© The Author, 2011. Journal compilation © Australian Museum, Sydney, 2011 Records of the Australian Museum (2011) Vol. 63: 53–60. ISSN 0067-1975 doi:10.3853/j.0067-1975.63.2011.1584 New Frogs (Anura: Microhylidae) from the Mountains of Western Papua New Guinea Fred Kraus Bishop Museum, 1525 Bernice St., Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America [email protected] abstract. I describe two new species of microhylid frogs from the mountains of the central cordillera of western Papua New Guinea. One of these is in the arboreal genus Oreophryne; the other is in the fossorial genus Xenorhina. The Oreophryne is one of the largest members of the genus and is characterized by a ligamentous connection of the procoracoid to the scapula, webbing between the toes, fifth toe equal in length to the third, and a relatively short leg, wide head, long and narrow snout, and small finger discs. The Xenorhina species is among the smallest species of the genus and is distinguished by having a single odontoid spike, discs with circum-marginal grooves on all toes but the first, inflated lores, and a relatively long leg, short and broad head and snout, and features of color pattern. The Oreophryne is known from two localities approximately 30 km apart, and the Xenorhina is known only from its type locality. Both occur in the high mountains of Western Province, Papua New Guinea. Kraus, Fred, 2011. New frogs (Anura: Microhylidae) from the mountains of western Papua New Guinea. Records of the Australian Museum 63(1): 53–60. Frogs are a major component of vertebrate biodiversity in Richards et al., 2007). I take this opportunity to describe the Papuan region (New Guinea and associated islands plus two of the remaining species, both members of the family the Solomon Islands), with >400 species described from Microhylidae. Each is from the mountains of the central the region to date. This represents almost 6% of global cordillera of Papua New Guinea. amphibian diversity in an area comprising approximately 0.5% of the world’s land area. This diversity no doubt Materials and methods stems from the region’s high degree of mountainous terrain and insularization, both of which promote isolation and All measurements were made with digital calipers or an speciation. Yet the Papuan region’s amphibian diversity optical micrometer to the nearest 0.1 mm, with the exception remains poorly surveyed and described. Ongoing surveys that disc widths were measured to the nearest 0.01 mm. have identified scores of new species requiring description, Measurements, terminology, and abbreviations follow and additional undescribed species from earlier collections Zweifel (1985) and Kraus and Allison (2005a, b): body reside in museums. Many of these are not easily diagnosed length from snout−vent (SV); tibia length from heel to outer because they lack information on advertisement calls or color surface of flexed knee (TL or TLknee); horizontal diameter of in life that frequently allow for ready distinction among close eye (EY); distance from anterior corner of eye to center of relatives. However, some species are sufficiently distinctive naris (EN); internarial distance, between centers of external morphologically that they present no difficulty in being nares (IN); distance from anterior corner of eye to tip of snout diagnosed from already-known species. I identified several (SN); head width at widest point, typically at the level of the such species while working in the herpetological collection tympana (HW); head length, from tip of snout to posterior of the Australian Museum, Sydney in 2006 and 2007. Some margin of tympanum (HL); horizontal tympanum diameter of these have subsequently been described (Richards, 2007; (TY); width of the third finger disc (3rdF); width of the 54 Records of the Australian Museum (2011) Vol. 63 Fig. 1. Views of (A) dorsum, (B) ventrum, (C) side of head, (D) right hand, and (E) left foot of holotype (AMS 30742) of Oreophryne ampelos. Scale bars = 5 mm (A–C) and 3 mm (D–E). fourth toe disc (4thT). For comparison to earlier literature Museum abbreviations for additional comparative material for Xenorhina (Zweifel, 1972) I also measured tibia length (Appendix) follow Leviton et al. (1985). Geo-spatial from heel to skin fold near the knee (TLfold) in that genus. coordinates are derived from topographic maps. I confirmed by dissection generic assignment to Oreophryne using the presence of an eleutherognathine jaw Systematic descriptions and reduction of clavicles and procoracoids (Parker, 1934). Comparisons to congeners relied on direct comparison to Oreophryne ampelos n. sp. museum material and to information provided in original descriptions by Roux (1910), Parker (1934), Richards & Figs. 1–2 Iskandar (2000), Günther et al. (2001, 2009), Günther Type material. Holotype female: Papua New Guinea, (2003a,b), Zweifel (2003), and Zweifel et al. (2003, 2005). Western Province, Imigabip [5.2833°S 141.4833°E], 11 I confirmed by dissection generic assignment toXenorhina December 1969, collected by F. Parker, AMS 30742. using the presence of an symphygnathine jaw and relatively Paratypes: same data as holotype, AMS 30741, BPBM 35949 small eyes and narrow head (Zweifel, 1972). Comparisons to (formerly AMS 30743), AMNH 84535–37; same data as congeners relied on direct comparison to museum material holotype except collected 10 December, AMNH 84538–40; and to information provided in Zweifel (1972), Menzies & Finalbin [5.21°S 141.21°E], 27–28 July 1987, collected by Tyler (1977), Blum & Menzies (1988), Allison & Kraus R. Zweifel, F. Parker, and L. Penny, AMNH 130500. (2000), Kraus & Allison (2002, 2003), Günther & Richards (2005), and Günther & Knop (2006). Type specimens are Diagnosis. A large species of Oreophryne (adult male deposited in the American Museum of Natural History, SV = 26.3–31.5 mm, adult female SV = 31.3–35.1 mm) New York (AMNH), Australian Museum, Sydney (AMS) distinguished by its combination of a ligamentous connection and the Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu (BPBM). of the procoracoid to the scapula, webbing between the Kraus: New frogs from Papua New Guinea 55 Fig. 2. Portrait in life of paratype AMNH 130500 from Finalbin, Western Province. Photo taken by R. Zweifel. toes, fifth toe subequal in length to the third or slightly (vs. cartilaginous) connection between the procoracoid and longer, relatively short leg (TL/SV = 0.40–0.46), relatively scapula, the third and fifth toes subequal in length (T5>T3 in long and narrow snout (EN/SV = 0.083–0.099, IN/SV = O. idenburghensis), more toe webbing, a wider head (HW/SV 0.074–0.092, EN/IN = 1.0–1.2), relatively wide head (HW/ = 0.34–0.35 in O. idenburghensis), longer snout (EN/SV = SV = 0.37–0.42), relatively small finger discs (3rdF/SV = 0.069–0.070 in O. idenburghensis), and smaller finger discs 0.067–0.080), and dorsal pattern of brown punctations on (3rdF/SV = 0.077–0.091 in O. idenburghensis). Oreophryne a pale straw-yellow ground color which gives an overall anthonyi is larger (SV = 30–47 mm) than O. ampelos, has the appearance of a uniformly light tan, uniformly dark tan, or fifth toe longer than the third, a pair of )(-shaped folds between mottled light and dark tan animal (Figs. 1–2). the scapulae (lacking in O. ampelos), and has a shorter and broader snout (EN/IN = 0.93–0.97 in O. anthonyi). Comparisons with other species. The new species differs from all Papuan congeners except Oreophryne albopunctata, Description (holotype AMS 30742). Adult female with O. biroi, O. furu, O. hypsiops, O. insulana, O. kapisa, O. incision on right side. Head wide (HW/SV = 0.37), with mertoni, and O. unicolor in the combination of having a steeply oblique, slightly concave loreal region. Canthus ligamentous connection between the procoracoids and the rostralis rounded, shallowly concave when viewed from scapula, in having the toes webbed, and having the third and above. Nostrils directed anterolaterally, closer to tip of snout fifth toes subequal in length. It is larger than each of these than to eyes. Internarial distance narrower than distance species, which never attain 30 mm SVL. In addition, O. from naris to eye (EN/SV = 0.83, IN/SV = 0.074, EN/IN = insulana, O. kapisa, and O. unicolor have only basal webbing, 1.12). Snout slightly rounded and protruding when viewed whereas that in O. ampelos extends to the penultimate tubercle from the side, shallowly angulate when viewed from above. on the fifth toe and extends up to or slightly below that on the Eyes moderately large (EY/SV = 0.12); eyelid somewhat third toe; O. albopunctata, O. hypsiops, and O. mertoni have greater than half width of interorbital distance. Tympanum narrower heads (HW/SL = 0.30–0.37), whereas that of O. indistinct and small (TY/SV = 0.034). Dorsal skin smooth; ampelos is wider (HW/SV = 0.37–0.42); O. furu has a whitish ventral surfaces coarsely granular; supratympanic fold snout and postocular stripe and dark dorsolateral stripes and obscure, barely developed. Fingers unwebbed, bearing interocular bar, all of which are absent in O. ampelos, and it discs with terminal grooves (3rdF/SV = 0.067); relative has a wider snout (IN/SV = 0.089–0.096, mean 0.093 in O. lengths 3>4>2>1. Finger discs approximately twice furu vs. IN/SV = 0.074–0.092, mean 0.081 in O. ampelos); width of penultimate phalanges. Subarticular tubercles and O. biroi has the top of the snout light colored and a pale well developed; inner metacarpal tubercle oval and well postocular stripe, both lacking in O. ampelos. developed; outer absent. Toes webbed, webbing reaching Oreophryne ampelos differs from all other members of the penultimate tubercles on T2 and T5 and almost reaching genus except O.