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Selected Works of Chokan Valikhanov Selected Works of Chokan Valikhanov
SELECTED WORKS OF CHOKAN VALIKHANOV CHOKAN OF WORKS SELECTED SELECTED WORKS OF CHOKAN VALIKHANOV Pioneering Ethnographer and Historian of the Great Steppe When Chokan Valikhanov died of tuberculosis in 1865, aged only 29, the Russian academician Nikolai Veselovsky described his short life as ‘a meteor flashing across the field of oriental studies’. Set against his remarkable output of official reports, articles and research into the history, culture and ethnology of Central Asia, and more important, his Kazakh people, it remains an entirely appropriate accolade. Born in 1835 into a wealthy and powerful Kazakh clan, he was one of the first ‘people of the steppe’ to receive a Russian education and military training. Soon after graduating from Siberian Cadet Corps at Omsk, he was taking part in reconnaissance missions deep into regions of Central Asia that had seldom been visited by outsiders. His famous mission to Kashgar in Chinese Turkestan, which began in June 1858 and lasted for more than a year, saw him in disguise as a Tashkent mer- chant, risking his life to gather vital information not just on current events, but also on the ethnic make-up, geography, flora and fauna of this unknown region. Journeys to Kuldzha, to Issyk-Kol and to other remote and unmapped places quickly established his reputation, even though he al- ways remained inorodets – an outsider to the Russian establishment. Nonetheless, he was elected to membership of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society and spent time in St Petersburg, where he was given a private audience by the Tsar. Wherever he went he made his mark, striking up strong and lasting friendships with the likes of the great Russian explorer and geographer Pyotr Petrovich Semyonov-Tian-Shansky and the writer Fyodor Dostoyevsky. -
UYGHUR STUDIES in CENTRAL ASIA: a Historical Review
UYGHUR STUDIES IN CENTRAL ASIA 3 ABLET KAMALOV UYGHUR STUDIES IN CENTRAL ASIA: A Historical Review INTRODUCTION The Uyghurs, a Turkic people comprising a major part of the population of the Xinjiang-Uyghur Autonomous Region (XUAR), China, also have sizable communities in the former Soviet Central Asian Republics, espe- cially in Kazakhstan, where they numbered 220,000 in 1999 (altogether the Uyghur population in the newly independent states numbers more than 300,000). The Central Asian Uyghur community played a signifi- cant role in the Uyghur nation-building process as well as in Soviet- Chinese relations during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The Soviet authorities used the Uyghurs as a tool in their policy toward Xinjiang (Eastern Turkistan) and for that purpose provided special sup- port for the development of Uyghur culture in Central Asia. A significant part of that policy was the development of Uyghur studies in Central Asia, particularly in Kazakhstan, which became a cultural center for the Soviet Uyghurs. Uyghur studies covers mostly the research done in the sphere of language, literature, history, and culture (art, music, etc). This article will examine the history of Uyghur studies in Soviet Central Asia and outline its trends. 4 KAMALOV THE MAIN STAGES The Initial Stage (1920–1945) The earliest research on Uyghurs conducted in Central Asia exhibited mostly a practical character. The purpose was to pursue specific goals of Soviet national policy aimed at the creation of new socialist “nations” in the region. The Uyghurs, along with other peoples, were recognized by the Soviet state as a “nation” during the period of national delimitation and demarcation in Central Asia during the early 1920s, just after the establishment of Bolshevik power. -
Zhanat Kundakbayeva the HISTORY of KAZAKHSTAN FROM
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN THE AL-FARABI KAZAKH NATIONAL UNIVERSITY Zhanat Kundakbayeva THE HISTORY OF KAZAKHSTAN FROM EARLIEST PERIOD TO PRESENT TIME VOLUME I FROM EARLIEST PERIOD TO 1991 Almaty "Кazakh University" 2016 ББК 63.2 (3) К 88 Recommended for publication by Academic Council of the al-Faraby Kazakh National University’s History, Ethnology and Archeology Faculty and the decision of the Editorial-Publishing Council R e v i e w e r s: doctor of historical sciences, professor G.Habizhanova, doctor of historical sciences, B. Zhanguttin, doctor of historical sciences, professor K. Alimgazinov Kundakbayeva Zh. K 88 The History of Kazakhstan from the Earliest Period to Present time. Volume I: from Earliest period to 1991. Textbook. – Almaty: "Кazakh University", 2016. - &&&& p. ISBN 978-601-247-347-6 In first volume of the History of Kazakhstan for the students of non-historical specialties has been provided extensive materials on the history of present-day territory of Kazakhstan from the earliest period to 1991. Here found their reflection both recent developments on Kazakhstan history studies, primary sources evidences, teaching materials, control questions that help students understand better the course. Many of the disputable issues of the times are given in the historiographical view. The textbook is designed for students, teachers, undergraduates, and all, who are interested in the history of the Kazakhstan. ББК 63.3(5Каз)я72 ISBN 978-601-247-347-6 © Kundakbayeva Zhanat, 2016 © al-Faraby KazNU, 2016 INTRODUCTION Данное учебное пособие is intended to be a generally understandable and clearly organized outline of historical processes taken place on the present day territory of Kazakhstan since pre-historic time. -
Tonyukuk and Turkic State Ideology “Mangilik
THE TONYUKUK AND AN ANCIENT TURK’S STATE IDEOLOGY OF “MANGILIK EL” PJAEE, 17 (6) (2020) THE TONYUKUK AND AN ANCIENT TURK’S STATE IDEOLOGY OF “MANGILIK EL” Nurtas B. SMAGULOV, PhD student of the of the Department of Kazakhstan History, L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Kazakhstan, [email protected] Aray K. ZHUNDIBAYEVA, PhD, Head of the Department of Kazakh literature, accociate professor of the Department of Kazakh literature, Shakarim state University of Semey (SSUS), (State University named after Shakarim of city Semey), Kazakhstan, [email protected] Satay M. SIZDIKOV, Doctor of historical science, professor of the Department of Turkology, L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Kazakhstan, [email protected] Arap S. YESPENBETOV, Doctor of philological science, professor of the Department of Kazakh literature, Shakarim state University of Semey (SSUS), (State University named after Shakarim of city Semey), Kazakhstan, [email protected] Ardak K. KAPYSHEV, Candidate of historical science, accociate professor of the Department of International Relations, History and Social Work, Abay Myrzkhmetov Kokshetau University, Kazakhstan, [email protected] Nurtas B. SMAGULOV, Aray K. ZHUNDIBAYEVA, Satay M. SIZDIKOV, Arap S. YESPENBETOV, Ardak K. KAPYSHEV: The Tonyukuk And An Ancient Turk’s State Ideology Of “Mangilik El” -- Palarch’s Journal Of Archaeology Of Egypt/Egyptology 17(6). ISSN 1567-214x ABSTRACT Purpose of the study. Studying and evaluating the activities of Tonykuk, who was the state adviser to the Second Turkic Kaganate, the main ideologist responsible for the ideological activities of the Kaganate from 682 to 745, is an urgent problem of historical science. In the years 646-725 he worked as an adviser on political and cultural issues of the three Kagan. -
Jadav Payeng
EDITORIAL Dear Members, Fellow Professionals and Friends, SEASONS GREETINGS TO ONE AND ALL! The month of June is marked by observance of “World Environment Day” on the 5th by all people of the World to remind ourselves of the Dangers if we do not ensure a Safe and Healthy Environment. Engineers from all over India and from all over the World observe this day as they certainly have a greater responsibility than all the other Professionals who all have lot of responsibility in addressing and the uses of Resources, Technology and Engineering. The important Environmental concerns revolve around a) Sustainable Consumption and avoiding over exploitation of Natural Resources, b) Pollution of Air and Water, c) Climate Change and Global Warming, and d) Connecting with Nature more and more as a Solution. Sustainable consumption has to be addressed primarily to Water and Energy. Be it Agriculture or Domestic or Industrial and other uses, we are able to see abnormal quantities of water being used clubbed with lot of wastages, which has to be fully addressed by Engineering and Technology in minimizing the usages as well as reuses by Treatment and Recycling and so on. Reducing the use of Water in Agriculture can be addressed by Technologies like Sprinklers, Drip and Micro Irrigation and so on. Waste Water Treatments and reuses are all feasible with Technologies and it should be made compulsory, be it communities or industries or Municipalities or any other establishments or Institutions. It is certainly the duty of the Engineering fraternity to work on it and towards it. Sustainable Energy Consumption is a Great Challenge which has to be addressed by reducing consumption through Energy Efficiency and by more and more uses of Renewable Energy Sources in place of fossils. -
Facade Democracy: Democratic Transition in Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan
University of Central Florida STARS Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019 2004 Facade Democracy: Democratic Transition In Kazakhstan And Uzbekistan Robin Nicole Merritt University of Central Florida Part of the Political Science Commons Find similar works at: https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd University of Central Florida Libraries http://library.ucf.edu This Masters Thesis (Open Access) is brought to you for free and open access by STARS. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019 by an authorized administrator of STARS. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STARS Citation Merritt, Robin Nicole, "Facade Democracy: Democratic Transition In Kazakhstan And Uzbekistan" (2004). Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019. 143. https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd/143 FAÇADE DEMOCRACY: DEMOCRATIC TRANSITION IN KAZAKHSTAN AND UZBEKISTAN by ROBIN NICOLE MERRITT B.A. University of Central Florida, 1999 A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the Department of Political Science in the College of Arts and Sciences at the University of Central Florida Orlando, Florida Summer Term 2004 © 2004 Robin Nicole Merritt ii ABSTRACT This thesis explores the reasons behind the stagnation in the transition to democracy in Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. According to their constitutions, Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan are democracies. In actuality, however, there is little evidence to support that these are democratic systems. These states’ post-Soviet constitutions outline them as democracies – yet they lack a free press; freedom of association is suppressed; religious freedom is limited; and free speech is constrained as well. While these two countries hold popular elections, much of their electoral processes are under the control of the executive branch of government - calling into question whether or not Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan really hold “fair and competitive” elections. -
In the Name of Unity
The Equal Rights Trust is an independent internation- al organisation whose purpose is to combat discrimi- nation and promote equality as a fundamental human Equal Rights Trust right and a basic principle of social justice. The Kazakhstan International Bureau for Human Rights and Rule of Law is a non-governmental organi- sation which aims to protect political rights and civ- il freedoms and to develop democracy and rule of law in Kazakhstan and other countries. “Unity! Stability! Creativity!” This is the slogan of Nur Otan, the political party of Nursultan Nazarbayev, the Republic of Kazakhstan’s first and only president. ▪ This report, examining discrimination and inequality in Kazakhstan, finds Series: Kazakhstan Report Country that the unity promoted by Nazarbayev is narrow, excluding those whose religion, ethnicity or political opinion challenges his vision, and denying an equal role to women, persons with disabilities and other groups. - IN THE NAME ofA 2011the Kazakh law on language religion imposes– spoken onerous by only registration74% of the population requirements, – creates indi rectly discriminating against minority religious groups. The promotion OF UNITY - barriers for ethnic minorities in accessing public services, employment and education. The state discriminates on the basis of political opinion, detain ing its critics and limiting freedom of expression, assembly and association.- Addressing Discrimination The unified Kazakhstan promoted by the government also provides lit and Inequality in Kazakhstan tle space for other groups. Women are subject to discriminatory laws and are underrepresented in the workforce and public life. Lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender persons are subject to discrimination by both state and non-state actors. -
1. Introduction
1. INTRODUCTION “Unity! Stability! Creativity!”. This is the slogan of Nur Otan, the political party of Nursultan Nazarbayev, the Republic of Kazakhstan’s first and only Sincepresident. 1991, Nazarbayev has sought to promote a sense of national unity. Yet - this report, published shortly after the 25th anniversary of Kazakhstan’s inde pendence, finds that this unity has not been built on the state’s multi-ethnic, multi-religious and multi-lingual past. Instead, we find that the unity which the state pursues excludes many groups, in particular those whose religion, ethnicity or political opinion challenges the vision promoted by Nazarbayev. - The 2011 Law on Religious Activity and Religious Associations explicitly- emphasises the centrality of Hanafi Islam and Russian Orthodoxy to Ka zakhstani culture and imposes onerous registration requirements, indirect ly discriminating against minority religious groups. The unofficial policy of “Kazakhisation” – the promotion of the Kazakhstani national identity and- the history, language and culture of ethnic Kazakhs as one and the same – and its application to language policy in particular creates barriers for eth nic minorities in accessing public services, public employment and public education. Through both legal and extra-legal means, the state has denied basisor limited of political the rights opinion. to freedom from arbitrary detention and the freedoms of expression, assembly and association in ways which discriminate on the - The notion of national unity promoted by the state also leaves out women, lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender persons (LGBT), persons with disa bilities and those living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). Women experience discrimination in many areas of life: discriminatory labour and criminal laws remain in force, gender-based violence remains a significant problem and there is widespread gender inequality in then employment market. -
CAUSES of ETHNIC CLASHES in KAZAKHSTAN.Pdf
THESIS APPROVAL FORM NAZARBAYEV UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES CAUSES OF ETHNIC CLASHES IN KAZAKHSTAN ПРИЧИНЫ ЭТНИЧЕСКИХ КОНФЛИКТОВ В КАЗАХСТАНЕ ҚАЗАҚСТАНДАҒ Ы ЭТНИКАЛЫҚ ҚАҚТЫҒ ЫСТАРДЫҢ СЕБЕПТЕРІ BY Vlad Lim NU Student Number: 201950507 APPROVED BY Dr. Hélène Thibault ON 27 May, 2021 Signature of Principal Thesis Adviser In Agreement with Thesis Advisory Committee Second Adviser: Dr. Karol Czuba External Reader: Dr. Barbara Junisbai CAUSES OF ETHNIC CLASHES IN KAZAKHSTAN ПРИЧИНЫ ЭТНИЧЕСКИХ КОНФЛИКТОВ В КАЗАХСТАНЕ ҚАЗАҚСТАНДАҒЫ ЭТНИКАЛЫҚ ҚАҚТЫҒЫСТАРДЫҢ СЕБЕПТЕРІ by Vlad Lim A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Political Science and International Relations at NAZARBAYEV UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES 2021 © 2021 Vlad Lim All Rights Reserved CAUSES OF ETHNIC CLASHES IN KAZAKHSTAN ПРИЧИНЫ ЭТНИЧЕСКИХ КОНФЛИКТОВ В КАЗАХСТАНЕ ҚАЗАҚСТАНДАҒЫ ЭТНИКАЛЫҚ ҚАҚТЫҒЫСТАРДЫҢ СЕБЕПТЕРІ by Vlad Lim Principal adviser: Dr. Hélène Thibault Second reader: Dr. Karol Czuba External reviewer: Dr. Barbara Junisbai iii Abstract In this research, I analyze the causes of violent confrontations that have taken place in Kazakhstan since independence. In particular, I close an important gap in the literature: most works have focused on certain aspects of ethnic problems in the country, such as language, migration, and Kazakhization, while the causes of violent clashes themselves have been understudied. Thus, my research demonstrates the roots of grievances that lead to mobilization of the titular ethnic group along ethnic lines. I studied the conducive role of Kazakhization on the perception of ethnic superiority among Kazakhs, demonstrating how the government promotes Kazakhness among population. Kazakhization has played an important role contributing to the level of grievances among ethnic Kazakhs. -
The Uyghur Diaspora in Cyberspace
bilig SPRING 2014 / NUMBER 69 143-160 The Uyghur Diaspora in Cyberspace: Identity and Homeland Cause Işık Kuşçu Abstract Since the 1950s, the Uyghur diaspora communities have en- gaged in a wide array of activities to transnationalize the case of Uyghurs in the homeland. Uyghur diaspora have tradition- ally organized around associations and worked towards trans- nationalizing the homeland cause through conferences, press releases, printed materials such as books and journals as well as booklets and pamphlets. For the last decade or so though, Uyghur diaspora groups are benefiting from a new means of communication, the Internet. By analyzing different Uyghur diaspora websites and forums, this article aims to examine how the Internet has helped this community to create aware- ness about the condition of Uyghurs in the homeland. This article also attempts to analyze how the Internet has contri- buted to a unified national identity as well as to a greater co- hesion within the diaspora. At the same time, I compare this recent Internet activity with the actions and discourse of the earlier Uyghur diaspora in order to find out about the paral- lels between the two discourses. Keywords Uyghur, diaspora, Internet, homeland, national identity Introduction Homelands are central to diasporan identity. It is the homeland that helps diaspora groups to preserve their identity in the host states. Diaspora communities cannot disengage themselves from the homeland and often have some kind of ties with their native land, be it in the form of an eco- nomic, social, cultural or political one. When the homeland is under for- eign control or there is an unfriendly regime in the country, a diaspora will _____________ Assist. -
© Copyright 2013 David E. Merrell
© Copyright 2013 David E. Merrell Normative Pluralism in Kyrgyzstan National, Community, and Individual Perspectives David E. Merrell A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Washington 2013 Reading Committee Veronica Taylor, Chair Clark L. Lombardi Arzoo Osanloo Scott Radnitz Program Authorized to Offer Degree: University of Washington School of Law University of Washington Abstract Normative Pluralism in Kyrgyzstan National, Community, and Individual Perspectives David E. Merrell Chair of the Supervisory Committee: Professor Veronica Taylor School of Law Current Knowledge: Normative pluralism (plural sources of social ordering) has existed in in Central Asia (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan ) since pre-Tsarist times. Respected male elders (aksakals), for example, led nomadic groups where customary laws prevailed and sedentary groups where Islamic laws prevailed. During Tsarist times, Kyrgyz aksakal elders’ courts processed disputes alongside Islamic and Russian courts. The Soviets abolished such courts. In post-Soviet times, Kyrgyzstan incorporated a reinvented version of Kyrgyz aksakal courts into the state judicial system. Today, however, some people reject their authority. This state manipulation and popular rejection of a Kyrgyz normative order reflects how majority populations shape normative pluralism in Kyrgyzstan. Research Gap: Most English-language works explore normative pluralism in Kyrgyzstan from a state / majority -
After the Disturbances in Urumqi
After the disturbances in Urumqi Persecution of Uyghurs in China continues Human Rights Report Nr. 62 of the Society for Threatened Peoples - May 2010 Society for Threatened Peoples HUMAN RIGHTS ORGANISATION with consultative status with the UNITED NATIONS and with participatory status with the COUNCIL OF EUROPE --- Arbil - Bern - Bozen-Göttingen/Berlin - Groningen - Luxemburg - New York - Pristina - Sarajevo/Srebrenica - Vienna Society for Threatened Peoples P.O. Box 2024 D-37010 Göttingen Telephone++49 (0)551 49906-0 Fax ++49 (0)551 58028 [email protected] www.gfbv.de Donation Account: 1909 - Sparkasse Göttingen - BLZ 260 500 01 Imprint: After the disturbances in Urumqi: Persecution of Uyghurs in China continues Author: Ulrich Delius Translation: Norton Paine Edited by: Hanno Schedler, Norton Paine, Nora Wegner Photo: Picture Alliance Layout: Hanno Schedler Price: 6,00 Euro Published by Society for Threatened Peoples, May 2010 After the disturbances in Urumqi: Persecution of Uyghurs in China continues ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ Contents: After the disturbances in Urumqi - Persecution of Uyghurs in China continues Page 1. Summary 5 2. Recommendations of the Society for Threatened Peoples 7 3. Disturbances in July 2009 8 3.1 Chinese authorities play down the tensions 8 3.2 Freedom of movement of the Uyghurs is restricted 9 3.3 Uyghur migrant workers feel discriminated in China 9 3.4 Uyghurs killed in toy factory 10 3.5 Increasing tension between the ethnic groups 12 3.6 No independent investigation of the disturbances in Xinjiang 12 3.7 Internet mobilises demonstrators 13 3.8 Deaths of passers-by and demonstrators 13 3.9 Protest of Uyghur women 14 3.10 Han Chinese become violent at demonstrations 15 3.11 Countless Uyghurs are arrested 15 3.12 Deaths in custody 16 4.