. Fifty formalin-fixed specimens, in which the arteries were perfused with red silicone and the veins with blue silicone, provided the material for this study. The dissections were performed in a stepwise manner to simulate the exposure that can be obtained by retracting the cerebellar tonsils and opening the tela choroidea and inferior medullary velum. Conclusions. Gently displacing the tonsils laterally exposes both the tela choroidea and the inferior medullary velum. Opening the tela provides access to the floor and body of the ventricle from the aqueduct to the obex. The additional opening of the velum provides access to the superior half of the roof of the ventricle, the fastigium, and the superolater- al recess. Elevating the tonsillar surface away from the posterolateral medulla exposes the tela, which covers the later- al recess, and opening this tela exposes the structure forming -
Meninges Ventricles And
Meninges ,ventricles & CSF Dr.Sanaa Al-Shaarawy Dr. Essam Eldin Salama OBJECTIVES • By the end of the lecture the student should be able to: • Describe the cerebral meninges & list the main dural folds. • Describe the spinal meninges & locate the level of the termination of each of them. • Describe the importance of the subarachnoid space. • List the Ventricular system of the CNS and locate the site of each of them. • Describe the formation, circulation, drainage, and functions of the CSF. • Know some clinical point about the CSF MENINGES • The brain and spinal cord are invested by three concentric membranes ; • The outermost layer is the dura matter. • The middle layer is the arachnoid matter. • The innermost layer is the pia matter. DURA MATER ▪The cranial dura is a two layered tough, fibrous thick membrane that surrounds the brain. ▪It is formed of two layers; periosteal and meningeal. ▪The periosteal layer is attached to the skull. ▪The meningeal layer is folded forming the dural folds : falx cerebri, and tentorium cerebelli. ▪Sensory innervation of the dura is mostly from : meningeal branches of the trigeminal and vagus nerves & C1 to C3(upper cervical Ns.). DURA MATER Folds Two large reflection of dura extend into the cranial cavity : 1.The falx cerebri, In the midline, ▪It is a vertical sickle-shaped sheet of dura, extends from the cranial roof into the great longitudinal fissure between the two cerebral hemispheres. ▪It has an attached border adherent to the skull. ▪And a free border lies above the corpus callosum. DURA MATER Folds 2. A horizontal shelf of dura, The tentorium cerebelli, ▪ It lies between the posterior part of the cerebral hemispheres and the cerebellum. -
Neuromelanin Marks the Spot: Identifying a Locus Coeruleus Biomarker of Cognitive Reserve in Healthy Aging
Neurobiology of Aging xxx (2015) 1e10 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Neurobiology of Aging journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/neuaging Neuromelanin marks the spot: identifying a locus coeruleus biomarker of cognitive reserve in healthy aging David V. Clewett a,*, Tae-Ho Lee b, Steven Greening b,c,d, Allison Ponzio c, Eshed Margalit e, Mara Mather a,b,c a Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA b Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA c Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA d Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA e Dornsife College of Letters and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA article info abstract Article history: Leading a mentally stimulating life may build up a reserve of neural and mental resources that preserve Received 28 May 2015 cognitive abilities in late life. Recent autopsy evidence links neuronal density in the locus coeruleus (LC), Received in revised form 18 September 2015 the brain’s main source of norepinephrine, to slower cognitive decline before death, inspiring the idea Accepted 23 September 2015 that the noradrenergic system is a key component of reserve (Robertson, I. H. 2013. A noradrenergic theory of cognitive reserve: implications for Alzheimer’s disease. Neurobiol. Aging. 34, 298e308). Here, we tested this hypothesis using neuromelanin-sensitive magnetic resonance imaging to visualize and Keywords: measure LC signal intensity in healthy younger and older adults. Established proxies of reserve, including Locus coeruleus Aging education, occupational attainment, and verbal intelligence, were linearly correlated with LC signal in- fi Norepinephrine tensity in both age groups. -
The Surgical Treatment of Tumors of the Fourth Ventricle: a Single-Institution Experience
CLINICAL ARTICLE J Neurosurg 128:339–351, 2018 The surgical treatment of tumors of the fourth ventricle: a single-institution experience Sherise D. Ferguson, MD, Nicholas B. Levine, MD, Dima Suki, PhD, Andrew J. Tsung, MD, Fredrick F. Lang, MD, Raymond Sawaya, MD, Jeffrey S. Weinberg, MD, and Ian E. McCutcheon, MD, FRCS(C) Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas OBJECTIVE Fourth ventricle tumors are rare, and surgical series are typically small, comprising a single pathology, or focused exclusively on pediatric populations. This study investigated surgical outcome and complications following fourth ventricle tumor resection in a diverse patient population. This is the largest cohort of fourth ventricle tumors described in the literature to date. METHODS This is an 18-year (1993–2010) retrospective review of 55 cases involving patients undergoing surgery for tumors of the fourth ventricle. Data included patient demographic characteristics, pathological and radiographic tumor characteristics, and surgical factors (approach, surgical adjuncts, extent of resection, etc.). The neurological and medical complications following resection were collected and outcomes at 30 days, 90 days, 6 months, and 1 year were reviewed to determine patient recovery. Patient, tumor, and surgical factors were analyzed to determine factors associated with the frequently encountered postoperative neurological complications. RESULTS There were no postoperative deaths. Gross-total resection was achieved in 75% of cases. Forty-five percent of patients experienced at least 1 major neurological complication, while 31% had minor complications only. New or worsening gait/focal motor disturbance (56%), speech/swallowing deficits (38%), and cranial nerve deficits (31%) were the most common neurological deficits in the immediate postoperative period. -
A Recommended Workflow Methodology in the Creation of An
Manson et al. BMC Medical Imaging (2015) 15:44 DOI 10.1186/s12880-015-0088-6 TECHNICAL ADVANCE Open Access A recommended workflow methodology in the creation of an educational and training application incorporating a digital reconstruction of the cerebral ventricular system and cerebrospinal fluid circulation to aid anatomical understanding Amy Manson1,2, Matthieu Poyade2 and Paul Rea1* Abstract Background: The use of computer-aided learning in education can be advantageous, especially when interactive three-dimensional (3D) models are used to aid learning of complex 3D structures. The anatomy of the ventricular system of the brain is difficult to fully understand as it is seldom seen in 3D, as is the flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). This article outlines a workflow for the creation of an interactive training tool for the cerebral ventricular system, an educationally challenging area of anatomy. This outline is based on the use of widely available computer software packages. Methods: Using MR images of the cerebral ventricular system and several widely available commercial and free software packages, the techniques of 3D modelling, texturing, sculpting, image editing and animations were combined to create a workflow in the creation of an interactive educational and training tool. This was focussed on cerebral ventricular system anatomy, and the flow of cerebrospinal fluid. Results: We have successfully created a robust methodology by using key software packages in the creation of an interactive education and training tool. This has resulted in an application being developed which details the anatomy of the ventricular system, and flow of cerebrospinal fluid using an anatomically accurate 3D model. -
Craniopharyngioma in the Third Ventricle: Necropsy Findings and Histogenesis
J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry: first published as 10.1136/jnnp.50.8.1053 on 1 August 1987. Downloaded from Journal ofNeurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 1987;50:1053-1056 Short report Craniopharyngioma in the third ventricle: necropsy findings and histogenesis KATSUZO KUNISHIO, YUJI YAMAMOTO, NORIO SUNAMI, SHOJI ASARI, TADAATSU AKAGI,* YUJI OHTSUKI* From the Department ofNeurological Surgery, Matsuyama Shimin Hospital, Ehime and Department Of Pathology,* Kochi Medical School, Kochi, Japan SUMMARY A case of craniopharyngioma confined within the third ventricle with necropsy is re- ported. A stalk-like structure in this tumour was present in the wall of the third ventricle at its base. It is suggested that this tumour might have arisen from the remnants of Rathke's pouch persisting in the tuber cinereum. Craniopharyngiomas have been considered to be de- or slightly low-density mass (mean Hounsfield units (HU): rived from remnants of Rathke's pouch, which is 30) occupying the third ventricle, and the lateral ventricles Protected by copyright. thought to lie in the superior aspect of the pituitary were dilated. With contrast medium there was homogeneous enhancement (mean HU: 68) of the entire mass situated in stalk and infundibulum. They commonly occupy the the third ventricle. Coronal CT scans showed that an en- suprasellar cistern and may occasionally spread into hanced mass seemed to be separated from the sella turcica the anterior, middle, or posterior cranial fossae, as and confined to the third ventricle. Conray ventriculography well as into the sella turcica. Craniopharyngioma showed a large mass almost completely filling the anterior confined to the third ventricle, however, is rare. -
Neuroanatomy Dr
Neuroanatomy Dr. Maha ELBeltagy Assistant Professor of Anatomy Faculty of Medicine The University of Jordan 2018 Prof Yousry 10/15/17 A F B K G C H D I M E N J L Ventricular System, The Cerebrospinal Fluid, and the Blood Brain Barrier The lateral ventricle Interventricular foramen It is Y-shaped cavity in the cerebral hemisphere with the following parts: trigone 1) A central part (body): Extends from the interventricular foramen to the splenium of corpus callosum. 2) 3 horns: - Anterior horn: Lies in the frontal lobe in front of the interventricular foramen. - Posterior horn : Lies in the occipital lobe. - Inferior horn : Lies in the temporal lobe. rd It is connected to the 3 ventricle by body interventricular foramen (of Monro). Anterior Trigone (atrium): the part of the body at the horn junction of inferior and posterior horns Contains the glomus (choroid plexus tuft) calcified in adult (x-ray&CT). Interventricular foramen Relations of Body of the lateral ventricle Roof : body of the Corpus callosum Floor: body of Caudate Nucleus and body of the thalamus. Stria terminalis between thalamus and caudate. (connects between amygdala and venteral nucleus of the hypothalmus) Medial wall: Septum Pellucidum Body of the fornix (choroid fissure between fornix and thalamus (choroid plexus) Relations of lateral ventricle body Anterior horn Choroid fissure Relations of Anterior horn of the lateral ventricle Roof : genu of the Corpus callosum Floor: Head of Caudate Nucleus Medial wall: Rostrum of corpus callosum Septum Pellucidum Anterior column of the fornix Relations of Posterior horn of the lateral ventricle •Roof and lateral wall Tapetum of the corpus callosum Optic radiation lying against the tapetum in the lateral wall. -
Ventriculomegaly
Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust: Information for Families Ventriculomegaly This information sheet from Great Ormond Street Hospital (GOSH) explains the causes, symptoms and treatment of ventriculomegaly and hydrocephalus and where to get help. Ventricles are cavities within the brain filled Without signs of increased pressure in the with cerebro-spinal fluid (CSF) acting as a brain (hydrocephalus), ventriculomegaly most ‘cushion’. CSF also supplies nutrients to the likely will not cause any problems. However, brain. The brain has four ventricles: two it can be linked with hydrocephalus and other lateral ventricles, the third ventricle and the problems. Ventriculomegaly can be diagnosed fourth ventricle. during pregnancy and occurs in around two CSF is created within the brain and flows from per cent of all pregnancies. the lateral ventricles into the third ventricle. It then flows through a narrow tube (the What causes cerebral aqueduct) into the fourth ventricle which lies towards the base of the brain. From ventriculomegaly? the fourth ventricle, it flows around the spinal In many cases, we do not know what causes cord and over the surface of the brain before ventriculomegaly (in the absence of any raised being re-absorbed. CSF pressure) but it can occur if there has been Ventriculomegaly is the medical term used to brain damage for any reason leading to loss describe enlargement of the ventricles of the of brain tissue. Often however it is a “chance” brain. Hydrocephalus is the term used when finding and when the ventricles are only a enlargement of the ventricles has been caused little enlarged of little significance. -
Skull, Brain and Cranial Nerves
Skull, Brain and Cranial Nerves Head and Neck Continued Skull Part of Axial Skeleton Cranial bones = cranium Enclose and protect brain Attachment for head + neck muscles pg 149 Facial bones =framework of face Form cavities for sense organs Opening for air + food passage Hold teeth Anchor face muscles Bones of Skull Flat bones: thin, flattened, some curve Sutures: immovable joints joining bones Calvaria = Skullcap =Vault Superior, Lateral, Posterior part of skull Floor = Base Inferior part of skull 85 openings in skull Spinal cord, blood vessels, nerves Cranial Fossae Created by bony ridges Supports, encircles brain 3 Fossae Anterior Middle Posterior Other small cavities in skull Middle Ear, Inner Ear Nasal Orbit pg 153 Skull through Life Ossifies late in 2nd month of development Frontal + Mandible start as 2 halves-then fuse Skull bones separated by unossified membranes = Fontanels Allow compression of skull during delivery Mostly replaced w/bone after 1st year Growth of Skull ½ adult size by age 9 months ¾ adult size by 2 years 100% adult size by 8-9 years Face enlarges between ages 6-13 years The Brain 4 Parts Cerebrum Diencephalon Brain Stem Pons Medulla Midbrain Cerebellum Gray matter surrounded by White matter pg 348 Meninges: 3 membranes around brain and spinal cord Made of Connective tissue Functions Cover, Protect CNS Enclose, protect blood vessels supplying CNS Contain CSF 3 Layers Dura Mater (external) Arachnoid Mater (middle) pg 375 Pia Mater (internal) Meninges (continued) Dura mater Strongest, -
Morphometric Analysis of Ventricular System of Human Brain - a Study by Dissection Method
Jemds.com Original Research Article Morphometric Analysis of Ventricular System of Human Brain - A Study by Dissection Method Prabahita Baruah1, Purujit Choudhury2, Pradipta Ray Choudhury3 1Department of Anatomy, Silchar Medical College and Hospital, Silchar, Assam, India. 2Department of Surgery, Gauhati Medical College and Hospital, Guwahati, Assam, India. 3Department of Anatomy, Silchar Medical College and Hospital, Silchar, Assam, India. ABSTRACT BACKGROUND It is often a challenge to determine if the brain ventricles are within normal limits Corresponding Author: or swollen with the age of the patient. With a standardized and comparable system, Dr. Purujit Choudhury, it is therefore necessary to define normal ventricular size ranges. Cadaveric Associate Professor, dissection is always considered the gold standard of anatomical education. Present Department of Surgery, Gauhati Medical College and Hospital, work is undertaken to study morphometric analysis of lateral, third & fourth Guwahati, Assam, India. ventricles by dissection method. Morphometric assessment of the ventricular E-mail: [email protected] system is helpful in the diagnosis as well as classification of hydrocephalus and in the evaluation and monitoring of ventricular system enlargement during DOI: 10.14260/jemds/2020/121 ventricular shunt therapy. Financial or Other Competing Interests: METHODS None. Different parameters of all parts of lateral ventricle, third and fourth ventricle were How to Cite This Article: measured with digital vernier caliper in cadaveric brain specimens. The brain Baruah P, Choudhury P, Choudhury PR. specimens were obtained from dead bodies subjected to post-mortem Morphometric analysis of ventricular examinations in the Department of Forensic Medicine and from the dead bodies system of human brain- a study by voluntarily donated to the Department of Anatomy, Silchar Medical College, Silchar. -
Brain Anatomy
BRAIN ANATOMY Adapted from Human Anatomy & Physiology by Marieb and Hoehn (9th ed.) The anatomy of the brain is often discussed in terms of either the embryonic scheme or the medical scheme. The embryonic scheme focuses on developmental pathways and names regions based on embryonic origins. The medical scheme focuses on the layout of the adult brain and names regions based on location and functionality. For this laboratory, we will consider the brain in terms of the medical scheme (Figure 1): Figure 1: General anatomy of the human brain Marieb & Hoehn (Human Anatomy and Physiology, 9th ed.) – Figure 12.2 CEREBRUM: Divided into two hemispheres, the cerebrum is the largest region of the human brain – the two hemispheres together account for ~ 85% of total brain mass. The cerebrum forms the superior part of the brain, covering and obscuring the diencephalon and brain stem similar to the way a mushroom cap covers the top of its stalk. Elevated ridges of tissue, called gyri (singular: gyrus), separated by shallow groves called sulci (singular: sulcus) mark nearly the entire surface of the cerebral hemispheres. Deeper groves, called fissures, separate large regions of the brain. Much of the cerebrum is involved in the processing of somatic sensory and motor information as well as all conscious thoughts and intellectual functions. The outer cortex of the cerebrum is composed of gray matter – billions of neuron cell bodies and unmyelinated axons arranged in six discrete layers. Although only 2 – 4 mm thick, this region accounts for ~ 40% of total brain mass. The inner region is composed of white matter – tracts of myelinated axons. -
Brain Ventricle Development in H. Huso (Beluga Sturgeon) Larvae
Brain ventricle development in H. huso (Beluga sturgeon) larvae S. H. Tavighi, Z. Saadatfar, B. Shojaei & M. Behnam Rassouli Anatomical Science International ISSN 1447-6959 Anat Sci Int DOI 10.1007/s12565-015-0307-9 1 23 Your article is protected by copyright and all rights are held exclusively by Japanese Association of Anatomists. This e-offprint is for personal use only and shall not be self- archived in electronic repositories. If you wish to self-archive your article, please use the accepted manuscript version for posting on your own website. You may further deposit the accepted manuscript version in any repository, provided it is only made publicly available 12 months after official publication or later and provided acknowledgement is given to the original source of publication and a link is inserted to the published article on Springer's website. The link must be accompanied by the following text: "The final publication is available at link.springer.com”. 1 23 Author's personal copy Anat Sci Int DOI 10.1007/s12565-015-0307-9 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Brain ventricle development in H. huso (Beluga sturgeon) larvae 1 1 2 3 S. H. Tavighi • Z. Saadatfar • B. Shojaei • M. Behnam Rassouli Received: 10 February 2015 / Accepted: 5 October 2015 Ó Japanese Association of Anatomists 2015 Abstract The development of ventricles in the brain of with age, extending laterally from 6 days old. The con- H. huso (Beluga sturgeon) from 1 to 54 days old is pre- nection of the cerebellar ventricle to the fourth ventricle in sented in this study. The components observed in the the medulla oblongata was visible from 6 days old.