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5. Hydrogeology 5 HYDROGEOLOGICAL, HYDROCHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING GEOLOGY MAPS OF ADDIS ABABA NC 37-10 EXPLANATORY NOTES Bereket Fentaw and Leta Alemayehu (Chief Compilers) Jiri Sima (Editor) The Main Project Partners The Czech Development Agency (CzDA) cooperates with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs on the establishment of an institutional framework of Czech development cooperation and actively participates in the creation and financing of development cooperation programs between the Czech Republic and partner countries. www.czda.cz The Geological Survey of Ethiopia (GSE) which is accountable to the Ministry of Mines and Energy, collects and assesses geology, geological engineering and hydrogeology data for publication. The project beneficiary. www.geology.gov.et (www.mome.gov.et) AQUATEST a.s. a Czech consulting and engineering company in water management and environmental protection. The main aquatest contractor. www.aquatest.cz The Czech Geological Service collects data and information on geology and processes it for political, economical and environmental management. The main subcontractor. www.geology.cz Copyright © 2011 AQUATEST a.s., Geologicka 4, 152 00 Prague 5, Czech Republic First edition ISBN 978-80-260-0330-4 AcknowledgmentAcknowledgment Field work and primary compilation of the map and explanatory notes was done by a team from the Geological Survey of Ethiopia (GSE) consisting of staff from the Groundwater Resources Assessment Department; the Czech experts from AQUATEST a.s. and the Czech Geological Survey in the framework of the Czech Official Development Assistance Program. The team is greatly indebted to administrative offices of zones and Weredas of of Oromia regional state and Amhara regional state as well as Addis Ababa city administration for their limitless cooperation. The team is grateful to the management of the Geological Survey of Ethiopia, particularly to Director General (GSE) Mr. Masresha G/Selassie and Mr. Yohannes Belete, Head of Groundwater Resources Assessment Department (GSE) and Mr. Getnet Mewa, Head of Geohazard Investigation Department (GSE). Special thanks go to the NGOs and private water drilling and consultant companies for providing data from private databases. Finally, the team acknowledges the untiring support of the people living in the mapped area who assisted the team by all means possible and facilitated the data collection and those who helped us in different ways. Contents Acknowledgment .........................................................................................................................................................................3 Extended Summary................................................................................................................................................................... 13 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................................ 17 1. Basic Characteristics of the Area .................................................................................................................................19 1.1 Location and Accessibility .......................................................................................................................................................19 1.2 Population, Settlements and Health Status ........................................................................................................................20 1.3 Land Use ......................................................................................................................................................................................27 2. Selected Physical and Geographical Settings ........................................................................................................... 29 2.1 Geomorphology .........................................................................................................................................................................29 2.2 Soil and Vegetation Cover .......................................................................................................................................................30 2.3 Climatic Characteristics ...........................................................................................................................................................32 2.3.1 Climatic Zones and Measurements...................................................................................................................................32 2.3.2 Precipitation ............................................................................................................................................................................38 2.4 Hydrography and Hydrology of the Area ............................................................................................................................45 2.4.1 Surface Water Network Development ..............................................................................................................................47 2.4.2 Surface Water Regime .........................................................................................................................................................47 2.4.3 Baseflow ..................................................................................................................................................................................52 2.5 Water Balance ............................................................................................................................................................................58 2.6 Drought and Climate Change ................................................................................................................................................59 3. Geological Settings .......................................................................................................................................................... 63 3.1 Previous Work ............................................................................................................................................................................63 3.2 Stratigraphy ................................................................................................................................................................................63 3.3 Lithology ......................................................................................................................................................................................64 3.3.1 Precambrian Formation (Basement) ................................................................................................................................64 3.3.2 Mesozoic Sedimentary Rocks ...........................................................................................................................................66 3.3.3 Tertiary Volcanic Rocks ........................................................................................................................................................68 3.3.4 Quaternary Volcanic and Sedimentary Rocks ................................................................................................................69 3.4 Structure ......................................................................................................................................................................................70 3.5 Geological History .....................................................................................................................................................................70 4. Engineering Geologocal Settings ................................................................................................................................. 73 4.1 General .........................................................................................................................................................................................73 4.2 Methodology .............................................................................................................................................................................74 4.2.1 Data Acquisition .....................................................................................................................................................................74 4.3 Information Layers ....................................................................................................................................................................75 4.4 Definition of Engineering Geological Zones .......................................................................................................................78 4.5 Basic Characteristics of Important Engineering Geological Regional Units ...............................................................85 4.5.1 Rock mass ................................................................................................................................................................................86 5. Hydrogeology .................................................................................................................................................................... 89 5.1 Water Point Inventory ...............................................................................................................................................................89 5.2 Hydrogeological Classification/Characterization
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