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Izembek National Wildlife Refuge Land Exchange/Road Corridor Final Environmental Impact Statement

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Izembek National Wildlife Refuge Land Exchange/Road Corridor Final Environmental Impact Statement DES 12 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Izembek National Wildlife Refuge Land Exchange/Road Corridor Final Environmental Impact Statement Chapter 3.3 Affected Environment: Social Environment U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Mission Statement The Mission of the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service is working with others to conserve, protect and enhance fish, wildlife, plants and their habitats for the continuing benefit of the American people. Refuge System Mission Statement The Mission of the National Wildlife Refuge System is to administer a national network of lands and waters for the conservation, management, and where appropriate, restoration of the fish, wildlife, and plant resources and their habitats within the United States for the benefit of present and future generations of Americans. ––National Wildlife Refuge System Improvement Act of 1997 On the Cover: Izembek National Wildlife Refuge, 2007 Photo from the NCTC Image Library CHAPTER 3 AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS 3.0 AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT .................................................................... 3-188 3.3 Social Environment ............................................................................................. 3-188 3.3.1 Land Ownership and Management ......................................................... 3-188 3.3.1.1 Land Ownership ....................................................................... 3-188 3.3.1.2 Land Management ................................................................... 3-194 3.3.2 Socioeconomics ...................................................................................... 3-208 3.3.2.1 Population and Demographics ................................................. 3-208 3.3.2.2 Wage and Salary Employment................................................. 3-226 3.3.2.3 Fish Harvesting and Processing in Directly Affected Communities ............................................................................ 3-237 3.3.2.4 Fiscal Conditions of Local Governments ................................ 3-250 3.3.2.5 Cost of Living in King Cove and Cold Bay ............................. 3-254 3.3.3 Transportation ......................................................................................... 3-258 3.3.3.1 Transportation Facilities .......................................................... 3-260 3.3.3.2 Traffic ...................................................................................... 3-275 3.3.4 Public Health and Safety ......................................................................... 3-279 3.3.4.1 Current Environment (Baseline Conditions) and Indicators for Public Health ...................................................................... 3-280 3.3.4.2 Current Environment (Baseline Conditions) and Indicators for Public Safety ...................................................................... 3-288 3.3.5 Environmental Justice ............................................................................. 3-297 3.3.5.1 Affected Populations ................................................................ 3-297 3.3.5.2 Ethnicity and Race ................................................................... 3-297 3.3.5.3 Income Distribution and Poverty Status .................................. 3-298 3.3.5.4 Summary .................................................................................. 3-300 3.3.6 Public Use ............................................................................................... 3-301 3.3.6.1 Federal Lands ........................................................................... 3-301 3.3.6.2 Lands with Overlapping State and Federal Regulations .......... 3-305 3.3.6.3 State Lands ............................................................................... 3-306 3.3.6.4 King Cove Corporation Lands ................................................. 3-308 3.3.6.5 King Cove Corporation Selected Lands .................................. 3-308 3.3.7 Subsistence .............................................................................................. 3-309 3.3.7.1 Definitions of Subsistence ....................................................... 3-309 IZEMBEK NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE 3-i LAND EXCHANGE/ROAD CORRIDOR EIS CHAPTER 3 AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT TABLE OF CONTENTS 3.3.7.2 Subsistence Harvest Patterns by Community .......................... 3-312 3.3.7.3 Subsistence Access and All-Terrain Vehicle Use .................... 3-332 3.3.8 Cultural Resources .................................................................................. 3-334 3.3.8.1 Regulatory Guidance ............................................................... 3-334 3.3.8.2 Cultural Overview of the Lower Alaska Peninsula ................. 3-334 3.3.8.3 Cultural Overview of Sitkinak Island ...................................... 3-338 3.3.8.4 Overview of Potential and Known Cultural Resources within the Proposed Land Exchange ....................................... 3-339 3.3.9 Visual Resources ..................................................................................... 3-345 3.3.9.1 Regulatory Environment .......................................................... 3-345 3.3.9.2 Landscape Setting .................................................................... 3-345 3.3.10 Wilderness............................................................................................... 3-355 3.3.10.1 Wilderness Character and Values ............................................ 3-357 3.3.10.2 Izembek National Wildlife Refuge Wilderness ....................... 3-360 3.3.10.3 Alaska Peninsula National Wildlife Refuge ............................ 3-363 3.3.10.4 Wilderness Character and Values of Other Parcels Proposed for Exchange ............................................................ 3-363 LIST OF TABLES Table 3.3-1 Changes in Population by Decade, 1980-2010 .................................................... 3-211 Table 3.3-2 Directly Affected Communities Populations, 1940-2011 ................................... 3-212 Table 3.3-3 Population by Housing Type in the City of King Cove, 1990- 2010 .................. 3-213 Table 3.3-4 Characteristics of Standard Housing Units in the City of King Cove, 1990 - 2010............................................................................................................... 3-213 Table 3.3-5 Group Quarters in the City of Cold Bay, 1990 - 2000 ........................................ 3-214 Table 3.3-6 Characteristics of Standard Housing Units in the City of Cold Bay, 1990 - 2010............................................................................................................... 3-214 Table 3.3-7 Racial/Ethnic Composition of Population in the City of King Cove, 1990 - 2010............................................................................................................... 3-215 Table 3.3-8 Racial Composition of the City of King Cove by Housing Type, 2010 ............. 3-216 Table 3.3-9 Racial/Ethnic Composition of Population in the City of Cold Bay, 1990 – 20103-218 Table 3.3-10 Racial Composition of the City of Cold Bay by Housing Type, 2010 .............. 3-219 Table 3.3-11 Gender Composition of the Population in the Study Area, 1990-2010 ............ 3-221 IZEMBEK NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE 3-ii LAND EXCHANGE/ROAD CORRIDOR EIS CHAPTER 3 AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT TABLE OF CONTENTS Table 3.3-12 Comparison of Gender Composition in Group Quarters and Standard Housing Units in King Cove and Cold Bay, 2010 ........................................ 3-221 Table 3.3-13 Comparison of Age Composition in Group Quarters and Standard Housing Units in the Cities of King Cove and Cold Bay, 2010 .................................. 3-222 Table 3.3-14 School Enrollment Characteristics by Grade, 2010 .......................................... 3-225 Table 3.3-15 School Enrollment Characteristics, 2010 .......................................................... 3-225 Table 3.3-16 Educational Attainment, 2010 ........................................................................... 3-226 Table 3.3-17 Wage and Salary Employment and Wages by Place of Work in Aleutians East Borough, 2000-2010 ............................................................................. 3-227 Table 3.3-18 Wage and Salary Employment by Industry in Aleutians East Borough, 2000- 2010............................................................................................................... 3-228 Table 3.3-19 Resident Wage and Salary Employment in the Aleutians East Borough, 2000-2010 ..................................................................................................... 3-229 Table 3.3-20 Aleutians East Borough Resident Claimants of Unemployment Insurance, 2002-2010 ..................................................................................................... 3-230 Table 3.3-21 Resident Non-Federal Wage and Salary Employment in the City of King Cove, 2000-2010 ........................................................................................... 3-231 Table 3.3-22 City of King Cove Resident Claimants of Unemployment Insurance, 2002- 2010............................................................................................................... 3-233 Table 3.3-23 Resident Non-Federal Wage and Salary Employment in the City of Cold Bay, 2000-2010 ............................................................................................. 3-234 Table 3.3-23a City of Cold Bay Resident Claimants of Unemployment Insurance, 2002-
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