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6 the Inner-City Historical Residential Area of Budapest – the Study Area of Research

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6 the Inner-City Historical Residential Area of Budapest – the Study Area of Research 6 The inner-city historical residential area of Budapest – the study area of research Chapter 6 deals with the very study area of the book, the historical residential area of Budapest. Besides the historical development of the area, we also analyse the present spatial and social characteristics highlighting the differences among the urban planning units and derive the causes of anomalies from the historical path of development as well as the actual work of the mechanisms. We treat the rehabilitation attempts initiated and carried out by various actors in both the socialist and the post-socialist eras. This chapter is intended to be an introduction to Chapter 7 on the very Pest-side districts and neighbourhoods most affected by the recent upgrading process. As hinted in the previous chapter, it is complicated to draw the border of the inner-city historical residential zone precisely. It stretches over the Danube and can be found on both sides of the river, however on the Buda side the area is restricted to the banks of the river and the thoroughfares on the floodplain. On the Pest side, a regular arrangement of boulevards and side streets are found which were facilitated by the flatness of the land, the regular layout being the testimony to the modern capitalist vision of a city, with tough regulations and planning. 6.1 Historical path dependency in the inner-city residential zone What we call the historical residential zone is the product of the era up to World War . By the early 8th century Pest, on the left side of the Danube had outgrown the city walls (now the line of Little Boulevard) which had become an obstacle to development and the related spatial expansion. Even before the inhabitants of the city had started to occupy more and more land arbitrarily in the area which had been used as pasture and cultivated for the food supply of the city. Besides land cultivation they also started to build manor houses. The land occupation was going with no control. It was only in 77 when registration of the plot limits took an official form. By the middle of the 8th century the contemporary suburbs had grown so large that the local authorities, to be able to keep the area under control, decided to divide the outskirts into two parts: Lower and Upper Suburbs. For some historically unclear reasons – but most probably after Empress Maria Teresa – the Upper part, more or less meaning the present 6th and 7th district was named Terézváros (Teresa town) (Bán and Maraffai, 997). The land in agricultural use was gradually occupied by buildings and the building sites followed the layout of the plots and so became extremely dense. This spontaneous urban development was going on for more than a century and when the first regulation plan was born, the area was fully built up. 69 The city was already booming economically and also regarding its population. The capitalist modernisation finally reached the country and the new capital city was becoming the competitor of Vienna. In the 860s, the country was in a great shock of a lost revolution (848-49) and was in a tension-laden, fully dependent relationship with Austria in a still half-feudal state. The contemporary influential middle-of-the-road politicians in the early 860s identified the conditions of economic and social revitalisation and named – among others – the development of one European metropolis as the key to revival. The to-does were also seen which were the political compromise (867) with the Austrian Empire and joining the European economic circulation, the reinforcement of the administrative background as the foundation of systematic city planning and construction, and a booming economy that was expected to place the capital and the country on the track of rapid development (Csapó and Karner, 999). One thing was for certain: Budapest was the key to catching up with the advanced capitalist states. The answers were: • After the Compromise of Hungary and Austria in 867, the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy was born and this created the political background for rapid development. Hungary regained its sovereignty and was in need of a capital for country of 20 million people (historical Hungary). • The administrative condition of the realisation of a capital was fulfilled by the establishment of the Metropolitan Board of Public Works (1870), whose task was determined with a unified capital in mind. The three settlements (Pest, Buda and Óbuda) were unified and named Budapest in 873. The contemporary zoning plans onwards were prepared in the spirit of creating a new European metropolis. • New legislation adopted under the new stable political conditions, removed all obstacles to capitalist development. The new legislation regulating industry and commerce (872) was made in the spirit of liberalism and gave free rein to the capital (Csapó and Karner, 999). The 880s saw an impressive development in all fields of the economy. The accumulated commercial capital flowed into estate speculations and the development of industry. The population of Pest, Buda and Óbuda had hardly exceeded one hundred thousand (06 900) in 840. The annual increase of the population was .9% until 85. In 869 the population was 270 476. The annual increase by then was 3.7%. At this time the number of buildings was 935 with altogether 52 583 residential units (Faragó, 998). Due to the industrial growth, the population of the capital was increasing rapidly. By 900 5% of the total national population was concentrated in the city. Typical of the growth between 890 and 900, the increase was 22.5 thousands per year (Beluszky, 999). The labour force attracted by the growing industry was coming from all parts of the country speaking all kinds of languages and needed to be placed somewhere. At the same time a strong need for higher standard residential buildings also arose on the part of the new capitalist elite and the old feudal aristocracy. Meeting the demands of this increasing number of people could not go unregulated and by the time the swelling of the population became critical the regulatory plan for the Pest side prepared by the Metropolitan Board of Public Works was already at hand (Csapó and Karner, 70 999). This was extremely important in the physical growth of the city as it determined the structure and the road network of the city that we see now. The two major achievements of the plan were the Andrássy Boulevard and the crescent shaped Grand Boulevard now two major attractions and traffic arteries of the historical residential area. Andrássy Bld. is more like an exclusive shopping mall, a tourist attraction with a function as a radial traffic artery while the Grand Boulevard has a great importance especially in managing the flow of traffic via the city. The proposed structure of the city definitely resembles of that of Vienna (the Ring). After a little “detour” due to the economic recession in 873, the 2.32 km long Andrássy street was developed by the Board of Public Works and most of the representative palaces were complete by 880 (the architecturally so characteristic Opera House was completed and opened in 884). The Grand Boulevard (the backbone of the historical residential area under scrutiny) was originally proposed to be a canal of the Danube (Lukács, 996). The idea was discarded in the 860s and the new aim was to create an axis, to attract concentrated development instead of scattered patches of developed areas. Its completion took more than 30 years from 872 to 906 (Csapó and Karner, 999). First the boulevard was expected to evolve organically by estate development, but in spite of the allowances such as 30 years of tax-free operation offered, the strategy failed. Later the infrastructure (sewer, water, street lighting, pavement etc.) was prepared beforehand and understandably the intensity of construction got an impetus (Official Report, 884). Typical for the long-term thinking of the planners, the sewer running under the Grand Boulevard still has spare capacity! By building these two major – and many other significant and secondary – arteries the frame of the texture of the area was fixed. The physical features of land determined to a great extent the spatial expansion. While on the Buda side due to the intense relief the growth was multi-focal, the plains of Pest conditioned a mono-focal growth. It meant a concentric spatial pattern as no relief posed an obstacle to the spread of the city (Izsák, 2003). The economic prosperity between 874 and 890 generated a construction fever. The number of buildings almost doubled in 25 years between 869 and 894 (Lukács, 996). The number of buildings grew by 7000 from 870 to 900 (Novotnyné, 995). In the 880s, 0- thousand residential units were constructed annually (Beluszky, 999). The turning point was 899 when the pace gradually slowed. The increase in the number of residential buildings was due to the intensive city-bound migration but it was only fast enough not to let the housing situation get worse. With doubling the housing stock the dweller per unit ratio hardly improved in the same period (5.0 dweller/unit in 870 4.8 in 900). Regarding absolute growth most of the increase was realized in the category of the one-roomed flats but in relative terms the increase in the 2-3 and more-roomed units was considerably bigger, which means a clear improvement (Novotnyné, 995). At the end of the most intensive period of city growth still more than half of the population lived in one-roomed units, with 4 or more people. Typically of the social polarization, the two-roomed flats were occupied by 2.6 people on average while the larger ones by less than 2 dwellers.
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