sustainability Perspective Challenges for Sustainable Use of the Fish Resources from Lake Balkhash, a Fragile Lake in an Arid Ecosystem Steven G. Pueppke 1,*, Margulan K. Iklasov 2, Volker Beckmann 3 ID , Sabir T. Nurtazin 2, Niels Thevs 4, Sayat Sharakhmetov 2 and Buho Hoshino 5 ID 1 Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Center for Global Change and Earth Observations, and Center for European, Russian and Eurasian Studies, Michigan State University, 1066 Bogue Street, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA 2 Department of Biodiversity and Bioresources, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, 71 Al-Farabi Avenue, 050040 Almaty, Kazakhstan;
[email protected] (M.K.I.);
[email protected] (S.T.N.);
[email protected] (S.S.) 3 Faculty of Law and Economics & Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University of Greifswald, Soldmannstr 15, 17489 Greifswald, Germany;
[email protected] 4 World Agroforestry Centre, Central Asia Office, 138 Toktogol Street, 720001 Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan;
[email protected] 5 Department of Environmental and Symbiotic Science, Rakuno Gakuen University, 069-6501 Ebetsu, Japan;
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[email protected]; Tel.: +1-517-355-0271 Received: 19 March 2018; Accepted: 17 April 2018; Published: 18 April 2018 Abstract: Lake Balkhash is the largest water body in Central Asia. More than three-quarters of its inflow comes from the Ili River, which is under increasing strain due to the diversion of water for energy and food production. Commercial fishing in Lake Balkhash began in 1929 and is currently in a state of crisis. The construction of the Balkhash dam and reservoir in the late 1960s reduced Ili River flows into the lake and upset the natural cycle of spring floods, which greatly reduced spawning and feeding areas for carp (Cyprinus carpio).