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Mountains· Geology NIUOINI NIUGINI CAVER VOLUME 6. NUMBER 3 73 Volume 6 Number 3 0Gikgt;Jw;iF 1r 1978 Nov.t-emb.sr Quari..er.ly K1.00 per issue K4.00 per annum tliugini Cavei:: is the publication of ·the Papua New Guinea Cave· Exploration Group, an informal association of perso·ns engaged· in speleology in Papua New Guinea. Editors : Malcolm and Alison Pound, P. o. Box 3824, Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea. Contents . Cover Photographs ...... ; •• ~ •••••••••• 0~•·•·~·········~··••••73. Karst Morphology of th~ Ea~tern Star Mountains M. J. She p ha·rd ••· •· •.•••••• • •••• ,, • e • " e •••••• ·... e e • " • a • a • • • • • 74 The Advance Report of the Spanish Speleological Expedition 'Papua New Guinea 19?8'••••••e•••••••;•••9•••86 Third Conference on Cave Tourism and Management •••••• ~~~ ••• 88· Notes on Papua New Guinea for ,overseas Visitors A. A. Pound.•'••••o••eo•o••••··~······~····••••••••••••••89 ca: v i n g s c:;: 8 n 8 • ~. 0 0 ... • .• 0 • 0 .. • • . • ... • • • 0 0 " 0 ... .. 0 e " " • • 0 0 •. .• 0 • • • 0 ... .. • . • • •· • • 9 9 Publications on. 8 at s /1, .. A .. Pound ,, •• • •••• e ........... o ~ •• • • •• 1 01 Mew Cd n t rib u tor s ·. ~ ......... o o ., ..... o ...................... o ........... 1 01 \ List of S ubscr ib.~ r s ••••••••••••• ~ ..... ~ ................... ·... o " •••• 1 02 · Carbide .....•~·.• .. ··." •• o. ,,.;.• ·.... o .... ·~ •• o .... o ·.... ·.... e ..... • •.• • ., o ....... 106 Cover Photo~raphs· Front Cov·e·J?.'::. , :star ·Mountains The Upper. photci~r~Rh i~ Ben~win Bluff viewed from Kauwolabi~. Oarai Limestones ~~tcrop at this fault scarp which forms part of th~· 'Lirn.eston:e. Barrier t •. The lower phofogr.aph shows a large doline on :the Do.kfuma Plateau .. The· upper part.of the Darai Limestone can be seen extending to only· 15m a~ove the tjoline floor .• The. overlying beds cons1st of non~liniest.one rocks ?Orn in thickness. This · is a splendid exa~pl~ of novered karst. Photographs by. Mike Shephard. Back Cover Papua· New G'uine·a Speleology This photograph· shows a platform constructed by the local · people for· catching flying foxes· .... a· Mianmin delicacy. Mianmin Insurgence tave, ~ibino Riv~r,~ West Sepik Province. This photograph by R •. N. Hrit.ten will also occur on the back· cover of Niugini Caver ~{4)~; .. 74 NIUGINI CAVER VOLUME 6 NUMBtR 3 NIUGINI CAVER VOLUME 6 NUMBER 3 75 THE KARST MORPHOLOGY OF THE EASTERN STAR MOUNTAINS above that of the adjacent valley floor owing to the deposition of travertine le~ees. As such streams are liable to break Dr. M. J. Shepherd* through their levee banks and follow new courses a considerable amount df,travertine may accumulate on the valley In February 1965 a small Australian expedition ·spent several floor~. Similarly travertine deposition has caused some months in the eastern Star Mountains region (Fig. 1). A waterfalls to extend downstream until they project far beyond general account of the expedition has been published by their original position. Shepherd (1974). , · THE STAR MOUNTAINS · "(his account concentrates on the limestone· geomorphology ·af the region as this may b~ of particular interest to A complex pattern of karst forms occurs in the mountains.·The speleologists. Limestone is the predominant rock type major factors influencing karst development are structure occurring in the area (Fig. 2) with the Upper Eocene to .. lithology, presence or absence of a surface cover of ' Middle Miocene Oarai Limestone reaching a thickness of 1 OOO. impermeatle rocks, altitude and stage. Four different karst ·to 1300m and outcropping at the sriuthern edge of the types were recognised. mountains as the 'Limestone Harrier' which is a fault scarp. ·.Limestones of Miocene age alio'outcrop as conspicuous ridge~ (I) Deline Karst in the southern foothills area, ·particulatly in the vicinity This karst type with dolines small or moderate in size occurs of the· Kauwol and Harem Riv.ers. In the northern foothills at altitudes of less than 3 1 400 metres on limestones either no extensive karst areas were seen. However, during both the with no surface cover or with a relatively thin cover of outw~rd journey from Telefomin to the Star Mountains, in the impermeable rocks. Areas with this karst type occur~ footh11Is·· a·nd ridges of' the Hindenburg Range, and on the. return journey to the north of the mairi divide, exten~ive· A! On the outcropping limestones of Benstead Bluff before they imp~rmeable areas of doline karst ~~re enddunte~~d at altitudes bet~e~n dip northwards beneath a cover of rocks. There 1500 and 270Dm. · appea~s to be a.concentration of dolines at the junction of the limestone with the overlying shales. The doline karst here THE SOUTHERN. F-OOTHILLS is at an altitude of 3000 to 3400 metres. B. In the southern part of Lake Vivi~n - Krom Basin where The write·r \iislted limestone areas in this zone, which limestones are either exposed at the surface or covered with a varied he.twe·eh '750 and 1700m in altitude. Li th.olog1·cally the thin layer of elastic rock~. These vary in altitude bet~een · limesto'n"ets· ·were~ "fairly pu·re· cream, brown and grey crystalline 2300 and 2700 metres• · limesto'n'e··s· wTth siliceous horizons. The karst _type developed upon thes·e rocks' 1n' all cases was dol1ne karst with the bowl c. In various other localities to the west of the South Ban shaped dolines n·ot" ··observed to. exc"eed 15m in depth.' FieTd · River near ths Irian Jaya border, and in the vicinity of the observations and aerial photograph interpreta-ion. indicate .. · Krom River. that no typically tropical karst fo~ms, such.as Ke~elkarst (II) Covered Karst {cone karst), were present in thi~ regibn. The foo hill zone. is ch~racterised by· lower montane forest vegetation which On the subdued surfaces of Dokfuma Plateau and the northern varies in ·composition from place to place but. with .stands of part of the Lake Vivien - Krom Basin the Darai Limestone is southern be~ch ~Not~ofagu!.sp~) commonly occ~rring. T~e . overlain by shales, siltstones and sandstones of the Iwoer undergrowth varies in density, although rarely hampering Formation (nomenclature of Bar, Cartel, Escher 1 (1961)). These elastic rocks reach a thickness of up to 150 metres. The karst progresa 0 9~eatly, and includes Pandanus screw pines and · climbing ·bafuboo. A gre~ter variety of trees and shrubs grow forms developed in these areas are both varied and unusual. in the Kau~ol Valley below approximately 900 metres. A. On· the Ookfuma Plateau three dolines of very large size occur, ~he ~argest being 90 metres in depth and nearly SOD Measurement.of the carbonate content of streams which issue metres in width. One or more streams flow into these dolines from effluxes near the base of the limestone· ridges showed .and either disappear down rock choked swallets or into muddy calcium carbonate in· solution to ·be. close to, .or slightly ponds. One doline has a flat swampy alluvial floor, two · exceeding .satura'.tion point for. the. particular temperature · ~undred metres in width which .is vegetated by tussock grass and pH of the wa:t·er., Travertine is rapidly being: deposited in contra!t to.the d~nse ectub~covered sides. Where exposed' on the streambed~ both within and outside the limestone t~e alluvia~ fill was se~n to consist of sediment of clay and areas, and some small streams were seen flowing ~t ~ l~vel silt grad? interb~dded with ~ayers of gabbles. The doline walls, which slope at approximately 20 are mainly formed * Dept. of Geography, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand. NIUGINI CAV~~ VOLUME 5 NUMBER 3 77 76 NIUGINI CAVER VOLUME 6 NUMBER 3 on ahales and sandstonea1 althou~h massive limestone may oUtdrop in the lowermo~t 15 .metres of the dolines. For t;.hese dolines to. have formed the overlying shales a"n:d _ sandstones have been removed py the underground drainagg._ Th~ initial d.epression, however, must have been formed e.it.her ·by .. the collapse of caverns in the massive limestone below; or.by slow solution at the top of the limestone. It seems likely . that )the dolines are located either upon fault li.,._nes. or upon. major joints, as both these phenomena were observed in the vicinity of the influxes. In addition to the large dolines there are a number of shallow terraced basins develbped on· the cbv~r rocks wh~se streams drain into smaller dolin~~·or· blind valleys.·. The vegetation of these basins consisb~::·:mainl'y' · of a small fern, vari~ties of grass and tree fe~ns, in ~· contrast to the mossy forest surrounding them. As all evidence suggests that this area had never previously been visited by humans, it is likely that this vegetation type is relat~d to temperature inversion rather than. burning off: frequent frosts were experienced at night at Camp Dokfuma (3100 m~tres) in one of these basins. "' .. ~ ·.....+.-~.._.-....-i---~s,~.. Terraces occur up to 60 metres above the basin· floors with up to four flights present. As all terraces slope towards the centre of the basins at levels below the lowest basin rim, it may be concluded that they are related to the p~esent stage of landscape development, in which stream gradi$nts are . adjusting to lowering base levels as doline deepening occurs. At present the streams ~ppear to be un~ergoing a period of incision. ' · In the east and northeast of Dokfuma Plateau a series of dolines of various sizes, grassy basins and a small palje. adjoin to farm a single, longitudinal complex which extends for a distance of five kilometres. This series of karst forms is similar in many respects to the 'karst valleys• ·described by Malott (1939 1 1944), These karst valleys originate by the deepening .of normal valleys developed upon impermeable rocks A&..4>4US until they reach the underlying limestone when they develop VIGltf'Af'~ .
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