GLP-1 Action in the Mouse Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis
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Resting State Connectivity of the Human Habenula at Ultra-High Field
Author’s Accepted Manuscript Resting State Connectivity of the Human Habenula at Ultra-High Field Salvatore Torrisi, Camilla L. Nord, Nicholas L. Balderston, Jonathan P. Roiser, Christian Grillon, Monique Ernst www.elsevier.com PII: S1053-8119(16)30587-0 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.10.034 Reference: YNIMG13531 To appear in: NeuroImage Received date: 26 August 2016 Accepted date: 20 October 2016 Cite this article as: Salvatore Torrisi, Camilla L. Nord, Nicholas L. Balderston, Jonathan P. Roiser, Christian Grillon and Monique Ernst, Resting State Connectivity of the Human Habenula at Ultra-High Field, NeuroImage, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.10.034 This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting galley proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. 1 Resting State Connectivity of the Human Habenula at Ultra-High Field Salvatore Torrisi1, Camilla L. Nord2, Nicholas L. Balderston1, Jonathan P. Roiser2, Christian Grillon1, Monique Ernst1 Affiliations 1 Section on the Neurobiology of Fear and Anxiety, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 2 Neuroscience and Cognitive Neuropsychiatry group, University of College, London, UK Abstract The habenula, a portion of the epithalamus, is implicated in the pathophysiology of depression, anxiety and addiction disorders. -
Lesions in the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis Disrupt
Neuroscience 128 (2004) 7–14 LESIONS IN THE BED NUCLEUS OF THE STRIA TERMINALIS DISRUPT CORTICOSTERONE AND FREEZING RESPONSES ELICITED BY A CONTEXTUAL BUT NOT BY A SPECIFIC CUE-CONDITIONED FEAR STIMULUS G. M. SULLIVAN,a* J. APERGIS,b D. E. A. BUSH,b Activation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) L. R. JOHNSON,b M. HOUb AND J. E. LEDOUXb axis, including release of glucocorticoids, is a central com- aDepartment of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians ponent of the adaptive response to real or anticipated and Surgeons, 1051 Riverside Drive, Unit #41, New York, NY 10032, aversive physical or psychological challenge. Surprisingly USA little is known about the neural circuits by which environ- bCenter for Neural Science, New York University, 4 Washington Place, mental stimuli come to elicit HPA responses. Fear condi- New York, NY 10003, USA tioning, a behavioral model of emotional stress, is poten- tially useful for exploring this issue since the neural path- Abstract —The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) is ways by which stimuli initiate fear behaviors and believed to be a critical relay between the central nucleus of associated autonomic responses have been characterized the amygdala (CE) and the paraventricular nucleus of the in detail (LeDoux, 2000; Davis and Whalen, 2001; Maren, hypothalamus in the control of hypothalamic–pituitary– 2001). adrenal (HPA) responses elicited by conditioned fear stimuli. Through fear conditioning an organism learns that a If correct, lesions of CE or BNST should block expression of simple sensory stimulus (a cue), or more complex environ- HPA responses elicited by either a specific conditioned fear mental representation (a context), predicts imminent ad- cue or a conditioned context. -
The Connexions of the Amygdala
J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry: first published as 10.1136/jnnp.28.2.137 on 1 April 1965. Downloaded from J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiat., 1965, 28, 137 The connexions of the amygdala W. M. COWAN, G. RAISMAN, AND T. P. S. POWELL From the Department of Human Anatomy, University of Oxford The amygdaloid nuclei have been the subject of con- to what is known of the efferent connexions of the siderable interest in recent years and have been amygdala. studied with a variety of experimental techniques (cf. Gloor, 1960). From the anatomical point of view MATERIAL AND METHODS attention has been paid mainly to the efferent connexions of these nuclei (Adey and Meyer, 1952; The brains of 26 rats in which a variety of stereotactic or Lammers and Lohman, 1957; Hall, 1960; Nauta, surgical lesions had been placed in the diencephalon and and it is now that there basal forebrain areas were used in this study. Following 1961), generally accepted survival periods of five to seven days the animals were are two main efferent pathways from the amygdala, perfused with 10 % formol-saline and after further the well-known stria terminalis and a more diffuse fixation the brains were either embedded in paraffin wax ventral pathway, a component of the longitudinal or sectioned on a freezing microtome. All the brains were association bundle of the amygdala. It has not cut in the coronal plane, and from each a regularly spaced generally been recognized, however, that in studying series was stained, the paraffin sections according to the Protected by copyright. the efferent connexions of the amygdala it is essential original Nauta and Gygax (1951) technique and the frozen first to exclude a contribution to these pathways sections with the conventional Nauta (1957) method. -
The File Cmfonts.Fdd for Use with Latex2ε
The file cmfonts.fdd for use with LATEX 2".∗ Frank Mittelbach Rainer Sch¨opf 2019/12/16 This file is maintained byA theLTEX Project team. Bug reports can be opened (category latex) at https://latex-project.org/bugs.html. 1 Introduction This file contains the external font information needed to load the Computer Modern fonts designed by Don Knuth and distributed with TEX. From this file all .fd files (font definition files) for the Computer Modern fonts, both with old encoding (OT1) and Cork encoding (T1) are generated. The Cork encoded fonts are known under the name ec fonts. 2 Customization If you plan to install the AMS font package or if you have it already installed, please note that within this package there are additional sizes of the Computer Modern symbol and math italic fonts. With the release of LATEX 2", these AMS `extracm' fonts have been included in the LATEX font set. Therefore, the math .fd files produced here assume the presence of these AMS extensions. For text fonts in T1 encoding, the directive new selects the new (version 1.2) DC fonts. For the text fonts in OT1 and U encoding, the optional docstrip directive ori selects a conservatively generated set of font definition files, which means that only the basic font sizes coming with an old LATEX 2.09 installation are included into the \DeclareFontShape commands. However, on many installations, people have added missing sizes by scaling up or down available Metafont sources. For example, the Computer Modern Roman italic font cmti is only available in the sizes 7, 8, 9, and 10pt. -
Functional Heterogeneity in the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis
8038 • The Journal of Neuroscience, August 3, 2016 • 36(31):8038–8049 Dual Perspectives Dual Perspectives Companion Paper: Contributions of the Central Extended Amygdala to Fear and Anxiety, by Alexander J. Shackman and Andrew S. Fox Functional Heterogeneity in the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis Nur Zeynep Gungor and Denis Pare´ Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers State University, Newark, New Jersey 07102 Early work stressed the differing involvement of the central amygdala (CeA) and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) in the genesis of fear versus anxiety, respectively. In 2009, Walker, Miles, and Davis proposed a model of amygdala-BNST interactions to explain these functional differences. This model became extremely influential and now guides a new wave of studies on the role of BNST in humans. Here, we consider evidence for and against this model, in the process highlighting central principles of BNST organization. This analysis leads us to conclude that BNST’s influence is not limited to the generation of anxiety-like responses to diffuse threats, but that it also shapes the impact of discrete threatening stimuli. It is likely that BNST-CeA interactions are involved in modulating responses to such threats. In addition, whereas current views emphasize the contributions of the anterolateral BNST region in anxiety, accumulating data indicate that the anteromedial and anteroventral regions also play a critical role. The presence of multiple functional subregions within the small volume of BNST raises significant technical obstacles for functional imaging studies in humans. Key words: amygdala; anxiety; BNST; fear Introduction et al., 2003; Xu et al., 2012), and alarm pheromones (Breitfeld In 2009, Walker et al. -
Latex2ε Font Selection
LATEX 2" font selection © Copyright 1995{2021, LATEX Project Team.∗ All rights reserved. March 2021 Contents 1 Introduction2 1.1 LATEX 2" fonts.............................2 1.2 Overview...............................2 1.3 Further information.........................3 2 Text fonts4 2.1 Text font attributes.........................4 2.2 Selection commands.........................7 2.3 Internals................................8 2.4 Parameters for author commands..................9 2.5 Special font declaration commands................. 10 3 Math fonts 11 3.1 Math font attributes......................... 11 3.2 Selection commands......................... 12 3.3 Declaring math versions....................... 13 3.4 Declaring math alphabets...................... 13 3.5 Declaring symbol fonts........................ 14 3.6 Declaring math symbols....................... 15 3.7 Declaring math sizes......................... 17 4 Font installation 17 4.1 Font definition files.......................... 17 4.2 Font definition file commands.................... 18 4.3 Font file loading information..................... 19 4.4 Size functions............................. 20 5 Encodings 21 5.1 The fontenc package......................... 21 5.2 Encoding definition file commands................. 22 5.3 Default definitions.......................... 25 5.4 Encoding defaults........................... 26 5.5 Case changing............................. 27 ∗Thanks to Arash Esbati for documenting the newer NFSS features of 2020 1 6 Miscellanea 27 6.1 Font substitution.......................... -
Baskerville Volume 9 Number 2
Baskerville The Annals of the UK TEX Users Group Guest Editor: Dominik Wujastyk Vol. 9 No. 2 ISSN 1354–5930 August 1999 Baskerville is set in Monotype Baskerville, with Computer Modern Typewriter for literal text. Editing, production and distribution are undertaken by members of the Committee. Contributions and correspondence should be sent to [email protected]. Editorial The Guest Editor of the last issue of Baskerville, James Foster, maintainer of this FAQ, many people have contributed to it, explained in that issue how members of the UK-TUG Com- as is explained in the introduction below. mittee have assumed editorial responsibility for the prepara- The TEX FAQ has been published in Baskerville twice be- tion and formatting of individual numbers of the newsletter. fore, in 1994 and 1995. These are the issues of Baskerville Like James, I am deeply grateful for, and awed by, the amount which I have most often lent or recommended to other TEX of work and expertise which Sebastian Rahtz has put into users. In fact, I currently do not have the 1995 FAQ issue past issues of Baskerville. Thanks, Sebastian! because I gave it away to someone who needed it as a mat- James also mentioned the hard work which Robin ter of urgency! I am confident that this newly updated TEX Fairbairns has done over the years in producing and distrib- FAQ, now expanded to cover 126 questions, will be every bit uting Baskerville. Although Robin is now liberated from these as popular and useful as its predecessors, and will save TEX particular tasks, he is still heavily involved in supporting the users many hours of valuable time. -
Cork' Math Font Encoding?
Introduction Text font encodings Math font encodings OpenType math Summary Do we need a ‘Cork’ math font encoding? Dr. Ulrik Vieth Stuttgart, Germany TUG 2008, Cork, Ireland Introduction Text font encodings Math font encodings OpenType math Summary What’s in this talk? • Some history of font encodings • Some review of recent developments • Some discussion of future plans • Font encodings (Unicode) • Font technology (OpenType) • New math fonts for new TEX engines Introduction Text font encodings Math font encodings OpenType math Summary Situation at Cork 1990 • TEX was undergoing major transition phase in 1989–90 • TEX version 3.0 just released in early 1990 • Support for multiple languages added • Support for 8-bit font encodings added • European TEX users groups founded in 1989–90 • European users strongly interested in new features • Better hyphenation of accented languages • Better font support of accented languages • European users started to work on fonts and encodings • European users agreed font encoding for 8-bit fonts ⇒ ‘Cork’ encoding, named after conference site Introduction Text font encodings Math font encodings OpenType math Summary Benefits of the ‘Cork’ encoding • Success of the ‘Cork’ encoding • provided model for further 8-bit text font encoding • provided support for many/most European languages • started further developments in font encodings • Some design decisions done right • provided complete 7-bit ASCII subset (no exceptions) • consistent encoding for all font shapes (no variations) • consistent organization of uppercase/lowercase codes • no inter-dependencies between text and math fonts Introduction Text font encodings Math font encodings OpenType math Summary Shortcomings of the ‘Cork’ encoding • Some design shortcomings and their consequences • did not follow any standards (e.g. -
White Matter Tracts - Brain A143 (1)
WHITE MATTER TRACTS - BRAIN A143 (1) White Matter Tracts Last updated: August 8, 2020 CORTICOSPINAL TRACT .......................................................................................................................... 1 ANATOMY .............................................................................................................................................. 1 FUNCTION ............................................................................................................................................. 1 UNCINATE FASCICULUS ........................................................................................................................... 1 ANATOMY .............................................................................................................................................. 1 DTI PROTOCOL ...................................................................................................................................... 4 FUNCTION .............................................................................................................................................. 4 DEVELOPMENT ....................................................................................................................................... 4 CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE ........................................................................................................................ 4 ARTICLES .............................................................................................................................................. -
Basic Organization of Projections from the Oval and Fusiform Nuclei of the Bed Nuclei of the Stria Terminalis in Adult Rat Brain
THE JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE NEUROLOGY 436:430–455 (2001) Basic Organization of Projections From the Oval and Fusiform Nuclei of the Bed Nuclei of the Stria Terminalis in Adult Rat Brain HONG-WEI DONG,1,2 GORICA D. PETROVICH,3 ALAN G. WATTS,1 AND LARRY W. SWANSON1* 1Neuroscience Program and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-2520 2Institute of Neuroscience, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shannxi 710032, China 3Department of Psychology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218 ABSTRACT The organization of axonal projections from the oval and fusiform nuclei of the bed nuclei of the stria terminalis (BST) was characterized with the Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin (PHAL) anterograde tracing method in adult male rats. Within the BST, the oval nucleus (BSTov) projects very densely to the fusiform nucleus (BSTfu) and also innervates the caudal anterolateral area, anterodorsal area, rhomboid nucleus, and subcommissural zone. Outside the BST, its heaviest inputs are to the caudal substantia innominata and adjacent central amygdalar nucleus, retrorubral area, and lateral parabrachial nucleus. It generates moderate inputs to the caudal nucleus accumbens, parasubthalamic nucleus, and medial and ventrolateral divisions of the periaqueductal gray, and it sends a light input to the anterior parvicellular part of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus and nucleus of the solitary tract. The BSTfu displays a much more complex projection pattern. Within the BST, it densely innervates the anterodorsal area, dorsomedial nucleus, and caudal anterolateral area, and it moderately innervates the BSTov, subcommissural zone, and rhomboid nucleus. Outside the BST, the BSTfu provides dense inputs to the nucleus accumbens, caudal substantia innominata and central amygdalar nucleus, thalamic paraventricular nucleus, hypothalamic paraventricular and periventricular nuclei, hypothalamic dorsomedial nucleus, perifornical lateral hypothalamic area, and lateral tegmental nucleus. -
Memory Loss from a Subcortical White Matter Infarct
J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry: first published as 10.1136/jnnp.51.6.866 on 1 June 1988. Downloaded from Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 1988;51:866-869 Short report Memory loss from a subcortical white matter infarct CAROL A KOOISTRA, KENNETH M HEILMAN From the Department ofNeurology, College ofMedicine, University ofFlorida, and the Research Service, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Gainesville, FL, USA SUMMARY Clinical disorders of memory are believed to occur from the dysfunction of either the mesial temporal lobe, the mesial thalamus, or the basal forebrain. Fibre tract damage at the level of the fornix has only inconsistently produced amnesia. A patient is reported who suffered a cerebro- vascular accident involving the posterior limb of the left internal capsule that resulted in a persistent and severe disorder of verbal memory. The inferior extent of the lesion effectively disconnected the mesial thalamus from the amygdala and the frontal cortex by disrupting the ventral amygdalofugal and thalamic-frontal pathways as they course through the diencephalon. This case demonstrates that an isolated lesion may cause memory loss without involvement of traditional structures associated with memory and may explain memory disturbances in other white matter disease such as multiple sclerosis and lacunar state. Protected by copyright. Memory loss is currently believed to reflect grey day of his illness the patient was transferred to Shands matter damage of either the mesial temporal lobe,' -4 Teaching Hospital at the University of Florida for further the mesial or the basal forebrain.'0 l evaluation. thalamus,5-9 Examination at that time showed the patient to be awake, Cerebrovascular accidents resulting in memory dys- alert, attentive and fully oriented. -
TEX Support for the Fontsite 500 Cd 30 May 2003 · Version 1.1
TEX support for the FontSite 500 cd 30 May 2003 · Version 1.1 Christopher League Here is how much of TeX’s memory you used: 3474 strings out of 12477 34936 string characters out of 89681 55201 words of memory out of 263001 3098 multiletter control sequences out of 10000+0 1137577 words of font info for 1647 fonts, out of 2000000 for 2000 Copyright © 2002 Christopher League [email protected] Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved on all copies. The FontSite and The FontSite 500 cd are trademarks of Title Wave Studios, 3841 Fourth Avenue, Suite 126, San Diego, ca 92103. i Table of Contents 1 Copying ........................................ 1 2 Announcing .................................... 2 User-visible changes ..................................... 3 3 Installing....................................... 5 3.1 Find a suitable texmf tree............................. 5 3.2 Copy files into the tree .............................. 5 3.3 Tell drivers how to use the fonts ...................... 6 3.4 Test your installation ................................ 7 3.5 Other applications .................................. 8 3.6 Notes for Windows users ............................ 9 3.7 Notes for Mac users................................. 9 4 Using ......................................... 10 4.1 With TeX ........................................ 10 4.2 Accessing expert sets ............................... 11 4.3 Using CombiNumerals ............................