Three Essays on Gender and Cultural Economics

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Three Essays on Gender and Cultural Economics Aix-Marseille Université - École Doctorale de Sciences Économiques et de Gestion d’Aix-Marseille N°372 Faculté d’Économie et de Gestion Aix-Marseille School of Economics Numéro attribué par la bibliothèque a a a a a a a a a a Thèse pour le Doctorat ès Sciences Économiques Présentée et soutenue publiquement par Jordan LOPER le 28 août 2020 en vue de l’obtention du grade de docteur d’Aix-Marseille Université Three Essays on Gender and Cultural Economics Jury : Jean-Marie BALAND University of Namur, Rapporteur et Président du Jury Nicolas BERMAN Aix-Marseille University, Examinateur Nathan NUNN Harvard University, Examinateur Christian SCHLUTER Aix-Marseille University, Co-directeur de thèse Alessandra VOENA University of Chicago, Rapporteur Roberta ZIPARO Aix-Marseille University, Co-directrice de thèse ii L’université d’Aix-Marseille n’entend ni approuver, ni désapprouver les opinions particulières du candidat : Ces opinions doivent être considérées comme propres à leur auteur. iii iv A mes parents, à ma famille, à Eva, à mes amis, à toutes les personnes que j’ai croisées sur mon chemin... v vi Remerciements Quelle aventure que de se lancer dans une thèse !... A l’image de la vie, le parcours est vallonné, semé d’embûches, et les sommets à grimper son multiples... Chaque sommet gravi est pourtant l’occasion d’un enrichissement, d’une prise de vue assez exceptionnelle sur la vie, mais aussi sur la compréhension du monde... Un tel chemin ne se parcourt pas seul, et je veux ici remercier toutes les personnes qui m’ont apporté, de près comme de loin, l’énergie et les ressources nécessaires jusqu’à l’ascension du dernier sommet. En premier lieu, je veux exprimer ma gratitude infinie à Roberta Ziparo, formidable co-directrice de thèse durant ces 4 années. Tu as cru en mon envie ainsi qu’en mon projet dès le tout premier jour, et tu as su faire confiance en l’avenir pour cheminer avec moi durant 4 années, alors que nous ne nous étions jamais rencontrés auparavant et que tu débutais ta carrière académique. Tu as également fait de moi le chercheur que je suis aujourd’hui, m’apprenant les rouages du métier, et alimentant sans cesse ma curiosité. Tu as par ailleurs toujours su faire preuve d’ouverture d’esprit, et tu as toujours priviliégié l’esprit d’analyse sur l’esprit de jugement. Enfin, tu as toujours fait preuve d’une grande humanité: la plus grande des qualités à mes yeux. Pour tout cela, est plus encore, je t’exprime ma gratitude infinie. J’espère que nous continuerons de cheminer ensemble... Je voudrais aussi exprimer ma gratitude à mes autres co-directeurs. A Olivier Bargain, qui à également cru en mon projet et accepté de me superviser dès le premier jour. Bien que vous ayez passé le relai à Christian Schluter à la fin de ma première année de thèse suite à votre changement d’université, vous êtes par la suite resté un fidèle co-auteur de grande exigence. J’ai beaucoup appris sur le métier à vos côtés, et j’espère que la route sera belle pour nos projets en cours... Christian, je voudrais également vous remercier d’avoir accepté de prendre la suite d’Olivier. Votre regard aiguisé m’a été précieux pour améliorer la qualité de mon travail. Je vous remercie enfin pour votre gentillesse tout au long de mon parcours... Je remercie chaleureusement Nathan Nunn, pour avoir accepté de faire partie de mon jury de thèse, mais aussi pour avoir accepté de m’inviter en visiting au Département d’Economie de Harvard University. Le petit “Cévenol” que je suis a eu l’impression de vivre dans un film le temps de ce visiting. Changement de pays, changement de culture, changement de perspective... Un dépaysement total... Une autre illustration que la vie nous réserve parfois quelques bonnes surprises... Je mesure la chance d’avoir pu interagir avec l’un de mes mentors dans la profession. Nos discussions ont grandement contribué à améliorer la qualité de mon travail et m’ont permis d’élargir le spectre de mes réflexions. Je remercie Harvard University de m’avoir accueilli, et également toutes les personnes que j’ai rencontrées lors de ce visiting, et en premier lieu les chercheurs, les doctorants et l’équipe administrative pour leur accueil et pour les discussions de qualité. J’ai une pensée toute particulière pour Dr. Lewis Patsavos, qui m’a ouvert les portes de sa maison durant les 3 mois de mon visiting: merci pour votre grande chaleur humaine, ainsi que de m’avoir transmis avec passion l’histoire de Cambridge, Massachusetts. Plus généralement, je remercie Jean-Marie Baland, Nicolas Berman, Nathan Nunn et Alessandra Voena d’avoir accepté de faire partie de jury de thèse. Je sais vos calendriers très remplis, et je mesure la chance de pourvoir bénéficier de vos encouragements, vos suggestions, vos commentaires ou encore vos critiques. Bien que “challenging”, je vois ces dernières comme une occasion unique de progresser toujours plus... Ma gratitude également à Aix-Marseille Université et à Aix-Marseille School of Economics (AMSE), ainsi qu’à toutes les personnes qui font de cette formidable institution une grande famille. En premier lieu, un immense merci aux Directeurs du Programme Doctoral: Marc Sangnier puis Nicolas Berman et Sebastian Bervoets qui ont pris sa suite. Vous accomplissez un travail formidable, et votre support auprès des doctorants est très précieux. Vous contribuez par ailleurs à forger une vraie identité au Programme Doctoral de l’AMSE: un grand merci à vous pour cela. Un grand merci également à l’ensemble de la communauté des chercheurs de l’AMSE. La grande accessibilité des Professeurs “seniors” est une grande richesse pour les doctorants ! Je remercie justement également les doctorants de l’AMSE, mes compagnons, mes partenaires d’aventure. Apprendre le métier de chercheur s’accompagne de “très hauts” comme “de très bas”, et la solidarité qui existe entre nous est un atout plus que précieux. Je sais combien la recherche peut isoler, et je veux vous remercier pour les discussions, les retours d’expérience, mais aussi les moments d’amitié entre nous. J’ai évidemment une pensée toute particulière pour les doctorants du Château Lafarge (dit le “Château)”, au premier rang desquels Laurène, Rémi, Mathilde, Morgan, Fatemeh, Marie-Christine, François, Fabien, Nan- deeta et Rosnel. Merci à vous pour votre présence, votre simplicité et votre générosité qui m’ont viii permis de tenir le cap au quotidien. Enfin, je veux exprimer ma plus grande gratitude à toutes les personnes faisant partie de l’équipe administrative, et en tout particulier à Bernadette Vouriot, Anne- Sophie Therond et Mathilde Martelli. Votre humanité et votre générosité sont l’ADN de l’AMSE. Vous êtes le socle sur lequel repose l’institution et vous faites du laboratoire une grande famille: en- core merci à vous ! Je remercie aussi la Toulouse School of Economics (TSE), mon école d’origine, de m’avoir fourni des bases solides nécessaires pour devenir un bon chercheur; mais également de m’avoir offert un contrat d’Attaché Temporaire d’Enseignement et de Recherche (ATER), qui m’a permis de bénéficier d’une quatrième année pour terminer ma thèse dans la sérénité tout en me lançant dans l’aventure du “Job Market” pour trouver un poste après la thèse. Je vous remercie de m’avoir accueilli comme l’un de vos propres doctorants, m’offrant un bureau dans des locaux flambants neufs, avec une vue imprenable sur la Garonne et Toulouse, la “Ville Rose” si chère à mon cœur... Enfin, et probablement le plus important, je voudrais exprimer ma gratitude infinie à toutes les personnes qui sont chères à mon cœur, et qui donnent tout le sel à mon passage sur Terre. Ma famille en premier lieu: un immense merci en particulier à mes parents et à mon frère pour leur patience et leur soutien inconditionnel. Vous si loin de mon travail et pourtant si près de mon cœur. Vous aussi la raison qui me fait persévérer vers la recherche du mieux. J’ai commis des erreurs, je continue d’en commettre et j’en commettrai, mais j’espère continuer de progresser, de m’améliorer... Merci pour votre amour inconditionnel. Je voudrais aussi remercier Eva, du fond de mon cœur. Tu auras été ma partenaire de vie, la femme que j’aurais aimée, ma confidente pendant ces 4 années de thèse. Mon être porte ta trace marquée au fer rouge... Je te remercie pour tout ce que tu m’as apporté, pour m’avoir aimé malgré mes failles. Je te remercie de m’avoir laissé partager un bout de chemin avec toi... Envole-toi maintenant, petit colibri... Enfin, je voudrais remercier mes amis, ma “Dream Team” en particulier (Alexandre, Hugo, Maxime et Xavier, par ordre alphabétique): je vous vois comme différentes facettes d’un même dia- mant. Merci d’être dans ma vie. Je voudrais aussi, autant que mes bras me le permettent, enlacer toutes les personnes qui comptent dans ma vie: la liste est trop longue pour être énumérée ici, mais rien ne pourrait contredire ce qui nous unit. Vous êtes un exhausteur de vie et je ne suis rien d’autre qu’une mosaïque de vos empreintes. Merci d’être dans ma vie. ix x Summary This thesis explores the long term effects of ancestral norms on contemporaneous outcomes, in the context of developing countries, with a specific focus on gender related outcomes. The 1st chap- ter is entitled “Women’s Position in Ancestral Societies and Female HIV: The Long-Term Effect of Matrilineality in Sub-Saharan Africa” and explores the long-term effect of matrilineality on contem- poraneous female HIV in Sub-Saharan Africa.
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