Masarykova Univerzita Filozofická Fakulta Lucie Krausová Vedoucí

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Masarykova Univerzita Filozofická Fakulta Lucie Krausová Vedoucí Masarykova univerzita Filozofická fakulta Ústav hudební vědy Hudební věda Lucie Krausová EMERSON, LAKE & PALMER A JEJICH ADAPTACE ARTIFICIÁLNÍ HUDBY Bakalářská diplomová práce Vedoucí práce: PhDr. Martin Flašar, Ph.D. Brno 2019 Prohlášení Prohlašuji, že jsem bakalářskou diplomovou práci vypracovala samostatně s využitím uvedených pramenů a literatury. V Brně dne .................................. .............................................. Lucie Krausová Poděkování Ráda bych zde poděkovala svému vedoucímu práce PhDr. Martinu Flašarovi, Ph.D., za jeho cenné rady, vstřícný přístup a podporu. Dále bych ráda poděkovala Mgr. Lence Vokurkové, Přemyslu Forstovi a Mgr. Ladislavě Zezulákové za jejich vstřícnost a ochotu při mém bádání a také svým nejbližším a rodině za jejich podporu. Anotace Bakalářská práce se zabývá aktivitami hudebního uskupení Emerson, Lake & Palmer – rockového tria, které se v 70. letech 20. století věnovalo mimo jiné zpracování motivů klasické hudby ve vlastních skladbách. Cílem práce je dokumentovat, jakým způsobem hudební skupina nakládá s jednotlivými motivy artificiálních kompozic i přejatými skladbami jako celky. Práce se zaobírá tím, jakým způsobem využívají autoři originální předlohy a jak s nimi dále pracují. Komparativní analýzou určí rozdíly mezi úpravami a původním notovým zápisem skladeb. Předmětem komparace jsou díla, jejichž původními autory jsou Johann Sebastian Bach, Béla Bartók a Leoš Janáček. Klíčová slova: artificiální hudba, progresivní rock, superskupina, adaptace, písňová forma Abstract The bachelor thesis deals with the activities of the music group Emerson, Lake & Palmer - a rock trio, which in the 70s of the 20th century, among other things, processed the themes of classical music in their own compositions. The aim of this work is to document how the music group handles individual motifs of artificial compositions and adopted compositions as a whole. The thesis deals with the way the authors use the originals and how they work with them. By comparative analysis it determines the differences between adjustments and the original score. The subject of the comparison are the works by Johann Sebastian Bach, Béla Bartók and Leoš Janáček. Keywords: artificial music, progressive rock, supergroup, adaptation, song form Obsah Úvod ................................................................................................................................. 6 1 Přehled používaných pojmů ................................................................................... 7 1.1 Art rock .............................................................................................................. 7 1.2 Progresivní rock ................................................................................................. 7 2 Wendy Carlos – spojení artificiální hudby a syntetizátoru ................................. 9 3 Emerson, Lake & Palmer...................................................................................... 12 3.1 Představení skupiny ......................................................................................... 12 3.2 Keith Emerson .................................................................................................. 14 3.3 Greg Lake ......................................................................................................... 17 3.4 Carl Palmer ....................................................................................................... 20 4 Adaptované skladby a jejich autoři ..................................................................... 24 4.1 Allegro barbaro – skladba Bély Bártóka ......................................................... 24 4.2 Sinfonietta – skladba Leoše Janáčka ................................................................ 25 4.3 Francouzská suita – skladba Johanna Sebastiana Bacha ................................. 27 5 Analýza adaptovaných skladeb ............................................................................ 29 5.1 Obecný popis adaptovaných skladeb ............................................................... 29 5.2 The Barbarian ................................................................................................... 30 5.3 Knife Edge ....................................................................................................... 34 Závěr .............................................................................................................................. 43 Seznam příkladů ........................................................................................................... 45 Seznam pramenů a literatury ...................................................................................... 46 Úvod Hudební uskupení Emerson, Lake & Palmer – rockové trio se v 70. letech 20. století věnovalo mimo jiné zpracování motivů klasické hudby ve vlastních skladbách. Ve své práci chci tuto ostrovní hudební skupinu představit. Jejím prostřednictvím zdokumentuji životní příběhy protagonistů uskupení s ohledem na souvislost s vymezeným tématem. Budu hledat vlivy a okolnosti, které přivedly tyto hudebníky ke zpracování motivů vážné hudby ve svých autorských, nebo i adaptovaných skladbách. V návaznosti na úvodní odstavec ve své práci představím i klasiky Johanna Sebastiana Bacha, Bélu Bartóka a Leoše Janáčka. Tito skladatelé budou zásadní, zejména pokud se jedná o použití klasického díla, neboť předmětem komparace budou právě jejich konkrétní skladby. Je tedy zapotřebí představit nejen období, z něhož jednotlivé kusy pocházejí, ale také samotné autory a zejména konkrétní opusy, které ve své produkci rockové trio použilo. Teoretickému srovnávání díla klasického kusu s „modernizovaným“ dílem tria Emerson, Lake a Palmer se budu věnovat ve třetí kapitole. Zdokumentuji, jakým způsobem hudební skupina nakládá s jednotlivými motivy i přejatými skladbami jako celky. Budu se zaobírat skutečností, jakým způsobem hudebníci využívají originální předlohy, a jak je mění. Budu hledat, co společného, a naopak rozdílného lze pozorovat při poslechu produkce tria Emerson, Lake & Palmer ve srovnání s původním zvukovým a notovým záznamem skladeb. Přímo to dokladuji notovými záznamy. 6 1 Přehled používaných pojmů 1.1 Art rock Art rock je hudební směr. Nelze jej jednoznačně určit a definovat. V překladu jde o umění v rockové hudbě. Z toho lze usuzovat, že její autoři a interpreti aspirují na vyšší uměleckou kvalitu. Vyšší ve smyslu nadčasovosti skladby, ve smyslu instrumentálního zvládnutí interpretace. Častá je instrumentální avantgarda, založená na netradiční orchestraci a někdy rovněž na použití netradičních hudebních nástrojů. Jeho základní stavební jednotkou již nejsou písně, nýbrž podstatně rozsáhlejší kompozice. Ty jsou do detailu propracované, rozpisy aranžmá bývají určené symfonickému tělesu, časté jsou změny rytmu, tempa či metra. Typické jsou i několikaminutové pasáže, vyčleněné pro sólová představení klávesových nástrojů nebo kytar. Významné je i využití elektronické hudby. Novátorský je přístup ke kombinaci akustických a elektronických nástrojů, využití mellotronu, moogu a dalších syntezátorů. Art rock vychází z klasické hudby a uznává základní charakteristiku hudby klasického rocku, hlavně pak jeho rytmiku. Klasický rock považuje za svůj principiální základ. Art rocková hudba se nezřídka prolíná těmito směry: klasická hudba, rocková hudba, free jazz, folk či lidová píseň, ale také řadou dalších. V počátcích byl pojem art rock synonymem pro progresivní rock. Později, v devadesátých letech dvacátého století, byl symbolem pro oddělení progresivního rocku od mainstreamové hudby. V současnosti tento hudební směr zastřešuje všechny hudební žánry, které nějakým způsobem reflektují výše uvedené charakteristiky. Mezi představitele art rocku můžeme zařadit i ELP. 1 1.2 Progresivní rock Progres rock, jak se progresivnímu rocku zkráceně říká, je specifický styl rockové hudby. Vznikl v šedesátých letech dvacátého století. Tento hudební směr se zasadil o povýšení rockové hudby na vyšší uměleckou úroveň. Skladby progresivního rocku jsou často velmi komplikované, rafinované a samozřejmě detailně propracované. Stejně jako art rockové skladby je i progresivní rock o obsáhlých hudebních plochách, nad rámec jednoduché 1 HRABALIK, Petr. Art a progressive rock a jeho hudební vlastnosti. Ceskatelevize.cz [online]. ©2019 [cit. 2019-09-15]. Dostupné z: <http://www.ceskatelevize.cz/specialy/bigbit/clanky/58-art-a-progressive- rock-a-jeho-hudebni-vlastnosti/> 7 písňové formy. Často mají sonátové či suitové schéma, mívají intra (vstupy) a cody (dohry). I tady se často střídají rytmická a harmonická schémata jako u art rocku. Instrumentální provedení na studiové nahrávky, stejně jako živá prezentace posluchačům jsou zpravidla důkladná a virtuózní. Umělci věnující se tomuto hudebnímu odvětví mívají klasické hudební vzdělání. Skladby často obsahují náboženský či jinak filozofický podtext nebo koncepci. S progresivním rockem se také pojí představa superskupiny. Superskupina je potom „společenstvo“ vybraných umělců, kteří jsou výraznými hudebními individualitami. Superskupina vzniká buď vývojem a personálními změnami v různých hudebních tělesech, nebo zcela záměrným výběrem a cíleným vytvořením nového uskupení konkrétních hudebních osobností. Takovou skupinou je v mé práci sledovaná ELP. ELP jsou součástí tzv. Velké šestky (Jethro Tull, King Crimson, Pink Floyd, Yes a Genesis).2 2 Progressive rock. Progarchives.com [online]. ©2019 [cit. 2019-09-06]. Dostupné z: <http://www.progarchives.com/Progressive-rock.asp>
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