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Bronze Age Identities: Costume, Conflict and Contact in Northern Europe 1600–1300 BC

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Bronze Age Identities: Costume, Conflict and Contact in Northern Europe 1600–1300 BC Bronze Age Identities: Costume, Conflict and Contact in Northern Europe 1600–1300 BC Sophie Bergerbrant Bronze Age Identities: Costume, Conflict and Contact in Northern Europe 1600–1300 BC This dissertation deals with male and female social identities during the Middle Bronze Age (1600-1300 BC) in southern Scandinavia and northern Germany. South Scandinavian Bronze Age research has traditionally focused on the male sphere, while women have seldom been seriously considered or analysed in terms of their roles, power or influences on society. This study addresses the imbalance through discussing the evidence for gender relations, so- cial structures and identity. The topic has been approached using case studies from different areas of northern Europe and from a variety of angles (e.g. costume and appearance, age, vio- lence, long distance contacts), always drawing on the rich material from burials. How people presented themselves varied not only between different areas, but also over time. Groups that treated material culture in a fairly similar way during Period IB (c. 1600-1500 BC) start treating it in different ways during Period II (c. 1500-1300 BC). In southern Scandinavia during Period II the material culture is fairly similar on the whole, but the different geograph- ical groups use the artefacts in different ways. The level of violence seems to have fluctuated in the area during the Middle Bronze Age, with some areas showing more signs of violence at certain times. On the other hand the view on ageing seems to have been fairly similar over a large part of central and northern Europe, and from age 14 one seems to have been regarded as an adult. The dissertation also shows that long distance contacts were important and wide- ranging, and people seem to have moved across large areas of Europe, even if the visible ex- ISBN ISSN 0349-4128 Bronze Age Identities: Costume, Conflict and Contact in Northern Europe 1600–1300 BC Sophie Bergerbrant Stockholm Studies in Archaelogy no 43 ISBN 91-85411-03-05 ISSN 0349-4128 43 Bricoleur Press Staviksvägen 2 437 92 Lindome [email protected] http://www.bricoleurpress.com/ Design: Per Mellberg Print: Elanders Tofters, May 2007 Content Preface /5 The man’s outfit /50 The woman’s outfit /54 1. Social identity and social structure The traces of clothing and costume on the Lüneburg Heath /60 – a gender approach /6 Costume /62 Aims /6 The men’s costume /62 Gender and archaeological research /6 The women’s costume /63 Archaeological versus osteological sexing /8 Appearance in the local perspective /65 Terminology /9 Case study north of Copenhagen /66 Bronze Age culture and chronology /9 Case study south-eastern Funen /71 The south Scandinavian Bronze Age /9 Case study southern Schleswig /75 The Lüneburg culture /11 Case study: Lüneburg Culture /80 Source material /11 Local or shared dress /85 Oak log coffins /12 Male /85 Theoretical framework /14 Female /87 Burials, society and wealth /16 Conclusion /89 Outline of a less gender biased framework /17 Concluding remarks /19 5. Male identity: united or separated? /92 War and warfare /92 2. Chronology and time /20 Case study: Ars district, Holbĺk County and Gram district, Scandinavian chronology /20 Haderslev County /93 The Sögel – Wohlde debate /20 Case study: The Lüneburg Heath /94 The early Middle Bronze Age chronology /25 Case study: The threefold frontier /95 The female objects /26 Women and warfare /98 Conclusions /27 Evidence of warfare in northern Europe /102 Central European chronology /27 Concluding discussion /104 Lüneburg culture chronology /28 The male phases /28 6. Ageing in the Bronze Age /107 Phase I /28 Age and archaeology /107 Phase II /29 Case study: south-eastern Scania /109 The female phases /30 The human life course in southern Scandinavia /112 Phase I /30 Conclusions: Growing up and ageing in Bronze Age Phase IIa /31 Europe /115 Phase IIb /31 Phase III /32 7. Valued as exchange? Exchange, networks Conclusions /32 and movement /118 Women’s travels /118 3. Period IB: A time of social differences and Foreign women /119 the construction of gendered identities /33 Women with both local and foreign objects /121 The gender background /33 Conclusion /123 Background to Period IB /33 Men’s journeys /124 Are there any females buried with metal during Period IB? /34 Foreign men /124 Valsømagle region /38 Men with both local and foreign artefacts /126 Conclusion /40 Conclusion /126 Sögel-Wohlde region /41 A society in movement? /126 Conclusion /42 Ending and starting an era /42 8. Conclusion /130 4. Gendered burial traditions: an analysis of Summary /132 local and regional patterns /44 Deutsch zusammenfattnung /137 Dress, appearance and cultural change /44 Dansk Resumé /143 Body, sex, gender and clothing /44 Textiles, dress ornaments, and cultural belonging /46 Literature list /148 History of textiles and clothing /46 Appendices 1-12 /158 Clothing /49 4 Bronze Age Identities: Costume, Conflict and Contact in Northern Europe 1600–1300 BC Sophie Bergerbrant 2007. 5 Preface Writing a Ph.D. is a long process and many people have and insights my Ph.D. would have many more errors than it passed my way and provided inspiration during this time. does now; all remaining mistakes in the book are, of course, It is not possible to name them all. I am grateful for many entirely my own fault. things, both small and great, in the course of this journey. I am also indebted to Dr Kristin Bornholdt Collins who I am especially grateful to my supervisor, Professor Kris- commented on my text and helped me transform it into tian Kristiansen, who has shown a genuine interest in my good academic English. Thanks are also due to Jeanette Var- work from an early point and who has helped me with berg and Dr Jutta Kneisel for translating my summary into many questions and different aspects of my research over Danish and German. the years. This journey has demanded many trips to museums and I would also like to thank the faculty, staff and Ph.D. stu- archives to look at material and related documentation. I dents (past and present) at the Department of Archaeol- am grateful to the staff at: Prehistoric department at the Na- ogy and Classical Studies for the support they have giv- tional Museum Copenhagen, The archaeology department en me through the years. Particular thanks go to Dr Ing- at Stiftung, Schleswig-Holsteinische Landesmuseen Schloß mar Jansson and Professor Anders Andrén for providing a Gottorf, Department of Prehistory at Niedersächsisches desk at which I could work for the last two and half years. Landesmuseum Hannover and The Museum of National I am also very grateful to Ingmar Jansson for all the time Antiquities in Stockholm, all of whom deserve many thanks he spent writing references for me; they have surely been a for making my time at their respective institution pleasant great help. I also wish to thank some of my fellow Ph.D. stu- and interesting. A special thank you goes to the staff at the dents (past or present) in Stockholm and elsewhere: Anna Library of the Royal Academy of Letters, History and Antiq- Arnberg, Lena Berg Nilsson, Dr Christina Fredengren, Ulf uities for always being kind and for taking the time to help Fransson, Dr Joakim Goldhahn, Dr Cecilia von Heijne, Jo- me find the books I needed to write this dissertation. han Ling, Petra Molnar, Anne Monikander, Dr Elisabet Reg- I would also like to thank the following institutions, since ner, Serena Sabatini, Dr Ylva Stenqvist Millde, Marie Svedin, without their generous financial help this Ph.D. would not Dr Susanne Thedéen and Dr Helena Victor. have been possible: Birgit och Gad Rausings Stiftelse för Hu- I am most grateful to Dr Marie Louise Stig Sørensen for manistisk Forskning; DAAD Deutscher Akademischer Aus- helping me set the foundations for this work during my tauschdienst; Ebbe Kocks stiftelse; Fonden for Dansk-Sven- year as an M.Phil. student in Cambridge (1995/6). Thanks sk Samarbejde; Greta Arwidssons fond; Gunvor och Josef should also go to all my Cambridge friends for making the Anérs stiftelse; Helge Ax:son Johnsons Stiftelse; Kungliga experience so enjoyable despite all the hard work. Gustav Adolfs Akademin; Hildebrandsfonden; Letterstedt- For encouraging my gender interests, I wish to thank Dr ska föreningen; Rosa och Viktor Tengborgs resestipendium; Elisabeth Arwill-Nordbladh, Dr Tove Hjørungdal and Dr Stiftelen Konung Gustav VI Adolf fond för svensk kultur; Kristina Jennbert. I am especially indebted to Dr Elisabeth Stiftelsen Montelius Minnesfond; Stiftelsen Syskonen Will- Arwill-Nordbladh who took the time to help me overcome a ers donationsfond; STINT; and Wallenbergsstiftelsens jubi- difficult phase in my Ph.D. work. leumsfond. I would also like to thank Professor Henrik Thrane, Pro- Another thank you should go to Dr Håkan Karlsson and fessor Helle Vandkilde, Dr Mads Kähler Holst, Dr Elisabeth Anna-Carin Andersson for letting me publish this book at Barford Carlsen and many more for making my six months Bricoleur Press. in Aarhus (2001) so enjoyable and enlightening. I am equal- Finally, my family should be thanked for supporting me ly grateful to Professor Bernhard Hänsel, as well as the rest through the years and for not letting it show if they ever of the staff and students at the Institut für Prähistorische gave up on this large project. Archäologie, Freie Universität, Berlin, for making me feel at home there during my eight-month stay in Berlin (2002/3). Stockholm April 2007 The directors of the Skelhøj project should also be Sophie Bergerbrant thanked for letting me excavate with them, which not on- ly improved my excavations skills, but also enabled me to get practical, hands-on experience of Bronze Age mounds and their structures.
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