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Summaries IPSN organise Committees Rad ioecolog ie/ekotoxi colog ie des milieux continentaux et estuariens
Pallais des congr6s
Aix en Provence, FRANCE 3 - 7 Septernbre, 2001
maiIto:ecorad.200ICa)ipsn.fr http://wwwJpsn.fr/ecorad2OOI
httv://wwwJT)sn.fr/ecorad2OO I/ 16/11/01 Summaries Page I sur 2
Accepted abstracts
Session
Behaviour and transfer of radionuclides in soil (Soil chemistry, extractions, Migration, Run-off)
Biotic transfer n soils (Soil microbes and fungi) session 2
Behaviour and transfer of radionuclides in terrestrial ecosystems Atmosphere- plant transfers, translocation, Forests, Animal transfers)
Soil-to-plant transfer Session 3
Behaviour and transfer of radionuclides in freshwater ecosystems (Models field studies, biotic compartments)
Rivers (solid/liquid exchanges), Lakes and reservoirs Session 4
Behaviour and transfer of radionuclides in estuaries Session
Effects of toxicants in the environment Multipollution, Effects of radiation on biota)
Approaches and concepts for environment radioprotection Session 6
Environmental radioactivity measurement methods
Session 7
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Consequences of accidental and chronical situations (Chernobyl consequences, countermeasures and decontamination, tools)
Situations of chronical contamination (chronical pollution, waste, vulnerability, dose to man) Session
Society and ethics: ethical aspects of environmental radioecotoxicology
http:Hwww.ii)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries.htm 16/11/01 List of participants Page 1 sur 2
List of participants
AARKROG, Asker ; ABECASSIS, Michel ADAM, Vermeir; AGGERO, Almudena ; ALBRECHT, Achim ; ALDAVE DE LAS HEPAS, Laura ALEXAKHIN, Rudolf ANDERSSON, Kasper ANDRES, Yves ANSOBORLO Anton, Maria Paz ARKHIPOV ; ARMAND, Patrick ARO, Lasse AVILA, Rodolfo ; BABLET, Jean-Pierre BALDACCI, Anna Banducci, F ; Barbeau, Claude BARBIER, Michel ; BARON, Yves BARTHAKUR, Nayana BAUDE, St6phane ; BELOT, Yves BELOVODSKY ; BERESFORD, Nick BERTHOL, Dominique ; BETTI, Maria BIESHOLD, Harald BOGDEVITCH, Iossif ; BONDARKOV, Mykhailo BONIN, Bernard BONTE, Philippe Bordet, Fran4;ois ; BORUT, Kuhar ; BOUGET, Yves Herv6 BOURCIER, Thierry ; BOURSIER, Bernadette BRANDEL, Anna BRISBIN, Lehr BRUCHERTSEIFER, Frank Burton, Olivier Bykova, Evira ; CABIROL, Philippe CAQUET, Thierry ; CARINI, Franca CASADESUS, 3aume CASILE, Marius CASTELLANOS-FERREIRO Maria Del Rosario CAZALA, Charlotte CHANTOISEAU, Laurence CHARPENTIER, Jean-Claude CHIAPPINI, R6mo ; CHOI, Yong-Ho CHOUHAN, Sohan ; CHOWDHURY, M. 1. ; CHUNG, Kun-Ho ; CIFFROY, Philippe CLAVEL, Christophe ; CODRON, Daniel ; COLLINS, Chris COPPLESTONE, David CRAN(;ON, Pierre DA SILVA, Patrice Damois, Carine ; DE LA ROSA-DUQUE (Maria Esther) DE LELLIS, Carlo DE NANTUEIL, Anne DEBAUCHE, Antoine DECLERCK, Stephan Decossas, Jean-Louis DE3ANIRA, Lauria ; Denys, Sebastien ; DESMET, Gilbert DEVIN, Patrick DINSE, Christelle DOLIN ; DONG GUO, Zhang ; Doremus, Pascal DOYEN, acques ; DRUZHININA, Irina DURANTON, Yves ECHEVARRIA, Guillaume EL MRABET, Rachid ; ERNESTOVA, Ludmilia ; ESCALLON, Serge FAIRLIE, Ian FALCK, Eberhard Fazio, Aldo FEGAN, Mary FERTEY, Gilles FESENKO, Serguei ; FEYRIT, Yvan FITAMANT, Marie-Laure ; FLORENCE, Dominique ; FLOROU, Heleny FONTUGNE, Michel FROIDEVAUX, Pascal FUKUI, Masami ; GALERIU, Dan GASCHAK, Serguei ; GASO, Maria Isabel GATTAVECCHIA, Enrico GERLAND, Sebastian GIZE, Irene GLEIZON, Philippe GOLDMAN, Marvin Golubev, Aeksey ; GONZALEZ, Jean-Louis GOOR, Frangois GREBENKOV, Alexandre GRISOT, Jacques GUESMIA, Mustafa ; GUINOIS, Ghislaine HABIBULIN, Munir ; HADJI, Karine ; HAKANSON, Lars HANSLIK, Eduard . HARTMANN, Philippe HATTINK, Jasper HELING, Rudie ; HENDERSON-SELLERS, Ann HIGGINS, Neil HILTON, John HINTON, Thomas HOCDE, Regis HOFFMANN, Owen HOWARD, Brenda HUAULT, Jean-Claude HUH, Chih-An JANSSENS, Augustin ; JEFFREE, Ross ; IA, Guogang ; KAUTSKY, Ulrik ; KELLY, Neale KIRCHMANN, Ren6 ; KIRCHNER, GERALD KLEMT, Eckehard ; KONOPLEV, Alexei ; KOSTIAINEN, Eila ; KRAVTSD, Yuriv KRYSHEV, Alexander; KUDRJASHOV, Vladimir; KUDRYASHOV, Anatoly ; KUWAHARA, Chikako ; KVASNIKOVA, Elena LACROIX, Jean-Pierre LACRONIQUE, Jean-Frangois ; LAHFID, Marc ; LARSSON, Carl-Magnus LE PETIT, Gilbert LEBEDEVA, Nathalia ; Leclerc-Cessac, Elisabeth ; LEE Sang-Han LEMAITRE, Nathalie ; LEPICARD, Samuel LEPRIEUR, Fabrice LETESSIER, Patrice LE-l"TNER, Herbert LEVY, Frangoise ; LINDEN, Geno ; LINSLEY, Gordon Lissorgues, Ghislaine ; LOWLESS, Ian MADELMONT, Claude MADRUGA, Maria-Jos6 ; MAKSIMOVA, Svetlana ; MARCHAND, Dominique ; MARCHANT, Joanna MATISHOV, Dimitry MATISHOV, Genady ; MAUBERT, Henri MAVRIN, Serguey ; MICHEL, Herv6 ; MICHEL, Rolf; MIETELSKI, erzy ; MIKHEYKIN, Sergey ; MILLAN ; MIRALLES, er6me ; MIRO, Conrado MITCHELL, Nick MOBERG, Leif MOLLAT DU 3URDIN, Caroline MONDON, Katherine MORALEDA, Montserrat MOREIRA, Isabel MOUCHET, Chantal ; MOULIN, Christophe ; MURAMATSU, Yasuyuki MURITH, Christophe ; MYSLEK-LAURIKAINEN, Bogumila ; NISBET, Anne OCONE, Rita OHMOMO, Yochiro ; Ohtsuka, Yoshihito ; PALSSON, Sigurdur Emil PARKER, Timothy PAUL, Didier ; PAUNESCU, Niculina ; Pecha, Petr ; Pechova, Emilie PERES (Sueli Da Silva Peres) POINTURIER, Fabien ; POLETTI, Dani&fe ; POLIKARPOV, Gennady ; POPOV, Alexandre PROSKURA ; PURDUE, James R RAAF, Christopher RACKHAM, Karine RADAKOVITCH, Olivier; RAJDEEP SIDHU ; RAMADE, Frangois ; RANTAVAARA, Aino ; RASKOB, Wolfgang ; RAY, Christophe ; RENNESSON, Malvina REYSS, Jean-Louis RIEBLER, Eric Ringer, Wolfang ; ROED, Jorn ; ROMANA, Louis Alexandre ROMANEM, Pascale ROSAMILIA,
http://www.ii)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Darticil)ants.htm 16/11/01 List of participants Page 2 sur 2
Silvia ROYER, Anne SABRI, Anmar Whabi ; SAHOO, Sarata Kumar SAINT-PIERRE, Sylvain SAITO, Masahiro SALBU, Brit SALT, Carol SANTOS (Adir Janete Godoy Dos Santos) Sanzharova ; SAXEN, Ritva ; SAZYKINA, Tatiana ; SCHNEIDER, Thierry ; SCHULTE, Ernst Hermann SEBTI, Karim ; SHAGALOVA, Ella SHANG, Zhao Rong ; SHAW, Georges SHEPPARD, Marsha SHEPPARD, Steve SICLET, Frangoise ; SIDHU, Rajdeep SLAVIK, Ondrej SMITH, Jim SMITH, Michael SOKOLIK, Anatoly ; SOKOLIK, Galina Solovyova, Larissa STAUNTON, Siohan ; STRAND, Per SUNDELL-BERGMAN, Synnove ; SVADLENKOVA, Mairie TATEDA, Yutaka ; THEZEE, Christian THIRY, Yves Thornberg, Charlotte TOMA, Alexandru ; TOULHOAT, Pierre TRUEBA, Christina TSUKADA, Hirofumi ; UGO, Stephanie VAKULOVSKY, Serguei ; VAN CRASBECK ; Van Dorpe, Frits ; VANDENHOVE, Hildegarde ; VARAKSIN, Anatoly ; VELEVA ; VERMOREL, Fabien ; VETERE (Maria In&s de Carvalho Vetere) VETIKKO, Virve ; VOIGT, Gabrielle VOITSEKHOVICH, Oleg ; Vojtyla, Pavol ; WALKE, Russell Wallberg, Petra WASSERMAN, Julio WASSERMAN, Maria Angelica ; WEBSTER, Shona WHICKER, F. Ward WICHTEREY, Karin WILLEY, Neil YANKOVICH, Tamara Yatsalo YOSHIDA, Satoshi ZEEVAERT, Theodor ZHUKOVA, Olga ZIBOLD, Gregor ZLOBENKO, Boris
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PROGRAMME ECORAD 2001 Sunday 02/09
1ShO - 19hOO Registration
16hO - 19hOO Radesite Meeting (Cezanne Amphitheatre) l7hO - 19hOO Breaking Ice Party Monday 03/09
8h3 - 0 h 30: Registration and Welcome Coffee
IOh3 - I JhOO: Welcome AlJocutions
II hO - l2hOO Introductive Papers l2hO - 14h3O: Lunch
I4h3 - 6hOO Posters exhibition - Sessions 3 and 4 l4h3 - 16hOO Session I M Behaviour and transfer of radionuclides in soils l6hO - 16h3O: Coffee Break l6h3 - 8hOO Poster exhibition continuation
MOO - l8hOO Session I T : Biotic transfer in soils
18h3 : IPSN exposition (salle vofit6e Archevechd) Tuesday 04/09
8hOO - lhOO Posters exhibition sessions 3 and 4
8hOO - lhOO Session 2 M Behaviour and transfer of radionuclides in terrestrial ecosystems lOhOO - lh3O: Coffee break
IOh3 - l2hOO Poster turn over Sessions 34 to 12
IOh3 - 12hOO Session 2 T : Soil-to-plant transfers
12hOO - 14h3O: Lunch
14h3 - 6hOO Posters exhibition Sessions I and 2
I4h3 - 16hOO Session 3 M Behaviour and transfer of radionuclides in freshwater ecosystems
16hO - 16h3O: Coffee break
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16h3O - hOO Posters exhibition Sessions I and 2
16h3 - 18h3O Session 3 T : Rivers (solid/liquid exchanges), lakes and reservoirs
18h3 - OhOO IUR Workshop (Cezanne Amphitheatre)
Wednesday 05/09
8h3O - I.OhOO Posters exhibition: Sessions I and 2
8h3O - lhOO Session 4 Behaviour and transfer of radionuclides in estuaries
lOhO - I MO: Coffee break
10h3 - l2hOO Posters turn over Sessions 12 to 78
lOh3 - l2hOO Session M Effects of toxicants in the environment
l2hO - 14h3O: Lunch
14h3 - 6hOO Posters exhibition Sessions 7 and
MOO - 16hOO Sessions T : Approaches and concepts for environment radioprotection
l6hOO - 16h3O: Coffee break
l6h3 - MOO Posters exhibition Sessions 7 and continuation
18h3O: Aix en Provence Down-town visit (departure from the Congress Centre)
2OhOO - 2 I hOO: Cocktail diner (Palais Vend6me)
2lh3 : Concert (St Sauveur cathedrals) Thursday 06/09
8hO - h45 Poster exhibition Sessions 7 and
8hO - h45 Session 6 Environment Radioactivity measurement methods
9h4 - 0h].5 Coffee Break
IOh15-l2hOO Posters turn over Sessions 78 to 56
1OhI - 2hOO Session 7 M Consequences of accidental and chronical situations
12hO - 14h3O: Lunch
14h3 - l6hOO Posters exhibition Sessions and 6
14h3 - 16hOO Session 7 T Situations of chronical contamination
l6hO - 16h3O: Coffee break
16h3 - 7h3O Posters exhibitions Sessions and 6 continuation
16h3 - l7h3O Session 7 T continuation
htti)://www.ipsn.fr/ecorad2OOl/ecoradi)roRramme.htm 16/1 01 GENERAL Page 3 sur 3 l8h45 precise: Bus departure from the Office du Tourisme for Evening Party
2OhO : Gala evening party at the Couvent. Royal de Saint Maximin
Trip back ; 1st departure Midnight - 2nd depaiture : 1.0 AM Friday 07/09
8h3 - 9hO : Morning coffee
9hO - Oh35 : Session 8 : Society and ethics ethical aspects of environmental radioecotoxicology lOh3 - l2h0 : Conclusion discussion
htti):Hwww.ij)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/ecorad-programme.htm 16/11/01 im Page 1 sur 1
IM = Behaviour and transfer of radionuclides in soil (Soil chemistry, extractions, Migration, Run-off) Alexakhin ------
0 apgAi • Crancon2 • Staunton • Stukin
• Andersson • Chowdh" • Chowdhufy2 • Claval • Crancon • CWLee • Denys • Echevarria • Golubev • Kirchner • Konoplev3 • Kudelsky2 • L9VY • Madruga • Michel • Mietelski • Perrier • Pili • Pourcelot • Radakovitch • Roussel • SheRp-ard • Slavik • Sokolik3 • Sokolik4 • Staunton2 • Vandenhove • Vanderperk • Vfay • Wasserman2
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Soil is the main compartment of radioactive substances in terrestrial ecosystems: physico-chemical properties, migration and biological availability of radionuclides
R.M.Alexakhin, S.V.Kruglov
RIARAE - Kievskoye Bld - RU 249020 OBNINSK
acr wdc.meteo.ru.
Abstract
Soil is the main depositary of radionuclides in terrestrial biogeocenoses. Soil sorption of radionuclides uptaken by the environment causes the development of a long-lasting source of radioactive substances for their incorporation into the trophic chains of migration. At the same time, sorption of radionuclides by the soil solid phase leads to the restricted soil to plant transfer.
The rate of the radionuclide soil to plant transport depends on physico-chemical properties of radionuclides, peculiar features of the matter in which radioactive substances are uptaken by soil, soil characteristics and radionuclide biological availability.
Artificial radionuclides uptaken by the soil cover are new ingredients in the soil medium and with time, under the action of different biogeochemical processes, comlicated changes in the forms of their existence occur which influence the biological mobility of radionuclides. Methods are described to determine mobility of radionuclides in soils and transformation of radionuclide compounds. A conjugated analysis is made of the radionuclides species found in soils and their availability for the root uptake. A biogeochemical classification of radionuclides by their mobility in soils and availability for plants is presented.
Anthropogenic radionuclides are in soils in ultramicroconcentrations and their behaviour depends largely on the content of macroamounts of isotopic and nonisotopic radionuclide carriers. The influence of the presence of the main carriers on the behaviour of ecologically significant radionuclides in soils is considered.
Mechanisms of vertical transfer of radionuclides in the soil profile and horizontal migration of radioactive substances in the soil cover are analyzed. Different aspects of radionuclide behaviour in the soil-plant system in the Chernobyl affected area are described.
http://www.ii)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Alexakhin.htm 16/11/01 Study of strontium-90 migration in the aquifer at "Red Forest" radioactive waste du... Page 1 sur 1
FIRST EVALUATION OF TRANSPORT PARAMETERS FOR Sr IN THE CHERNOBYL PILOT SITE
BUGAI D.A.*, DEWIERE L.**
*Institute of Geological Sciences, Gonchara Str. 55-b, Kiev, 01054, Ukraine,
dbugai radiogeo.kiev.ua
"Institute for Nuclear Safety and Protection, BP6, 92266 Fontenay aux Roses cedex, France,
lionel.dewiereftsn.
A field study is being conducted of hydrologic and geochemical processes and parameters governing Sr migration from one trench of waste to the sandy aquifer at the Chernobyl Pilot Site located at "Red Forest", 2.5 km westward the Chernobyl NPP. Radionuclides are leached by meteoric water from the trench containing reactor fuel hot particles, and infiltrate the sandy aquifer. Characterisation of Sr distribution in the aquifer, by means of multilevel monitoring wells, shows that Sr activity reaches a maximum value of 10,000 Bq/L and has migrated approximately 10 in downstream from the source term since the 13 last years after the trench realisation. Experimental hydrogeology program is including groundwater monitoring, hydraulic testing, and natural gradient tracer test in the aquifer utilising 36CI, and preliminary analyses indicate that Sr migration velocity in the eolian sand layer is at least 7% of real groundwater flow velocity. Sequential leaching studies point out that 95-97% of Sr sorbed on sediments is in ion-exchangeable form and allows us to back- calculate the retardation factor for Sr and then the Kd' Thus, with eolian sands, Kd less than 3 ml/g, is in good agreement with the ones that are determined from batch experiments and falls to the lower range reported in literature. High mobility of Sr is consistent with mineralogy (mainly quartz and less than I% of clay fraction) of eolian sands which comprise the upper portion of the aquifer. Analyses and modelling will be presented on non-reactive tracer 360) and 9Sr dispersion parameters in the aquifer in relation to geostatistical properties of the geologic environment.
htti):Hwww.ii)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Sum-maries/Bu2ai.htm 16/11/01 SIMULATION OF URANIUM REMOBILISATION IN SOIL BY NATURAL COL... Page 1 sur 1
HYDROGEOCHEMICAL CONSTRAINTS ON THE TRANSPORT OF URANIUM THROUGH THE UNSATURATED ZONE OF A PODZOL
CRANIQON P., PILI , GAUDET, J.-P.
CEA/DAM/DIF/DASE/Service Radioanalyses Chimie et Environnement
BP 12 - 91680, Bruy6res-le-ChAtel - France
E-mail: crancon dase.brayeres.cea.fr
The unsaturated zone of the soils constitutes the mobile interface between the atmosphere and the water table. From this particular position, numerous geochemical, hydrological and biological gradients exist which control the transport of radionuclides through the soils. In the case of the dispersion of a pollutant at the soil's surface, the migration velocity and the transport capacity are the limiting factors which determine the efficiency of the unsaturated zone as a barrier, and thus are controlling the risk of groundwater contamination. The complex relationship between the hydrology and the geochemistry in a soil is investigated in the case of the migration of uranium in a sandy soil in the Landes de Gascogne (France). In this particular context, the processes controlling uranium transport is controlled by i) high water velocities through the upper part of the unsaturated zone, due to transitory rainfall infiltration with flow thresholds, ii) the existence of an acidity and dissolved oxygen stratification in soil, which control uranium speciation and the efficiency of its sorption on soil material above groundwater surface; iii) the geochemical contrasts which occur during the water table oscillations. The role of the soil as a filter can be properly assumed if hydrology and geochemistry are considered together during transient processes related to rainfall infiltration. Important parameters controlling pollutant migration such as time constants, and the relative amount of fast transport processes associated with colloids are here measured.
http://www.ii)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Crancon2.htm 16/11/01 THE ORIGIN AND IPORTANCE OF TBE EFFECT OF ORGANIC MATTER ... Page I sur I
TBE ORIGIN AND IMPORTANCE OF THE EFFECT OF ORGANIC MATTER ON TBE ADSORPTION OF RADIOCAESIUM IN SIELS
STAUNTON S., DUMAT C. WACQUI L.P.
Unit6 de Science du Sol, INRA, place Viala, 34060 Montpellier Cedex, France, staunton ensarnjnra.fr
The long-term dynamics of radiocaesium in soils depend largely on its adsorption. In organic soils radiocaesium is often weakly adsorbed and easily available to biological systems. This is surprising since even when the soil mineral content is very low, sufficient clay minerals, and notably illite should be present in most temperate climate soils to ensure strong immobilisation of radiocaesium. Because of the very high affinity of illite for caesium (in contrast to organic matter on which adsorption is non specific) trace amounts of illite may dominate adsorption. Recent studies have shown that soil organic matter modifies the strength and extent of radiocaesium adsorption on clay minerals. This has been demonstrated both by removing organic matter from soils and by studying the adsorption properties of synthetic clay-organic matter complexes. Both approaches indicate that the presence of organic matter decreases the selectivity of mineral adsorption sites for caesium. The distribution coefficient, Kd, may be decreased by up to an order of magnitude. Furthermore, detailed investigations indicate that the highly selective frayed edge sites are more sensitive to organic matter. These investigations include the comparison of illite and montmorillonite, the consequences of changing of caesium concentration and the comparison of chemical oxidation and low temperature oxygen plasma oxidation to remove organic matter from soil. The consequences of this phenomenon on the bioavailability of radiocaesium in organic soils must be considered in relation to other parameters such as mineral weathering and low potassium status in such soils.
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GLOBAL RADIOACTIVE DEPOSITION ON THE YENISEY-RIVER CATCHMENT AND ITS CONTRIBUTION TO THE SUMMARY CONTAMINATION OF THE VALLEY
STUKIN E.*, KVASNIKOVA E.*, GOLOSOV V.**
*Institute of Global Climate and Ecology, Moscow, Russia
kv.stuk g23.relcom.ru
"Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
The results of the retrospective global radioactive contamination mapping of the Yenisey-river catchment will be presented. The maps of spatial distribution of 137CS on 1964, 1974, 1986, 2000 have been compiled using the geo-information technologies in the Institute of Global Climate and Ecology. The territory of mapping is 2600000 km2. The mapping was carried out on the airbom-gamma-spectrum data of radiation monitoring of the beginning of 60th, of 71h and 901h. The global levels of 137Cs are 04-3 kBq/M2 on 2000 A small contribution of Chernobyl deposition can be registered on the maps on the dates after 1986 002-0,15 kBq/m2). The levels of 25-3 kBq/M2 in the region of Severo-Eniseyski and Teya localities can be estimated as the tail part of the eastern Chernobyl pattern. The modem levels of 259-122 kBq/m2 are fixed on the Yenissey valley on distances of 01700 km from Krasnoyarsk-26. The parameters of ran-off and soil erosion will be estimated using the cartographic information, provided by the Laboratory of river Processes and Soil Erosion of Moscow State University. A part of 137CS, accumulated in the Yenisey-valley from early 60t to 2000 with the transport of soil material from inter-rivers of all Yenisey affluents, will be estimated using a balance-model of soil erosion. The contribution of 137C aived from the catchment to the valley will be estimated in comparison with the summary 137CS, fixed in the valley.
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MOBILITY OF CHERNOBYL 37CS IN UNDISTURBED SOIL
K.G. ANDERSSON, C.L. FOGH J. ROED
Risoe National Laboratory, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
The Chernobyl accident demonstrated that the mobility of 31CS in soil is a key parameter in nuclear accident consequence analysis. To examine the influence on 137CS mobility of both soil and contaminant aerosol characteristics, soil cores were sampled from a total of 10 selected locations within the former Soviet Union, at distances from 10 to 220 km from the Chernobyl power plant. Soil samples were also taken from relatively highly contaminated locations in Sweden. All soils were characterised with respect to texture and pH. Vertical 137CS profiles were determined from the cores, and are for some soils presented as time-series representing the first decade after the accident. A sequential extraction technique was applied to selected samples to investigate the strength of binding or association of radiocaesium with the various soil components. In general, a large fraction of the 137CS was found to be very strongly bound, and the fractions of 137Cs associated with the different soil components were not found to change greatly over the period from 2 to 10 years after the accident. The strength of fixation in typical Russian soil at a distance of 150-200 km from the power plant was found to decrease with increasing vertical depth. This phenomenon was not found to change significantly with time. Soil samples were also subjected to neutron activation analysis to determine their content of the soil mineral (clay) indicator scandium. and of the naturally occurring caesium isotope 133CS, showing the possible long-term trends of 137Cs. Differences in strength of fixation of 133CS and 137CS can also be used to indicate the significance of the presence of e.g., hot particles at various distances from Chernobyl.
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COMPARATIVE STUDY OF NATURALLY OCCURRING RADIONUCLIDES AND EXPOSED GAMMA RADIATION IN DIFFERENT TYPES OF SOILS.
MANTAZUL 1. CHOWDHURY
Radioactivity Testing and Monitoring Laboratory
Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission
P.O. Box No. 1352, Chittagong
Bangladesh.
mai1to:rt1(&q1oba1ctq.net
The activity concentration of radionuclides in agricultural, undisturbed and hilly land soils was investigated with an aim to compare the radionuclides 226 Ra, 232 Th and 40K and exposed gamma radiation originating from them. The activity of these radionuclides, external gamma ray dose rates and radon emanation coefficients were found higher in agricultural land soil than that of undisturbed and hilly land soils. The increase of radioactivity concentrations in the cultivation lands than the undisturbed and hilly land soils may be due to increase of use of phosphate and potash fertilisers. In Bangladesh, a small amount of phosphogypsum is used in agriculture to improve water movement in saline-alkaline soil and as a substitute for lime or limestone in alkaline soil. Excessive use of phosphate fertilisers for two to three crops production in a year may contribute in increasing the activity of radionuclides in the cultivation soil. Moreover, the activity concentration of radionuclides and other radiation hazard parameters in all the three categories of soil samples was observed to be higher than that of world average values of soil samples reported in UNSCEAR 1988.
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STUDY OF RADON EXHALATION FROM SOIL TO ASCERATIN THE
ELEVATED LEVELS OF BACKGROUND RADIATION OF BANGLADESH
M. 1. CHOWDHURY, M. N. ALAM AND M. R. CHOWDHURY*
Radioactivity Testing and Monitoring Laboratory
Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission
P.O. Box No. 1352, Chittagong, Bangladesh.
mai1to:rt1 e1ob;a1ct2.net
*Department of Physics, University of Chittagong
Chittagong, Bangladesh.
The outdoor environmental background radiation level in normal area of Bangladesh ranged between 110 and 445 nGy.h-1 was observed in a countrywide background radiation survey using 0-y radiation survey meter. The United Nation Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) reported to the united Nations General Assembly in its 1988 report that the outdoor country averaged environmental background radiation level in air in 23 countries representing about one half of the world population were found to range between 24 and 85 nGy.h-1, with a mean value of 55 nGy.h-1, which is one fourth of the radiation dose level of Bangladesh. In the present study, activity concentration of radium and radon radionuclides was measured in the soil samples of the country and measured their radon emanation coefficient, and radon mass exhalation and radon area exhalation rates with an aim to evaluate the cause of high background radiation level in Bangladesh. The result shows that the concentration of 226Ra in most of the soil samples was higher than that of world average value, and the concentration of 224Ra, a daughter of 232Th-series, is more than two times higher than the world average value. The activity of 40K was found higher than both the range and average world value in most of the samples. The results of 222Rn emanation coefficients, 222Rn mass and area exhalation rates are very significant. Values of radon emanation coefficients for the soil samples in a number of locations were found in excess of world average value. The 222Rn emanation coefficients was found in the range 310 - 44.68%, the mass exhalation rates was found in the range 250 - 27.84 RBq.kg-l.sec-1, and the area exhalation rates was found in the range 315 - 38.15 mBq.m-2.sec-1. Due to high concentrations of radium and potassium in soil and the high radon exhalation rate the external and internal doses are also higher. The total external dose from soil was found higher than the reported results of most of the countries of the World. This result would be helpful to assess the radiation exposure to human, animal and plants, and radiation related cancer risk.
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MOBILITY AND TRANSPORT OF CESIUM AND STRONTIUM IN SOIL EROSION BY WATER
CLAVAL D., RtAL J. ROUXEL R.
Institute of Protection and Nuclear Safety, DPRE/SERLAB, Laboratory of Experimental Radioecology, CADARACHE, Bt. 159, B.P. 1, 13108 Saint Paul Lez Durance, CEDEX, France, juliette.real ipsn.fr
Water erosion is responsible for the spread of radioactive contaminant through the agricultural catchment area, its redistribution, possible concentration and export towards the aquatic environment, and also for the post-accident contamination of plants through splash of water.
We have reproduced deposits of dry and wet radioactive aerosols of cesium and strontium at various stages in the hydric and structural history of the soil in function of a range of degrees of slope of the terrain.
It was apparent that the cesium migrates horizontally at an appreciably faster rate and in greater proportions than the strontium that fixes little on the particles and infiltrates into the first centimeters of the soil. The key parameter to take into account for the model would appear to be the initial humidity of the soil. In the case of wet discharge, the contamination of cesium tends to disperse above ground. Whereas if the soil is dry or slaking crusted at the time of contamination, the first ran-offs are very efficient carriers of contamination. In addition, the migration of the cesium appears to be particularly sensitive to the development of sedimentary crusts that favours its exportation by preventing its infiltration, while at the same time trapping part of the contamination on its immobile particles. On steep slopes, the structure of the sedimentary crusts is less continuous, their area less extensive, the macro-aggregates then persist at the surface, by inhibiting run-off, they favour the dispersal of the contamination down-stream of the spot.
By applying coefficients of solid-liquid distribution of contaminants to the results of models of erosion such as WEPP, the results of transport in the run-off water may prove satisfactory. In contrast, a more conceptual model with a finer time scale allowing to take into account surface obstacles would provide a basis for better anticipating possible concentrations of contamination in the zones of deposit in the catchment area. An illustration of this type of model is the model LISEM.
http://www.iT)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Claval.htm 16/11/01 SIMULATION OF URANIUM REMOBILISATION IN SOIL BY NATURAL COL... Page 1 sur 1
SIMULATION OF URANIUM REMOBILIZATION IN SOIL BY NATURAL COLLOIDS
CRAN(;ON P., PILI 9., CHARLET L.
CEA/DAM/DIF/DASE/Service Radioanalyses Chimie et Environnernent
BP 12 - 91680, Bruy&es-le-Chatel - France
E.mail: crancon dase.brayeres.cea.fr
Uranium is strongly associated to organic matter in various natural soils. More particularly, U(VI) makes very stables complexes with the humic acids, under acidic to neutral conditions. The humic acids may occur in natural systems as grain coatings, organo-clayey aggregates or variously condensed colloids. Such structures are highly sensitive to ionic strength variations. This sensitivity may result in the strong remobilization of the humic acid colloids in soils toward the water table. In such case, the migration of uranium sorbed on hurnic colloids can be greatly enhanced in soils. Comparative reactive transport of bulk uranium and its isotopes was studied in columns of a natural podzolic sandy soil from the Landes of Gascogne. Evolution of total uranium concentration and isotopic ratios 233U/23'U and 231U/21'U as a function of time were monitored using ICP- MS. Humic acid bulk concentration was monitored using on-line UV fluorescence. In the Landes sandy soil, natural colloids are found to be transported at the velocity of water, but a retardation may occur when the ionic strength of the groundwater increases. Uranium was found to be strongly associated in the Landes sand to the fine gramilometric fraction < 8[tm), and more particularly to composite natural colloids made of organic matter and clays. Under steady-state chemical conditions, up to 70% of the uranium is contained in the first two centimetres of the sandy columns after 100 poral volumes circulation. This indicates that uranium is strongly retained in the soil. Migration of uranium is enhanced when adding natural colloids to circulation solution. The use of 233U isotopes allows us to distinguish between uranium carried on natural colloids and uranium released from soil aggregates and grain coating. Sharp decreases of ionic strength during transport experiment shows great remobilization of uranium from the soil, at the velocity of groundwater. Moreover, it appears that between to 15 of the total uranium injected in the sand columns are transported by natural colloids.
htti):Hwww.i-psn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Crancon.htm 16/11/01 Page 1 sur 1
COMPLEXATION OF METAL ION(Eu(III)) WITH THREE MOLECULAR WEIGHT FRACTIONS OF A SOIL FULVIC ACID
CHANG-WOO LEE, MYUNG-HO LEE, KUN-HO CHUNG
Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Nuclear Environment Research Division,
P.O. Box105, Yusong, Taejon, Korea. 305-600, e-mail: cwleea)kaeri.re.kr
Humic substances (HUS) are naturally occurring organic matter which have a high affinity for metal ions, and strongly influence the speciation of metal ions in terrestrial and aquifer system. For assessment of the migration behaviour of the metal cations in the natural systems, the knowledge of the nature of HUS and their complexation behaviors are required. The objectives of this work were to fractionate a fulvic acid(FA) extracted from the forest soils into different nominal molecular weight ranges using gel filtration chromatography (GFC), to characterize these fractions of the soil FA using synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy(SyF), and to study the binding of Eu(III) with these fractions. The metal ion, Eu(III), was selected because of its properties similar to actinicles, which is interested in nuclear environment for assessing the migration behavior. Emphasis was placed on the identification of the number of types of metal binding sites of FA by a self-modeling mixture analysis method and obtaining the equilibrium parameters for the Eu(III) binding with the soil FA A soil fulvic acid isolated from a Korean forest was dvided into three different molecular weight fractions by gel filtration chromatography. The fractions were studied by synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy. Analysis of the SyF spectra for the fulvic acid fractions showed that the fractions with molecules of larger sizes have a higher content of condensed aromatic compounds. Assuming that each of the FA sites binds with just one metal 1:1 stoichiometry), self-modeling mixture analysis of the quenching spectra gives two distinct peak components. This means that the fractionated fulvic acid has two different binding sites with Europium ions. From the analysis of the quenching profiles of the peaks, using a non-linear regression method, the concentration of binding sites (CL), and the corresponding stability constants (log K) were calculated.
htti)://www.i-psn.ft/ecorad2OOl/Summaties/CWLee.htm 16/11/01 Page I sur 1
FATE OF TCHNETILTM-99 IN CULTIVATED UNDISTURBED SOIL CORES
DENYS S., ECHEVARRIA G. MOREL J.L.
Laboratoire Sols et Environnement ENSAIA-INRA. 2 avenue de la Foret de Haye, BP 172, 54505 Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy cedex, France. Sebastien.Denys ensaia.inpl-nancy.fr
The environmental assessment of radioactive waste disposal facilities requires databases of transfers of radionuclides in the biosphere. Sensitivity analysis for several radionuclides such as 99Tc emphasizes on the precise assessment of the soil-to-plant transfer through site-specific value. This work was undertaken to measure soil-to-plant transfer of 99Tc in close-to-reality system. Undisturbed soil cores (50 cm diameter x 50 cm height) were sampled from a brown rendzina a colluvial and an acidic brown soil using PVC tubing (three replicates per soil type). Each lysimeter was equipped with prous cups and a final leaching collector, and placed in a greenhouse. Five seeds of maize (DEA, Pioneero) were sawn. After 30 d, NH4 99TcO 4 was supplied at a rate of 800 kBq at the soil surface of each lysimeter, and iigation was applied on the basis of plant needs. Leaching water was quantified and filtered after each watering. Cobs and leaves were harvested at day 120, and acid-mineralized. Radioactivity was determined in both vegetal and water samples, and transfer factors were calculated assuming that the 99Tc was only present in the soil solution. Results showed that the amount of 99Tc leached was related to the quantity of water leached, and ranged between and 1.5% of the total radioactivity for the brown rendzina and the colluvial soil. Leaching was not observed through the acidic brown soil columns. Most of the 99Tc was recovered in leaves. Also, it was present in grains, but at lower levels not different among soils suggesting an absence of soil effect on the transfer of 99Tc. Transfer factors values for grains varied from 02 to 47. They were significantly higher on the acidic brown soil due to its lower water holding capacity. In conclusion, the radionuclide was readily taken up by maize and concentrated in the leaves. Lower quantities were found in grains and leachates.
http://www.ii)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Sununaiies/Denvs.htm 16/11/01 FACTORS AFFECTING URANIUM SORPTION IN SOELS Page I sur I
FACTORS AFFECTING URANIUM SORPTION IN SOILS
ECHEVARRIA G., SHEPPARD M.I. & MOREL J.L.
Laboratoire Sols et Environnement, ENSAIA-INPL/INRA, BP 172 F-54505 VANDCEUVRE-LES-NANCY CEDEX, France, Guillaume.Echevaffia ensaia.inpl-nancy.fr
This work was undertaken to study the influence of soil type and chemical composition on uranium distribution coefficients (Kd in L kg-') in order to reduce the uncertainty associated with this parameter in risk assessment models. Thirteen soil samples were collected from 3 different locations in France under different geologic and climatic conditions. Clay content varied from 70 to 500 mg g- pH ranged from 5.5 to 8.8 and organic matter content from 10 to 46 mg g Soils were incubated at room temperature in polyethylene packettes for 28 days in the presence of I mg U kg-1 soil. Kd values varied from 09 to 3198 for all soils with no significant effect of soil texture or of organic matter. However, soil pH was highly linearly correlated with (log Kd) as a probable consequence of the existence of different uranium complexes as a function of soil pH. Results were compared with Kd values from eight Canadian soil samples previously obtained rigorously in the same experimental conditions. Pooling the 21 soil samples together showed no significant difference in the regression equation. The differences in sorption behaviour between UO 2 2 and UO 22-carbonate complexes hide any other effect from soil properties on U sorption. As soil pH is the main factor in governing the equilibrium between these two forms, it is crucial to focus on this variable to reduce the uncertainty associated with the soil Kd values used in site-specific environmental risk assessments.
http:/Iwww.ipsn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Echevarria.htm 16/11/01 Page I sur 1
Studies of HTO transport and oxidation in unsaturated soil
Aleksey Golubev, Michail Glagolev, Sergey Nfisatyuk
Russian Federal Nuclear Center - VNIIEF
607190, Sarov, Mira prospect, 37, Nizhegorodsky region, Russia
E-mail: avg dc.vniiefru
A paper presents results of studies of HTO transport in unsaturated soil in the vicinity of long-term emission source and tritium oxidation by soil microorganisms. The objective of the first study was to determine the vertical profile of tritium from surface to lm-depth using boreholes. The boreholes were sampled every lm for measurements of tritium in the soil water.
The objective of the second study was to determine tritium oxidation activity of soil in laboratory environment depending on temperature, tritium activity, humidity, etc. A special apparatus in which a mixture of air, water vapour and tritium gas is pumped through the soil material under study was used to determine soil oxidation activity. The amount of HT converted into HTO in the soil sample during a certain period of time was used to determine the tritium reaction rate. This rate varies, depending on the catalytic and/or biological activity of the material.
The knowledge of the reaction rate can help to estimate HT deposition rate of HT onto the surface of an undisturbed soil sample. A theoretical treatment based on simplifying assumptions has shown that the deposition rate can be expressed by the reaction rate and the effective diffusion coefficient of HT in the porous material..
The studies are performed in frame of ISTC project 654.
httD:Hwww.iDsn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Golubev.htm 16/11/01 Page I sur I
MODELING THE SOIL SOLUTION CHEMISTRY OF RADIOCESIUM AN -STRONTIUM USING TE HYDROGEOCHEMICAL CODE PHREEQC
KIRCHNER G. HORMANN V.
University of Bremen, Department of Physics, D-28334 Bremen, Germany, kirchner physik.uni-bremen.de
Hydrogeochemical computer codes are increasingly applied to simulate physico-chemical interactions of major and trace substances at the soil soil solution interface, since they are capable to deal with even complex reaction schemes and competition effects of the usually many species present in these systems. The internationally recognized code PHREEQC has been applied to simulate the behavior of radiocesium and -strontium in various soils. As a first step, the simple ion exchange model used by PHREEQC was modified to take into account selective sorption of Cs+, NH4+ and K by clay minerals. The code was validated by modeling batch experiments performed by Nisbet and coworkers 1995). For loamy and sandy soils, our calculations agree well with experimental data, but for peat discrepancies were found which indicate that the existing ion exchange constants of the relevant cations are not applicable to organic soils. To illustrate the usefulness of our PHREEQC model in radioecological studies, results of two applications are presented. First, the effectiveness of chemical amendmends (i.e. potassium chloride and lime) applied as soil-based countermeasures in reducing the 137Cs/K and 9Sr/Ca ratios in soil solution is assessed for various soil types. It is shown that PHREEQC offers a fast and convenient tool to estimate the influence of individual chemical soil properties on the countermeasures' impact. Second, by coupling our geochernical model with a simple transport model the migration of fallout 137Cs and 9OSr in a podsol soil is simulated.
htti)://www.ipsn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/kirchner.htm 16/11/01 INFORMATION MAINTENANCE FOR ACCEPTANCE OF TBE DECISIONS T... Page 1 sur I
TRANSFER OF CHERNOBYL 137Cs AND Sr BY SURFACE RUN-OFF
KONOPLEV A.* DEVILLE-CAVELIN G.
*Centre for Environmental Chemistry - SPA "Typhoon"
Lenin av., 82 - Obninsk 249020 - Kaluga region. - RUSSIA - E-mail: konop1ev iem.obninsk.ra
"Institute for Nuclear Safety and Protection (IPSN), Department for Environmental Protection (DPRE)
CE Cadarache - 13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance Cfidex - France - E-mail: gerard.deville-cavelin ipsn.fr
Surface ran-off from contaminated land is one of the major processes responsible for the contamination of water bodies. The large area of land contaminated after the Chemobyl accident has become a continuing source of radionuclide contamination for natural waters and aquatic ecosystems. Data from the Chernobyl accident provide an excellent opportunity to test models concerned with the movement of trace contaminants from terrestrial sources to water bodies as well as redistribution of contamination within the catchment. This report presents the results of the first stage of the subproject 3c (SP3c) "Runoff in natural and agricultural environments" of the Project 2 "Radioecology" of Franco-Gen-nan Initiative (FGI) on Chernobyl. The main objective of the work is development of thematic data base on radionuclide transfer by surface runoff in contaminated areas of three CIS countries (Belarus, Russia and Ukraine) after the Chemobyl accident. In particular outcomes of this subproject will provide an opportunity for (1) evaluation of the movement of contaminants from soil to water, 2) calculation of the alteration and migration of contaminants in soil over different time scales, 3) increased understanding of contaminant transport at the process level, and 4) development and use of methods for estimation of key parameters. The efforts of present overview were pimarily aimed at laying the groundwork for dealing with development of the database structure, and in particular, drawing a list of parameters to be incorporated into the database with indication of the extent of space - time details desirable for each parameter.
htt-D:Hwww.ii)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Konoi)lev3.htm 16/11/01 Page 1 sur I
A PARAMETERS OF 137CS MIGRATION IN SOILS: CHANGES OVER TIME
KUDELSKY AX, SMITH .T. PINCHUK T.M.
Institute of Geological Sciences, Laboratory of Hydrogeology,
220141 Minsk, Belarus, e-mail: kuda[s-ky_. .r1sJgstAcJy
In this study we present the results of several years' 1987-2000) monitoring of 137CS migration in soils of various types within Belarus. The study covers an area of more than 35,000 km2 with 137CS contamination ranging from 37 to 1480 kBq/M2 . The major soil types studied are mineral soddy-poclzolic and organic peat-bog soils, each showing very different wetness characteristics, depending on their location in the landscape (terraces above floodplains, high and low river floodplains, bottom lands around lakes, swamped territories, etc). A wide-range variations of velocities (V of linear migration 011-2,66 cm/yr) and coefficients of quasidiffusion (D of radiocaeslurn 0,009-1,403 cm2/yr) have been observed. A statistically significant (R 2 = 058-0.77) tendency for decrease of the migration parameters with time (t in sections of mineral and semi-hydromorphic soddy-podzolic soils of the high floodplains of rivers was found. Exceptions are semi-hydromorphic soddy-podzolic soils of the lake catchments and soils in areas of intensive agriculture (ploughed soils were excluded from the study), where an equally significant increase in parameters of 137CS migration in soil is observed due to intense soil washing and/or (K+, NH4+) fertilizer application. Changes in 137CS migration in time are explained by the effect of different moisture contents and concentration of competitor ions (K+ and NH 4+) on the sorption-desorption processes of this isotope to clay minerals. The observed changes in the 137CS migration parameters with time must be accounted for in long-term forecasts Of 137CS migration in soils.
http://www.iosn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Kudelskv2.htm 16/11/01 Page I sur 1
MODELING TRITIUM TRANSFERTS IN THE GROUNDWATER OF MARCOULE SITE AND IN THE CODOLET PLAIN
KLEVY & M.LAFHID
COGEMA MARCOULE Service de Protection Radiologiclue et Environnement
30206 BAGNOLS SUR CEZE CEDEX France
mai Ito: francoise. ley-y .. ngWoojr
The observation of tritium activities in groundwater shows fluctuations that can be explained by the rainwater tritium activities (related to the gaseous releases) but also by incidental intakes.
Several studies have been realised to model these phenomena:
• A first study in 1995 was limited to the plain outside the site
• A second study in 1996 takes into account the site and the Codolet plain
A third one in 1998 takes into account the site and Codolet plain, using new modelling parameters, because of the results of the second study feedback.
This paper presents the hydrodynamic and hydrodispersive model (named MARTCOUL), and also presents the results of the first two studies. At the end, we make a reflection to improve the understanding of these phenomena and perfect the hypothesis of modelling.
The hypothesis taken for modelling are the following:
The rain tritium intake is spread on three infiltration zones, corresponding to three air control stations of Marcoule site where we have rainwater tritium activities values excluding the roads, built surfaces and the dry zone of the aquifer.
Intake of tritium for the Astian zone in the North of the site (incident intakes), modelled as a massic flux spread all long the south limit of this geologic formation.
After an adjusting stage to confirm that the flows are well represented, the simulations of intakes or transfers has been made according to 3 scenarios and different hydrodispersive parameters:
• Rainfall intake alone
• Intake from Astian zone alone
• Sum up of the two scenario
1996 is the chosen reference situation for groundwater activities and meteorogical parameters . The comparison has been made on the map obtained by simulation and the map obtained by measuring groundwater tritium activities in the borehole or well of the plain and site. Otherwise some wells representative of the various flowing directions have been chosen and their activities (measured from 1980 to 1998) have been compared to the simulated values.
The result shows that we can reconstitute with a good adequation the activities in the plain and, for the selected wells, calculate the part of each kind of tritium intake: for 67% to 97% due to the rainfall replenishment depending of the localisation in the plain.
We also try some predictive modelling with the meteorological and tritium rainfall activities of the 1996 year. We are able now to compare computed and measured activities from 996 to now.
htti)://www.ii)sn.frlecorad2OOl/Summaries/Levv.htm 16/11/01 Page I sur 1
METHODOLOGY IMPROVEMENT OF RADIOCAESIUM SORPTION DETERMINATIONS ON SOILS AND BOTTOM SEDIMENTS FROM CHERNOBYL CONTAMINATED AREAS
MADRUGA, M. .1, KONOPLEV, A.2 & KONOPLEVA 12
1ITN/Departamento de Protecg o Radiol6gica e Seguranga Nuclear, E.N. 10, Apartado 21,
2686-953 Sacav6m, Portugal, E-mail: Madr &jj.pj
2SPA Typhoon Institute, Obninsk, Russia
Characteristics of radiocaesium selective sorption on soils and bottom sediments from Chernobyl contaminated areas, such as, capacity of selective sorption sites (frayed edge sites-[FES] and high affinity sites-[HAS]) and radiocaesium interception potential (RIP) are determined, allowing to predict radiocaesium distribution in the soil-water systems. Experimental methods based on masking of the regular exchange sites (RES) by silver thiourea (AgTU) were carried out. To extend the potential of the methods and to reduce incertainty of [FES] determinations, the methodology was slightly modified by introduction of additional ammonium extraction of exchangeable radiocaesium after equilibration time. To obtain [FES] and [HAS] linear form of Langmuir equation was used. Application of linear form of Langmuir equation allows to determine the capacity of selective sorption sites [FES] for organic soils and bottom sediments for which maximum of caesium isotherm does not take place as a result of lattice interlayers collapse. Capacity of high affinity sites [HAS] was determined using Langmuir linearisation of the initial piece of sorption isotherm. It was found that the incertainty of [FES] determinations is lower than 10% for soils and sediments under study. In the case of RIP determinations fixation leads to overestimation the value of RIP. The notion of RIpex (exchangeable RIP- after ammonium acetate extraction) was introduced.
htt-p://www.ipsn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Madraaa.htm 16/11/01 Page 1 sur 1
Transuranic and fission product determination in soil and sediment from Alpin Wetland, Boreon (France)
H. Nfichel, D. Chitty, G. Barci-Funel, G. Ardisson
Laboratoire de Radiochimie et Radio6cologie, 28 Avenue de Valrose, 06108 Nice, France
Abstract
The nuclear tests carried out in the atmosphere in the Sixties, the accidents and in particular that at the power station of Chernobyl in 1986, were at the origin of significant dispersion of transuranic elements and fission products.
The study of an Alpine Wetland (Boreon in the south east of France) presented in this study, can bring interesting answers to the problems of the environment management. The deten-nination of the radionuclides in sediments and soils has allowed not only to establish the history of the depositions and consequently the origin of the radionuclides, but also to evaluate the various transfers which took place: atmosphere-catchment and atchment-sediment.
The studied elements are plutonium 238, 239+240, 241, americium 241, cesium 134, 137 and strontium 90. The alpha and beta emitting radionuclides require complex radiochemical separations. After a total dissolution of the sample, plutonium is separated from americium, strontium and thoriurn on an anionic column. Strontium is separated from americium by calcium-oxalate and iron- hydroxide precipitations. Another purification is made with an Sr-Spec resin (Eichrom Industries). Americium is purified and separated from rare earths by an TRU-Spec resin (Eichrom Industries) and anionic resin in acid-methanol medium. The cesium 137 determination is done by direct gamma spectrometry.
This procedure was tested with reference materials given by the International Atomic Energy Agency the results obtained are in good agreement. The chemical recovery is near to 90% for the transuranics and near to 75% for strontium.
The detailed vertical study of sediment and soil cores shows the accumulation mode and give the sedimentation rate of the elements. The study of the isotopic ratios 238Pu/239+24OPu, 24lPu/239+24OPu, 241Am/239+24OPu, 137Cs/134Cs, 9Sr/137Cs give information on the origin and the environmental behaviour of the elements. Soil bulk cores on the catchment show the inventory of the activity. The evolution of the activity versus altitude is made.
htti)://www.ii)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Michel.htm 16/11/01 RADIONUCLIDES FROM CHERNOBYL HOT PARTICLES IN TE ENVIRON... Page I sur 1
RADIONUCLIDES FROM CHERNOBYL HOT PARTICLES IN THE ENVIRONMENT OF NORTH-EASTERN POLAND
MIETELSKI J.W.
The Henry Niewodnicza- ski Institute of Nuclear Physics, Environmental Radioactivity Laboratory, 31-342 Krak6w, Poland, rniete1sk alf.ifj.edu.pl
A relatively massive fallout of small juel-like hot particles" (BP) from initial Chernobyl plume was found in the farthest northeastern Poland. The fallout density, calculated from observed plutonium activity, gave approximately 2500 HP per square meter, if the particle size was assumed to be equal to 44 mm. Radionuclides in the HP were mostly in the insoluble forms. Then, after years of a decomposition in environmental conditions radionuclides from BP might be leached out and might go to different chemical forms. Pu Am or Cm could be bioavailable mostly if they are complexed by humic or fulvic acids. During the summer of 1999 about 20 samples of forest litter were collected on this area. Initially all the samples were measured by means of low-background gamma spectrometry and the traces of 24'Am and 154Eu were observed. This confirms the presence of HP in samples. The experiment on the leaching of the nuclides (137cs, 9Sr, 24'Am, 244cm, 154EU, 238,239+240,24'Pti and 238,235,234U) from the samples is now being conducted. Main steps of the experiment onsist of: 1.) leaching by diluted HCl (pH-=3) and next filtration with 045 mm pore diameter membrane filter (fulvic acid fraction), 2 leaching with diluted NH4 ( pH-=8) and next filtration with 045 mm pore diameter membrane filter (hurnic acid fraction), and 3 full decomposition (HIF, HN031 HCl, 1131303) of remaining sample matrix. All the fractions are measured separately for the each of radionucledes using gamma, alpha or liquid scintillation spectrometry preceded by a proper radiochemical procedure. Initial results will be presented during the conference.
httT):Hwww.ii)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Mietelski.htm 16/11/01 Page I sur I
Towards a more comprehensive modelisation of the behaviour of transuranic elements in agricultural soils.
PERRIER T., R6al J., Roussel-debet S. Leyval C.*
Institute of Protection and Nuclear Safety, DPRE/SERLAB, Laboratory of Experimental Radioecology, CADARACHE, Bt. 186, B. P. 1, 13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, CEDEX, France, thomas.perrier ipsn.fr
*Biological Pedology Centre, C.N.R.S., 17, rue N.D. des Pauvres B.P.5, 54501 Vandoeuvre-les- Nancy cedex, FRANCE
For soils, the improvement of the sorption - desorption concept and the development of a mechanistically-based model adapted to the dynamic forecast of vertical and lateral migration are particularly necessary for long half life radioisotopes. In spite of many works, knowledge on the behaviour of transuranic elements in soils remains poorly known and modeling of the migration is still being empirical, with the general use of the soil partition coefficient (Kd). This parameter is probably imperfectly adapted to transuranic actinides, not only for conceptual reasons, but also because its usual values have been predominantly determined through experimental conditions which can scarcely be applied to the case of root layers. Indeed, the estimation of Kd values rarely takes into account the chemical environment specific to the root context. For example, the presence of organic compounds exuded by the roots can decrease the pH around their vicinity, or the whole turn-over of the organic matter in soil is likely to modify acutely the long-term equilibrium between the mineral phase and the solute. As well, recent research shows the need for improving the conceptualization of sorption - desorption by way of a mechanistic model adapted to the dynamic forecast of the migration. The first data of an experimental program intended for studying these mechanisms on three agricultural soils, respectively acid, calcareous and neutral, are described. The influence of the ionic composition of the soil solution and of the organic compounds on the sorption-desorption of transuranic actinides are discussed.
htti)://www.ii)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Perrier.htm 16/11/01 URANIUM MIGRATION IN CHALK FROM TOP TO BOTTOM Page 1 sur 1
URANIUM MIGRATION IN CHALK FROM TOP TO BOTTOM
PILI , GUINOIS G., CRANCON P.
CEA/DAM/DIF/DASE/Service Radioanalyses Chimie et Environnement
BP12 - 91680, Bruy6res-le-ChAtel, France
Email pili dase.bruyeres.cea.fr
Dispersion of uranium on the ground resulted from more than 30 years of outdoor physical testing of weapons components with explosives in one of the CEA test sites. One minor part was dispersed into the atmosphere, the remaining scattered on the ground where coarse pieces of uranium were manually removed after the trials. Field investigations using gamma mapping, and serial sampling analysis lead to a large estimate of 1 of uranium remaining in the ground over a surface area of ca. 000 M2. The site is located in the Champagne massive chalk of the Paris Basin, ca. 35 meters above the water table. The chalk is a double porosity media, as shown by the monitoring of water flow (water table response to rainfall) and uranium migration. As a matter of fact, the vertical migration of uranium in the chalk did not exceed 10 meters although uranium concentrations in groundwater ca. 35 meters straight below the site are slightly above the regional background uranium concentrations 0.4 Ag1l) A numerical modeling of uranium migration from the ground surface to the water table in the unsaturated zone, and through the saturated zone toward its outlets is presented in this' paper. This modeling integrates field measurements such as the distribution of uranium in chalk and waters, the measured hydrogeological parameters: porosity permeability as a function of water content, rainfall, pressure gradients..., laboratory experiments (dissolution kinetics, retention coefficients), and geochemical modeling. The competing effects of double porosity versus geochemically-enhanced migration are discussed. Uranium distribution in space and time can therefore be calculated, leading to an environmental impact assessment.
http://www.ii)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Pili.htm 16/11/01 Processes of concentration of radionuclides in high altitude catchments Page I sur I
Concentration processes of radionuclides fallout in high altitude area
L. Pourcelot, P. Bouisset and D. Louvat
Institut de Protection et de Sfiret6 Nucl6aire, D6partement de Protection de I'Environnement,
13 108 St Paul lez Durance, laurent.pourcelot ipsn.fr
In high altitude catchments. the so-called "hot spot" sails of a fewM2 of high caesium concentration are considered as a "fingerprint" of the Chernobyl fallout, occurring in 1986. Sooner in the sixties, those rainy areas underwent extensive deposition of nuclear weapons tests fallouts. Thus, the large fluxes of atmospheric pollutants allow us to study the radionuclides concentration processes occurring at the atmosphere/vegetables and at the vegetables/soils interfaces, when accidental fallout occurred on such a natural ecosystem. The approach we used is the field study of the spatial variability of natural isotopes fallout 7 Be and 21OPb) as a tool to better understand concentration processes occurring on vegetables and soils components. Thus, in the field, two main conceptual models of radionuclides fallout concentration were tested in one workshop zone of about 2000 M2in landfill area, located in Mercantour mountains.
The first model, called the "pasture soil' model, take into account two main parameters: the topography and the hydrological processes (snow accumulation and water runoff), which together drive the fallout toward the depression prior to deposition on pasture grass. The goal of the second model, called "tree soil" model, is to describe and to quantify concentration processes occurring bellow a single tree. In both model the litter is assumed to be the last step of concentration process in the soil itself.
htti):Hwww.ii)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Pourcelot.htm 16/11/01 Page 1 sur 1
137 Cs AND 2,,,Pb PROFILES IN NORTH MORROCAN SOILS: INVENTORIES AND EROSION RATE ESTIMATES
RADAKOVITCH O., DAMNATI B. YOULAL A.
CEREGE, BP 80,13545 Aix-en-Provence, France, radakovitchocerege.f
Various studies have been conducted during the last decade onto atmospheric deposited 110Pb and cesium isotopes in soils in order to quantify soil erosion rates. Indeed, inventories of these nuclides in eroded soils can be compared with those from adjacent reference soils (neither eroded nor accumulated) and the difference introduced into models to calculate mass erosion rates. In North Morocco (Tanger area), erosion is a real problem leading to silting up of artificial takes. Soil profiles were collected in cultivated areas from the catchment basin of one of this lake in order to quantify the erosion. "'Cs and 111Pb concentrations and inventories were measured and their spatial distribution was studied in relation with other parameters: granulometry pH, organic matter content. Mean "'Cs inventory in stable soils was found to be 2470 Bq M-2 in 1999, in agreement with literature data for Spanish and Portuguese soils. In our knowledge, this is the first reported data for this region. Depth profiles were usual, showing an exponential decrease with depth for Pb and a subsurface peak for "'Cs in reference soils where it was found until 30 cm depth. No clear relations appeared with organic matter content or pH and the distribution of the inventories is probably linked to erosion process. Finally, estimated erosion rates varied from to 50 t.ha-ly-1. Nevertheless, important differences were found in some cases depending on the model used. It underlies the necessity of a new approach and new model especially based on a better description of radionuclides variations with depth in the soil and the uptake of cesium by plants.
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Distribution coefficient Kd of transuranics,in soils experimental determination and consequences for dose assessment
ROUSSEL-DEBET S. BEAUGELIN-SEILLER K.
Institute of Protection and Nuclear Safety, DPRE/SERLAB, Laboratory of Experimental Radioecology, CADARACHE, Bt. 186, B. P. 1, 13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, CEDEX, France, sylvie.roussel-debet ipsn.fr
The distribution coefficient (or Kd) of 24'Am between soil and soil solution was estimated on the basis of experiments carried out under controlled conditions for soils displaying pH and organic matter contents (which are the relevant parameters to transuranic nuclides sorption ability) that are found in cultivated soils. In these experiments, designed with five experimental units (batches) per studied contact time, 10 g of dry soil are contaminated with 50 ml of osmosed water containing proper concentrations of each radionuclide. The tracer, initially in nitric form, is neutralized prior to addition With the water, to ensure a constant ionic strength and avoid disturbance of the soil chemistry. After shaking and sedimentation, for each batch, the supernatant is sampled and analyzed by either liquid scintillation or alpha spectrometry. The sorption-desorption kinetic time necessary to reach apparent equilibrium is evaluated >10 days ). Fixation curves, ie. activity of the soil vs. activity of the solution are established, after measurements, for a single delay representative of the steady state, and for a range of several orders of magnitude for radionuclide concentrations. On the basis of several assumptions, Kd values are evaluated by simple linear adjustment. A numerical application to retention half lives in soil is made. Finally, the weight of using site specific Kd values instead of default parameters, on the doses due to ingestion of terrestrial foodstuffs is discussed for different scenarios.
htti):Hwww.it)sn.frlecorad2OOl/Summaries/Roussel.htm 16/11/01 SOLID-LIQUID PARTITION COEFFICIENTS, KDS: VY'HAT'S THE VALUE AN... Page I sur 1
SOLID-LIQUID PARTITION COEFFICIENTS, Kds: WHAT'S THE VALUE AND WHEN DOES IT MATTER?
MARSHA I. SHEPPARD SHEPPARD S.C.
ECOMatters Inc., Pinawa, Manitoba, ROE ILO, Canada (sheppard ecomatters.com)
Environmental risk assessments of radionuclides and metals hinges on our ability to predict their fate and mobility in terrestrial soils and aquatic sediments. Solid-solution partitioning using the Kd approach, despite its shortcomings, has been used extensively. It is generally assumed that the use of Kd values is an interim measure until sufficient data for the more complex models becomes readily available. Several compilations of Kd values for both radionuclides and metals conveniently fill this niche. Much attention has been devoted to grooming the existing key compendia for values applicable for each nuclear risk assessment that is carried out worldwide. This appears to be an important task. For example, soil Kd values for a single nuclide can vary over several orders of magnitude, yet the soil Kd value is the most important parameter in the soil leaching model. Similarly, plant uptake depends primarily on the nuclide present in the solution phase. Despite this apparent sensitivity, our experience has shown that risk assessors dwell too much on the precision of the Kd value for some nuclides. The relationship between soil Kd and soil concentration is sigrnoidal and non-responsive at the tails of the distribution. This paper discusses the affect of the Kd value on the resulting soil concentration during leaching and identifies those radionuclides (Kd values) where the precise value is required. Preliminary work shows that only those radionuclides with a value below 1 L/kg (Tc, 1, Cl, etc.) are required to be within one order of magnitude accuracy for desired soil model prediction outcomes (soil concentrations within two-fold).
htti)://www.il)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Shet)i)ard.htm 16/11/01 Page 1 sur 1
ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFECTS OF RAINSTORM EVENTS ON RADIOCAESIUM REDISTRIBUTION IN THE FIRST PERIOD ATER A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT ACCIDENT
ONDRE3 SLAVIK, 3ARO HOFIERKA, MARCELVAN DER PERK
Adress of the first author: Departmentof personal and environmental dosimetry of VUJE Thava Inc. Engineering, Design and Research Organisation
Okruln6 5 91700 Trnava, Slovakia, e-mail: slavik vuje.sk
Radionuclides deposited on the soil surface after a nuclear power plant accident could be a significant source of secondary contamination caused by runoff water during heavy rainstorms. As part of the EC-financed project SPARTACUS a GIS-embedded model was developed to assess redistribution of radionuclides at the catchment scale. It simulates lateral radiocaesium transport during individual rainstorm events based on the existing LISEM soil erosion model. The radionuclide interaction part of the model accounts for steady state radiocaesium exchange between the absorbed and dissolved phases in the active topsoil layer and the runoff water suspension. Analysis of the main exchange processes prevailing at typical runoff conditions shows that a steady state approach is appropriate for modelling radiocaesium redistribution at the event-scale. To test the model, a catchment near Mochovce, Slovakia was selected, in which hydrological and soil erosion related field observations were conducted. Soil samples were collected to determine radiocaesium exchange distribution parameters. Fluxes of radiocaesium in particulate and dissolved forms in runoff water from the catchment were quantified and assessed by applying appropriate soil erosion scenarios. Preliminary modelling results show that the radionuclide redistribution within the Mochovce catchment is strongly influenced by soil erosion that occurred before the first ploughing in the period after initial deposition. The effects of soil redistribution due to such soil erosion with unploughed arable soil can lead to a considerable redistribution of 37CS contamination within the catchment and 137Cs export from the catchment.
htti):Hwww.ii)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Slavik.htm 16/11/01 SOIL ORGANIC MATTER AND MIGRATION PROPERTIES OF 239,24OPu AN... Page 1 sur I
SOIL ORGANIC MATTER AND MIGRATION PROPERTIES OF 239,24OPu AND 24'Am
SOKOLIK G., OVSIANNIKOVA S. KIMLENKO 1.
Belarussian State University, Radiochemistry Laboratory, 220050, Minsk, Belarus, E-mail: SokolikGA chem.bsu.unibel.by
Influence of soil humus on plutonium and americium mobility has been investigated. Analysis of migration properties of radionuclides has been carried out through study of 239,24OPu and 24'Am distribution between various humus fractions and entrance of radionuclides into water solutions with different organic matter concentration. Mineral and organic soils with different quantitative and qualitative humus composition, contaminated by radionuclides of Chernobyl origin have been selected as objects of investigation. Various groups of fulvic (FA) and humic acids (HA) in accordance to their solubility in water and mobility in soils have been received by modified Tyurin's method. 219,24OPu and 24'Arn in soils and solutions were determined by radiochernical method. Results of multiple regression analysis show that plutonium and americium content in water phase increases as water-soluble forms of iron and organic components increase. The formation of mobile Fe organic-mineral complexes leads to increasing of plutonium and americium mobility. It has been established that soil humus mainly promotes fixation of 239,240pu and 24'Am in solid phase. The main part of plutonium and americium in mineral and organic soils is found in humus fractions of little mobility. The share of radionuclides in the most mobile FAI fraction is not higher than 18%. Humus of organic soils promotes the fixation of plutonium and americium to a greater extent than humus of mineral soils. The 219 24OPu and 24'Am shares in FA fraction of mineral soils 6.5 and 17.8 %) are higher than in I organic ones (1.1 and 28 %). It has been established that in soils rich in organic matter the plutonium and americium mobility is less than in mineral humus-poor soils.. In most soil varieties americium mobility exceeds plutonium mobility. It is possible due to higher ability of plutonium to form complex compounds with soil humus constituents of little mobility.
htti):Hwww.ii)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Sunimaries/Sokolik3.htm 16/11/01 DISTRIBUTION OF 137Cs, 9Sr, 239,24OPu and 241Am IN "SOLID PHASE - IN... Page 1 sur 1
DISTRIBUTION OF 137CS 9Sr, 239,24OPu and 241Am IN "SOLID PHASE - INTERSTITIAL SOIL SOLUTION" SYSTEM AND MOBILITY OF RADIONUCLIDES
SOKOLIK G., OVSIANNIKOVA S. KIMLENKO 1.
Belarussian State University, Radiochernistry Laboratory, 220050, Minsk, Belarus, E-mail: SokolikGA chem.bsu.unibel.by
The work is devoted to analysis of migration ability of radionuclides on the basis of distribution coefficients of 137CS, 9OSr , 239,24OPu and 24'Am between solid phase and interstitial (pore) water of different varieties of mineral and organic soils. Interstitial soil solutions play an important role in redistribution of radionuclides in the soil profiles, "soil - plant" and "soil - natural water" systems. Radionuclide distribution coefficient (ratio of specific activities of radionuclides in soil solid and equilibrium water phases) has been used as a parameter of radionuclide mobility in mentioned systems. The soil samples contaminated with radionuclides of Chernobyl origin were taken in 1995-1998 in stationary points of observation located within suffered areas of Gomel, Mogilev and Brest regions of Belarus. The complex of investigations on estimation f 131CS 9Sr, 239,240pu and 24'Am in solid phase and pore solutions of soils differing in structure of sorption complex has been carried out. The main physicochemical characteristics of soils and composition of soil solution (pH, concentrations of , Ca2, NH4,, Fe3,, organic substances) have been also studied. Pore solutions were received from soils of the same watersaturation degree using high speed centrifuging method. Content of 137CS 9Sr, 239,24OPu and 24'Am were determined using y-spectrometer and radiochemical methods of analysis. The established distribution coefficients allowed differentiating soils of various sorption structures according to radionuclide mobility. The influence of the reserve of moisture, mobile radionuclide forms in soils and such characteristics of soil solutions as acidity, content of chemical analogs, organic matter and some other constitutes on distribution of 137CS 9Sr, 239,24OPu and 24'Am in the 'solid phase - interstitial water" system have been analyzed. The obtained information is a scientific basis for modeling and forecasting of radioecological situation and also for developing of counterineasure system that decrease mobility and biological availability of radionuclides.
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CS ADSORPTION ON TROPICAL ARABLE AND FOREST SOILS OF TAIWAN Staunton s. & c. y. chui
Unit6 de Science du Sol, INRA, place Viala, 34060 Montpellier Cedex, FRANCE, staunton ensain.inra.fr
Much of the research on the fate of radiocaesium. in soils has been devoted to soils of the temperate regions and so little information is available on tropical and sub-tropical ecosystems. The installation of nuclear power reactors in tropical countries and the consequent risk of introduction of radioisotopes to the environment require that this deficiency be rectified. We have therefore investigated the Cs adsorption properties, by measurement of the distribution coefficient, Kd, of various arable and forest soils from Taiwan. All measurements were carried out in dilute suspension under controlled conditions of temperature and ionic strength. Various ionic conditions were compared, particularly the effect of varying potassium concentration. One of the shortcomings of the Kd measurement to understand and predict the dynamics of radiocaesium in soil is that it takes no account of the reversibility of adsorption, whereas in any real situation both processes occur. The reversibility of adsorption was assessed by resuspending 137CS contaminated soil in a solution of stable CsCl and comparing the desorption Kd with the adsorption Kd obtained at the same initial stable Cs concentration. The data are examined with particular reference to the mineral and organic composition of the soils, pH, nutrient status and pedoclimatic conditions under which the soil was developed.
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EFFECT OF SOIL K-STATUS AND BENTONITE ADDITIONS ON RADIOCAESIUM TRANSFER
VANDENHOVE H., CREMERS, A. SMOLDERS, E.
SCK*CEN, Radiation Protection Department, Radioecology Section, 2400 Mol, Belgium; hvandenh sckeen.be *: Corresponding author
The ifluence of the soil K status and bentonite additions on radiocaesium transfer to ryegrass was investigated in a potted soil experiment. A sandy soil was contaminated with 134Cs and amended with K salts (0-46 M kg-') and K bentonite 0-2 %). After 4 weeks incubation of the soil mixtures, ryegrass was grown for 18 weeks and trimmed at 7 occasions. Radiocaesiurn transfer could be reliably predicted from the K concentration in the soil solution and the radiocaesium solid-liquid distribution coefficient. No clear relationship was found between the soil K capacity and transfer. Initially, shoot activity concentration (AC) was marginally affected by treatment. However, during subsequent harvests, shoot AC's decreased up to 27 fold in soils amended with more than 025 % bentonite whereas they increased 30 to 14.4 fold in unamended soils or at the lowest bentonite application 0.25 %). Different trends are partly related to depletion in soil K which was more pronounced in absence of K bentonite or at low application 0.25 %). 134Cs adsorption analysis revealed a positive correlation between soil Radiocaesiurn Interception Potential (RIP) and percentage of K bentonite added with 30-40 fold higher RIP values at I to 2 % supply compared to unamended soils. Built-up of RIP and specific sorption sites following subsequent cycles of partial drying and rewetting during plant growth is reflected in a substantial exchangeable K loss from the system and the quantitative reduction of the radiocaesium transfer factor. The potential role of K- bentonite as countermeasure for 134CS contaminated soils is discussed.
htti):Hwww.ii)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/SummariesNandenhove.htm 16/11/01 Simulation of event-based and long-term spatial redistribution of Chemobyl-derived ... Page I sur I
REDISTRIBUTION OF CHERNOBYL-DERIVED RADIOCAESIUM ACROSS THE LANDSCAPE: FIELD OBSERVATIONS AND SPATIAL MODELLING
MARCEL VAN DER PERK, ONDREJ SLAVIK ALEXANDER SVETLITCHNYI
Adress. of the first author Utrecht Centre for Environment and Landscape Dynamics, Faculty of Geographical Sciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80115, 3508 TC Utrecht, the Netherlands, E-mail: m.vanderperk geog.uu.nl
The accident in the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in April 1986 has contaminated vast areas of Europe with radiocaesium. Although radiocaesium is subject to radioactive decay (physical half life of radiocaesium amounts to 30 y), soil contamination by radiocaesium may locally be enhanced due to lateral transport of contaminated soil particles across the landscape. This has resulted in a still ongoing transfer of radionuclides from hill slopes to valley bottoms and to surface water, bed sediments and floodplains. As part of the EC-financed project SPARTACUS, this redistribution of radiocaesium has been investigated at selected study sites in Slovakia, Ukraine and Russia. A set of GIS-embedded models have been developed to assess redistribution of radionuclides at the catchment scale. A first model simulates lateral radiocaesium transport at the event scale based on the existing LISEM soil erosion model. This models accounts for interception, infiltration, surface runoff, soil erosion and deposition, radiocaesium exchange between the adsorbed phase in the top soil layer and suspended sediment and the dissolved phase in the runoff water. A second model simulates radiocaesiurn redistribution on a long-term soil erosion model using a monthly time step based. To calibrate and test these models field observations of soil contamination by radiocaesium, soil physical parameters and hydrological boundary conditions were conducted in the study areas. Preliminary model results show that during the fifteen years since the accident, soil contamination by radiocaesium has decreased by a factor of 3 to 4 at the steeper hill slopes as a result of both radioactive decay and soil erosion. In the valley bottoms, input of radiocaesium attached to deposited soil particles have maintained the soil contamination at the 1986 levels. The spatial patterns of radiocaesium gains and losses during individual rainfall events resemble the long-term patterns.
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Use of biological indicators for the quantification of tritium atmospheric release in the environment
Frangoise Way, Bernard Descamps
Biological indicators are currently used in order to point out the impact of radioactive release from nuclear industry. Nevertheless, examples of use of such indicators to quantify the radioactivity released are not so frequent. Results of organic bound tritium measurements on oak leaf samples collected in 1991-92 around Marcoule reprocessing plant provide an adequate data set to show that quantification of the impact is quite possible. Indeed, tritium activity in oak leaves at the 92 junctions of a 1200 kM2 sampling net is well correlated to tritium activity in the air calculated with an atmospheric dispersion model. The existence of this correlation leads to the following conclusions
- the atmospheric dispersion model used (based on gaussian hypothesis) is sufficient to calculate tritium activity in the air at the considered spatio-temporal scale. The geographic limits for the model application can be precisely determined in the studied case
- during 3 to 7 months, an equilibrium appears between tritium activity in the air and tritium activity integrated in the organic matter of oak leaves. The value of the resulting exchange factor can be determined
- at the same spatio-temporal scale, the results and the method can be used to estimate the atmospheric release of a nuclear installation.
htti)://www.i-psn.fr/ecorad2OOl/SummariesNrav.htm 16/1 01 Page I sur I
BIOGEOCHEMICAL BEHAVIOR OF 37CS AND 60CO IN TROPICAL SOILS.
WASSERMAN M. A.; PEREZ D. V. BARTOLY F.
Instituto de Radioprote do e Dosimetria. Av. Salvador Allende s /'. Recreio-Rio de Janeiro-RJ- Brazil. CEP: 22780-160. E-mail: angelica irdgoy.b
The knowledge of the biogeochemical behavior of radionuclides in soil system is useful for the risk assessment in the case of nuclear accident or contamination scenarios. Preliminary results of a classical sequential chemical extraction procedure for 137CS in contaminated soil from Goiania (Brazil I showed that years after the accident, radiocesium remains potentially available for transfer processes: 10 associated to carbonates, 20% available under oxidizing conditions and 70% of the total 137CS mobilized under reducing conditions. The soil to plant transfer factor determinated in Goiania soil were as high as values obtained immediatelly after the accident, corroborating chemical fractionation results. In this study, an alternative sequential chemical extraction procedure was assayed to evaluate 60CO and 117CS mobility under a large range of physico-chernical soil properties, including pH condition in the rhizosphere. This experiment employed tropical soils with different mineralogical support: gibsite rich soil, kaolinite rich soil and iron oxide rich soil. Some of these soils were recently contaminated while other were contaminated 10 years ago. All these results will be discussed as a function of soil properties and soil to plant transfer factors values for 137Cs and 60CO for radish (Raphanus sativus) cultivated in masonry lysimeters.
htti):Hwww.ii)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Wasserman2.htm 16/11/01 IT Page I sur I
1T Biotic transfer in soils (Soil microbes and fungi)
Tarnponnet2
Andres Linkov
Declerck Druzhinina Fornina Gattavecchia Kutlakhmedov Kuwahara Shaw Wichterey
htti):Hwww.i-psn.fr/ecorad2OOl/PlT.htm 16/11/01 Impact of micro-organisms on the fate of radionuclides in rhizospheric soils Page I sur I
Impact of micro-organisms o the fate of radionuclides in rhizospheric soils
ChristianTamponneP *, Claude Plassard(2),Nisha Parekh(3), Arthur Sanchez(3)
1. Institute of Nuclear Protection and Safety, Environmental Protection Department, Cadarache Studies Centre, 13108 Saint Paul lez Durance (France); 2. National Institute of Agronomical Research, Soil Science Unit, Montpellier Centre, 2 Place Viala, 34060 Montpellier (France); 3. Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Merlewood Research Station, Grange-over-sands LA 6JU Cumbria (United Kingdom)
Main author to whom all correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
The fate of radionuclides in soils is significantly influenced by micro-organisms. Two distinct roles of micro- organisms relating to radionuclide uptake by plants can be identified. Firstly, mycorrhizal fungi act both as radionuclide carrier to the plants because of their interaction with plant roots in mycorrhizal associations. Secondly, microbial processes which are physically independent from plants, can affect the mobility and speciation of radionuclides by accumulating radionuclides and then providing a sometimes modified radionuclide source to the soil solution. The vast majority of studies on radionuclide behaviour in soils have addressed chemical processes, but practically ignoring biological effects. The aim of this paper is therefore to specify possible mechanisms whereby microbiological activity in soils can affect radionuclide mobility and to briefly review evidence for their potential effect for different radionuclides.
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MICROORGANISMS EFECT ONTO RADIONUCLIDES MIGRATION.
ANDRES Y., ABDELOUAS A. GRAMBOW B.
SUBATECH UMR 6457 (Universit6 de Nantes, Ecole des Mines, IN2P3/CNRS)
4, rue A. Kastler! B.P. 20722), 44307 Nantes Cedex 03, France, E-mail: andres subatech.in2p3.fr
In the environment, speciation and migration of heavy metals and radionuclides depend on many factors such as pH, Eh or the presence of microorganisms. Microorganisms (bacteria, yeast, fungi) may have a direct action on metals through biosorption, bioaccumulation or resistance/detoxification processes. Microorganisms may influence the environment by producing mineral acids, chelating agents such as siderophore, or by-products from the metabolism (organic acids ... . In this paper, we report on microbial interaction processes including bioaccumulation, the indirect metal use for microbial life, the interaction with chelating agents, the resistance/detoxification mechanisms and some indirect influences of microorganisms on the speciation of metals. Also, we present some results of biosorption experiments with caesium, technetium, uranium, nickel and gadolinium using a variety of microbial strains. Saturation curves and Scatchard model were established for all biosorbants used in this work. For instance, the biosorption capacity for Gd3+ ranged from 350 pmol.g-1 for B. subtilis to 5.1 pmol.g I for S. cerevisiae. We found that biosorption could be influenced by the growth stage and by the composition of the growth medium of microbial cells. Finally, uranium was reduced by indigenous bacteria from a uranium mill tailings groundwater and soil and precipitated as uraninite.
htti)://www.ii)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Andres.htm 16/11/01 Concentrations of radionuclides in fungi is widely varied Page I sur I
INTERSPECIES VARIABILITY IN POLLUTANT ACCUMULATION BY FUNGI
LINKOV I., DRUZHININA I., STEINER M., YOSHIDA S.
Menzie-Cura & Associates, Inc., I Courthouse Lane, Suite Two, Chelmsford, MA 0 824, USA
ilinkov menziecura.com
Concentrations of radionuclides in fungi vary widely. The biological differences between various fungal species have often been cited as the primary source of variability of transfer from soil to fungal fruit bodies. This paper attempts to quantify the contribution of biological factors to fungi's ability to take up radionuclides by (i) reviewing the literature on uptake of radionuclides, trace metals and nutrients by different types of fungi and (ii) conducting in-vitro studies for uptake and translocation of Cs 137 and Sr-90 in basidiornycete ftingi. Our review indicates that the interspecies variability of transfer factors for radiocesium (i.e. variable ability of different species to take up radiocesium) may be overestimated. The difference in transfer factors for radiocesium is probably less than a factor of 10 for many fungal species, which agrees with reports nutrient accumulation by variety of fungi. This conclusion is supported by the experiment with saprotroph basidiomycete species (Pleurotus ostreatus and Stropharia rugosoannulata)and mycorrhizal species (Suillus variegatus and S. grevillei). Our experimental study shows an interspecies difference in the transfer factors of less than a factor of 10. The present study further supports the hypothesis that the uncertainty in transfer parameters of soil-fungal fruit bodies is determined by the location of the soil layer, where mycelia develop and from which nutrients are absorbed.
http:Hwww.ii)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Linkov.htm 16/11/01 Page 1 sur I
THE EUROPEAN PROJECT MYRRH:
USE OF MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI FOR THE PHYTOSTABILISATION OF RADIO- CONTAMINATED ENVIRONMENTS
DECLERCK, S., LEYVAL, C., JAKOBSEN, I., THIRY, Y. DELVAUX B.
Universit6 catholique de Louvain, Mycoth6que de I'UniversM catholique de Louvain (MUCL),Unit de Microbiologie 3 Place Croix du Sud, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium, declerck mbla.ucl.ac.be
Management of cultivated and semi-natural ecosystems which have been exposed to diffuse radionuclide (RN) pollution (e.g. radiocaesium) as well as remediation of former industrial sites contaminated with both metallic RN's and heavy metals are of major concern in several European countries. Adapted strategies must be developed to optimize the socio-economical value of such sites and to avoid radiation exposure due to uncontrolled RN dispersion or leaching, which can burden food chain and/or water reservoir.
Different studies on RN biogeochernical cycle showed that RN fluxes depend on several factors, among which the type of soil and vegetation are of prime importance. In particular, plant and soil interact in two main micro-ecosystems: the litter and the rhizosphere. The role of micro-organisms in this interaction is very important because they can directly act on several processes affecting RN fate. Of these micro-organisms, the mycorrhizal fungi represent a key active component. These symbionts are present in undisturbed ecosystems, in man-made agricultural and forestry systems as well as in heavy metals and RN contaminated areas. Their unique location at the interface between soil and root makes them crucial actors in the soil-to-plant continuum. In heavy-metal contaminated soils, mycorrhizal fungi have been shown to decrease metal toxicity to plants, reducing translocation from roots to shoots. These root symbionts could influence RN acquisition by plant roots and hence RN bio-cycling. Their role in this process is, however, practically unknown.
Within the framework of the "Nuclear Energy" programme of the European Commission, a project called "MYRRH" was recently funded to decipher and understand the role of mycorrhizal fungi in the mobilization and transfer of RN's to the plant. The present contribution intends to summarize these roles and to identify the potential mechanisms involved.
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IN VITRO UPTAKE AND TRANSLOCATION OF 37CS AND 85SR
IN BASIDIOMYCETE FUNGI
DRUZHININA I., BERRECK M. KARG V.
Institute of Botany, University of Vienna, A1030, Vienna, Austria,
druzhinina sl.botanik.univie.ac.at
After Chernobyl disaster it has become apparent that natural losses of long-lived radionuclides from the European forest are proceeding extremely slowly. Fungal mycelium, because of its greatest biomass in the decomposing organic layers of the forest soil, is one of the most important components of the forest ecosystem. It principally determines the fate - exchange and bioavailability - of toxic metals including radionuclides. Moreover, consumption of wild fungi may by regarded as a potentially significant radioecological hazard to both human and non-human populations due to the reported ability of mushrooms to accumulate some important radionuclides. Large differences were observed in radiocaesium levels in fruit bodies of different fungal species often independent from the site and time of samples gathering. This phenomenon has led a number of radioecological modelers to conclude that radionuclides contamination in fungi is very difficult to predict. This paper presents an experimental model, which combines the investigation of 137Cs and 85Sr uptake from external media by fungal hyphae of different fungi with the examination of the uptake, retention and translocation of these radionuclides through the different stages of the life circle of saprotroph basidiomycete species - Pleurotus ostreatus A special methodology was employed to study the ability of mycelium of mycorrhizal species - Suillus variegatus and S. grevillei - and two saprotrophs - P. osteatus and Strophariarugosoannulata - to accumulate, absorb and retain 137Cs and 85Sr dependent on the composition of the nutrient solution and in a stream of time. Metabolism-dependent accumulation of 37CS was demonstrated in contrast with the dominant physicochemical absorption of 85Sr by using the dead fungal biomass. 137Cs and 85Sr transfers are compared with the exchanges of stable potassium and calcium respectively. The contribution of species-specificity to the large difference in the contamination levels between different fungal species is evaluated.
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CLAY EFFECT ON THE ABILITY OF MELANIN-PRODUCING FUNGI TO SORB RADIONUCLIDES FOMINA M., KADOSHNIKOV V. PODGORSKY V. Institute of Microbiology and Virology of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 03143, Kiev, Ukraine, E-mail: ostas kiev.ldc.net or maforninaftahoo.com In nature, in soils, waters and sediments, microorganisms are in close contact with solid adsorbents such as clay minerals. Microbial growth and metabolic activity can be strongly influenced by mineral adsorbents. Microfungi are ubiquitous in soil environment and can play the significant role in natural geochernical barriers and the changes of their filtration and sorption properties. Dark-pigmented microfungi are known to be very efficient sorbents of heavy metals and radionuclides due to the presence of melanin pigment which chemical structure is very similar to soil hurnic acids. The interactions between fungal biomass and its components with clay minerals can be of a great importance in the behavior and migration of radionuclides in soils. The aim of present investigation was to study the ability of biomass of melanin-producing soil fungus Cladosporium cladosporioides grown on media containing different clay minerals from Ukrainian deposits to remove radiostrontium 9Sr) and radiocaesium 137Cs) from aqueous solutions. The interaction between melanin isolated from Cladosporium cladosporioides and the surface of clay minerals was also studied. The two generic types of kaolinites from the Prosyanovsky and Glukhovsky deposits, and bentonite and palygorskite from Cherkassy deposit were used in this study. It was found that the clay minerals altered the growth, size and sorption properties fungal pellets. In general, the presence of clay mineral of concentration %wfv in medium led to the reduction of the size of fungal pellets, an increase of the specific area of fungal-clay complex compared to fungal biomass and, in most cases, enhanced radionuclides sorption capacity (distribution coefficient) of complex. The complex obtained from melanin pigment and bentonite demonstrated more than twice-higher radiocaesium sorption capacity than control clay. Such increase of sorption ability could be explained by the special interaction of pigment molecule with the surface of clay mineral particle.
http://www.ivsn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Fomina.htm 16/11/01 OBSERVATIONS AND MODELING OF RADON AND THORON DAUGHTERS... Page I sur I
ACCUMULATION OF Cs-137 AND Cs-134 IN THE MUSHROOM ROZITE CAPERATUS
Gattavecchia E., Baldacci A.E.
UCI-SCRM, University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna Italy egatto biocfarm.unibo.it
Mushrooms are well known bioindicators for environmental radioactive and chemical pollution. Some species are good accumulators of metals and radionuclides. After the accident at the nuclear power plant at Chernobyl, Ukraine, researches on the mushroom Rozite Caperatus a hyper captant species for radio caesium, have been performed to elucidate the mechanism of captation. R. Caperatus, collected in Italy in the period 1986-2000, shown levels of Cs-137 up to 60 kBq/kg (dry weight) versus < 2 kBqikg for other species of mushroom examinated. The higher values of Cs-137 were found in the lamellae and the cuticles of the cap, with concentration factors relative to the soil up to 30 ca. Cs levels seems to be correlated to the brown pigments content. In particular, we have isolated from R. Caperatus a phenolic compound able to complex Cs, K, and metals such as Pb, Cd. The role of melanins and their precursors in the accumulation of radiocaesium is discussed.
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""VOLYNSK PHENOMENON AND PROBLEM OF ANOMALOUS TRANSFER OF RADIONUCLIDES IN SYSTEM: SOIL-PLANT.
KUTLAKHMEDOV Yu., YASKOVETS I., ZAITOV V.
Address of the first author Institute of Agroecology and Biotechnology of Ukrainian Agrarian Academy of Sciences (Department of Radioecology), 01004, Kiev, Ukraine, jqai1to:ecoetic rnail.kar.net
The problem, which have named 'Volynsk phenomenon" VP ), has arisen as a discordance between low levels of contamination of soils 670 kBq/m2), significant levels of contamination of hay (500 10000 Bq/kg), milk (50-1000 Bq/.n) and rather low levels of radionuclide contamination of the people (indication body counter - 0, - 2 mSv/year). We in current 4 years carry out researches of a radjoecological situation in Volynsk area (Manevichi region). Was in details inspected 12 villages (5 on north and 7 in the south of region). It was conducted and data on radionuclide to contaminations pasture, grass on them and milk from cows, receiving forages with these pastures are assembled. Are investigated on C13(counter body) the people, fed with pasture. Extensive materials under these data are assembled.Our experience has shown, that only system research of motion of radionuclides on trophic of a circuit, allows to study an appearance VP (Volunsk Phenomenon). Is established, that is anomalous high levels of values Tf (transfer factors) of radionuclides in a system soil plants underlies an appearance VP. It is shown a particular village Galysia, that Tf for the most dirty pasture have very high values (from 14 up to 18,7) for hay from these pastures. The so high values Tf require the explanation. We have the data on them forest pasture v. Galysia, where Ct (Coefficient of transfer Bk/kg/kBk/m2 ) reaches values 200 and more. Number(series of the reasons of this appearance is established):
1. Peat- bog soils dominate on these territories (Other pastures are frequently away).
2. High degree of humidifying and overmoistening and low pH 4,5 - 56).
3. Low level of mineral fertilizers on territories.
It is the known reasons. It is possible to assume and other reasons, which yet should be investigated. First of all, role soil of microorganisms (mushrooms and bacteria) is few investigated. General Conclusions: 1) In the basis VP anomalies in Tf and Ct fie.
2). Is anomalous high values Tf and Ct are connected to the accamulation factors: peat-bog soils, low pH, humidifying and overmoistening 3. It is necessary to include the new factors - influence microbiota of soils on mobility of radionuclides in soil solution (bacterium, mushrooms). 4. The serious influence to redistribution of radionuclides is rendered by secondary flows of radionuclides: through manner on kitchen gardens, through wood yields, mushrooms and ashes of fire wood burned in furnaces .5). Here noticeably influence of counter-measures.
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CESIUM UPTAKE BY EDIBLE MUSHROOM AND MICROORGANISMS ISOLATED FROM MUSHROOM SUBSTRATA
KUWAHARA C., SUGIYAMA H. KATO F.
Kanagawa Prefectural Public Health Laboratory, Division of Environmental Health-, 241-0815, Yokohama, Japan, c-kuwap- fa2.so-net.ne.1P_
Since the fact that 137Cs has been highly accumulated in mushrooms, it is necessary to clarify the characteristic and the mechanism of 137CS uptake by mushrooms. We first studied on the Cs uptake by the edible mushroom, Pleurotus ostreatus, by the cultured experiments using 137Cs and/or stable Cs tracer. When the medium contained high 137Cs activity (10000 Bq kg-' fresh wt.), 137CS concentrations of the fruiting bodies showed 23 orders of magnitude higher than those in the wild mushrooms collected from Japan. From the results, it was demonstrated that 137Cs and Cs actively migrated into the mushroom depending on the 137CS or Cs concentrations of the medium. There are some reports that 137Cs has been accumulated into the surface soil layer in the forest. We supposed that the process of 137CS transfer to mushrooms is not only a direct transfer of soluble 137CS in substrata, but also an indirect way from the cells of soil microorganisms that accumulated 137CS. We subsequently investigated Cs sensitivity and uptake by actinomycetes, one of the soil microorganisms in mushroom substrata. The appearance frequency of actinomycetes from the substrata decreased with increasing Cs concentrations in the medium. Approximately 60% of the actinomycetes isolated from the substratum of an edible mushroom, Boletopsis leucomelas, couldn't grow in the presence of above lmM CsCl. In the presence of 5mN4 CsCl, generally Cs uptake by the strains was high, though the growth was partially inhibited. These results suggested that soil microorganisms in a mushroom substratum had relation to the characteristic of higher 137CS concentrations in the surface soil layer in the forest.
http://www.ii)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Kuwahara.htm 16111/01 PHYSICAL AND CHENUCAL BEHAVIOUR OF RADIOACTIVE CHLORINE A... Page I sur 1
PHYSICAL AND CEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL BEHAVIOUR OF RADIOACTIVE CHLORINE AND IODINE IN SOILS
SHAW, G., BOSTOCK, A. ASHWORTH, D.
T. H. Huxley School of Environment, Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College at Silwood Park, Ascot, Berkshire, SL5 7TE, United Kingdom, gg.shaw ic.ac.uk
The proposed disposal of radioactive wastes in geological repositories presents a new challenge for radioecology. The timescale over which leakage from repositories and eventual emergence into the biosphere of radionuclides is likely to occur is so long >1000 y) that only long-lived radionuclides have the potential to become significant environmental contaminants from this source. Furthermore, only those radionuclides with considerable mobility within the geosphere will emerge into the surface environment in significant quantities. The radioactive halogens 6CI and 29I 300 thousand and 15.7 million year half lives, respectively) both possess a combination of long physical half life and a high degree of geospheric mobility which dictates that their environmental impact as a result of radioactive waste disposal should be investigated thoroughly. We have conducted column experiments to determine the physical and chemical behaviour of 36CI and 1251, as a surrogate for 129j, in agricultural and forest soils. Our studies have shown that physical transport of both isotopes is generally rapid due to the predominance of anionic species of both. Consequently, biological incorporation of these halogens is substantial, with significant depletion of the soil pool of both isotopes occurring due to plant uptake. Volatilisation of both iodine and chlorine from soils is another potentially significant process by which losses can occur from soils, although our results show that this is not as significant as loss due to biological incorporation. Finally, the halogens can interact with organic matter as a result of biological and microbiological action. We have demonstrated significant and specific association of both 6CI and 21, with low molecular weight humic substances in soils and we are currently investigating how closely this chemical behaviour is associated with that of natural stable chlorine and iodine. These results are being obtained as part of the United Kingdom Nirex Safety Assessment Research Programme.
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TRANSFER OF NATURALLY OCCURRING RADIONUCLIDES TO MUSHROOMS IN URANIUM MINING REGIONS KARIN WICHTEREY; SIEGFRIED SAWALLISCH Federal Office for Radiation Protection, 10318 Berlin, Germany, kwichterey bfs.de
There is a heavy legacy of former uranium and other uranium bearing ore mining and milling or smelting in Germany, especially in the three Federal States of Saxony, Thuringia and Saxony-Anhalt. Thousands of relics, mainly waste rock piles with enhanced levels of radionuclides of the uranium/radium series are often situated near densely populated areas. During the last years extensive investigations were carried out within the framework of the project "Altlastenkataster" (Register of Contaminated Sites) to identify and assess mining relics and the environmental impact caused by them. The investigations included sampling and measurements of biomedia in these areas. Since many waste rock piles or their surroundings are covered with forests, mushrooms were sampled where available. Although the consumption rates are low, authorities have to answer the question if people could consume these mushrooms and if this pathway can remarkably contribute to the radiation exposure caused by ingestion. Measured results of about 100 samples of mushrooms from the data base of mining related environmental radioactivity are evaluated and typical ranges of the specific activity of naturally occur-ring radionuclides for mushrooms are given, compared with data from literature and assessed. Since corresponding soil samples were always taken in the aforementioned project a range of transfer factors for these nuclides can be shown and discussed. Based on the measured values possible doses from the consumption of mushrooms are calculated using standard assumptions and conclusions are drawn.
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2M Behaviour and transfer of radionuclides in terrestrial ecosystems (Atmosphere- plant transfers, translocation, Forests, Animal transfers)
•Howard3
•Carini •Collins •Srnith2 •Thiry
•Aro •Atkinson •Avila2 •Baldacci •Beresford •Berestycki •Berthol •Bondarkov2 •Bruchertseifer •Calmon •Choi •Fesenko •Galeft •Gaschak •Golikov2 •Golubev2 •Jackson •Lebedeva •Lettner •Matul •Parker •Sokolik •Vettiko •Yoshida
htti)://www.ivsn.fr/ecorad2OOl/P2M.htm 16/11/01 ADVANCES IN ANIMAL RADIOECOLOGY Page I sur I
ADVANCES IN ANIMAL RADIOECOLOGY
B.J. Howard and N.A. Beresford
Centre for Ecology and Hydrology - Merlewood
Grange-over-Sands,
LAI I 61U UK
Abstract
Recent research, much of it prompted by the Chernobyl accident, has led to significant progress in our understanding of the factors controlling transfer of radionuclides to animals. These advances are summarised and key physiological and environmental parameters contributing to variation in transfer for different radionuclides identified. Wilst, many factors were previously perceived to influence transfer, the effect of individual parameters are now better understood and, in some cases, quantified. These advances have improved our knowledge of the effectiveness of a range of countermeasures and allowed potentially inappropriate measures to be identified. Improved understanding has led to the development of more mechanistically based models for some radionuclides, which take account of stable or analogue interactions. The advantages of the development of generic approaches, dispensing with divisions into species, or even radionuclide, have been shown and constitute a significant area for future development.
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TRANSPORT OF RADIONUCLIDES TO EDIBLE CROP COMPONENTS AFTER AERIAL DEPOSITION
F. CARIN11, G. BENGTSSON2
lUniversit Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Chemistry, Via Emilia Parmense, 84.1-29100 Piacenza, Italy, fcarini pc.unicatt.it
2MATFORSK, Norwegian Food Reseach Institute, Osloveien 1, N-1430 As, Norway, gunnar.bengtsson matforsk.no
Assessment of internal doses to man from ingestion of contaminated food requires detailed knowledge of the processes governing the fate of radionuclides in the ecosystems. Contamination of the edible parts of the plant at short term after deposition from an acute release can result from the contribution of different processes: (i) direct deposition to the exposed surfaces of edible parts, followed by absorption, (H) deposition to leaves, followed by absorption and translocation to edible components, (iii) loss to the environment. The relative contribution of the different processes depends on the phenological stage at time of deposition, the kind of radionuclide, the plant species and the climatic conditions. Information on post deposition absorption and translocation to edible crops has been collected and discussed. Little information is available on absorption as the net transfer from external to internal leaf. Some information is available on translocation of radionuclides from the aboveground to edible parts. The main difficulty encountered is that experimental data have been produced under a variety of conditions and with different methodologies. Translocation is often measured at a single point in time. There is no uniformity in the mathematical description of the processes, so published data are not always comparable. An experimental protocol is required, giving details on the experimental set up, as well as on the way of reporting results.
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MODELLING THE FATE OF GASEOUS RADIONUCLIDES IN CROPS.
COLLINS, C. D. SHAW, G.
T.H. Huxley School of Environment Earth Sciences and Engineering, Imperial College of Science Technology and Medicine, Prince Consort Road, London W7 2BP c.collins ic.ac.uk
There is considerable interest in modelling the deposition and subsequent uptake and allocation of gaseous radionuclides in crops, following accidental and routine releases from nuclear installations. The potential radionuclides and species involved are varied e.g. 14co 2f 131i 2f C035S and 31-120' In a range of laboratory, wind tunnel and field studies it has become apparent that a robust way of modelling the fate of these nuclides in crops can be achieved by using a simple model underpinned by plant growth. Thus the total deposition is determined from a deposition velocity normalised to the total leaf weight, the latter being determined by the plant growth. The subsequent allocation to plant components is determined by their absolute growth rate and a leaf export rate, which is dependent on the radionuclide of interest. This relatively simple approach accounts for plant growth dilution and facilitates the application of probabilistic modelling techniques to provide estimates of uncertainty in model predictions. The development of a growth-based deposition and re-allocation model for gaseous radionuclides will be presented and its performance in a number of scenarios with differing radionuclides and crops will be summarised.
http://www.ii)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Collins.htm 16/11/01 Transfer of Chernobyl radioactivity through the ecosystem: bioaccumulation and tem... Page I sur I
PREDICTING TRANSFERS OF 37CS AND 10SR IN TERRESTRIAL AND AQUATIC ENVIRONMENTS: A WHOLE-ECOSYSTEM APPROACH.
SMITH J.T., CROSS, M.A., WRIGHT, S.M.
Address of the first author: Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Winfrith Technology Centre, Dorchester, Dorset, DT2 8ZD, UK, jts ceh.ac.uk.
It is well known that during the years after a nuclear accident the bioavailability and environmental mobility of radionuclides may change significantly, resulting in significant changes in contamination of foodstuffs and surface waters. Recent work on 137 Cs and, to a lesser extent, 9Sr, has quantified these changes in some ecosystems. However, variability in temporal changes of these radionuclides in aquatic and terrestrial systems is not yet well quantified. Estimation of such variability is a key component of any predictive model for long-term transfers of radionuclides in the environment. We have analysed measurements (from both weapons testing and Chernobyl deposits) of 137Cs and Sr in runoff waters and in aquatic and terrestrial foodstuffs in order to determine temporal changes in their bioavailability and mobility. Using these empirical data, and the results of parallel modelling studies of vertical migration of these radionuclides in soils, we have quantified the relative importance of transport processes of 137Cs and 9Sr, as compared to slow changes in their chemical availability in the soil. We have previously shown that the observed persisting mobility of Chemobyl 137CS in the environment is because the so-called "fixation" process of radiocaesium in the soil is tending towards reversible steady state. In the present study, we have observed an (hitherto unexpected) decrease in the environmental mobility of Sr on long time scales after an accident. On the basis of these results, we have developed simple models for predicting time changes in activity concentrations of 137 Cs and Sr in surface water and foodstuffs during the years to decades after radioactive fallout. Importantly, we also determine uncertainties in model parameter estimates, and study the potential causes of this uncertainty.
htti):Hwww.ii)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Smith2.htm 16/11/01 Thiry Page I sur 1
GENERAL PROCESS, DYNAMICS AND MODELLING OF RADIOCAESIUM CYCLING IN CONTAMINATED FOREST: A WHOLE-ECOSYSTEM APPROACH
THIRY, Y., GOOR, F. RIESEN, Th.
SCKoCEN, Radiation Protection Research Department, 2400, Mol, Belgium,
m a iIto: ytl1i!ry_ sokoen.be
The forest environment represents a great proportion of the territories contaminated by Chernobyl-derived radiocaesium deposits. In large forested areas of CIS, and to a lesser extent of Western Europe, radiocaesium is shown to be highly recycled by the forest vegetation and to partly accumulate in woody compartments. Depending on the fallout feature and ecological conditions, the evolution of 137Cs-contaminated wood stock is expected to considerably vary in space and time with, great concern for forest management, forest industry and public exposure. The development of generalisation (modelling) tools is crucial for an adequate management of contaminated forest which integrate the spatial and temporal variability at the level of the whole forest land. The study of element cycling in representative environmental systems allow to determine the processes cntrolling element pathways and fluxes dynamics and is therefore a prerequisite to predictive modelling. The following review of processes controlling the fate of radiocaesium in contaminated forest will be based on various observations made from literature as well as from our own results gathered from both operational and experimental approaches. The objective of this paper is fourfold: (i) it will succinctly review the peculiarities of radiocaesium distribution and distinguish the key-compartments acting as source or sink of Cs, (ii) it will identify the dominant pathways and quantify the main fluxes between soil and forest tree, (iii) it will concentrate on the quantitative assessment of Cs accumulation in wood as affected by soil type and tree age, (iv) it will briefly compare the models recently developed, identify gaps in the parameterisation of transfer mechanisms and open perspectives for model development; a GIS application will illustrate the importance to consider the dynamics of transfer processes in the long term and at large scale.
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DISTRIBUTION OF 137CS IN UNDERSTOREY SPRUCES ON A DRYISH PINE SITE
ARO, L., RANTAVAARA, A., RAITIO, H. VETIKKO V.
Finnish Forest Research Institute (METLA), Parkano Research Station, FIN-39700 Parkano, Finland, Lasse.Aro(bmetla.fi
The boreal coniferous forests at dryish sites do not often need mineral nutrient application for the tree growth, but nitrogen fertilisatios increases tree growth in certain conditions. The undergrowth spruces (Picea abies) in a pine forest in Finland were studied in 1997, twelve years after repeated fertilisation. The aim of the study was to quantify the effect of NPK-fertilisation on vertical distributions of radio caesium and the biomass in trees.
All the undergrowth spruces were measured and sample trees taken from nine circles (r=1.5m) in each plot. The height of the studied spruces varied from .4 to 54 m. The crowns of the sample spruces were divided into two equally long parts from which all needles, branches, stemwood and stembark were separated for analyses. Furthermore bark, wood and dead branches were analysed from a stem under living crown. Biomass functions for different tree parts were derived with regression method in which tree characteristicswere used as independent variables. Roots and stumps of spruces were collected and analysed accordingly.-Radiocaesium contents in different tree compartments were calculated using plot-specific biomasses-and 137CS concentrations.
Fertilisation decreased the 137CS concentration in each studied component by 75-92%. The 137CS concentrations were highest in the needles and branches of upper half of the crown (2454-2799 Bq kg-1) and in the dead branches 2889-4406 Bq kg-1) of control spruces. These concentrations weretwofoldcompared with the lower half of the crown independent of the treatment. Also in the bark and wood of the stem the -concentrations were highest in the upper half of the crown. The needles and branches in the lower half of the living crown contained 47- 61% of biomass and 53-58% of 137CS. The changes in the relative vertical distribution of 137CS in trees due to the treatment were small
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TRANSFER OF RADIONUCLIDES TO FRUITS:
THE ACTIVITIES OF THE BIOMASS FRUITS WORKING GROUP
ATKINSON C.J., CARINI F.*, COLLINS C., COUGHTREY P., EGED K., FULKER M., GREEN N., KINNERSLEY R., LINKOV I., MITCHELL N., MOURLON C., OULD-DADA Z., QUINAULT J.M., ROBLES B., STEWART A., SWEECK L., VENTER A.
*UniversitA Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Chemistry, Via Emilia Parmense, 84. I-29100 Piacenza, Italy, fcarini pc.unicatt.it
Given the potential radiological significance of the transfer of radionuclides to fruit, a Fruits Working Group was set up in 1997 within the framework of the Programme on BOsphere Modelling and ASSessment (BIOMASS), promoted by the International Atomic Energy Agency and in co-operation with the International Union of Radioecology (UIR). The aim of the study was to improve understanding of the processes affecting the migration of radionuclides into and within fruit systems and to identify uncertainties associated with modelling the transfer of radionuclides to fuit. The overall objective was to improve the accuracy of radiological risk assessments, which should translate to improved health protection with an associated cost saving. The main activities of the Fruits Working Group included: (i) a review of experimental, field and modelling information on the transfer of radionuclides to fruit, representing the state of the knowledge at the start of the group activities; (ii) a collection of additional information from experimental studies, to select data for modelling activities, to improve the understanding of important processes and to provide direction for future experimental studies; (iii a database of model parameters, developed in conjunction with existing UIR activities, which represents a collection of transfer parameters for use in models of soil-plant-animal systems; (iv) a fuit conceptual model, developed in order to provide guidance for future modelling activities on fruit contamination following atmospheric deposition, and to identify gaps in knowledge of key processes; (v) model intercomparison studies, undertaken with scenarios for acute and continuous releases, to identify and investigate significant areas of uncertainty and differences in approach between models; and (vi a validation study, where models were tested against an independent data set. This paper summarizes the main results from group's activities and discusses priorities for future work.
htti)://www.ii)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Atkinson.htm 16/11/01 Page I sur I
RADIOCAESIUM IN ROE DEER AND MOOSE - A COMPARATIVE STUDY
AVILA, R., JOHANSON, K-J. BERGSTROM, R.
The Swedish Radiation Protection Institute, S171 16, Stockholm, Sweden, avila ssi.se
The paper describes the results of a comparative study of the seasonal and long-term dynamics of the levels of 137CS in roe deer and moose harvested in a relatively small area (100 kM2) of central Sweden contaminated by the Chernobyl accident. Samples of roe deer (N=1084) and moose (N=1922) were collected during ten years mainly during the hunting seasons. It is shown that the long-term decrease of 137CS levels in roe deer and moose is dominated by 137Cs radioactive disintegration. Any other possible long-term trend of 137CS levels in these game animals is obscured by large and non-systematic between- years variations. A significant correlation between the levels in roe deer in August-September and the levels of 137CS in moose in October was observed. This correlation can explain 70 of the between- years variation of the levels of 137CS in moose. The presented data indicate that there is a strong relationship between ingestion of fungi and the levels of 137CS levels in roe deer and moose during the summer-autumn period. This seems to be the main cause for the seasonal variations of 137CS levels in roe deer and the between-years variations in 137Cs levels in roe deer in August-September and in moose in October observed in the study area. A significant correlation between the levels of 137CS in moose and the amount of rain in July-September was observed, which supports this conclusion. The number of fruit bodies of Suillus variegatus counted in six experimental plots located in the study area also confirms the important role of the ingestion of mushrooms. Estimations of the mushroom contribution to the total daffy ingestion of food by roe deer and moose are provided.
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OBSERVATIONS AND MODELING OF RADON AND THORON DAUGHTERS IN TE SOIL- ATMOSPHERE-PLANT SYSTEM Baldacci A.E.(l), Gattavecchia E., Kirchner G. (1) Institute of Chemical Sciences, University of Bologna 40127 Bologna Italy betta9O yahoo.corn
Samples of pasture vegetation, mainly Trifolium pratensis, were collected at the Botanic Garden of the University of Bologna during the period 1998-2000 and measured by gamma-spectrometry. for determining Rn-222 and Rn-220 daughters. Soil samples were collected at the same location to evaluate granulometry, water and organic matter content. Their chemical composition (particularly Th and U) was determined by X- ray fluorescence spectroscopy. Radionuclides detected were P212, TI-208, Pb-214, Bi-214 with concentrations between 460 Bq/kg (Pb-212) and 120 B/kg (Bi-214), with seasonal peaks up to 120 Bq/kg (Pb-212) and 200 B/kg (131-214). Pb-212/-214 on plants mainly originate from dry and wet deposition of these isotopes built up i the lower atmosphere by the decay of their short-lived radon precursors which are produced in the upper soil layers as member of the natural decay chains and diffuse into the atmosphere. Radon concentrations in the atmosphere depend on (1) the amount of U, Th present in soil, 2) the radon fraction which escapes from the soil minerals into the soil pore space, 3) its diffusion coefficient into the atmosphere, and 4) its redistribution within the atmosphere. The diffusion coefficient of radon in soil pore space can vary by orders of magnitude depending on the soil water content, thus being the main factor for varying concentrations of radon and P-212/214 in the atmosphere. We developed a simple model to predict concentrations of radon in and of its decay products deposited from the atmosphere which takes into account varying soil moisture contents calculated by the OPUS code. Results of this model are compared to our experimental data
http://www.ii)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Baldacci.htm 16/11/01 Dry matter intake - a generic approach to predicting the transfer of radiocaesium to r... Page I sur 1
DRY MATTER INTAKE - A GENERIC APPROACH TO PREDICT THE TRANSFER OF RADIOCAESIUM TO RUMINANTS?
N.A. Beresford*, R.W. Mayes C.L. Barnett
*Centre for Ecology Hydrology, CEH Merlewood, Windermere Rd., Grange-over-Sands, Cumbria LAI 6JU
In previous studies, we have demonstrated a relationship between dry matter intake and the degree of transfer of radiocaesium to the muscle of adult sheep. Here we present the results of an experiment during which the effect of lamb growth rate on radiocaesium transfer and turnover was evaluated. Lambs with high rates of growth had a lower radiocaesium transfer coefficient from the diet to muscle than lambs with lower growth rates. Furthermore, high rates of dry matter intake decreased the biological half-life of radiocaesium from muscle. The administration of [35S]-methionine to the study lambs enables us to suggest that protein turnover rate may influence the rate of radiocaesium transfer in animals
The results of this study again demonstrated the relationship between dry matter intake and the transfer of radiocaesium from diet to muscle. When the results of the study were compared with those of the earlier work with adult sheep, it was found that this relationships was consistent across all animals regardless of age or physiological status (lactating and pregnant ewes having been included within previous study groups). Furthermore, extrapolation of the relationship to dry matter intake rates appropriate to cattle predicted radiocaesium transfer coefficients in agreement with reported values. The relationship between dry matter intake and radiocaesium transfer coefficient therefore presents a potential generic approach by which we can estimate the transfer of radiocaesium to ruminants.
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AN ATTEMPT OF 2D MODELLING FOR ATMOSPHERIC DISPERSION IN THE NEAR FIELD AT LA HAGUE SITE
ProL H. BERESTYCKI, Dr. F. HAMEL
UniversiO Paris VI, Laboratoire d'Analyse Num6rique, 175 rue du Chevaleret,
75013 Paris, France
and
N.DELLERO
COGEMA 2 rue Paul Dautier
78140 V61izy Villacoublay, France
The question of optimising the atmospheric dispersion modelling in the near field of La Hague nuclear reprocessing site has been raised during the working sessions of the Nord Cotentin Radioecology Expert Group 1998-1999). The current analytical gaussian solution for the atmospheric transfer of pollutants as shown its limits of validity in the very near field when compared to the first measurement campaigns of released Krypton 85. Consequently, the Expert Group was led to define validity ranges of the gaussian model and to establish a conservative method for the cases of poor accuracy. Nevertheless, the Expert Group has advised to continue research on this subject on both modelling and experimental aspects. Since 1999, in line with this recommendation, COGEMA has been developing a two dimensional computer code in partnership with the University of Paris VI and SGCI consulting services. The two dimensional assumption was preferred for the ease of solving the fluid mechanics equations and the short computation time for results display. An additional assumption of a gaussian lateral loss in the third dimension has been made. The code makes use of an up-to-date and free software called FreeFem+, which has been developed, at University of Paris VI and INRIA (national institute for research in computing). This software is ideally designed for constructing meshes and for solving partial differential equations with the finite element method. 2D projections of site topography and buildings locations are used for dispersion assessment in all directions. To run the code, specific meteorological input data are required as wind and temperature profiles entering the delimited calculation area. The 213-model flexibility allows the user to activate a turbulence option with the standard k-e model or a thermal option with temperature gradients. The full paper will describe all the assumptions taken. It will also present first numerical results of the code validation as well as several further simulations.
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99Tc TRANSFER FROM WATER TO MONOGASTRIC ANIMAL
BERTHOL D. 2 FEIDT C. 1, BRUN-BELLUT J
1 Laboratoire Sciences Animales - INPL-INRA-UHP
BP 172 54 505 Vandoeuvre-16s-Nancy - France - berthol ensaia.inpl-nancy-fr
2 EDF-CNPE de Cattenom - BP 41 - 57 570 Cattenorn - France
Technetium 99 (TI/2: 212 000 years) is derived from fission of uranium 235 and produced more particularly by nuclear fuel reprocessing plants. We studied, in case of chronic contamination by water, excretion, distribution and retention of Tc in rats as monogastric model.
Until 95 of ingested Tc is excreted by urine and faeces. Urine was the main excretion way on and after the second week, and reached 71 of total excretion at the end of the experiment 14 weeks).
The highest amount of Tc occurred in thyroid and hairs where Tc represented respectively until 0. 1 and 17 of the given dose, contents increasing till the end of treatment. There was no Tc in muscle, and activity in liver ad kidneys did not exceed of the dose and was relatively constant from D.6 to D9,1
Four weeks after the end of supplies, Tc was almost eliminated from liver and kidneys. There was no significant loss of Tc in thyroid over the 6 weeks after interruption of contamination. The activity remained also in hairs; the low decrease observed must be due to the hairy renewal and to washing of superficial radioactivity by fawning.
htti)://www.ii)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Berthol.htm 16/11/01 Page I sur I
PARAMETERS OF BANK VOLE DECONTAMINATION FROM RADIOCESIUM AND RADIOSTRONTIUM
BONDARKOV M., GASCHAK S., GORYANAJA J.
SLAVUTYCH DIVISION OF INTERNATIONAL CHORNOBYL CENTER,
INTERNATIONAL RADIOECOLOGY LABORATORY,
P.O. BOX 151, SLAVUTYCH, KYIV REGION, UKRAINE, 07100
Thirteen bank voles were moved from the most contaminated area of Chornobyl Exclusion Zone (so-called "Red Forest") to lab and fed by "clean' food over 2 months. Application of specially designed beta-gamma spectrometer and alive counting methods allowed describing the whole body decontamination rate both for radiocesium and radiostrontium. Initial whole body activity ranged from 84 up to 385 kBq for 137cs and from 09 up to 77 kBq for 9Sr. Less than 04% of the activity was lost due to physical decay of the radionuclides during the study, the most - by biological excretion way. The radiocesium decontamination is characterized by fast activity dropping on the exponential decay model of the second order. 96% of activity was excreted with a half- life period of 1.87d and the rest - of 55d. This is much faster than the level described for the lab rodents. According to the exponential decay model of the first order, the radiostrontium loss took place with half-life period of 77 days. At that, Sr loss rate of lactating females was evidently higher than non-lactating females and males 44 d and 93 cl, respectively), whilst 137CS lost plots were practically similar. As for the litter females, they have lost 018-0.69% of their own Sr activity and 22-6.4% Of 137CS activity. During the suckling period, the mothers give out daily app. 007-0.25 of their own Sr and 0.15-0.30% 137CS with milk. We can not exclude the fact that our results allow explaining of the extremely high contamination of this rodent species within the group of small mammals residing in radioactive environment.
htti):Hwww.iT)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Bondarkov2.htm 16/11/01 Page 1 sur 1
DYNAMICS OF STRONTIUM-90 IN FOREST ECOSYSTEMS
F. BRUCHERTSEIFER, M. STEINER E. WIRTH
Institute for Radiation Hygiene,
Federal Office for Radiation Protection,
85762 Neuherberg, Germany
During the last decade the dynamics of radiocesiurn in forest ecosystems has been investigated intensively. Data on the distribution and the transfer of strontium-90 within forests, however, are rare. In 1995 and 1996 we investigated the behaviour of strontium-90 in different spruce forests in Bavaria. The strontium-90 activity was measured in about 200 samples, covering different soil horizons, understory vegetation and fungal fruit bodies. In addition, the cesium-137 activity was measured for comparison.
During the 50ies and 60ies about 3200 B/m2 strontium-90 were deposited due to the nuclear weapons fall- out. Since the contribution of the Chernobyl accident, about 210 B/M2 strontium-90, is very small, the distribution within the ecosystem represents the consequence of the long-term dynamics of strontium-90 during the last two to three decades.
The results show that most strontium-90 still persists in the organic horizons of forest soil, indicating a very low migration rate. The activity levels in fungal fruit bodies and berries were rarely higher than a few B/kg (fw). In other parts of green plants strontium-90 activities between about 10 and 20 B/kg were measured at our sampling sites. The uptake of Cs-137 from soil to plant is significantly higher in forests than in agricultural ecosystems, especially on mineral soils. Such great differences between agricultural and forest ecosystems were not observed for strontium-90.
The results of this investigation will be presented in detail and discussed with respect to the long-term behaviour of strontium-90 in forest ecosystems.
htti):Hwww.ii)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Bruchertseifer.htm 16/11/01 Page I sur I
Assessment of consequences following an atmospheric radioactive release in a forest ecosystem.
CALMON P.
Institute of Protection and Nuclear Safety (IPSN), Division of Environmental Protection (DPRE), 13108 St Paul-16s-Durance Cedex, France.mailto:philippe.calmonaipsn.fr
Forests represent very efficient filters of atmospheric aerosols. Radionuclides that are fixed on those aerosols fall on the aerial part of trees and understorey (leaves, branches and trunks) and on the soil (litter, mosses and first il layers). Due to the high content of organic matters in the forest soils and the existence of a nutrition cycle by the hurnification process, radionuclides show a higher biodisponibility than in agricultural soils. IPSN developed, in collaboration with a Finnish team from STUK (Nuclear Protection Institute of Finland), a model to assess the consequences of an atmospheric radioactive emission in a forest ecosystem. This dynamic compartment model has been developed with a simple and operational objective of crisis management. This model needs data relative to dry and wet depositions that are distributed in the ecosystem to trees, understorey and soil. Calculation of transfers between the different compartments of the ecosystem are used to calculate concentrations in forest products and external exposure. Then, ingestion dose and external exposure are calculated for several population groups five age groups for the population, forest workers, hunters and mushroom and berry pickers. Calculations are made for iodine, caesium, strontium and plutonium isotopes and for three generic forest types coniferous, deciduous and mixed forests. Forest structures vary in Europe with climate and soil type and also due to forest management. Many parameters in the model database are regional and should be adapted in order to substantially improve the estimations.
htti)://www.i-psn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Calmon.htm 16/11/01 Page 1 sur 1
INTERCEPTION, LOSS AND TRANSLOCATION OF 85Sr, 03Ru AND '34Cs
IN THE RICE PLANTS SPRAYED WITH A MIXED RI SOLUTION
CHOI Y. H., LIM K. M. LEE H. S.
Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Nuclear Environment Research Team,
305-600, P. 0. Box 105, Yusong, Taejon, Korea, yhchoil kaeri.re.kr
Interception, loss and translocation of radionuclides in rice plants were studied through a greenhouse experim ent in which the aboveground portion of the plants was exposed to radioactive spray containing 85Sr, 103 Ru an d 134Cs at 6 different growth stages. Showing little difference among radionuclides, the interception factor ten ded to increase as the plant grew to maturity. The highest observed factor was 094. The fractions of the interc epted activity that remained in the rice plant at harvest were 19-42% for "Sr, 23-61% for 03Ru and 11-69% f or 134Cs, depending on application times. The translocation factors for hulled seeds were in the range of 5.8xl 0-4-3.2x 1-2, 1.6x I 0-4-7.6x 10-3 and 3.2x 10-2-2. Ox 0- 1 for 5Sr, 03Ru. and 134CS, respectively. They were gre atest when Rls had been applied at the stage of a rapid seed growth. It was indicated that the loss and transloc ation would not be greatly affected by the difference in the rain frequency if it is within a factor of 2 The conc entrations (Bq kg-'-dry) of 85Sr, 103Ru and 134CS in hulled rice seeds at harvest were estimated with these exp erimental data to be 6.7x,0-5_1.7x,0-2, 7.3xlO-6-4.8x1O-3 and l.lxlO-2-2.OxlO-1, respectively, given a deposit ion of I Bq m-2 for each radionuclide. The estimated seed concentrations of 85Sr and 134CS were highest in th e RI application performed at the rapid seed growth stage while that of 103Ru was highest in the last applicatio n performed 17 d before harvest.
http://www.iT)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/choi.htm 16/11/01 Long-term prediction of 137Cs behavior in forest ecosystems of different types Page 1 sur 1
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF 37CS BIOAVAILABILITY IN FOREST ECOSYSTEMS
OF DIFFERENT TYPE
FESENKO S.V., SANZRAROVA N.I., SOUKHOVA N.V.
Russian Institute of Agricultural Radiology and Agroecology, 249020, Obninsk, Russia, riar obninsk.org
A quantitative analysis of 137CS bioavailability in forest soils in the long term after the Chernobyl NPP accident based on a 3 year 1996-1998) investigation is presented. Five sites with different trees composition and properties of soil were studied to identify factors determining radiocaesium transfer to trees and different understory species. The following parameters were investigated: 137Cs activity concentrations and its speciation in various horizons of forest soil, accumulation of this radionuclide by different species of understory vegetation and trees and distribution of their root biomass in the soil profile. It has been shown that one decade after the deposition maximum 137Cs activity in soil of the experimental sites considered is located in different soil layers dependent on moisture regime, characteristics of litter and soil properties. High level of heterogeneity of 137CS specific activity in different parts of tree, which is related to physiological peculiarities of their functions, has been shown. The data obtained have demonstrated a non-uniform character for 137cs distribution along trunks, which can be explained by radionuclide fixation by walls of xylem vessels and by changes in geometry along the tree trunk. It has been found that the radial distribution of 137CS in the tree trunk is dependent on the availability of 137CS in soil, which governs the transfer of this radionuclide via xylem sap, and on the properties of the xylem. The accumulation of 137Cs by both trees and understory species was influenced by 137CS vertical distribution and availability in soil as well as by the root (mycelia) biomass distribution in different soil horizons. A "bioavailability factor", which takes into account the above factors is proposed for comparative analyses of 137CS transfer from soil to plants in different types of forest ecosystems.
httv://www.ivsn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Fesenko.htm 16/11/01 Page I sur 1
THE DERIVATION OF TRITIUM TRANSFER FACTORS FOR FARM ANIMALS ON THE BASIS OF A METABOLIC UNDERSTANDING
D. GALERIU*, N.M.J. CROUT & N.A. BERESFORD
*National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, P.O.Box MG-6 RO-76900, Bucharest-Magurele, Romania
Routine and accidental releases of tritium to the environment can occur. In contrast to many radionuclides (which often have no biological function) 3H has a stable analogue which is an elemental component of major nutrients (e.g. fats and carbohydrate), aimal tissues and drinking water. Therefore concepts used to predict the transfer of other radionuclides (e.g. equilibrium between the levels of radionuclide in tissue and dietary radionuclide intake) are not valid for 3H.
Tritium can enter the diet of farm animals and man as either tritiated water (HTO) or organically bound tritium (013T). Animal products constitute up to 50 of the OBT intake by humans. An ability to predict H transfer to animals is therefore important. However, previous approaches generally make simplified assumptions and indeed some bodies publish recommended equilibrium transfer coefficients for 311.
The existing radioecological literature is inadequate to derive models of the transfer of 3H to farm animals. However, HTO will behave like water within the body, whilst OBT is bound with carbon in compounds such as carbohydrates. Therefore, the wealth of existing knowledge concerning stable carbon and hydrogen metabolism can be utilised together with the available radioecological data to derive more applicable models. In this paper we present a steady state model for predicting 3H transfer to animal products derived from an understanding of animal nutritional needs and body composition. We will demonstrate that its predictions compare favorably with available 3H data for a range of farm animals uminants, pigs and hens). Adaptation of the concept to the modelling of 14C will also discussed.
http:Hwww.ii)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Galeriu.htm 16/11/01 Page I sur I
WILD BOAR AND ROE DEER RADIOECOLOGY IN THE CHORNOBYL EXCLUSION ZONE
GASCHAK S., PETROV M., CHIZHEVSKY 1.
SLAVUTYCH DIVISION OF INTERNATIONAL CHORNOBYL CENTER,
INTERNATIONAL RADIOECOLOGY LABORATORY,
P.O. Box 151, SLAVUTYCH, KYIV REGION, UKRAINE, 07100
Seventy-three wild boars and sixty-six roe deer have been trapped in the Chornobyl Exclusion Zone over 1992-1995 period (in the framework of ECP-9 project). We studied Sr and 137CS contamination of the animals and their food items as well as animal diet contents and season changes of these indices. It has been shown that due to numerous reasons radioactive contamination of the animals (each radionuclide) varied in broad range from ten Bq per kilogram up to hundred thousand Bq. The main reason for that is a seasonal change of diet contents. At that, the difference of diet in species defines evident contamination differences of wild boar and roe deer by seasons. As a result, the level of radionuclides uptaken by pigs grows since October till beginning of vegetation period, whilst roe deer's one has an opposite character. It is remarkable that importance of the key food items, defining contamination level of the organism, is very conditional. Most of them have very varied year yield or only local food importance, or they are the temporary components of demutating cenosis. So, concerning the natural Chornobyl Exclusion Zone conditions at the 1992-1995 period only, the most important radionuclide sources are soil, sod and litter (purposive or occasional ingestion), mushrooms, and some shrub and grass species. Also, there are some decontaminating food factors, such as: poor harvest of 'hot' food items, rich harvest of relative 'clean' fruit, availability of 'clean' food waste and agricultural crops. Undoubtedly, species, sex, age and season peculiarities of the animal territory behavior define their contamination as well as radionuclide flow out of the zone. It should be investigated in future.
http:Hwww.ii)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Sununaries/Gaschak.htm 16/11/01 Page 1 sur 1
LONG-TERM BEHAVIOUR OF CAESIUM IN THE ARCTIC ENVIRONMENT AND HUMAN EXPOSURE
GOLIKOV V., SHUTOV V., BRUK G, BALONOV M., STRAND P., BORGHUIS S., HOWARD B., WRIGHT S.
Institute of Radiation Hygiene, Mira Str. 8, 197101, St.-Petersburg, Russia, e-mail: bazilOSQ5816-spb.edu
The highly generalised, current estimates of human exposure in the Arctic environment after fallout of air-borne radionuclides, both global and Chernobyl origin could be markedly improved by considering site-specific parameters related to exposure of different population groups. For the solution of this problem the results of long-term observations of the content of caesiurn in plants and animal products in the Arctic areas due to nuclear weapons testing and the Chernobyl accident both from archival data and new field work were analysed. As a rule, long-term dynamics of caesiurn concentration in plants and animal products can be represented in the two exponential form with short (- 24 years) and long (- 10-20 years) biological half-time. The second part of work was the development of biophysical model for the estimation of the internal and external exposure of a man. The key elements of this model links of the Arctic food chain including unique terrestrial chain lichen-reindeer-man, submodel of the external exposure and some others. Parameters of model are site-specific and most of them were derived from results of radiation monitoring performed in the Arctic countries both after the global fallout and the Chernobyl accident. In the report the estimations as current doses of an external and internal exposure of different population groups in Arctic areas, and cumulative doses, since middle of the fiftieth years are presented. The model predictions are compared to the published results of measured content of caesiurn in human bodies in Norway and Western Arctic Russia.
httv:Hwww.insn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Golikov2.htm 16/11/01 Page 1 sur I
Studies of HTO washout and deposition in the vicinity of emission source
Aleksey Golubev, Munir Khabibulin, Sergey Mavrin
Russian Federal Nuclear Center - VNIIEF
607190, Sarov, Mira prospect, 37, Nizhegorodsky region, Russia
E-mail: avg dc.vnJiefru
There are presented in the report research results of HTO wash-out and the model of HTO atmosphere concentration in the vicinity of a long-term HT and HTO emission source. The site of the scavenging experiments was around a 30 rn emission source. The sampling arcs were chosen at 150-300 m from the base of the source to minimise dry deposition on the precipitation collectors. To study dependence of scavenging of tritium on raindrops characteristics, an optical device was constructed and used to measure the distribution of the drop radii and velocities during the period of experiment.
The wash-out model, used for assessments, takes into account dispersion, deposition and re-emission. Soil surface is considered as secondary area source. Primary source is characterized as a source of infinite duration and permanent strength.
Ingress of HTO to soil from primary source is occurred due to both dry and wet deposition. The model of HTO wet deposition is taken into account kinetics of HTO exchange between vapor and liquid phase with parameters such as rain drop spectra, rain intensity, condensation-evaporation on drop's interface. Ingress of HT in soil is only due to HT dry deposition.
Gauss type formulae for permanent emission source is used to calculate HTO atmosphere concentration. Averaged real meteorological data are used as input parameters for modeling.
htti)://www.it)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Golubev2.htm 16/11/01 Page I sur 1
THE EFFECT OF CHEMICAL SPECIATION ON THE IMPACT OF 291 DISCHARGES TO ATMOSPHERE FROM BNFL SELLAFIELD CUMBRIA
DJACKSON
Westlakes Research Institute, Department of Social and Policy Sciences, Westlakes Science Technology Park, Moor Row, Cumbria CA24 N
duncan.jackson westlakes.ac.uk
The majority of iodine in the environment is derived from natural sources (virtually 100% stable 1271, with trace quantities of natural 129I). Anthropogenic 1291 is produced through neutron-induced fission of 235U and neutron capture reactions with the fission products 128Te and 13OTe in the cores of nuclear reactors. This typically constitutes about I% of the total fission products, depending on fuel burn-up. Whilst 129, is not released in routine discharges from nuclear power plants it is released (with other volatile waste products) during reprocessing. Since the early 1980s discharges of 129, from the nuclear fuel reprocessing works at Sellafield, Cumbria, have remained relatively constant at 10 to 30 GBq per annum. Atmospheric emissions of other radionuclides have declined over this period as filtration of aerial discharge streams has improved. At the same time, measured concentrations of 129, in milk have been a factor of 20 or more lower than those predicted by standard models. This is due both to variability in the reported behaviour of iodine, which may be related to abundance and physico-chemical form, and to the relative paucity of data for 1291. Indeed, data for other radionuclides have often been used to derive model parameters. The primary aims of this study are i) to measure environmental concentrations of 1291 around Sellafield, ii) to establish whether the chemical species of iodine in air differs as a function of the source term (primarily oxide versus Magnox fuel reprocessing discharge streams), and iii to determine concomitant values for model parameters defining 129, transport through the environment (e.g. deposition velocity, interception by vegetation, plant:soil concentration ratios, vegetation to milk transfer factors). Some differences in the environmental transport of 1291 are observed, albeit slight, apparently related to source term. These findings suggest that a source-specific approach may be appropriate.
http://www.ivsn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaiies/Jackson.htm 16/11/01 Fno6aJ1bHbie YPOBHW CAep>KaHMA paAH0HYKAWA0B B nT14LLax Page I sur 1
GLOBAL LEVELS OF THE CONTENT RADIONUCLIDES IN BIRDS AND MAMMALS
LEBEDEVA N.
Rostov State University, Department of Ecology, 344006, Rostov on Don, Russia, bird ns.math.rsu.ru
On extensive spaces we can mark only traces of some radioactive elements. After the Chernobyl accident we studied accumulation of some artificial radionuclides by birds and mammals in different biornes (arctic, deciduous wood, steppe, tropics). The contents artificial radionuclides (cesium-137, strontium-90 and plutonium-238,239,240) in birds from different areas of European Russia (from Arctic Region up to steppes of Azov), Ukraine and Byelorussia, Poland, Mongolia and Ethiopia is investigated. The greatest concentration of radionuclides is found out in birds living nearest Chernobyl and Bryansk area in Russia. Research in Mongolia have allowed to establish, that in 1996 the levels radioactive strontium-90 in bones of some species of birds were on one - two order more, than in 1982. The comparison of the contents of radionuclides in modem birds of a steppe zone of Russia and Mongolia has shown, that in territory of Azov steppes the total size of various radioisotopes plutonium-238,239,240 in bones of birds on 23 order is more, than in Mongolia. It can be connected to accumulation of radionuclides as a result of global losses after the Chernobyl accident in the European steppes. In bones of herbivorous mammals, collected in Ethiopia in 9 months after the Chernobyl accident managed to be found out traces of global losses of radionuclides, in particular cesium- 134. The increased global losses of radionuclides are registered in birds and mammals of East Africa in comparison with Australia. Pays on itself attention pollution all surveyed natural ecosystems not only radioisotopes of cesium-137 and strontium-90, but also plutonium-238,239,240. As a result of researches in 90 years the representation about territories of the injured is extended as a result of loss of the Chernobyl deposits. The pollution as a result of loss of radioactive precipitation after the Chernobyl accident has the large planetary scales, than was considered till now.
htti):Hwww.ipsn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaiies/Lebedeva.htm 16/11/01 Page I sur I
LONG-TERM DYNAMICS OF CS IN DAIRY PRODUCTS IN AUSTRIAN ALPINE REGIONS
LETTNER H., GASTBERGER M. HUBMER A.
Institute of Physics and Biophysics
University Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34
5020 Salzburg Austria
herbert.lettner mh.sbR.ac.a
Among the Western European Countries Austria was one of the most heavily effected by the radioactive fallout from the Chernobyl accident. Initial ground deposition levels of 137Cs between 20 and 150 kBqfrri2 resulted in considerably contaminated agricultural products.. On average these contamination levels dropped fast after the first winter following the accident, when contaminated feeding produced in the summer after the accident had to be used for the livestock. However, in seminatural environmentals in the alpine regions which are only inhabited and used for agriculture during the summer time, high transfer factors resulted in a long term contamination of the local produced foodstuff. For 137cs the effective half-life in the regions affected ranges between 3 and years. These effects are mostly pronounced in regions with silicate bedrock material and are very closely associated with slow migration of the radiocaesium into deeper soil layers. The majority of the nuclide inventory is cycling or recycling within the upper few centimeters of the soil in the root layer. This behaviour seems to be correlated with absolute hight above sea-level in the first order. Comparative results of a study carried out in an alpine valley investigating the influence of different altitudes on the transfer factor and the migration behaviour of Cs are presented.
htti):Hwww.ipsn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Lettner.htm 16/11/01 THE MOSSES AS THE BIOINDICATOR OF AIR POLLUTION Page I sur 2
THE MOSSES AS THE BIOINDICATOR OF AIR POLLUTION
B. Mys- ek-Laurikainen, M. Matul, S. Miko- ajewski, H. Trzaskowska and Natalia BLASZCZYSZYN(*)- (*)- Warsaw University, Physics Division
The Andrzej Soltan INSTITUTE OF NUCLEAR STUDIES
05-400 OTWOCK- SWIERK POLAND
Phone: 48 22 718-04-59
Fax: 48 22 779-34-81
bogna indiaJpj.gov.pI
The mosses are considered to be useful monitors of atmosphere deposition because they have no root system and thus depend on nutrient supply predominantly from the atmosphere. The mosses are precise and sensitive bioindicators of heavy metal contamination of the natural environmental. In general plants proved to be useful in assessing environmental pollution over large areas and long periods of exposure.
The pollution level can be monitored for different compartments of environment e.g. air, water, soil. The application of plants as bioindicators and biomonitors and useful criteria for their selection are presented. Accumulatants of environmental are determined in selected samples. The application of the most useful plants like algae, mosses, lichens, vegetable plants trees and their parts for evaluation of the pollution level of environment and their changes are discussed.
The radioactive contamination of mosses, proportional to the contamination of the ground level air shows the not unifon-n concentration over the territory of the country and the decrease of caesium radioactivity is much lower then one could expect on thus life time basis.
Selected kind of mosses and their application in air monitoring are presented.
The mosses collected every second year since 1986 give the information about environmental pollution of 40 selected localities in Poland. Some comparison with situation in other countries is done and the results for lichens from Mongolia are presented. The air pollution in Poland is presented on the basis of regular air monitoring net- work as well.
The decrease of 137CS content in air, in soil and in different kinds of mosses is discussed in terms of environmental conditions.
htti)://www.ii)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/N4atul.htm 16/11/01 THE MOSSES AS THE BIOINDICATOR OF AIR POLLUTION Page 2 sur 2
httv://www.ivsn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Matul.htm 16/11/01 Abstract for IPSN Page I sur 1
OPTIMISATION OF 4'Ar ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING TO PROVIDE A VALIDATION OF RADIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT MODELS
T G Parker I Lowles
British Nuclear fuels p1c. Sellafield, Seascale, Cumbria, United Kingdom, tgpl bnfl corn
The aerial discharges of particulate material, from Sellafield, have declined by more than two orders of magnitude, since their peak in the mid 1970s, as a result of back-fitting abatement plant to the older buildings. The decline in the level of particulates has led to the volatile and inert nuclides being the main contributors to the critical group dose. Of these 4'Ar, from the Calder reactors, dominates with an assessed contribution of 42 mSv/a out of a total critical group dose of 65 mSv/a. This predominance has led to a requirement for field validation of the assessed dose. A programme of field measurements, using a sodium iodide spectrometer, calibrated to measure the external dose rate, has been carried out to determine the 4'Ar gamma flux at the ctical group location. Comprehensive meteorological measurements were correlated with 4Ar emission rates and gamma flux measurements. The resulting database of measurements has provided an extensive validation "toolkit" with which to determine the accuracy of dose predictions from radiological assessment models used by both industry and the UK regulators. This paper presents the results of the flux measurements of 4Ar, together with a comparison of both long- and short-term dose predictions from a number of radiological assessment models. The relative performance of the models has been tested in a variety of meteorological stability conditions and discharge scenarios.
htto:Hwww.iosn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Parker.htm 16/11/01 PLUTONIUM AND AMERICIUM BEHAVIOUR IN SOEL-VEGETATION COVE... Page I sur I
PLUTONIUM AND AMERICIUM BEHAVIOUR IN SOIL-VEGETATION COVER OF NATURAL AND SEMI-NATURAL ECOSYSTEM
SOKOLIK G., LEINOVA S. IVANOVA T.
Belarussian State University, Laboratory of Radiochemistry, 220050, Minsk, Belarus, SokolikGA chem.bsu.unibel.by
When different countermeasures on the rehabilitation of contaminated territory after Chernobyl accident are applied it is necessary to consider the role of transuranic elements taking into account their high toxicity, long. period of half-decay and biological half-life, increase of quantity of americium with time. In 1986-2000 the investigation of migration ability of transuranic elements in soil-vegetation cover are carried out in control stations at the near zone < 40 km from CNPP) and the far zone 200-250 km from CNPP). Basic directions of investigation were: character of transuranic element vertical distribution in mineral and organogenic soils; identification of the mobile and fixed forms of radionuclide occurrence forms in the soils of different type; determination of the main natural factors influencing on the "hoC' particle destruction in the soils; biological access of plutonium and americium, peculiarities of transuranic element transfer into the meadow and forest vegetation. Content of exchangeable plutonium and americium in soils constitutes 1-10%. In mineral and organogenic soils the largest part of plutonium are in fixed form in composition of soil humus, ferric and aluminum hydroxides, organo-mineral components, clay mineral and in the matrix of "hot particles". The main part of americium, in difference of plutonium, exists in acid soluble potential-mobile form. The increase of acidity of soil promotes the destruction of complex compounds of americium with organic and organo- mineral soil components, in more degree than that for plutonium. The values of linear migration velocity of plutonium and americium in investigated soils are 031-1.24 cm/year. The transfer coefficients in system
4 1soil-plant" for americium are higher than that for plutonium in 1.5-5 times. "Hof' particles of Chernobyl fallout are the source of plutonium and americium redistributing along different migration chains in ecosystems. The obtained results allow estimating the biological accessibility in different migration conditions.
htti)://www.ii)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Sokolik.htm 16/11/01 137Cs BUDGET IN UNDERSTOREY SPRUCES ON MINERAL SOIL SITES Page I sur I
137Cs BUDGET IN UNDERSTOREY SPRUCES IN HEATH FORESTS
VETIKKO, V. RANTAVAARA A.
Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority (STUK), Research and Environmental Surveillance,
P.O.Box 14, FIN-00881 Helsinki, Finland, Virve.Vetikko stuk.fi
Understorey spruces (Picea abies) grown mainly after the Cernobyl accident were studied in Finland in 1998. Ten trees were sampled from three pine forests on unmanaged mineral soil. 117CS contamination of the ground, estimated from soil samples, varied from 24 to 66 kBq m-2. Budgets and distributions of 137Cs and dry weight were compared for trees with varying age (c 10-21 years) and height 60-450 cm). Vertical distribution of 137CS was examined as well. All above-ground parts of the trees were sectioned into needles and branches of several age classes, stemwood, stembark, and dead branches. Roots of the smallest trees were collected. Also lichens growing on stems and branches were sampled and analysed. Relative contributions of the tree parts to 7Cs and dry matter budgets differed by age and size of trees. Stemwood contained 19 - 36 of the dry mass but only 4 - 7 of the radiocaesiurn. The relative contribution of stemwood to 137Cs budget was slightly smaller in older trees than in younger trees. Needles contained 21 - 48 of the dry mass and 37 - 60 of the 137CS. Roots contributed to the dry mass more than to the 137CS content of a tree. Activity concentrations in needles and branches were highest in current year growth, and in upper parts of the trees. Also wood and bark had higher 137CS concentration in upper parts of the stems than in lower parts. Concentrations per unit deposition (rn2 kg-' dry weight) were calculated for comparison of uptake by trees from different sites. These non-nalised concentrations varied by the stage of growth in several tree parts. For instance, in current needles they were on average 0098 for older trees and 13 m2 kg-' for younger trees.
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STABLE ELEMENTS - AS A KEY TO PREDICT RADIONUCLIDE TRANSPORT IN FOREST ECOSYSTEMS
YOSHIDA S.*, MURAMATSU Y.*, STEINER M., BELLI M., PASQUALE A., RAFFERTY B., RUHM W., RANTAVAARA A., LINKOV I., DVORNIK A. ZHUCHENKO T.
*National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Anagawa 49-1, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8555 Japan, syoshid nirs.goJp
Forest ecosystems tend to accumulate radionuclides such as radiocesium discharged into the atmosphere through nuclear weapons testing and nuclear accidents. Even more than 10 years after the Chernobyl accident, radiocesium contamination of forest products is high in contrast to agricultural products. Therefore, studies on the distribution and transfer of radiocesium in forests are important both from radiation- protection viewpoint and geochernical viewpoint. However, the long-term fate of radiocesium in forest ecosystems is still difficult to predict. As the chemical behavior of radiocesium is expected to be almost identical to that of stable Cs, analyses of stable Cs and related stable elements should be useful to understand the long-term behavior of radiocesium and its equilibrium distribution. However, the relationships among radiocesiurn, stable Cs and related stable elements in forest ecosystems are still unclear because of the lack of analytical data. In this study, the concentrations of stable Cs and related alkali and alkaline earth elements in mushrooms, plants and soils were determined by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) or inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Samples were collected in forests with different contamination levels in Japan, Germany, Finland, Italy, Ireland and Belarus. Data of stable elements were compiled together with those of radiocesium A good correlation between radiocesium and stable Cs in mushrooms and plants was observed for each site independently. The ratio between radiocesium and stable Cs might be useful for judging the equilibrium of deposited radiocesium in different parts of a forest ecosystem. The stable Cs analyses might be also useful to predict the long-term radiocesium contamination of mushrooms and plants.
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2T Soill-to-plant transfer
• Casadesus
• Albrecht • Konoplev2
• Barthakur • Bogdevitch • Carini2 • Colle Colle2 Dulama Kaunisto Kostiainen Kudriashov MadozEscande Prister Rantavaara • Sanzharova • Shanq2 • Tsukada • Webster
htti)://www.ipsn.fr/ecorad2OOl/P2T.htm 16/11/01 A nutrient-based mechanistic model for predicting the root uptake of radionuclides Page 1 sur 1
A nutrient-based mechanistic model for predicting the root uptake of radionuclides.
J. Casadesusi, T. Saurasi, M.A. Gonze2, R. Vallejol,3, F. Br6chignac2.
1 Departament de Biologia Vegetal, Universitat de Barcelona. Avgda. Diagonal, 645, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
2 IPSN, D6parternent de Protection de I'Environnement, SERLAB, CEA-Cadarache, 13108 St. Paul- lez-Durance, France.
3CEAM, Parque Tecnol6gico, Ch. Darwin 14 46980 Patema, Spain
Abstract:
This paper presents a model for root uptake of radionuclides which has been developed as a tool for the mechanistic simulation of soil-to-plant transfer during the growing cycle of a crop in different soil and cropping scenarios. Its development was based on the theory used in mechanistic nutrient uptake models into which some specific features of radionuclides have been further implemented. The model takes into account the effect of the nutrient analogues (K and Ca respectively for Cs and Sr), both on the soil solution solid/liquid equilibrium and on radionuclide uptake by plant roots.
The concentration of the nutrient analogue in the soil solution surrounding the roots and root uptake are simulated concurrently with radionuclide uptake. The model considers a common input pathway within the root for the radionuclide and its nutrient analogue, and assumes that the activity of this transport mechanism is modulated by the current plant nutrient demand. This approach takes advantage of the previously available prediction of the nutrient transport mechanisms response to different agronomic and environmental conditions. Therefore few parameters are required for characterizing the discrimination between both ions.
For validation purposes, emphasis has been placed on the case of caesium. (and K) involving the adjustment of two physiological parameters against experimental data acquired for barley grown in soil scenarios in controlled and close-to-real conditions: 1) the transporter selectivity between Cs and K, and 2 the maximum influx capacity of K in the root. The effect of soil type on the characteristic pattern of the kinetics of Cs accumulation within the plants has been successfully simulated, this mechanistic approach further supplying an explanation for the differences observed. The adjusted parameters were stable across different plant species since, once calibrated against barley data, the model also acceptably predicted the uptake of Cs by beans grown in similar conditions on the same soils. A similar calibration and further test with independent data was conducted for Sr. Overall, the empirical relationship between the uptake of radionuclides and the concentration of their nutrient analogues, as observed and described in previous studies, can be mechanistically reproduced by this model assuming that root uptake is modulated by the plant to supply the amount of nutrients required for growth.
htti):Hwww.it)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Casadesus.htm 16/11/01 INCORPORATING SOIL STRUCTURE AND ROOT DISTRIBUTION INTO PLA... Page sur 2
INCORPORATING SOIL STRUCTURE AND ROOT DISTRIBUTION INTO PLANT UPTAKE MODELS FOR RADIONUCLIDES
ALBRECHT A., FUHLER H. FROSSARD E.
ETH Zffich, Institute of Plant Sciences, Experimental Station Eschikon, CH 8315 Lindau Switzerland, E- mail: achim.albrecht ipw.agrl.ethz.ch
Most biosphere and contamination assessment models are based on uniform soil conditions, since single coefficients are use to describe the transfer of contaminants to the plant. Indeed, physical and chemical characteristics and root distribution are highly variable in the soil profile. These parameters have to be considered in the formulation of a more realistic soil-plant transfer model for naturally structured soils. The impact of monolith 30 x 40cm2 area x 70cm deep) soil structure (repacked and structured) on Zn and Mn uptake by wheat was studied in a controlled tracer application (dye and radioactive) experiment. We used Brilliant Blue to dye flow lines and 65Zn and 54Mn to trace soil distribution and plant uptake of surface applied particle-reactive contaminants. Spatial variation of the soil water content during irrigation and plant growth informs indirectly about tracer and root location in the soil profile. In the structured monolith a plow pan at a depth of 30 cm limited vertical water flow and root penetration into deeper soil layers and restricted tracers to the upper third of the monolith. In the repacked monolith roots were observed at all depths and fingering flow allowed for the fast appearance of all tracers in the outflow. These differences between the two monoliths are reflected by significantly higher 54Mn and Zn uptake in wheat grown on the structured monolith. The higher uptake of Mn can be modelled on the basis of radionuclide and root distribution as a function of depth only. The considerably higher uptake of Zn can be modelled using a combination of preferential flow and rooting.
Dr. Achim Albrecht
ETH ZWich
Institute for Plant Sciences
Group of Plant Nutrition
Postfach 185
Eschikon 33
CH - 8315 Lindau
Telefon: 41 (0) 52/354 92 86
Telefax: 41 (0) 52/354 91 19
E-Mail: achim.a1brecht ipw.agrl.ethz.ch
http://www.ii)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Albrecht.htm 16/11/01 INCORPORATING SOEL STRUCTURE AND ROOT DISTRIBUTION INTO PLA... Page 2 sur 2
www address: http:Hwww.ipw.agrl.ethz.ch/
home: Streulistr. 18
8032 Zfirich
albrecht-steffen swissonline.ch
01-3821005
htto:Hwww.ii)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Albrecht.htm 16/11/01 Page 1 sur I
MODEL OF RADIOCAESIUM TRANSFER FROM SOIL TO UNDERSTOREY IN FOREST ECOSYSTEMS
KONOPLEV A.V., AVILA R., BULGAKOV A.A.
Centre for Environmental Chemistry, SPA "Typhoon", 249038 Obninsk, Russia
E-mail: : konoplev iem.obninsk.ru
The mobility and bioavailability of radionuclides of accidental origin is determined by an initial ratio of their chemical forms in fallout, kinetics of transformation processes and environmental characteristics influential in transfer and distribution of radionuclides between environmental compartments. The objective of the paper is the development and validation of dynamic process-level model to describe radiocaesium transfer from soil to plants and fungi in forest ecosystems. The following specific aims were pursued: 1) investigation of mechanisms of radiocaesiurn plant uptake, in particular, analysis of a possible role of fungi mycelium as a mediator in its transfer from soil to plant; 2 qualitative and quantitative description of long- term changes of radiocaesium content in understorey compartments of forest ecosystems; 3) prediction of 137Cs activity concentrations in berries and mushrooms on the basis of a minimum of fitting parameters. A distinctive feature of model is taking into consideration vertical redistribution of radionuclide in a root layer of soil as governing factor of changes of the soil- understorey concentration ratios during first 10-30 years after the accident. The model uses parameterization of soil-plant concentration ratio through the key physico-chemical characteristics of soils determining its biological availability: a steady state portion of exchangeable caesium in soil and content of exchangeable calcium. The method for calculating radiocaesiurn accumulation parameters in forest fungi by soil properties is proposed based on the potassium contents in specific fungi and soil, and also steady-state portion of exchangeable caesium in soil.
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TRANSFER OF STRONTIUM-90 AND CALCIUM-45 FROM MEDIUM TO PL NT R TRANSLOCATION IN MICROPROPAGATED POTATO
BARTHAKUR, N.N., DONNELLY, D.J. & HABIB, A.
Macdonald Campus-McGill University, Department of Natural Resource Sciences, H9X 3V9,Ste Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, Canada; E-mail: barthn nrs.mcgill.ca
The uptake and translocation of strontium-90 and calcium-45 were studied in microtubers of potato (Solanum tuberosum) cv. Norland and inicropropagated (tissue cultured) plantlets cv. Sierra. The application of 18.5 kBq activity as a single drop of either radioisotope onto the periderm of microtubers showed their movements to be restricted to the periderm with virtually no penetration into the inner cortical or medulary tissues. Only 82% and 0 II% activities of Sr-90 and Ca-45, respectively, were detected at 04 cm from the application site after 96 h with a calculated diffusion coefficient of 4.7 x 10-8 cm2/s for Sr-90. Autoradiogram results supported the liquid scintillation counting of samples. There was no significant difference in uptake of Ca-45 or Sr-90 by Sierra plantlets when 0 3 9 and 18 mM of either CaC12 or SrC12 were added to the culture medium. However, the percentage uptake by different plant parts tended to decrease with increasing concentration of these salts. There was a significant difference (P < .05) in uptake of these radioisotopes by leaves, stems, petioles, and roots of Sierra regardless of salt concentration. Translocation to petioles was the least whereas roots had the highest amount of activity especially for Sr-90. When the shoot tips of Sierra were immersed in the radioactive solutions of various concentrations of these salts for 161 h and the plantlets were held in a vertically inverted position, considerable amounts were still translocated to all plant parts. The Ca-45/Sr-90 ratio < I in 105 out of 112 uptake studies. In conclusion, Sr-90 activity in general was found to be much higher than Ca-45 when equal amounts were fed either through root- or tip-immersion of plantlets in various concentrations of either CaCI or SrCI This showed that Ca and Sr behaved differently in their uptake and translocation by micropropagated potato.
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SOIL FERTILITY INFLUENCE ON 137Cs AND Sr TRANSFER TO THE CROPS
BOGDEVITCH I., TARASIUK S. SHMIGELSKAYA 1.
Belarusian Research Institute for Soil Science and Agrochemistry,
Kazintsa str. 62, 220108 Minsk, Belarus brissa mail.belpak.by
The radionuclides 137Cs and Sr uptake by crops strongly depends on soil fertility and biological features of plants. The soil reaction, organic matter content, calcium, magnesium and potassium status are the most important soil properties, which determine the cation exchange processes and radionuclides transfer to plants. The evaluation of separate soil property influence on the radionuclides transfer to plants is a complex task. The agrochernical properties of soils are closely interrelated and connected among them. It was found that 137Cs and Sr transfer to plants are reduced by a factor 1.5 to 30 as a result of the change of sod-podzolic soil reaction from acid range (pHKCI 4,5-5,O) to neutral (pH 6,5-7,O), the increase of humus content from 1.0 up to 3% and the increase of the exchangeable potassium content from low range < 80 mg K20/kg of soil) up to high range 200-350 mg/kg). The lowest transferring of 137Cs and Sr to plants was observed at the optimal range of soil fertility parameters related to highest crop yields. Thus, the steady positive balance of calcium, potassium and humus in soils promote the essential reduction of radionuclides transfer to plant production. On the basis of compilation and processing of experimental data the transfer factors of 137Cs and Sr from soil to crop production had been differentiated according to soil fertility parameters. These parameters may be used for the prediction of the radionuclides accumulation in plant production, depending on the initial soil fertility levels and subsequent measures of soil improvement. It allows providing more efficient planning of distribution of the crops between the different fields and crop rotations. The soil fertility has to be improved in such a way that proposes the significant increase of crop yields with decreasing of the risk of people internal irradiation.
htti)://www.ii)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Bo-devitch.htm 16/11/01 The objective of the research is to study the behaviour of radiocesium and radiostront... Page I sur I
BEHAVIOUR OF 134Cs AND Sr IN BLACKBERRY PLANTS
F. CARINI, P. FORTUNATI, M. BRAMBILLA.
Universit Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Chemistry, 129100 Piacenza, Italy, fcariniftc.unicatt.it
The knowledge of the contribution of different processes concerning radiocontarnination of food after an accidental release can improve the understanding of exposure through ingestion of food and better assess the public dose. Although adequate information is available for assessing doses from intakes of different crops, the area of fruit needs further infon-nation. the radiocontamination of fruits by airborne pathway can result from direct deposition of radionuclides onto the fruit surface, from deposition onto other above ground parts of the plant, or from deposition onto soil. Directly deposited radionuclides can be absorbed by the fruit skin and transported to the interior. Radionuclides deposited onto the other above ground parts of the plant can be absorbed by them, mainly by leaves, and transferred to fruits. Radionuclides deposited on the soil can migrate into the soil layers, reach the root apparatus, be taken up by roots and transferred to fruits. The relative contribution of these processes depends on many variables, such as the kind of radionuclide, the plant species and the plant phenological stage at time of deposition. Scarce information is available on bushes bearing fruits. lackberry is a bush plant, widespread in Northern Europe, with a perenial root apparatus and a biannual aerial part. The fate of 134Cs and 85Sr in blackberry in the year of deposition has been studied, with the aim of calculating soil to fruit and leaf to fruit transfer and of evaluating the main parameters that can affect this transfer. The main variables taken into account are direct or indirect contamination of fruit, leaf area and biomass at time of deposition, residual plant activity and field loss. Results are presented from the first year of experimental work.
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BEHAVIOR OF THE CHLORINE 36 IN CULTIVATED TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS
COLLE C., MAUGER S., MASSIANI C.*, KASHPAROV V.** & GRASSET G.
Institute of Protection and Nuclear Safety, DPRE/SERLAB, Laboratory of Experimental Radioecology, CADARACHE, Bt. 159, B.P. 1, 13108 Saint Paul Lez Durance, CEDEX, France, clau ip5aft
* Laboratoire de Chimie de I'Environnement, universit6 d'Aix-Marseille 1, France
"Institute for Agricultural Radioecology, Kiev, Ukraine
The mobility of chlorine-36 in soils is studied. Batch investigations are performed to determine Kd's values for various types of agricultural soils with physico-chemical properties covering a wide range of pH and organic matter content. The values of the distribution coefficient soil /soil solution are very weak and conditioned in a dominating way by the rate of organic carbon of the soil.
Root uptake of chlorine-36 in some vegetables is determined. A root-vegetable (radish), a leave-vegetable (lettuce) and a fruit-vegetable (bean) are experimented. Cultures are made on three types of soil acidic, calcareous and organic. The values of the soil to plant transfer factors expressed with regard to the dry weight of vegetables are very high they vary between 20 and 300 according to the organ of the plant and the considered soil. Root uptake of chlorine is the strongest on the calcareous soil and the lowest on the organic one.
Experiments on foliar contamination of vegetables by spraying are also described. They put in evidence the strong translocation of the chlorine and its important mobility in plants.
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ROOT UPTAKE BY CULTIVATED VEGETABLES OF RADIONUCLIDES COMING FROM CONTAMINATED ALGAE USED AS ORGANIC MANURE IN SOILS
COLLE C., MASSON M., HURTEVENT P., MORELLO, M. MARO, D.*
Institute of Protection and Nuclear Safety, DPRE/SERLAB, Laboratory of Experimental Radloecology, CADARACHE, Bt. 159, B.P. 1, 13108 Saint Paul Lez Durance, CEDEX, France, claude.colle ipsn.fr
*IPSN, DPRE/SERNAT, Laboratory of Radioecology of Atlantic zones, Octeville, France.
In certain zones of the French Atlantic coast algae of marine origin are used as organic amendment, particularly for vegetables cultivation. An experiment was realized to estimate the transfers of radioactivity towards agricultural productions which could result from this practice in the case where algae would be contaminated. Algae ucus vesiculosus) were cultivated in aquarium with sea water containing a mixture of radionuclides: 22Na 60CO , 9Sr, 99Tc , 106Ru , 125Sb, 134,137cs ,
237Np 238,239+24OpU, 24'Am 244CM. These algae were mixed, in a lysimeter, with a silty-sandy soil. Some vegetables, potatoes, salads, radish, beans, tomatoes were cultivated on this manured soil. The soil to plant tranfer factors are given for the edible organs of the plants grown the year following the addition of algae in the soil and for cultures made eight years later. On the other hand sequential extractions were performed to evaluate the bioavailable fraction of radionuclides and their speciation in connection with the various organic and mineral fractions of the soil.
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EVALUATION OF SITE SPECIFIC SOIL-PLANT TRANSFER FACTORS
DULAMA C. TOMA AL. PAVELESCU M.
Institute for Nuclear Research (RAAN SCN)
PO Box 78, 0300, Pitesti, Romania
mailto: dulama cc.nuclear.ro
Some experimental researches were performed in our institute to assess site specific soil-plant transfer factors.
A full characterization of an experimental site was done both from pedo-chemical and radiological point of view. Afterwards, a certain number of culture plants were grown on this site and the evolution of their radionuclide burden was then recorded. Using some soil amendments one performed a parallel experiment and the radionuclide root uptake was evaluated and recorded.
Therefore, transfer parameters were calculated and some conclusions were drawn concerning the influence of site specific conditions on the root uptake of radionuclides.
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EFFECT OF FERTILISATION AND DRAINAGE INTENSITY ON THE FOLIAR RADIOCAESIUM AND POTASSIUM CONCENTRATIONS OF SCOTS PINE ON A DRAINED PEATLAND
KAUNISTO, S., ARO, L. RANTAVAARA A.
Finnish Forest Research Institute (METLA), Parkano Research Station, FIN-39700 Parkano, Finland, se.p-pg_,_kpunisto0rnet1a.fi ------
Peat contains generally only limited amounts of potassium. Thus tree stands may be susceptible to potassium deficiency. This may lead to high uptake of radiocaesium as have been showed in some investigations. This study aims at finding out the effects of fertilisation and drainage intensity on the needle 134CS and 137Cs activity in Pinus sylvestris. The material was collected from a ditch spacing and fertilisation experiment in Finland. The ditch spacing varied from 10 to 100m. The fertilisation treatments were as follows: an unfertilised control, fertilised once in 1965, or fertilised twice in 1965 and 1977, with N, P and K. The peatland site type was a transformed low/tall sedge pine mire. The current year needles were collected from uppermost whorls of sample trees in 1990. The needle potassium concentrations revealed that the trees suffered from severe potassium deficiency on the controls (K 36 mg g-1) and from slight deficiency on the plots fertilised only once (K 42 mg g-1) but not on the plots fertilised twice (K 4.8 mg g-1). Fertilisation increased significantly the needle potassium concentrations (p<0.001 ). The effect of drainage intensity on the needle K was not significant. Fertilisation decreased the radiocaesium concentrations in needles (p<0.005 for 134Cs and <0.0001 for 137CS). The concentrations of 134CS were 821 in the control, 442 in the single fertilisation and 485 Bq kg-1 in the repeated fertilisation treatment, and the 137CS concentrations 5378, 2734 and 2104 Bq kg-1, respectively. The effect of fertilisation on the amount of 137CS in the needles was also significant (p<0.0001). Drainage intensity had no significant effect on the needle radiocaesium activity. Fertilisation with potassium containing fertilisers decreased radiocaesium uptake of trees considerably. The reducing effect of fertilisation on the caesium uptake by trees seems to be long lasting if compared with needle potassium.
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TRANSFER OF 137Cs AND Sr FROM FINNISH SOILS
TO CEREAL GRAINS
KOSTIAINEN E. and RANTAVAARA A.
STUK - Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority, Research and Environmental Surveillance,
P.O.Box 14, FIN-00881 Helsinki, Finland, eila.kostiainen stuk.fi
The transfer of 137 Cs and Sr to cereal grains in various regions in Finland was studied in 1994- 1997. The samples of cereal grains were collected from private farms and combined to represent different soil types and regions in Finland. Altogether 229 composite regional samples of rye, wheat, oats and barley were analysed for 137 Cs and 45 for 9Sr. The transfer factors from the mean regional 137 Cs deposition (kBq M-2) to cereal grains were determined. The soils were classified in three main types: organic, sand and silt, and clay soils. The mean transfer factors (m2 kg-' (dw)* 10-3) of 37CS for cereal grains were highest in organic soils ranging from 0.0 1 3 to 0 12, lowest in clay soils, ranging from 0015 to 0061, and decreasing in the order: oats > rye > barley, wheat. The concentrations of Sr were higher in the cereal grains from sand and silt soils than from the clay and organic soils. The regional 137CS transfer from deposition to cereal grains found in this study was compared with the corresponding data for the nuclear fallout period and for a few earlier post- Chernobyl years.
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DYNAMIC OF PLUTONIUM AND AMERICIUM ACCUMULATION BY PLANTS FROM SOIL AFTER CHERNOBYL NPP ACCIDENT
KUDRJASHOV V. MIRONOV V.
Institute of Radiobiology, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus , Kuprevitch st. 2; Minsk, Belarus; e-mail: mironov isir.minsk.by
The Chernobyl NPP accident in 1986 has resulted in additional contamination, besides global fall- out, of the Belarus area by the components of nuclear fuel with a high content of 21,240 pu.. Since the central link of trophic chains directly related to human health is plants, assessment of vegetation contamination levels in post-Chemobyl period is of priority character. TTE accumulation in plants was revealed to take place predominantly during root nutrition because due to aerial contamination of the overground organs not above 3% of their total content penetrated there.
The activity of root-living layer of soil exerts a considerable influence on the transfer of TLJE within the system "soil-plant. The 24 'Am and Pu transfer from soil to plant decreases following the decrease of soil acidity.
Broom (Cytisus ruthenicus) , bilberry (Vaccinum mythilus) and needles of conifer (Pinus silvestris) were characterized by highest values As for the TUE accumulation levels is representatives of meadow flora, nettle Urtica dioica , Cirsium arvense ) sedge (Carex acute) and rush (Juncus conglomeratus) can be distinguished. The content of 24 'Am in phytomass was 'higher than that of in all species studied.
Transfer coefficients of 24'Am did not depend on soil contamination. The most intensive 24 'Am migration to plants 1.6' 10-3 - 14,10-2 M2'kg - ) was observed in bilberry pine forest on acid demo-podzolic gleyic soil. A high biological mobility level of 24 'Am in the area adjacent to 30-krn where americium transfer coefficients to cultivated plants were higher by a factor of 15 than inside the zone attracts attention in the experiments with agricultural plants. This can be caused by differences in the degree of dispersion and the physicochemical state of fuel particles.
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EVOLUTION OF A STRONTIUM AND CESIUM CONTAMINATION DEPOSITED ON THE VINE
MADOZ-ESCANDE, C., MOURLON C. COLLE C.
Institute of Protection and Nuclear Safety, DPRE/SERLAB, Laboratory of Experimental Radioecology, CADARACHE, Bt. 186, B. P. 1, 13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, CEDEX, France, chantal.madoz- escande ipsn.fr
In order to foresee, for short and long-term, the consequences of an accident occurring on a pressurised water reactor on some current agricultural produce, contaminations of vine by dry aerosols (Cs-137 and Sr-90) were carried out on large-sized lysimeters extracted from a vine yard (silty clayey calcareous soil). The initial contamination of the soil and the plant was carried out at two vegetative stages of the vines the first at a stage "beginning of ripening" for a lysimeter, the second at the stage "late flowering" beginning for the other one. A total but no-letal defoliation was tested on a vine in order to estimate the efficiency of this method to reduce the contamination in harvest. The influence of the rains during vegetative stages was evaluated. During the first 6 years following pollution, the consequences of the soil-to-plant transfer of the two radionuclides were examined the development in time of the effects of the initial contamination on the various parts of the plant (bunches, leaves and vine shoots) was measured after each harvest. In parallel the bioavailability and the migration into the soil of the two radionuclides were evaluated. Tests of correlation between the activities found in the plants and the behavior of the radionuclides in the soils (bioavailability of the stable and radioactive elements, migration of the radionuclides) were undertaken.
http://www.ipsn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/MadozEscande.htm 16/11/01 Page 1 sur 1
REGULARITIES OF CHERNOBYL 137Cs AND 9Sr BEHAVIOUR IN A SOIL-PLANT SYSTEM
PRISTER B., HOWARD B., AND VYNOGRADSKAJA V.
Ukrainian Institute of Agricultural Radiology, Kiev, Ukraine, root inrad.kiev.ua
Studies were carried out in an area of the west radioactive track of Chernobyl accident. Contamination is presented by soluble condensed component of 137Cs depositions. Conjugated soil and 12 agricultural crops samples were being taken during 1987-2000 in 31 farms of contaminated regions of Ukraine. Density of soil contamination varied in a wide range 10-555 kBq.m-2. Direct proportionality between radionuclide concentration in plants and density of soil contamination was observed during whole post-accidental period for all soils under study. As it was noted value of 137Cs TFag is a function of time and can be approximated by two-component exponential function. Its dynamic parameters are presented by periods of half -decreasing of 137Cs accumulation by plants for fast-fixing (varies in a range of 07-2,1 years) and exchangeable (varies in a range 75-26 years) fractions. Value of Sr TFg decreases significantly slower in time or doesn't change in 15 initial post-accidental years. Dynamics of 137Cs TF., reflects nuclide species transformation in soil. Exchangeable available to plants species and firmly fixed by clay materials one are presented in soil. Availability of a latter to plants is 10 or more times lower of former one. According to results of investigations dependence between Wag value and main agrochemical characteristics of soil is described by unlinear regression equations. Soil properties can be arranged in the following diminishing order by their affect to Wag value as: pH, exchangeable potassium content, humus content, capacity of cations absorption.
http:Hwww.iDsn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Prister.htm 16/11/01 137Cs ROOT UPTAKE OF PINE SAPLINGS IN A MANAGED FOREST Page 1 sur I
137CS (AND 9Sr) ROOT UPTAKE OF PINE SAPLINGS IN A MANAGED FOREST
RANTAVAARA A. RAITIO H.
STUK, Authority for Radiation and Nuclear Safety, Research and Environmental Surveillance, P. 0. Box 14,
FIN-00881 Helsinki, Finland, aino.rantavaara stuk.fi
Growth of trees in nutrient poor forests can be improved by, e.g., fertilisation, liming and soil preparation. Effects of liming 4000 kg calcium-magnesium carbonate per hectare) and soil preparation (with a disc plow) on radiocaesiurn uptake of pine saplings (Pinus sylvestris) were studied in a dry heath forest in western Finland. Four treatments with four replicates were studied: liming, soil preparation, liming followed by soil preparation, and control. The trees were planted in 1987, one year after the soil management. The ground was contaminated by Chernobyl derived 137Cs, but the saplings were not directly exposed to atmospheric radiocaesium. Sampling of various tree parts for 137Cs analysis was carried out in 1991, three years after planting. The 137CS concentrations in all tree fractions were highest in samples from the control plots. They were in dry matter 580-1630 Bq kg-' in needles of three age classes, and 780 Bq kg-' in stem. Soil preparation decreased significantly the 137CS concentrations in roots and living needles. On stem and branches older than three years both liming and soil management had a decreasing effect which was even more pronounced after a combined treatment. The concentrations of 137Cs in current year needles and branches decreased through soil preparation by 62% and 58% and 45% in stem. For liming, the corresponding figures were somewhat lower. The combined effect of both treatments on 137CS concentration in stem was 68%. The management influence on radiocaesium. uptake is first explained by increased nutrient mobility in soil, followed by dilution of caesium in tree tissues. Soil preparation dilutes also the radiocaesium concentration in growing medium compared to undisturbed soil with contaminated surface layer. The change in uptake may partially be traced back to increased root mass and changed root distribution in soil. The material also allows presentation of results for 9Sr.
httv:Hwww.iosn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaties/Rantavaara.htm 16/11/01 Page I sur 1
THE CLASSIFICATION OF RUSSIAN SOILS ON THE BASIS OF TRANSFER FACTORS OF RADIONUCLIDES FROM SOIL TO FARM CROPS
SANZHAROVA N., FESENKO S. Russian Institute of Agricultural Radiology and Agroecology, 249020, Obninsk, Russia, riar obninsk.org
The accumulation of radionuclides in crops varies considerably for different soil-climatic zones being largely dependent on the soil properties. The highest availability of radionuclides is reported for peaty-swamp, soddy- podzolic sandy soil. Soils with higher fertility retain radionuclides more strongly. Grouping of data by transfer factors in accordance with the soil-geographic division of the territory of Russia has shown that in general TF tend to decrease in the north to south direction being caused by changing from low fertility soils of light mechanical composition to fertile heavy ones. The radionuclide transfer factors to farm crops for these soils are one order of magnitude lower than for low-fertility soils. To group the data, relationships between TFs to different crops and soil properties were analyzed. As a criterion for grouping of mineral soils by transfer factors the mechanical composition (texture) was chosen which was dictated by both the availability of this information and the fact that this indicator is integral and connected with soil mineral composition, content of organic matter, cation exchange capacity, etc. Mineral soils were divided into three groups according to their mechanical composition (texture) using N.A. Kachinsky's classification routinely applied in Russia. One group consists of peaty soils for which the highest 137CS transfer coefficients are normally observed. The generalisation of data within the identified soil groups has demonstrated that for different crop/soil combinations the volume of sampling is not the same. Therefore, a statistical processing of data was carried out. Clear-cut relationships between Sr and 137Cs accumulation in different crops and identified soil groups were found. The obtained data allowed us to derive rather stable ratios of geometric means for transfer factors for different soil groups which confirm the validity of data generalisation within the identified soil groups.
htti):Hwww.iT)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Sanzharova.htm 16/11/01 Page I sur I
Uptake of 137Cs and Sr in Rice Grown on Soils
from Qinshan and Daya Bay Area
Z.R. Shang and J.K.C. Leung
Department of Physics, The University of Hong Kong
Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong
ABSTRACT
To study the transfer of water borne 137Cs and Sr into rice plant, pot experiments were done by growing rice plants on soils taken from rice beds near two nuclear power plants: Qinshan Nuclear Power Plant and Daya Bay Nuclear Power Plant in China. The soils were analyzed for pH; nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium content; and cation exchange capacity. The high cation exchange capacity and high pH value of Qinshan soils resulted in 137Cs an Sr transfer factors a few times lower than that of Daya Bay soil. The absorbed 137Cs nuclides are distributed throughout the plant with the highest concentration in the leaf, husk and stem, and lowest concentration in the seeds. The absorbed Sr nuclides are distributed throughout the plant with the highest concentration in stem and little of them accumulated in seed. The rate of 137Cs and Sr absorbed into the plant depends on the growing stage of the plant.
Keywords: 137CS 9Sr, rice, soil, transfer factor
htti):Hwww.ii)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Shan 42.htm 16/11/01 Page 1 sur I
DISTRIBUTIONS OF ALKALI AND ALKALINE EARTH METALS IN SEVERAL AGRICULTURAL PLANTS
TSUKADA H., HASEGAWA H. HISAMATSU S.
Institute for Environmental Sciences, Department of Radioecology
1-7 Ienomae, Obuchi, Rokkasho-mura, Kamikita-gun, Aomori 039-3212, Japan
hirot ies.or.jp
The distributions of radionuclides in plant components provide useful information for understanding the dynamics of radionuclides in agricultural fields. Most of the non-edible plant components are returned to the soil as fertilizer where they may be recycled through the soil-plant system. In Japan several plant components, for example rice bran and straw, are also mixed with livestock feed. Cesium-137 and Sr are important radionuclides for the assessment of radiation exposure to the public because of their high fission yields and relatively long half-lives. However, infon-nation on the distributions of these nuclides in plants is still limited. In the present study, several agricultural plants were collected from an experimental field and the concentrations of alkali and alkaline earth metals were determined in different plant components. These elements could serve as natural analogues to predict the distributions of "'Cs and Sr in different plant components. The concentrations of Cs in older leaves of cabbage and rice plants were higher than those in younger leaves. While, K concentrations were similar in cabbage leaves, independent of leaf positions, and those in rice leaves were decreased with withering. The distribution pattern of K concentrations in plant components was similar to that of Rb, however that of Cs was different. The concentrations of Sr in older leaves of cabbage plants were one order of magnitude higher than those in younger leaves. The concentration of Sr in rice plants was highest in the leaves. The distributions of Ca, Ba and Sr concentrations in the plants followed a similar pattern, whereas that of Mg was different. The percentage distributions of Cs and Sr in non-edible plant components were 77 and 91% in cabbage leaves, and 93 and 99 in rice plants, respectively. These results showed that the non-edible plant components were important for understanding the transfer of the alkali and alkaline earth metals and radionuclides in the soil-plant system.
http://www.iDsn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Tsukada.htm 16/11/01 ENTRY OF TECHNETIUM-99 INTO THE HUMAN FOOD CHAIN VIA TE US... Page I sur 1
ENTRY OF TECHNETIUM-99 INTO THE HMAN FOOD CHAIN VIA THE USE OF SEAWEED AS A SOIL CONDITIONER
WEBSTER S., SALT C.A.
Stirling University, Department of Environmental Science, FK9 4LA, Stirling, Scotland, shona.webster stir.ac.uk
The commissioning of the Enhanced Actinide Removal Plant (EARP) at Sellafield, Cumbria in 1994 to treat reprocessing effluents has led to a significant increase in the discharge of technetium-99 into the Irish Sea as this radionuclide cannot be effectively removed by the treatments involved. These discharges will contaminate the environment with technetium-99 for a long time given its half-life of 213,000 years. Its ready dispersion in the marine environment has led to its migration along the Scottish coast into the Atlantic and the North Sea. The tendency of technetium-99 to remain in the aqueous phase means that it will remain available for uptake by marine biota for a long time period. Studies have shown that this radionuclide accumulates in several marine organisms including shellfish such as lobster, and in brown seaweed. Seaweed species such as Fucus vesiculosus can accumulate technetium-99 by a factor of 100,000 relative to seawater. Recently the use of seaweed as an agricultural soil conditioner in coastal areas has been highlighted as a potential route of technetium-99 transfer into the human food chain. While there is some evidence that this practice can lead to signi cant contamination crops, the mechanisms and dynamics of the seaweed-soil-plant transfer pathway have so far been neglected. This paper will present the first year results of pot and field studies aimed at determining the availability of technetium-99 in seaweed for crop plant uptake.
htti):Hwww.ii)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries[Webster.htm 16/11/01 3M Page I sur 1
3M Behaviour and transfer of radionuclides in freshwater ecosystems (Models field studies, biotic compartments)
Hakanson
• Chouhan • Gudkov • Kryshev3
• Beaugelin Denison Gontier2 Hanslik Kryshevl Kudelsky Kudryashov Matishov Popov • Saxen • Siclet • Sokolik2 • Toma • Vakulovsky • Voitsekhovich • Zheleznyak
htt-D:Hwww.ii)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/P3M.htm 16/11/01 Modelling radionuclides in aquatic systems - evolution, revolution and the future Page 1 sur 1
Modelling radionuclides in aquatic systems - evolution, revolution and the future
Lars HAkanson, Dept. of Earth Sciences, Uppsala Univ., Villav. 16, 752 36 Uppsala, Sweden
Key words: Modelling, aquatic systems, predictive power, model uncertainty, decision support systems, multi-attribute analysis
Abstract
During the last 10 years, there has been something of a revolution in aquatic ecosystem modelling. A new generation of practically useful models that predict as well as one can measure - if one measures well - have been developed. They account for all important processes regulating inflow, internal fluxes (such as sedimentation, resuspension, diffusion and biouptake) and outflow, and yet they are driven by variables which are readily available from maps and standard monitoring programs. The major reason for this development is the Chernobyl accident. Large quantities of radiocaesium were released in April/May 1986 as a pulse. Tracing the pulse of 137CS through ecosystem pathways has revealed important fluxes and mechanisms, namely ecosystem structures. Many of these new structures and equations are valid not just for 137CS, but have also been demonstrated to work for many types of contaminants, for example other radionuclides, metals and nutrients. This means that many of the models, methods (of building and testing models) and equations described in this overview for lakes should also be of interest in other contexts. This paper discusses a selection of these new approaches and general criteria for: (1) evaluating the "best" models, 2) predictive power of models, 3 ranking factors influencing model uncertainties, 4 mathematical structures and equations of models yielding high predictive power, (5) structuring of uncertainty tests, 6 new avenues in modelling and 7 the application of these models in new contexts such as decision support systems and multi-attribute analyses.
httv:Hwww.ii)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summafies/Hakanson.htm 16/11/01 Page I sur 1
THE CONSERVATISM AND UNCERTAINTY IN A REGULATORY MODEL FOR PREDICTING DERIVED RELEASE LIMITS FOR AQUATIC EMISSIONS
S.L. CHOUHAN P.A. DAVIS
AECL, Chalk River Laboratories, Chalk River, Ontario, KOJ 130, Canada, Chouhans aecl.ca
The conservatism and uncertainty in the Canadian Standards Association (CSA) model for calculating derived release limits (DRLs) for aquatic emissions of radionuclides from nuclear facilities was investigated. The model was run deterministically using the recommended default values for its parameters and its predictions were compared with the distributed doses obtained by running the model stochastically. Probability density functions (pdfs) for the mo del parameters for the stochastic runs were constructed using data reported in the literature and results from experimental work done by AECL. The default values recommended for the CSA model for some parameters were found to be lower than the central values of the pdfs. Mean total doses calculated as the average of 400 stochastic runs were higher than the deterministic doses predicted using the CSA default values of the parameters for 32 of the 36 radionuclides considered. Thus the CSA model is not conservative for calculating DRLs for aquatic radionuclide emissions as it was designed to be. The output of the stochastic runs was used to determine the uncertainty in the CSA model predictions. The uncertainty in the total dose was high, with the 95% confidence interval exceeding an order of magnitude for all radionuclides. A sensitivity study revealed that total doses predicted by the CSA model are sensitive primarily to irrigation rate, bioaccumulation factors for fish and marine biota, dietary intakes of fish and marine biota, the fraction of consumed food arising from contaminated sources, occupancy factors and the sediment solid/liquid distribution coefficient. To improve DRL models, further research in aquatic exposure pathways should concentrate on reducing the uncertainty in these parameters. The pdfs given here can be used by other modellers to test and improve their models and to ensure that DRLs are not overestimated.
httv:Hwww.iosn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Chouhan.htm 16/11/01 Page 1 sur I
FRESHWATER BOCENOSE AS OBJECTS OF RADIOECOLOGICAL MONITORING WITHIN THE CHERNOBYL NPP EXCLUSION ZONE
GUDKOV D., DEREVETS V., KUZ'MENKO M. NAZAROV A.
Institute of Hydrobiology of the Ukrainian National Academy of Sciences, Department of Radioecology, UA-04210, Kiev, Ukraine, digudkov ukrpost.net
Aquatic ecosystems and especially lakes are efficient collectors for the wide range of radionuclides, which are deposited in abiotic and biotic components after their intake by aquatic environments. For the time being, ecosystems of water bodies of the Chernobyl NPP exclusion zone continue to suffer from heavy radioactive contamination, dictating, thus, the need to carry out further research works within the framework of comprehensive regional radioecological monitoring. Particular features of radionuclide accumulation by hydrobionts substantially depend on formation of hydrochemical composition of water, which, in its turn, is a complex process, depending on functioning of aquatic ecosystems and natural conditions of a water catchment area. Mineral contents of water in a water body is the most important factor, which determines behaviour of radionuclides in aquatic ecosystems. Hydrochemical regimes in reservoirs are determined by external factors and internal water body processes. The results of radionuclides 9Sr, 137CS' 238pU, 239+24OPu and 241Am content in hydrobionts tissues of different trophic levels of water objects within the Chernobyl NPP exclusion zone have been analysed. Using Concentration Factor values as relatively objective measure of specie-specific capacity of hydrobionts to accumulate radionuclides, we have managed to identify some specific features of radionuclide behaviour in different groups and species of waterborne organisms. Our studies were conducted: (1) to identify dynamics of radionuclide distribution in components of freshwater biocenose of water bodies within the Chernobyl NPP exclusion zone; 2 to study dynamic profiles of radioactive contamination levels in species of different ecological groups; 3 to assess the major factors, which determine distribution of radionuclides in the freshwater ecosystems; 4 to study the seasonal dynamics of radionuclides content in macrophites and the role of main aquatic plant associations in processes of radionuclides distribution in biotic component of biohydrocenose and (5) to assess a possibility to use hydrobionts of different trophic levels as biological indicators of radioactive contamination of water objects.
htti):Hwww.ivsn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Gudkov.htm 16/11/01 Page I sur 2
RADIOECOLOGICAL IMPACT FROM RADIONUCLIDE RELEASES INTO THE RIVERS
KRYSHEV I.I.
Institute of Experimental Meteorology of SPA "Typhoon", 249038, Olminsk, Russia
mai1to:ecomod obninsk.com
The subject of this paper is the evaluation of radioecological consequences of the radionuclide releases into the rivers. For this purpose, the data of radioecological investigations are used in the areas of location of radiochemical plants in Russia. Behavior and transfer of radionuclides in river ecosystems are considered. Data on the content of 24 Na , 32p 5Cr, 56Mn, 60CO, 65Zn, 9Sr, 106 Ru, 137CS, 144Ce, 239,24OPu are generalised. The dose assessments for human and natural biota are calculated. Dose assessments were made using the methodology of multiple pathways of exposure. Doses to biota were estimated from the observed data on the content of radionuclides in the river components, with consideration for geometric characteristics of the organisms and the exposure sources. There are considered the radiological impacts from radionuclide releases into the Techa, Tom' and Yenisei Rivers in Russia. In the Mayak complex area the collective dose to the Techa River population during 1949-1956 was 6200 man-Sv. The collective dose from radioactive discharges of the Krasnoyarsk complex into the Yenisei River during the period 1958-1991 was about 1200 man-Sv A major contribution to this dose was due to fish consumption from the Yenisei River (about 70 %). The main radionuclides contributing to the internal dose from fish consumption were phosphorus-32, natrium-24, manganese-56 and zinc-65. The doses to the natural biota are considerably higher than those to humans by a factor of 10-1000. This difference is most pronounced in the periods of significant radioactive releases. Especially high exposure levels of biota were demonstrated for the Techa River in the period of maximum discharges of radionuclides. A dose rate level of 0 rnGy/day to natural biota could be exceeded.
htti):Hwww.ivsn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Krvshev3.htm 16/11/01 Page 2 sur 2
htti):Hwww.ii)sn.fr/ecorad2OO I/Summaries/Krvshev3.htm 16/11/01 Page 1 sur 1
TRANSFORMATION OF MEASUREMENTS INTO INPUT DATA FOR A RIVER MODEL
BEAUGELIN-SEILLER K., BROCHIER C.
Institute of Protection and Nuclear Safety (IPSN), Division of Environmental Protection (DPRE), 13108 St-Paul-les-Durance Cedex, France, rnai1to:karine.beauge1in iPsn.fr
Before running a calculation code, it is necessary to collect and select appropriate data at various stages of the scientific developments. One important feature lies in the fact that data in general is to be considered as being a fundamental element on which modelling as well as experimental research are based. To be rigorous, these scientific fields should be managed in parallel, aiming at common targets. Nonetheless, one difficulty arises from the point that the data types tackled by the experimenters often are not the same as the data types processed by the modellers. Ideally, a common view would be necessary for building structured experimental designs, or for guiding the measurement campaigns to the most relevant locations in the environment. Indeed, when trying to find a way between field data and modelling performance, consistent methods should require the collection of measures through formalised protocols, so that to meet the needs of the computer code. In such cases, these measurements which are used could define relevant data sets to "feed" the code, though for a given domain of validity. However, the calculation codes are frequently supplied a posteriori on the basis of measurements collected for other purposes. At first, the corresponding raw information must therefore be collected and then adapted to the model needs, meaning a transformation of measurements into elaborated data. At this stage three kinds of problem exist: access to data, quality of data and quantity of available data. These issues are exposed here as part of the CASTEAUR project (Simplified Calculation of Radionuclide Transfers in Receiving Waterways), actually developed at IPSN.
htti):Hwww.ii)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Beauaelin.htm 16/11/01 Page 1 sur 1
CHEMICAL SPECIATION AND BIOAVAILABILITY OF URANIUM IN FRESHWATERS:
ILLUSTRATION FOR A BIVALVE BIOLOGICAL MODEL USED AS CONTAMINATION RADIOINDICATOR.
DENISON F., GARNIER-LAPLACE J., ADAM C. SMITH, J.*
Institute of Protection and Nuclear Safety, DPRE/SERLAB, Laboratory of Experimental Radioecology, Cadarache, Building 186, BP 1, 13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance C6dexFrance, jacqueline.gamier- laplace ipsn.fr
*Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (CEH), Dorset, Winfrith Technology Centre, Dorchester, Dorset DT2 8ZD UK.
In the context of various industrial activities such as the mining of uranium ore, the source term for the receptor hydrosysterns is constituted of natural radionuclides and various toxic elements, in particular the heavy metals, derived from liquid effluents and solid waste. Uranium is an actinide that occurs naturally in freshwaters, at concentrations ranging from 10-6 to 10-3ppm. Quantitatively, it constitutes one of the most widespread toxic substances, chemically and radiologically, in the drainage water of uranium ore mines. The physical and chemical properties that determine its migration patterns in natural water courses and its bioaccumulation in organisms are such that its occurrence in continental aquatic systems constitutes a potential risk for the biocenosis. This experimental programme deals with the influence of the speciation of the pollutant in both liquid and solid phases of the sediment compartiment on its bioavailablity. For the -EH - pH" field defining sediments in continental water courses, a thermodynamic theoretical study has been carried out using speciation. software CHESS, VVHAM) to estimate the distribution of the total element in each component liquid phase (dissolved forms such as complexes with mineral and organic ligands or ionic species) and solid phase (radionuclide associated with carbonates, phosphates ... etc). The range of variation of the principal constituents of natural sediment on the distribution pattern of forms in liquid and solid phases served as a basis for the constitution of the most relevant scenarios for the study and modelling of transfer to the biological components of ecosystems. The chosen organism was a benthic bivalve that is frequently used in ecotoxicology and in radioecology as bioindicator of contamination. The whole acquired kowledge has been formalised in a model of transfer to the biocenosis for uranium based on the fractioning of the total pollutant into the mobile fraction (transportable) and the bioavailable fraction (capable of being integrated in the biological matrices).
htti):Hwww.ii)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Denison.htm 16/11/01 EVALUATION OF TBE TERRESTRIAL IMPACT OF 14C AND 3H RELEASED ... Page 1 sur 1
EVALUATION OF THE AQUATIC IMPACT OF 4C AND H
RELEASED BY PWR TYPE POWER PLANTS
GONTIER G., SICLET F. FOURNIER M.
Institut de Protection et de Sfiret6 Nucl6aire, 136partement de Protection de I'Environnement, BP n'l, 13108 St Paul lez Durance Cedex, France, E-mail : gilles.gontier ipsn.fr
As part of monitoring of the French nuclear power plants, the activity in 4C and 3H present in different matrices representative of the aquatic ecosystem (algae, bryophyte, phanerogam, fish, sediment..) is measured since 1994. These results show some impact of the nuclear facilities on the environment but do not allow to develop a model. As no initial radiological status or referential point was established for both radionuclides, interpretation is therefore difficult. In addition, both are naturally occurring and belong to the water and carbon cycle. For 14C, atmospheric nuclear tests are another additional source of its presence in the environment.
In the framework of a joint IPSN/EDF research programme, a radiological status was realized for two sites
Nogent sur Seine and Belleville sur Loire. A seasonal sampling of bryophytes put in culture was carried out over a two year period. The suspended matter was also collected. As the sampling of the dissolved carbon dioxide hydrogenocarbonates, and carbonates gives information on the 14C and 3H species present upstream of any industrial facility, a similar sampling strategy was followed downstream during releases. Compared to the nominal composition of released radioactive effluent, the results obtained from these samplings allow to evaluate the impact of the facility. Annual sampling of fish and other aquatic plants complete this study.
httD:Hwww.i-psn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Gontier2.htm 16/11/01 Page 1 sur I
NPP TEMEUN SOUTH BOHEMIA - REFERENCE LEVEL OF HYDROSPHERE, PROGNOSES OF IMPACT, RESULTS IN OPERATION PERIOD
HANSLiK E. J., SEDLA- OVA B., kMONEK P. J.
The T. G. Masaryk Water Research Institute, Department of radioecology, 160 62 Prague 6 Czech Republic, E-mail eduard-hanslik vuv.cz
Possible impact of future operation of Temelin Nuclear Power Plant in South Bohemia on the environment have been studied within the framework of a research project funded from the national budget and carried out under supervision of the Czech Ministry of Environment.
Beginning of the construction of Ternelfn NPP dates back to 1986, however, its finalization was approved by the Czech Government in March 1993 of four pressurized water reactor (WWER 1000 type), which were originally planned, only two will be completed, as was decided after future electricity demand in the Czech Republic had been estimated more accurately. The first reactor was completed in September 2000 and full operational stage is presumed in May 2001.
The objective of the research was to examine a reference level (condition prior to the plant operation) in terms of concentrations of radioactive and non-radioactive polluting substances in the environment. Special attention paid to the hydrosphere was associated with requirements for protection of water quality in the Vltava River which is used to supply Prague capital with water. In addition, the Vltava affects water quality in the Elbe as the main Czech-German transboundary river. Relevant attention was paid also to protection of ground water resources in use for water supply purposes in wide environs of the NPP. Possible impact on hydrosphere are being predicted for standard operation of the plant and also for accidental conditions.
The monitoring and research was continued in operational stage. Attention was paid to an examination of variability in individual parameters of the hydrosphere and to an assessment of possible impact of additional factors - new type of nuclear fuel and new security system introduced by the Westinghouse company. First results from the stage of operation will be presented on conference.
httT)://www.ipsn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Hanslik.htm 16/11/01 Page I sur 1
MODELLING THE ACCUMULATION OF 137Cs BY AGE-STRUCTURED FISH POPULATION
KRYSHEV A.I.
Institute of Experimental Meteorology of SPA "Typhoon", 249038, Obninsk, Russia
mailto:ecomod obninsk.com
The dynamic model is developed, which enables one to describe difference types of the size effect in the accumulation of 137Cs by fish. The fish population is represented by a set of discrete age classes characterized by a specific growth rate, diet and activity of metabolic processes. For validation of the model we used the data of observations on the content of 137CS in fish and other components of the fresh-water ecosystems after Chernobyl accident. The model is applied to the calculation of the dynamics of the 137CS specific activity in the muscles of different age groups of fish in the Chernobyl NPP cooling pond, and other water bodies. It is shown that the decrease in the specific activity of radiocesium in fish with age in the first few months following the Chernobyl accident was determined by a more intensive feeding and metabolic activity of young fish. An increase in the specific activity of radiocesium in fish with age in succeeding months was determined by a slower removal of the radionuclide from the organisms of older generations of fish. The age dependence in the accumulation of radiocesium. shows itself more markedly in predatory fish, which is explained by the effect of trophic levels, as well as by the fact that at a certain time the fish change from a non-predatory to predatory type of feeding. The size effect changes sign from negative to positive smoothly, so the distribution of the 137Cs activity in fish with ages has a maximum during the second year after the accident.
htti)://www.ii)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Krvshevl.htm 16/11/01 Page I sur 1
AN EXPERIMENT TO TEST THE ADDITION OF POTASSIUM TO A NON- DRAINING LAKE AS A COUNTERMEASURE TO 137CS ACCUMULATION IN FISH
KUDELSKY A.V., SMITH .T., PETROVICH A.A.
Institute of Geological Sciences, Laboratory of Hydrogeology, 220141 Minsk, Belarus, kudeIskv0nsJqs.ac.bv - I------
The non-draining (closed) Lake Svyatoye, located 30 km southeast of Kostyukovichy (Belarus) in a zone of 137CS contamination of more than 1480 kBq/M2, was selected for a whole-lake experiment into the effect of potassium on 137Cs accumulation in fish. The water surface area of this lake is 025 km2, its maximum depth is 52 m, water volume 717,950 m3. The K concentration of the lake water prior to the experiment was relatively low for freshwater systems, being 1.0 mg/I, and 137Cs activity concentration ranged from 38 to 49 Bq/1. Prior to the experiment, the 137Cs activity concentrations in fish were amongst the highest of all aquatic systems affected by Chernobyl, being from 84 to 17.5 kBq/kg (wet weight) for rudd, from 12.4 to 16.7 kBq/kg for roach; from 58 to 105 kBq/kg for perch and up to 56 kBq/kg for pike. To study the effect of the dissolved K concentration upon 137Cs accumulation and retention in fish, 14,535 kg of potassic fertilizers 52.5 potassium and 47.5 chlorine) were spread over the ice cover of the lake (during February, 1998). After the application of KCI fertilizer, the K concentration in the lake water increased to 0 mg/I. An increase of K] in water resulted, as expected, in an increase in 137cs activity concentration in water (to 955-15.1 Bq/1, with average 12.17 Bq/1), as a result of 137Cs desorption from bottom sediments. In spite of the increase in 137CS in the water, the K addition resulted in a steady decrease of 137Cs activity concentration in different fish species. During the experiment (from 1998-2000) the average decrease of 137Cs activity concentration in fish was 27.5% for pike, 37.5% for roach and perch and almost 47% for rudd. Present activity concentrations in fish are approximately a factor of 2 lower than before the experiment.
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PHYTOGENIC TRANSFER OF Sr FROM WATER TO BOTTOM SEDIMENTS
KUDRYASHOV A.P., YURIN V.M., MATUSOV G.D.
Bel6russian State University, Minsk, Republic of Belarus, plant bio.bsu.unibel.by
Algae carry out an important role in the processes of bottom sediment formation in reservoirs. They accumulate a great quantity of organic and inorganic matters which fall on the bottom after organism dying off. In terms of this, the plants are assigned an important part of element transfers from aqueous solutions to insoluble sediment. 9Sr accumulation was studied in individual cell compartments of Nitella flexilis. The major amount of absorbed Sr 70 - 90 %) was revealed to be accumulated in cell wall. Values of Sr accumulation coefficient in cell wall (ratio of specific activity of cell wall to specific activity of medium) were in the range of 3060 - 6160 depending on experimental variant. The Sr content in cytoplasm and vacuole of the cell decreased with increase in concentration of Ca2, in water. The activity of Sr in cell wall depended on pH and Ca2+ concentration in water. In calcium -free medium at pH6,0 the coefficient was equal to 6160, and at pH9,0 - 4900. In solutions containing 14 M of Ca2, the Sr accumulation coefficient was equal to 3060 and did not depend on pH. An increase in the Ca2+ ion content in water up to 5xlo-4 M caused a rise in the coefficient up to 3850 at pH6,0 and to 5080 at pH9,0. 9Sr accumulation in algae is a long-term process. Cell radioactivity increased slowly. Sr is accumulated on the cells surface of cells in the form of carbonates together with CaCO3' There are many species of algae capable of isolating CaCO3 from water in the processes of C02 assimilation. These algae are active tufa sources. Sr is transferred to the bottom of reservoirs together with limestone sediments.
htti)://www.ipsn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Kudryashov.htm 16/11/01 FAo6aJ-IbHbie YPOBHM CAep*aHl43q paAMOHYMMA0B B rTMLAax Page 1 sur 1
THE RADIONUCLIDE ACCUMULATION IN TROPHIC CHAIN OF AZOV SEA
MATISHOV D., LEBEDEVA N. NAMYATOV A.
Murmansk Marine Biological Institute, 183010, Murmansk, Russia, e-mail: mmbi online.ru
The sources of receipt of artificial radionuclides in ecosystem of the Azov Sea are the global losses in 60 years (period of the maximal losses of products of test of the nuclear weapon) and in 1986 after the Chernobyl accident. Our researches in 1997-2000 years have shown that for 15 years, past after accident the levels of pollution of water by radionuclides have decreased to a level existing before 1986. The modern contents cesium-137 in a superficial layer of sediment adjournment three times is less, than in 1987. We investigated migration of radionuclides (cesium-137, strontium-90 and plutonium-238, 239, 240) in water trophic chain of the Azov Sea in a place running of the river of Don in the Taganrog gulf, where was placed a colony, consisting of several thousand cormorants (Phalacrocorax carbo). Studied the contents of radionuclides in aquatic plants (Ceraphyllurn detersum, Mymophyllum sp.), fishes, in feathers, bones, muscles and excrement young cormorants. The problems of radionuclide distribution in organs and tissues of cormorants, deducing of radionuclide from organism with excrement, time trends of radionuclide accumulation in parts of food chains are discussed. The data on accumulation of radionuclides can be used in an estimation of ecosystem risk of the Azov Sea after start-up of nuclear station located above on the river of Don, which in the future can represent one more source of receipt artificial radionuclides.
htti):Hwww.ii)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/1\4atishov.htm 16/11/01 Page 1 sur 1
RECONSTRUCTION OF LAND-TO-SEA RADIONUCLIDE FLUX BY POSEIDON/RODOS MODEL CHAIN: THE THERMAIKOS GULF CASE
POPOV A., CATSAROS N. MADERICH V. Obninsk Institute of Nuclear Power Engineering, Obninsk, Russia, popov prana.obninsk.org
The model chain simulating the radionuclide transport in watersheds, rivers and sea waters, developed in the frame of the EC project POSEIDON/RODOS, was applied to River Axios watershed and Thermaikos Gulf of Northern Aegean Sea. The general aim was to evaluate the radionuclide land-to-sea flux caused by the contamination of the watershed due to the Chernobyl accident. The analysis of monitoring data revealed the presence of a considerable not Chernobyl-originated contamination of River Axios waters, caused by mining activities in the territory of FYROM. The situation was complicated even more due to the absence of Chernobyl fallout data for the Yugoslavian part of the watershed. The model system included coupled deterministic box models for radionuclide transport on watershed (RETRACE-3) and in seawater (POSEIDON/RODOS), complemented by a D hydrodynamic model (THREETOX) and a stochastic weather generator. The generic representation of the complex watershed hydrology was used under conditions of important uncertainties in the input data. A Monte-Carlo approach was applied to calibrate the wash-off model. The simulated results are in reasonable agreement with scarce measurements. These results demonstrated the important seasonal variability of the land-to-sea radionuclide flux and transport in the Thermaikos Gulf. Radionuclide transformation processes and vertical migration into the soil, which are important parameters for assessing the long-term trend of wash-off rate, were also taken into account. Estimations of the land-to-sea radionuclide flux and the radionuclide concentration in seawater for the next 0 years were obtained using the generated weather parameter's sets. These estimates could be used to assess the radio-ecological doses and risk under worst, average and favourable climatic conditions. The case study illustrates the whole spectrum of complex problems encountered when the hydrological and pollutant transport modules of a decision support system are applied to poorly monitored territories.
httT)://www.ii)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/PoDov.htm 16/11/01 REGIONAL VARIATION OF 137CS IN RESHWATER FISHES IN FINLAND Page I sur I
REGIONAL VARIATION OF 137CS IN FRESHWATER FISHES IN FINLAND
SAXtN R. and KOSKELAINEN U.
STUK - Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority, Research and Environmental Surveillance,
P.O. Box 14, FIN - 0881 Helsinki, Finland, ritva.saxen stuk.fi
The aim of this study was to discover if differences in the behaviour of 137CS in fishes could be found in large fishery areas. Finland can be divided into eight large areas based on watercourses. The study is mainly focused to four of these areas which are the most important areas for freshwater fishing in Finland. The study is based on the results of 137CS in freshwater fishes and surface water obtained after the Chernobyl deposition in each area. Average depositions of 137CS to the areas studied varied from 4 kBq/m2 to 34 kBq/M2. The transfer of 137CS into fishes differed a great deal in the areas. Regional averages of 137CS in fishes (Bq/kg fresh weight) per unit deposition (Bq/M2) varied between 004 to 02 m2/kg. In 1998, the average concentration ratios of 137CS in predatory, non-predatory and intermediate fish and water were 7040, 2420 and 6160, respectively. Regional differences in the recovery times in fishes after reaching peak values were also noticed. After attaining the peak values the 137CS in fishes decreased with a half-life of 22 - 75 years in these four large fishery areas. The type of the catchment area plays an important role in the long-term behaviour of 137Cs both in surface water and in fishes.
httT):Hwww.ii)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Saxen.htm 16/11/01 DETERNIINATION OF SUSPENDED PARTICLES AGE IN THE TURBIDITY M... Page I sur I
RADIONUCLIDES CONCENTRATIONS IN THE LOIRE RIVER SYSTEM RESULTING FROM ROUTINE DISCHARGES OF FIVE NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS. ASSESSMENT OF DOSE TO MAN.
SICLET F., LUCK M. LE DORTZ J.G.
EDF R&D, D6partement Laboratoire National d'Hydraulique et Environnement 6 quai Watier, 78401 Chatou Cedex, France (e-mail: francoise.siclet edffr)
Low level radioactive liquid discharges have been carried out in the Loire river since 1963. Since then, the number of power plants located on the Loire river and its tributaries has been steadily increasing to reach, in the year 2000, 14 reactors operating on different sites. The question arose to evaluate to what extent the addition of several nuclear power plants on the same river system could increase the concentrations in radionuclides in the environment and affect the dose to the public. To address this issue, EDF initiated in 1998 the "Loire river and estuary radioecology program with the focus on assessing possible accumulation of radionuclide in river bottom sediments or on river shores. The following radionuclides were considered because of their importance in power plant liquid discharges tritium, 14c, 58co, 60CO I 0mAg, 134cs, 137 Cs, 54mn, 124Sb, and 131I. Radionuclides concentrations in the dissolved, particulate and sedimentary forms were evaluated using the CRESCENDO model. The development and validation of this model required a multi-step process. The first step was to design a 350 km long ID hydraulic and water transport based on currently available tools and data. Next, daily tritium concentrations measured in Angers, at the downstream limit of the river, were compared with computed values. The following step was to calibrate the sediment transport model. Areas where fine particles settled (dams and river shores) were monitored to improve our understanding of sediment dynamics. Then equations representing radionuclides exchange between water and particles were derived from laboratory experiments and included in the model After each step the computed values were compared to measured data-sets to ensure the model adequately described the processes involved. In the final step, the CALVADOS model was used to calculate dose to the public at different locations along the Loire river.
htti):Hwww.iDsn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Siclet.htm 16/11/01 Page 1 sur 1
MODELING OF CESIUM-137 AND STRONTIUM-90 ACCUMULATION
IN THE FRESHWATER ALGAE CELLS
SOKOLIK A.
Belarussian State University, 220050, Minsk, Belarus. E-mail: sokolik bio.bsu.unibel.by
The accumulation of radionuclides in the algae has been studied at the model object, the cells of freshwater charophytes Nitella flexilis. 137CsCI and SrCI2 have been introduced into the solution surrounding a cell. Direct measurements of the curves of isotope accumulation and washout have been performed. It has been shown that firstly nuclides are accumulated in a cation-exchangeable part of the cell - cell wall. Then radionuclides enter a cell through potassium channels and nonselective ionic leakage of the plasmalemma. The effect of particular medium factors, i.e. illumination, concentration of uni- and divalent cations, pH-values of the solution and natural watersoluble organic compounds (fulvic and humic acids), on the transfer rate of nuclides, relative share of each of the paths, the value of distribution coefficient in the both pools have been studied. The basic ion transport mechanisms - ionic channels of different types, proton-ATPase pump, plasmalemma unselective ionic leakage, fixed negative surface charge, were assumed to be located separately on plasmalemma. The main suggestion is the intro-membrane electrical field may be vary for different plasmalemma sites, where the mechanisms are located. Quantitative model based on constant field assumption and above mentioned notions of lateral segregation of ion transport mechanism on pasmalemma was developed. The adequacy of the model was demonstrated: in particular, the model correctly describes steady state distribution of univalent caesium and divalent strontium between cell and medium under different conditions. The radionuclides accumulation in the cell wall were quantitavely modelled as well. Therefore, the developed model, which is based on lateral segregation of ionic transport mechanisms on plasmalemma and cation-exchange properties of the cell wall, let us to predict the radionuclides distribution between the alga cell and environment.
httv:Hwww.it)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Sokolik2.htm 16/11/01 Page 1 sur 1
AQARAD - COMPUTER CODE FOR RADIONUCLIDES DISPERSION CALCULATION IN RIVER - RESERVOIR AQUATIC SYSTEMS
AL Toma, C. Dulama, M. Pavelescu Institute for Nuclear Research - Pitesti, P. 0. Box 78, 0300 Arges, Romania
The dispersion model used in this paper deals with steady state effluent release. It can be applied to continuous routine release of radioactive liquid effluents into a river if the transients are neglected. Based on this model, using analytical solutions, the computer code AQUARAD calculates radionuclide concentrations in river - reservoirs systems for different release conditions and configurations. AQUARAD offer acceptable results for downstream distances more than 200 m from the evacuation point and its structure allows to improve the performances by introducing more sophisticated models. The OUTPUT INTERFACE of this code permits graphic visualization of radionuclide concentration on the river map.
htti)://www.ii)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Toma.htm 16/11/01 Page I sur I
MIGRATION OF RADIOACTIVE CONTAMINANTS DISCHARGED INTO THE YENISEY RIVER BY THE KRASNOYARSK MINING AND CHEMICAL COMPLEX
VAKULOVSKY S.M.
Scientific Production Association "Typhoon", 249020, Lenin st. 82, Obninsk, Kaluga Region, Russia, E- mail: ost typhoon.obninsk.org
Cooling waters from three reactors have been discharged into the Yenisey since 1958. Radioactive monitoring of water and bottom sediments was based on systematic observation at stationary monitoring sites and field studies. Regular observations were carried out in the near zone of the discharge and at measuring sections 250, 370 and 890 km far from the discharge point. The major contributors to water radioactive contamination were sodium-24, phosphorus-32, scandium-46, manganese-54, chromium-51 and zinc-65. At a distance of 5 km from the point of discharge of cooling waters, the concentrations of short-lived radionuclides were 10-100 times and those of long-lived radionuclides 100-1000 times lower the levels set by standards of radioactive safety. The studies of interface distribution in the river water suspended material system show that only sodium-24, chromium-51 and phosphorus-32 move in the liquid phase in the river water, whereas cesium-137 is evenly distributed between the suspended material and the liquid phase, most radionuclides moving primarily with the suspended material. Chemical forms of isotopes occurrence in water were determined.
http:Hwww.ii)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/SummariesNakulovskv.htm 16/11/01 MODELLING OF RADIONUCLIDE TRANSPORT THROUGH THE DNIEPER R... Page 1 sur 1
COMPARATIVE ANALYSES OF DIFFERENT MODELLING APPROACHES TO SIMULATE RADIONUCLIDE TRANSPORT THROUGH THE DNIEPER RESERVOIRS BASED ON EXTREMAL FLOOD 1999 SCENARIO
VOITSEKHOVICH O., MONTE L. ZHELEZNYAK M.
Ukrainian Hydrometeorological Institute, 03057, Kiev, Ukraine, voitsekh voi.vedos.kiev.ua
The highest flood since the Chernobyl accident took place in river Pripyat in spring 1999. The most contaminated left-side flood-plain upstream the Yanov Bridge has been protected from flooding by a dike constructed in 1991-1992. However right-side flood-plain was inundated within a month. Near the Yanov Bay the shallow waste storage sites were inundated. The concentration of Sr in the water discharged from this territory to the river has increased to 100000 B/m3 at the end of the flooding. The maximum concentration of 90sr in the river Pripyat at the city of Chernobyl was ti+ 2000 B/m3. The propagation of the sharp pick of radionuclide concentration was monitored in Dnieper reservoir cascade for, approximately, six months. The measured data were processed by statistical methods and were used to develop a scenario for testing radionuclide migration models within the Inco-Copernicus project COMETES. The 3-D model THREETOX, the I D model RIVTOX, the box model WATOX and the river model of the MOIRA system were applied to Kiev Reservoir. The 3-D model does not predict radionuclide concentrations at the reservoir outlet better than the models of lower dimension. Nevertheless, the complex 3-D model is necessary for assessing the spatial distribution of radionuclide concentration in large water body. A typical example is the predictions of radionuclide contamination at different locations of water usage. The 1-D model and the box models were used to simulate the whole reservoir cascade. The results of the simulations clear demonstrate the importance of a proper assessment of the box length (or of the grid size for I D model) for assuring the adequacy of the model results. The recommendations for the choice of the size of the computational compartments are suggested accounting for the characteristics of the water bodies.
httv://www.ll)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/SummatiesNoitsekhovich.htm 16/11/01 MODELLING OF RADIONUCLIDE TRANSPORT THROUGH THE DNIEPER R... Page I sur I
HYDROLOGICAL DISPERSION MODULE OF THE DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM RODOS
ZHELEZNYAK M., HELING R. RASKOB W.
Institute of Mathematical Machines and System Problems, 03187, Kiev, Ukraine, mark immsp.kiev.ua
Hydrological Dispersion Module (HDM) of the RODOS system (eal-time on-line decision support) for nuclear emergency management in Europe is developed at the IMMSP, Kiev, Ukraine; NRG -KEMA, the Netherlands; FZK Karlsruhe, Germany; TYPHOON, Obninsk, Russia; IPEP, Minsk, Belorussia, NTSC Democritos, Athens, Greece. Testing and customisation work was performed by NPPRI, Slovakia. A hydrological model chain of RODOS was outlined initially covering the processes, such as runoff of radionuclides from watersheds following deposition from the atmosphere RETRACE-2 model), transport of radionuclides in river systems (-D model RIVTOX) and the radionuclide behaviour in lakes, reservoirs and estuaries (radioecological box model LAKECO , 2-D model COASTOX, 3-D model THREETOX). The output from the hydrological model chain is transferred into the aQuatic food chain and dose model DMA to calculate the main exposure pathways, such as the doses from the consumption of drinking water, fish, irrigated foodstuffs, and from external irradiation. The main task of the HDM in the emergency phase is to predict the exposure of the population on the basis of the simulated radionuclide concentration in water. The HDM model chain should be adapted during the RODOS implementation phase taking into account the specific properties of the hydrological network in the area of implementation (rivers, lakes, reservoirs, estuaries, coastal areas). The main results of the HDM are simulated concentrations of radionuclides in water following the atmospheric fallout. HDM provides also the supplementary possibility to simulate radionuclides transport in aquatic systems following direct release of radioactive material into water. This second feature can be useful for RODOS users to simulate the consequences of particul NPP accidents, as well as for developers to test and calibrate the model chain on the basis of previously recorded accidents.
http:Hwww.ivsn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Zheleznvak.htm 16/11/01 3T Page 1 sur I
3T Rivers (solid/liquid exchanges), Lakes and reservoirs
• Salbu
• Elmrabet2 • Ohtsuka • Royer • Zibold
• Ansoborlo • Baeza . • Bulgakov • Cazala • EIGanaoui • Fortin • Hinton • Klernt • Matishov2 • Yankovich • Zhukova
http://www.ii)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/P3T.htm 16/11/01 Advanced speciation techniques for radionuclides associated with colloids and particl... Page I sur I
Advanced speciation techniques for radionuclides associated with colloids and particles
B. Salbu, 0. C. Lind, P. Borretzen and D. H. Oughton
Agricultural University of Norway, Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology P.O. Box 5040 N1432 Aas, Norway, Brit.Salbu ikb.nlh.no
Abstract
To improve impact assessments of radionuclide contamination of ecosystems, information on radionuclide species and their interactions in water-sediment or water-soil systems influencing mobility and biological uptake is essential. In the present work, speciation. techniques applicable for radionuclides in water-soil and water-sediment systems are discussed. Emphasis is put on in situ fractionation techniques and subsequent advanced speciation techniques (electron microscopy and synchrotron radiation based microscopic techniques) to characterise radioactive colloids, pseudocollids and particles in waters, soils or sediments.
htti):Hwww.ii)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Salbu.htm 16/11/01 Page 1 sur 1
Experimental and modelling study of artificial radionuclides 219pu, 24'Am and 99Tc) uptake by suspended matter in environmental waters located in the South of Spain.
R. El-Mrabet (1), J.M. Abril 2), and G. Manjoln 0)
(1) Departamento de FisicaAt6mica, Moleculary Nuclear, Facultadde Fisica,
University of Seville. Apdo. 41060 Sevilla (Spain). E-mail: elmrabet cica.es (2) Departamentode FisicaAplicada 1, University of Seville, E. U.L T A. Carreterade Utrera km 1,41013. Sevilla (Spain) E-mail: abril cica.es (3) Departamentode FisicaAplicada 2 University of Seville, E.T S.A. Avda. Reina Mercedes s1n. 41012. Sevilla (Spain) E-mail: manion cica.e_s gtenorio cicaes
The interest on transfer coefficients studies have increased recently, since they are important parameters required understanding and reliably modelling the dispersion of conservative and non- conservative radionuclides in aquatic environments. The approaches, based in the implementation of the uptake kinetics of dissolved radionuclides by solid particles, are more appropriate than those based in the use of the distribution coefficients, kd. In this work, we present a series of tracing experiments to study the uptake of Pu, Am and Tc in natural aqueous suspensions. We have used environmental samples of unfiltered waters, collected from three aquatic systems (Gergal reservoir, Guadalquivir river, and the estuary of Tinto river) located in the South of Spain. The experimental procedure ensures the preservation of environmental conditions (suspended load concentrations, particle size spectra, pH, temperature and concentration of natural occurring ions). The kinetic transfer coefficient for direct sorption depends on the total available surface of particles and on the concentration of active sites in the surface layer (what depends on the mineral composition, free edges, pores, coatings, etc.). In order to compare results from different environments and to fix the conditions of applicability of the derived coefficients, it is necessary to handle the particle size spectra and the mineral composition of natural occurring suspended loads.
The activities of Pu, Am and Tc in the dissolved phase are measured by a liquid scintillation technique. The time dependent uptake curves, covering up to a large period, are fitted to the numerical solutions calculated with different models of the uptake kinetics. In this way, we can identify the main pathways of the uptake in our experimental settings. Kinetic transfer coefficients are estimated by a fitting procedure and a comparative study is followed.
htti)://www.ii)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Elmrabet2.htm 16/11/01 Page I sur 1
AN ATTEMPT TO EVALUATE RESIDENCE TIME OF LAKE WATER
BY USING COSMOGENIC 22Na
OHTSUKA Y., YAMAMOTO M. SASAKI K.
Institute for Environmental Sciences, Department of Radioecology
Rokkasho, Aomori, 039-3212, Japan
ohtsuka ies.or.jp
Sodium-22 (22Na; t 1/2 2.6 y, y, 1275 keV) is produced by cosmic ray interaction with argon in the atmosphere and is useful as a tracer for studying movement of air mass as well as other cosmogenic radionuclides such as 7Be. This nuclide is transferred to land by rainfall and induced into lake surface directly and/or via fluvial channels. As sodium is dissolved completely in waters, the behavior of this isotope would be almost similar to that of the lake water in a system. Therefore, the residence time of 22Na becomes good indicator of water flow and stagnation of lake water. The value of water residence time; (water) in limnetic system is one of most important parameter from viewpoints of water pollutant protections and preservation of water resources. For example, the removal rates of non-conservative toxic materials from waters depend on the value of (water). We report here (1) the technique of low level 22Na measurement in the natural water and 2) the estimation of the residence time of lake water by mass balance calculation of 22Na in a freshwater system. Study area is the largest lake, Lake Biwa, which is situated in center of Honshu island, Japan. The water of this lake is used by 14,000,000 people for drinks and industries around this area. Atmospheric deposition and fluvial waters were analyzed as main source terms. The seasonal variations of vertical distributions and inventories of 22Na were monitored at 4 months intervals in the water. Vertical and temporal concentration gradients in lake water were scarcely observed in our studying term. The residence time of 22Na; r(22Na) was nearly equal to the r(water) which was published from previous works. Details on the results will be reported here.
htto://www.ipsn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Ohtsuka.htm 16/11/01 Page I sur I
URANIUM DISTRIBUTION OF LAKE SEDIMENTS IN A FORMER URANIUM MINING AREA.
ROYER A., REYSS J.L. & DECOSSAS JX.
CEMRAD, IRCOM-C2M, Universit6 de Limoges, 87000 Limoges, France, (decossas unilim.fr)
Uranium, radium and lead concentrations from a lake sediments are presented. This lake is located in a former uranium ining area near Limoges (France). Surface sediments were sampled and core collected while the lake was drained in order to map the radioelements at the bottom of the lake and to study the radioelement transport and deposition process. Gamma spectrometry measurements were conducted at CEMRAD and LSCE (CNRS, Gif sur Yvette) and profiles of radionuclide distribution versus depth in the cores obtained. Most cores present an increase of radionuclides content from surface to few cm depth following by a decrease to the bottom of the core. This artificial water reservoir is only 20 years old and the original soil is reached at the deepest part of the cores. An analysis of the profiles versus sediment horizon ages and inputs changes will be given.
htti)://www.ipsn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Rover.htm 16111101 Page 1 sur 1
TIME-DEPENDENCY OF THE 37CS ACTIVITY CONCENTRATION IN FRESHWATER LAKES, MEASUREMENT AND PREDICTION
ZIBOLD G., KLEMT E. SMITH J. T. Fachhochschule Ravensburg-Weingarten University of Applied Sciences, D-88250 Weingarten, Germany, zibold fbp.fh-weingarten.de
14 years after the nuclear reactor accident in Chernobyl, activity concentrations of lake water are measured as 0.06 2 and 60 rnBq/1 in Lake Constance, Lake Lugano and Lake Vorsee. These values can be explained by differences in limnological character of these lakes. With respect to Lake Constance the limit of delectability is reached using a sample of about 100 I of water, and we propose for monitoring to use the 137cs contamination of fish, e.g. pike, instead of water from this lake, which is higher up to a factor of 104 due to accumulation in the trophic chain. To describe and predict the data of lake water contamination we use (1 a simple exponential "transfer function" model for the runoff of activity from contaminated catchments, and assume that runoff water determines lake water contamination. In a second approach 2) lake water residence times and 137CS uptake by sediments are taken into account together with runoff. Both models describe and predict 137CS contamination in lake water of the three lakes quite well. Attempts to use these models also for a number of other lakes in Europe and in the CIS countries near to the site of Chernobyl are promising with respect to a generalisation of our results to predict 137CS contamination of freshwater lakes for radiation protection purposes in case of emergency.
http://www.ipsn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Zibold.htm 16/11/01 Page 1 sur 1
THEORETICAL SPECIATION OF RADIONUCLIDES IN AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT.
EXAMPLE OF DIFFERENT VALENCY STATE ELEMENTS: Co 2+ , AM3+ p4+ AND UO 22+.
ANSOBORLO E., MOULIN V., LAMARQU G.
CEA1DCC/DRRV/CETAMA, B.P. 17171, 30207, Bagnols-sur-C6ze, France.
eric.ansoborlo cea.fr
The knowledge of chemical speciation of radionuclides is essential in order to assess short and long term consequences on geosphere and biosphere. Hence the mobility, bioavailability, bioaccumulation and subsequent transfer from aquatic systems to plants and food chains critically depend on their for of complexes in solution. Consequently theoretical speciation can be considered as a useful tool which allows to predict the species repartition. present in a medium as a function of pH, Eh, concentration and ionic strength. Migration and transfer of radionuclides in the aquatic system or ground water are governed by the type of ligands and their concentration main mineral anions are carbonates, phosphates, sulfates... and organic compounds are mainly hurnic and fulvic acid. Speciation calculation need the use of a referential thermodynamic database (TDB). In this study two TDB have been used: the OCDE/NEA and the Royal Chemistry database. Illustration of practical application of speciation is given for different radionuclides that can be found in the environment after nuclear incidents or releases, and that have been chosen as a function of their different valency state such as Co 2+ Am 3+, PU 4+ and U022+
htti):Hwww.ii)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Ansoborlo.htm 16/11/01 Page 1 sur I
STUDY OF CAESIUM-137 IN SURFACE WATERS AND SEDIMENTS OF THE TAGUS RIVER
BAEZA A.', BROGUEIRA A. 2 MIR6 C.' and SEQUEIRA M.2
Universidad de Extremadura, Facultad de Veterinaria, Departamento de Ffsica, 1007 Cdceres, Spain,
Mail to: miro unex.es
2 Instituto Tecnol6gico e Nuclear, Departamento de Protecqdo Radiol6gica e Seguranga Nuclear, Estrada Nacional 10, 2686-953 Sacav6m Codex, Portugal
Mail to: abro ue itnl.itn.P-t
This work is the result of the collaboration between ortuguese and spanish laboratories. The objective was to quantify the Caesium-137 in surface waters and sediments in both the ortuguese Alentejo region, and the spanish Extremadura region sections of the Tagus river, during six years. This river has its source in Spain, and of its I 00 km length about 230 km are in Portugal, 43 km serving as a natural frontier between the two countries. In the two regions under study the water flow is completely regulated by a chain of dams. Tagus river might receive radioactive contributions from three nuclear power plants, situated in Spain. Almaraz nuclear power plant (ANPP) is the radioactive release source closest to Portugal.
A concentration gradient of caesium in water was observed in the river, with the maximum values occurring at the sampling sites near the ANPP. However, there is no dependence on the caesium concentration measured in sediments with the proximity to the source. In our case, the values are related to the sediment type and its particle size.
Distribution coefficients were evaluated in order to compare the radionuclide concentration level in water and sediments. In the calculation we took into account the time lag that we found to exist between the activity maxima in the water and the corresponding ones on the sediments.
htti)://www.ii)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Baeza.htm 16/11/01 Page I sur 1
MODELLING OF THE LONG-TERM DYNAMICS OF RADIOCAESIUM IN A CLOSED LAKE
BULGAKOV A., KONOPLEV A. SMITH J.
Centre for Environmental Chemistry SPA "Typhoon", 249038 Obninsk, Kaluga region, Russia; E-mail: konoplev iem.obninsk.ru
During the years after the Chernobyl accident concentration of radiocaesium in the most of contaminated aquatic ecosystems decreased markedly. However, closed lakes still presents a radioecological problem, which expected to be vital for a fairly long time. In the paper a mechanistic model for the long-term prediction of radiocaesium behaviour in closed lakes is developed. The model describes diffusional and biological mixing of the radionuclide in bottom sediments, surface runoff from catchment, and uspended solids formation and sedimentation. The model input parameters are effective diffusion coefficient in bottom sediments, depth of the complete mixing layer, distribution coefficient in the sediments/water system, runoff coefficient, sedimentation rate, and deposition density. Values of all these parameters can be independently estimated or measured in a short-term experiment. Given negligible runoff and sedimentation, dynamics of radiocaesium concentration in lake water is described by a simple equation with only one unknown parameter. This allows making long-term predictions having results of a single concentration measurement. The model was tested against experimental data on concentrations of 137CS for 1993-2000 in Svyatoe lake in Bryansk region of Russia heavily contaminated as a result of the Chernobyl accident. Calculated and measured concentrations are in good agreement.
httv://www.i-psn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Bul-akov.htm 16/11/01 Page 1 sur I
U, TH, RA AND PB DISTRIBUTIONS IN THE RITORD RIVER (LIMOGESFrance)
CAZALA C., DEZILEAU L. ROYER A.
LSCE, Domaine du CNRS, Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif(Yvette Cedex, France, Oean- 1ouis.reyss 1sce.cnrs-gif.fr)
The aim of the present study is to decipher the behavior of some natural radionuclides in the fresh waters from former uranium ming area near Limoges (France). U, Th, Ra and Pb transport from the mines water to naturals or artificial reservoirs through different streams has been studied. Water samples were collected and fractionated by planar filtration and tangential-flow ultrafiltration into solution, colloidal, and particulate phases. Owing to the simultaneous study of the different components and the use of a double spike (232U/22'Th and 21U/229Th) we followed the radionuclides behavior during the separation stages by planar filtration and tangential-flow ultrafiltration 10kl), 5kD, kD). Uranium and radium has been extracted and purified by radiochemical process at CEMRAD (Univerity of Limoges) from each water sample (unfiltered, 0.45tim filtered, retentate, permeate after ultrafiltration). Uranium contents have been determined by alpha spectrometry and radium contents by gamma spectrometry. Uranium, radium, thorium and lead contents of particles on the 0.45itm filter have been directly determined by gamma spectrometry. The very weak activities of the filters were measured at the Laboratoire Souterrain de Modane" (LSM, CNRS-CEA) using a very high efficiency, very low background well-type Ge spectrometer (910cc crystal). The association of natural radionuclides with different size fractions is discussed and compared with the sedimentary deposits.
htti)://www.iT)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Cazala.htm 16/11/01 Page 1 sur 1
EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL STUDY OF THE SEDIMENTARY DYNAMICS AND ITS IMPACTS ON THE EXCHANGE OF THE RADIOACTIVE LIQUID EFFLUENTS IN THE LOW RHONE REGION
0. EL GANAOUI*, P. BOYER*, F. ANSELMET
Institute of Protection and Nuclear Safety (IPSN), Department of Environmental Protection (DPRE), CE-Cadarache, 13108 St-Paul-Lez-Durance, France. mailto:ouafae.eicianaouioir)sn.fr
The assessment of the radioactive liquid effluent transfers in the physical components of rivers (water, suspended sediments, bottom sediments) involves three disciplines hydraulics, sedimentary dynamics and radioecology. In freshwater radioecological quality models, the radioecology is linked to the sedimentary dynamics through solid liquid distribution coefficients (Kd) and deposition erosion fluxes. The assessment of these fluxes with a d ynamic sedimentary model requires site and laboratory experiments in order to determine their relating parameters (settling velocity, critical shear stress of deposition and erosion, etc.). Generally, these models do not distinguish the different classes of particles and make the hypothesis that the deposition and erosion processes cannot occur at the same time. However, a natural water flow is characterized by a wide and continuous range of different granulometric classes. As a consequence, the assumed threshold between deposition and erosion is reduced. For example, the deposition of one class can come with the erosion of another class. In this context, we present an experimental method to determine the main classes, their critical shear stresses of erosion and the associated erosion rates and settling velocities. These parameters are used in a multi-classes sedimentary dynamic model linked to a radioeclogical model in the water quality code TRANSRIV. This approach aims at considering the adsorption desorption processes, as specific to each of these classes (the smaller the particles are, the stronger the adsorption is). The results of an application to the low Rhone region will be discussed. In particular, we present a sensitivity analysis, in order to evaluate the relevance of the determination of Kd by material classes.
htti)://www.insn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/ElGanaoui.htm 16/11/01 Page 1 sur 1
ESTABLISHING LINKS BETWEEN URANIUM AQUEOUS SPECIATION AND UPTAKE BY A UNICELLULAR ALGA.
FORTIN C., DUTEL L., GARNIER-LAPLACE J. ADAM C.
Institut de Protection et Saret6 Nucl6aire, DPRE, SERLAB, Laboratoire de Radio6cologie Lp6rimentale, CE Cadarache, Bat. 186, BP 1, 13108 St-Paul-L&-Durance, France, claude.fortin ipsn.fr
The bioavailability and toxicity of dissolved metals are closely linked to the metals' chemical speciation in Solution. Normally the complexation of a metal by a ligand would be expected to decrease its bioavailability. However, changes in pH as well as in dissolved cations (Ca and Mg) can modify metal uptake rates. The aqueous speciation of uranium undergoes tremendous changes within a pH range of 4 to and in the presence of ligands commonly found in natural waters (carbonate, phosphate, hydroxide and natural organic matter). In the present project, we intend to establish links between speciation, medium composition and bioavailability of uranium. To study these links, we have chosen a unicellular green alga. Short-term metal uptake rates are determined in simple inorganic media with particular emphasis on the differentiation between adsorbed and intracellular metal. The Free-Ion Model (F]M) of metal toxicity will be tested to determine if U uptake is governed by the concentration of the free uranyl species (UO 22+ ) or if other species can be assimilated (i.e. passive diffusion of the neutral, presumably lipophilic, species such as U02(OH)2 and U02CO3)' Results of our preliminary experiments, designed to optimise the metal-uptake protocols and to determine the intracellular location of uranium, will be presented.
htti):Hwww.ii)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Fortin.htm 16/11/01 Author List Page I sur I
Comparative Kinetics of Cesium from Whole-lake, Limnocorral and Laboratory-scale Experiments
T. G. Hinton J. E. Pinder
University of Georgia, Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, Aiken, SC, USA 29801 hinton srel.edu
The environmental transport of cesium was of interest during the 1960s and 70s when it was a major component of nuclear fallout. More recently, cesium became synonymous with the angst of Chernobyl in many households across Europe. The persistence of cesium within predacious fish of northern lakes, following the Chernobyl accident, is but one example in which our previous knowledge about cesium's behavior proved inadequate for predictive purposes. Understanding the processes governing a contaminant's transport, however, is difficult in uncontrolled field experiments; yet, controlled laboratory experiments are often contrived and may quickly loose realism. Knowing how well the data generated from small-scaled, laboratory experiments mimic those from full-scale field manipulations is fundamental to science. We conducted an experiment to compare the loss of cesium from a lake's water column at four different scales: ) whole-lake; 2 five, 2-m diameter limnocorrals 3 four, 30-cm diameter limnocoffals; and 4 four, 30-cm diameter laboratory mesocolumns. Limnocorrals were installed in I to 2 n of water and at two different areas within an I ha lake. All limnocorrals were sealed to the lake sediments, allowed free exchange with the air, but isolated a column of the lake's water. Laboratory mesocolumns were plastic cylinders, closed on one end, and had 15 cm of sediments placed in them, topped with 90 cm of lake water. The nionoinictic lake had a mean and maximum depth of 16 and 4 n, respectively. Stable Cs was added to the epilininion of the whole lake, and to the lininocorrals and mesocolumns. The loss rate of cesium from the water column of each system was compared over a 12-month period. The data are useful for determining how well small-scaled experiments simulate water/sediment exchange processes occurring in whole-lakes.
htti):Hwww.ipsn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Hinton.htm 16/11/01 Page I sur 1
MODELLING OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF RADIOCAESIUM IN SEDIMENTS OF LAKES WITH DIFFERENT LIMNOLOGICAL CHARACTER
KLEMT E., KONOPLEV A. ZIBOLD G.
Fachhochschule Ravensburg-Weingarten, University of Applied Sciences, D-88250 Weingarten, Germany. klernt fbp.fh-weingarten.de
A model was developed which describes the continuous input of 137CS into the sediment and the vertical distribution of 137CS within the sediment, and which allows a prediction of future conditions. The model comprises the following processes: The exchange of 137Cs between water and the uppermost sediment layer via the distribution coefficient Kdl first-order 137CS fixation and redissolution, the retarded diffusion of 137CS within the sediment, and radioactive decay. The sedimentation rate and the distribution coefficient Kd (which also determines the retarded diffusion) are the only free parameters of the model. Taking the activity concentration of the water as the boundary condition for the differential equation good agreement could be achieved between experimental results and model predictions. We analyzed sediments of Lake Constance, a deep mesotrophic hardwater lake with a high self-purification capacity, LakeVorsee a small shallow eutrophic lake with thick layers of organic sediments, and Lake Lugano whose character is in between the two other lakes. For the three lakes under discussion, the main differences were found for the Kd-value which is dependent on the amount of clay minerals in the system, the sedimentation rate, and the bulk density of the sediment. The model calculates a maximum of the 137CS inventory in the sediment 3 years, 7 years, and about 15 years after the accident of Chernobyl for Lake Constance, Lake Lugano, and Lake Vorsee, respectively. Before the maximum is reached, the input into the sediments is the dominating process, afterwards it is the radioactive decay. For the quality of these lakes as drinking water reservoirs it is important that the sediments act as long term sinks for 137cs.
http:Hwww.ii)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Klemt.htm 16/11/01 Page I sur I
Artificial radionuclides in sediments of the Don River Estuary and Azov Sea
Genady G. Matishov, Dimitry G. Matishov and Alexey A. Namjatov
Murmansk Marine Biological Institute, 17 Vladimirskaya St. Murmansk, 183010 Russia
JoLynn Carroll* and Salve Dahle
Akvaplan-niva AS, Polar Environmental Centre, 9296 Tromso, NORWAY
A large data set of artificial radionuclides in bottom sediments of the Azov Sea has been compiled in order to examine the storage and migration of radionuclides within this highly restricted inland sea. In recent years 1997-1999) the radionuclide content of surface sediments is: 137CS= <0.5-100 Bq/kg d.w. (mean =33.8±25.9 B/kg d.w. n=57), 9Sr--0.2-5.7 Bq/kg d.w. (mean =2.1±1.4 Bq/kg d.w. n=34) and 239,240p = 031-0.51 B/kg d.w. (n=2). In general, 137Cs activities increase with distance from the mouth of the Don River and correlate negatively with sediment grain size (r2= 077, n=21). There does not appear to be unusual differences between the shallow western Black Sea when compared to the eastern Azov Sea indicating that the Don River/Azov Sea system is an extension of the shallow continental shelf area of the Black Sea. The annual 137Cs dose received by an individual through the trophic chain water-fish-human ( 10-6 Sv/yr) is well below regulatory recommendations indicating that current levels of radioactivity in the environment pose no threat to commercial fisheries operations for the bordering nations of Russia and Ukraine.
httv:Hwww.ii)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Matishov2.htm 16/11/01 Page 1 sur 1
The Importance of the Sediment Pathway in the Radionuclide Dose Received by Aquatic Non-Human Biota: Reconstruction and Mapping of Spatiotemporal Partitioning in Perch Lake Sediments over a 40-Year Period
T.L. Yankovich
Environmental Technologies Branch
Atomic Energy of Canada Limited
Chalk River, Ontario KOJ IJO
Sediments often represent an important reservoir for contaminants, such as radionuclides, in aquatic systems. Consequently, lake sediments can potentially be significant contributors to the total radionuclide dose received by non-human biota that are in contact with them. The proportion of sediment-related dose received by biota relative to the dose received through other aquatic pathways is dependent upon several factors, including net radionuclide inputs to a system through time, the tendency of each radionuclide to partition into the sediments relative to other environmental compartments, the spatial distribution of radionuclides in the sediments, and the behaviour or life- style of the biota inhabiting the lake (which can affect their overall contact with the sediments). With increased understanding of these parameters and their interactions, it becomes possible to improve estimates of the radionuclide dose received by aquatic non-human biota through the sediment pathway.
The current study focuses on radionuclide transfer and spatial partitioning patterns in the sediments of Perch Lake, a small, dystrophic-eutrophic Canadian Shield lake which has received Sr, 137CS' 6OCo and 3H inputs from two upstream Waste Management Areas, as well as through atmospheric deposition due to global weapons testing. Environmental monitoring data for radionuclides in Perch Lake surface waters have been compiled for each radionuclide, and subsequent transfer to sediments has been estimated over a 40-year period using a mass balance modeling approach. The study objectives were:
1. To estimate 9Sr, 137CS 6Co and 3H transfer to Perch Lake sediments over the past 40 years;
2. To approximate the ranges and spatial partitioning of these radionuclides in the Perch Lake sediments;
3. To validate modeled values using current and archived data for radionuclides in Perch Lake sediments; and
4. To relate spatiotemporal trends in radionuclide transfer and partitioning to the radionuclide dose received by resident non-human biota through the sediment pathway.
Overall, 137Cs and 60CO levels have been declining in Perch Lake sediments over time due to reductions in the source terms for these radionuclides, in addition to their losses from the sediments through radioactive decay. Comparison of 9OSr inputs to and outputs from Perch Lake suggests that approximately 15% of the inputs are retained by lake sediments. As a result, Sr concentrations have been increasing in Perch Lake sediments over time, although overall 9OSr inputs to the lake have not increased. As expected, tritium contributions to Perch Lake sediments have been shown to be negligible.
Based on spatial deposition patterns of Sr across the sediment surface in Perch Lake, it is estimated that approximately 33% of the Sr deposits in the littoral zone of the lake (water depth < 1.5 m) and the remaining Sr is found in the deeper, offshore areas of the lake (water depth > .5 rn). Preliminary assessment of Co and 137Cs deposition patterns suggests that for most areas of the lake, these radionuclides are fairly uniformly distributed, unlike 9Sr, which tends to be highest in the depositional zones of Perch Lake.
htti):Hwww.i-psn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Yankovich.htm 16/11/01 Page 1 sur 1
Water migration of hernobyl radionuclides in rivers of Belarus
Zhukova O., Shagalova E., SHiryaeva N.
The State Committee for Hydrometeorology
The Republican Centre of Radiation and Environment Monitoring
220023, Minsk, Belarus, E-mail: us2O60)fax.by.mecom.ru
The analysis of formation of radioactive contamination of rivers of Belarus, entering the Dnepr basin (Dnepr, Sozh, Iput, Besed, Pripyat), after the accident at the ChNPP is given in the paper. The legitimacies and features of behaviour of hernobyl radionuclides in surface waters are detected. Total runoff of caesium-137 by the main rivers Sozh (Gomel), Dnepr (Rechitsa), Pripyat (Mozyr), Iput (Dobrush), Besed (Svetilovichi) for the period 1987-2000 is submitted. The peculiarities of carrying out the monitoring at the experimental watershed of the Iput' river (the Dnepr-Sozh basin), flowing on the Byelorussian-Bryansk
htti)://www.ii)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Zhukova.htm 16/11/01 4M Page I sur I
4M Behaviour and transfer of radionuclides in estuaries
Romana
Eyrolle Moreira SicIet2
• Arnaud • Boust Charmasson Cheviet Ciffroy Ciffroy2 Domanov Fontugne2 • Gerland • Gleizon • Gonzalez • Guesmia • Heling Huh Lauria Lazorenko Lyons Miralles Moreira2 Reyss Reyss2 • Saito • Schmidt • Shang • Tateda2 • Thebault • Veleva
http:Hwww.ipsn.fr/ecorad2OOl/P4M.htm 16/11/01 Page I sur 1
Contaminants in estuaries their fate and risks for the environment
Louis Alexandre Rornaha et Jean Louis Gonzalez
H REMER, D6parternent Polluants Chirniques, France
Axel.romana ifremer.fr
Macrotidal estuaries are considered as biologically rich ecosystems and have a complex behaviour. The spatio-temporal variability of parameters which characterize this environment makes their scientific approach complex and makes difficult an appropriatemanagement.
Two main consequences of tidal effect allows macrotidal estuaries to be defined: the salinity gradient and the capacity to accumulate particules(mud). Both actions determine the distribution oj biological communities, the trapping of fine particles and associated compounds, and modify the speciation andfluxes of some chemical contaminants.
In this presentation some aspects of estuarine sedimentology and biology will be discussed. We also explain some consequences of the presence of the turbidity maximum, giving examples related to the behaviour of chemical contamination.
Finally, we draw some ideas about risks for biota linked to the accumulation and transformationoj those contaminants.
http://www.i-psn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaties/Romana.htm 16/11/01 Page I sur I
SPECIATION OF PU ISOTOPES
AT THE LOWER COURSE OF THE RH6NE RIVER
AND ESTIMATION OF FLUXES
EYROLLE Fr6d6rique, ARNAUD Milreille and DUFFA C6111ine
Institut de Protection et de SOret6 Nucl6aire, D6parternent de Protection de I'Environnement, BP 1, 13108 St Paul Lez Durance, France, E-mail : eyrcL1eL ?1ccra_,ipsn.fr
The processes influencing mobility, boavallability and ecosystem transfer depend on the speciation of radionuclides. The physico-chemical forms of plutonium isotopes downstream the Rh6ne River catchment basin are discussed from data collected in 1996 and 1997 just before the end of Marcoule reprocessing plant discharges. Besides, plutonium fluxes and their behaviour at the freshwater-seawater interface are estimated. The results underline a plutonium isotope transfer mainly through the particulate phase (85 to 92 %) as Pu (111, IV) at the lower course of the Rh6ne River freshwaters. Hardly 10 /o is removed toward the dissolved phase when entering in the sea waters. Before 1997, the main part of plutonium isotopes transferred at the Rh8ne River lower course is shown to be originating from the Marcoule plant's liquid effluent releases. An empirical linear relation (n=17, r2=0.85) between the Pu-239+240 activities in the Rh6ne River freshwaters downstream Marcoulle and the flow rate has been obtained and underlines that the Rh6ne River bed sediments act as a secondary plutonium source depending on hydrological conditions of the river. Whereas during low water levels the plutonium originating from the Marcoule liquid releases mainly deposites into the bed sediments, over 00 m 3 s - it- is- exported toward the Mediterranean Sea and part of the plutonium trapped into the Rh8ne River beds are remobilised and transferred to the sea. Refering to the activity ratio theoretical dilution line of the Marcoule source with the waters of the catchment basin, this secondary source of plutonium may contributed to 500/o of plutonium transferred at the Aries station when the flow rate is over 3000 m3 S-1. These results underline that plutonium transfer mechanisms in the Rh6ne River are mainly regulated by hydrological processes. It should be the same for all strong particle reactive elements.
htti)://www.ipsn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Evrolle.htm 16/11/01 Page 1 sur 1
21OPo AND OPb IN FISH AND SHELLFISH FROM THE GUANABARA BAY, BRAZIL
MOREIRA, I., SAMPAIO, M.F. & GODOY, J.M.
Pontificia Universidade Cat6lica, Dep. of Chemistry, R. Marqu&s de S.Vicente, 225, 22453-900, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, isabel(ardc.r)uc-rio.br
The natural radionuclides from the Uranium series 21OPb, 21OBi and 210po accumulated by human body are the most important contributors to the total radiation dose received by human beings. Food is the main source of 21013b and 210po to the human body. 210po gives rise to almost 7 of the dose equivalent, through natural radiation ingestion. Approximately, 77 of this ingestion comes from solid food, and the highest concentrations are found in seafood. Marine organisms clearly accumulate 210po from seawater. Ionizing radiation affects human beings by deposition of energy in body tissues, causing cell's damage and sometimes its death. Evidence of diseases caused by low and medium radiation energy may be hidden for months or even years. Muscles of forty-five fishes of two different species, Mugil pp and Micropogonia fumieri, and six composite samples of the shellfish Pema pema, collected in Guanabara Bay were analyzed. Method for 210po consisted of spontaneous deposition on copper discs, followed by alfa counting. Method for 21OPb was mineralization followed by leaching, ion-exchange separation, precipitation and, finally, beta counting. The average values found for activity concentration of 210po in fish was 25 Bq.kg-1, wet basis, while for shellfish the values were higher, reaching 43.8 Bq.kg-1, wet basis. For 21OPb activity concentrations were very low, frequently below the detection limit for fish samples, and a little higher for shellfish samples, reaching 0.18 Bq.kg-1, wet basis. Dose equivalent rate may vary considerably according to diet. Considering 20 kg as an average intake of fish per year, the dose equivalent related to this item of diet would be 0.11 mSv. For people who live from fishing, this rate could be much higher, especially for those whose principal product is shellfish.
htti):Hwww.iDsn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/1\4oreira.htm 16/11/01 DETERMINATION OF SUSPENDED PARTICLES AGE IN TBE TURBIDITY M... Page Sur
RADIONUCLIDES IN THE LOIRE RIVER ESTUARY (FRANCE): SOURCES, TRANSPORT AND FATE
SICLET F., GUESMIA M. CIFFROY P.
EDF R&D, D6parternent Laboratoire National d'Hydraulique et Environnement 6 quai Watier, 78401 Chatou Cedex, France (e-mail: francoise.siciet edf.fr)
Anthropogenic radionuclide inputs in the Loire estuary (French Atlantic coast) consist of radioactive releases from 14 nuclear reactors located along the Loire river basin, and of fallout from nuclear weapon tests and from the Tchernobyl accident. To estimate to what extent radionuclides associated with sediment accumulate in the estuary, three complementary approaches were used: field surveys, laboratory experiments and numerical modelling. Sampling of bottom sediments, water and suspended solids was carried out at different dates over a 15 month-period Analysis covered 14C 9Sr 3H, the naturally occurring gamma-emitters (uranium and thoriurn decay chains, 7Be and 4K), and the artificial gamma emitters (mainly cobalt and cesium isotopes). To gain information on the contamination history of the estuary, sediment cores were also collected at different locations inside and outside the estuarine zone. Processes of radionuclide transport and exchange between dissolved and particulate phases were included in a previously developed estuary specific hydrodynamic model. Equations of sorption and desorption kinetics were derived from laboratory experiments conducted at different salinities. Simulations carried out over a complete tidal cycle for three river discharge conditions (low summer flow, high winter flow, flood) were compared with observed values of radionuclide concentrations. They provided estimates of the amount of radionuclides expelled out of the estuary under dissolved and particulate forms, of the transit time for both forms and of the variations in radionuclides concentrations in the fluid mud. Based on computed results and observations, trends for long- term behaviour of radionuclides are presented and contributions from different origins (natural, military, industrial, marine, continental) to the inventory of radioactivity in the estuary are discussed.
htti)://www.ii)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Siclet2.htm 16/11/01 ECORAD-CAMARGUE Page 1 sur 1
Radioactivity in Camargue beach sediments near the Rhone River Mouth (France):
Identification and separation of mineralogical phases.
ARNAUD M., POURCELOT L. BARKER E.
Institut de Protection et de Sfiret6 Nucl6aire, D6partement de Protection de FEnvironnement, BP 330, 83507 La Seyne sur mer Cedex, France, E-mail mireille.amaud ifremer.fr
Camargue area is widely studied by IPSN because it is the delta area of the Rh6ne River, where deposition of particles marked by nuclear power plants and Marcoule reprocessing plant releases may occurred. Unexpected high level radioactivity in black sands was observed on Camargue beaches. Indeed, gamma emitters fluxes range between 800 and 1600 dps on large spots of black beach sediments whereas, gamma emitters fluxes usually yield was 100 dps. After such discovery two main questions arose: is radioactivity of natural or artificial origin? Which mineralogical phases are carrying contamination? Thus the approach used is gamma emitters measurements of total sand and physical separation followed by mineralogical characterisation. Gamma emitters analyses showed high natural radionuclides contents, respectively about 1200 and 1800 Bq per kg dry weight for 238-U and 232 - Th with U and Th family in secular equilibrium with their daughters. These sediments are mainly composed of particles which size range between 63 and 400 m. Mineralogical studies were performed using X-ray diffraction as well as SEM analyses. Coarser fractions > 200 Am) observed are enriched in silicates, alurninosilicates and calcites and contain little Fe-oxides. Fine fractions < 200 Arn) are characterized by Fe-Ti oxides enrichment, mainly observed in the magnetic fractions. In addition to silicates, apatites (Ca-phosphate) as well as zircons occur-red in non-magnetic fractions. Strongest radioactivity enrichment occurred for non-magnetic fractions in which U and Th activities are about ten times higher than in magnetic fraction. Obviously, U, Th and their daughters are trapped in apatites and zircons structures. Such heavy minerals, mainly common in Earth crust rocks, may be transported within Rh6ne River catchment basin after granite basement weathering and erosion.
htt-p://www.ipsn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Amaud.htrn 16/11/01 Page 1 sur I
The dynamics of 6Co-labelled sediment particles in the Seine estuary.
D. BOUSTM, P. LESUEUR(2), M. ROZETM, L. SOLIERM A. FICHT(3)
(1)Laboratoire d'Etudes Radio6cologiques de la Fa ade Atlantique - IPSN, OCTEVILLE
(2)Laboratoire Morphodynarnique Continentale et C6ti6re CNRS UPRES A 6143, Uiversit6 de CAEN (3)Service de la Navigation de la Seine, Port Autonome de Rouen
From 1990 to 1997, 6OCo a radionuclide released into the English Channel by the La Hague reprocessing plant, has been measured in the deposited sediments of the Seine estuary. Since 1990, the 60CO concentrations have slowly increased from some tens of Bq.kg-1 to some Bq.kg-1. This transient signal was used to bring the evidence of the input of marine particles far uptream in the estuary, ca 80 km fforn the river mouth. The dynamics of this process have been decyphered by comparing several sets of data obtained in the years 1990 to 1997. An average velocity of about 10 km.a-I was found for this incoming sediment pool. These observations are conformable with measurements of suspended sediment fluxes performed along the river.
httv://wwwJvsn.fr/ecorad2OO I/Summaries/Boust.htm 16/11/01 Page I sur I
-Cs inventory in sediment near the Rhone mouth.
Evaluation of the role played to this iAentory by the different .37CS sources in this area.
Sabine Charmasson
Institut de Protection et de SCiretj Nuclgaire, D9partement de Protectionde 1Environnement,Base Ifremer, BP 330, - 83507 La Seyne sur mer cedex, France
The low tidal range of the Mediterranean sea and the high sediment load of the Rh6ne induce the formation of an important submarine delta. 137CS inventory in sediment on a 480 km2 area near the Rh6ne mouth reached 19.6TBq in 1990. Spatial distribution of both sediment accumulation rates and 137Cs concentrations in this area confirm the existence of a spatially well delimited zone, i.e. the prodelta, where both parameters are the highest. Thus, 40% of the total amount of 137Cs stored in this 480 krn2 area are found within the prodelta 30 km2) in the close vicinity of the river mouth. This attests of the efficiency of the 137Cs trapping by the prodelta sediments. A study on the part the different 137Cs sources in the Mediterranean Sea play to this inventory is carried out. These sources are
i) direct deposits from both global fallout and Chernobyl accident,
ii) indirect inputs arising from the erosion of surface soils of the Rh6ne catchment area that were also contaminated by the previous fallout,
iii) liquid effluents from nuclear industry into the Rh6ne waters.
Assuming that direct deposits are evenly distributed over the entire area 480 km2) and that the particulate 137Cs input from the Rh6ne is entirely trapped in this same area, these sources account for about 50% of the inventory. These hypotheses are unlikely in a coastal area subject to various physical disturbances but they are conservative enough to assess the lower limit of the nuclear liquid releases contribution to this inventory to be 50%.
htti):Hwww.i-psn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Charmasson.htm 16/11/01 HYDRODYNAMICS AND DISSOLVED POLLUTANTS MOTION IN TE LOIR... Page I sur I
HYDRODYNAMICS AND DISSOLVED POLLUTANTS MOTION IN THE LOIRE ESTUARY (FRANCE): MODELLING OF TRITIUM CONCENTRATIONS
CHEVIET C.('), GUESMIA M. ), JEAN-BAPTISTE P. 2)
(1) EDF, Laboratoire National d'Hydraulique et Evironnement 6 quai Watier, 78401 CHATOU CMexFrance , e-mail : rnustapha.guesmia edf. fr
(2) L.S.C.E., CNRS
EDF-LNHE has initiated a project assessing the fate of radionuclides released by nuclear power plants situated along the Loire river basin. In order to estimate the behaviour of radionuclides in the Loire estuary an hydrodynamic model was developed. Tritium, one of the only detectable artificial radioactive pollutants in the estuary, was used as a tracer of water movement and allowed to compare computed results to measurements of tritium concentrations. The numerical models used for this study are part of the TELEMAC hydroinforinatic system (developed by EDF). Two-dimensional and three- dimensional tools were used, over a fortnight. The model of the estuary extends 120 km up river from Saint-Nazaire, and 10 km down river, in the so-called external estuary. Several combinations of tidal hydrodynamic conditions and river discharges have been simulated, corresponding to field measurements conditions (tide, river input). Modelling of salinity was included as having an influence on water bodies motion. Tritium behaviour was considered to be passive and conservative. Values at the upstream boundary were determined from daily tritium measurements, whereas at the downstream boundary a constant sea value of 02 Bq/1 was used. The animation presented shows that tritium concentrations levels are very dependent on daily inputs at the upstream boundary (Montjean), and are transported along the estuary with little dilution. The tidal and fluvial conditions determine the seaward velocity of the tritium front. The order of magnitude for the time needed to cover the distance between Montjean and Saint-Nazaire vary from a day (high river input, neap tide) to two weeks (low river input, spring tide). The computed results are compared with observed values for surface levels, salinity and tritium.
htti):Hwww.ii)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Cheviet.htm 16/1 1/01 Page I sur I
ADSORPTION/DESORPTION KINETICS OF Co, Mn, Cs, Fe, Ag, Zn AND Cd IN THE LOIRE RIVER AND THE MACRO-TIDAL LOIRE ESTUARY: EXPERIMENTAL AND MODELLING APPROACHES
CIFFROY P.('), GARNIER jM.(2), BENHYAHYA L.(2)
(1) EDF, Division Recherche et D6veloppement, D6partement LNHE 6 quai Watier, 78401 Chatou, France. (e-mail : philippe.ciffroy edf.fr)
(2) CEREGE, Universit6 Aix-Marseille III CNRS. BP 80, F 13545, Aix en Provence, France
In order to simulate the behaviour of radionuclides along a salinity gradient, sorption and desorption kinetics of Co, Mn, Cs, Fe, Ag, Zn and Cd were studied in the Loire river and the macro-tidal Loire estuary during two contrasted seasons. Biogeochemical processes occurring in an estuary were simulated in batch experiments by adding radioactive tracers to freshly collected freshwater or estuarine water. Two types of experimental protocols were undertaken: (a) sorption onto freshwater particles followed by desorption in fresh and estuarine waters; (b) sorption onto estuarine particles and desorption in estuarine waters. The main experimental results are the following ones: (i) salinity effect on sorption: salinity may have an inverse effect on fast and slow sorption processes respectively; for example, for Co and Mn, an increase of slow processes counterbalances a decrease of fast processes. (ii) salinity effect on desorption: an increase of desorption along the salinity gradient is observed for Mn and Cd in both seasons and for Zn, Co and Cs in winter; on the contrary, desorption significantly decreases versus salinity for Fe. (iii) readsorption processes: for Mn, Co, Fe and Ag in both seasons, fast desorption is followed by readsorption onto particles. (iv) the aging effect of particles: for all the elements, the older the radionuclides-particles association, the lower the desorption rate; this observation suggests that radionuclides are slowly transferred to less reversible particulate sites. A kinetic model describing the interactions between trace metals and particles under a salinity gradient was also developed and calibrated. This model allowed to quantify salinity effects on successive exchange processes characterised by different time periods. In particular, the model allowed to quantify salinity effects on: (i) exchanges between water and non-specific particulate sites; (ii) trace metals distribution between different types of particulate sites characterised by different reversible sorption-desorption processes; (iii) characteristic time periods for fast and slow processes respectively.
htti):Hwww.ivsn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Ciffrov.htm 16/11/01 Page 1 sur 1
DETERMINATION OF SUSPENDED PARTICLES AGE IN THE TURBIDITY MAXIMUM OF THE LOIRE ESTUARY By 7 Be ANALYSIS
CIFFROY P.('), REYSS J.L. (2) SICLET F. (2)
(1) EDF, Division Recherche et D6veloppement, D6parternent Laboratoire National d'Hydraulique et Environnement 6 quai Watier, 78401 Chatou, France (e-mail: philippe.ciffroy edf.fr)
(2) L.S.C.E, Domaine du CNRS, Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France.
The aim of the present work was to evaluate the age distribution of particles present in the Loire estuarine turbidity maximum by analysis of 713e budgets. The methodology is based on in situ measurements aiming at quantifying 7Be sources (atmospheric deposition and river inputs) and 713e stock in the turbidity maximum. In order to estimate 713e river inputs, a probability distribution has been determined by analysis of monthly 713e measurements performed just upstream of the estuary. 713e atmospheric deposition is estimated by using a empirical relation between 713e deposition and rainfall. 713e in particles of the estuarine turbidity maximum has been measured at different dates corresponding to different tidal and hydrological conditions. 713e sources and stocks thus determined have afterwards been compared using a mathematical model. Results show that particles age distribution depends on the season: in summer conditions, a majority of particles are "old" particles (age higher than 15 months), while they are "younger" in winter conditions, in particular during flood periods. Furthermore, it is shown that the particles age distribution at a given date to can properly be explained and predicted by taking into account the flow rates series during the two-years period preceding to,
htti)://www.ii)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Ciffrov2%20.htm 16/11/01 TRANSFORMATION OF PLUTONIUM FORM IN SEA WATER MICROCOSM Page 1 sur 1
TRANSFORMATION OF PLUTONIUM FORM IN SEA WATER MICROCOSM
M.M.Domanov, V.V.Gromov, I.B.Popov
P.P.Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia, domanov sio.rssi.ru
Behavior of Plutonium forms in sea water microcosm during a long experiment (150 days) was under investigation. Pu-239 concentrations in water and in suspended phase were measured. The quantity of suspended matter in sea water was conditioned by total influence of the next processes: 1) generation of suspended matter caused by biotop bioactivities, and by colloid formation; 2 dissipation of particles, leaching, auto leaching of plankton cells and bacterial aggregates; 3 precipitation of particles with negative buoyancy. It was assumed that absorption equilibrium between solved and absorbed forms of Pu-239 was achieved more quickly than correlation between phases changed. It is shown that periodic processes of Plutonium quantity increase in suspended matter (absorbed by suspended matter) are connected with succession processes in microcosm. Periods of suspended fraction increase reaches 10-20 days. Cycles of succession processes are of fading character. Plutonium relative activity in suspended matter, contained in a unit of sea water volume, changes from 0.05 to I of initial Plutonium activity in sea water. Suspended matter of biogenic origin consists of phytoplankton (mainly of dinoflagelates), detritus and geterotrophic organisms
http:Hwww.iosn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Domanov.htm 16/11/01 DISTRIBUTION DES ACTIVITES 14C DES EAUX ET DES MATEERES EN SUS... Page I sur 1
14 C ACTIVITY IN WATER AND IDENTIFIED ORGANIC MATTER IN THE LOIRE ESTUARY (FRANCE).
FONTUGNE M., SADOUNI N. SALIOT A.
Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de I'Environnement, UMR 1572-CEA/CNRS, Dornaine du CNRS, F- 91198-Gif sur Yvette cedex, France. E-mail: Michel. Fontugne lsce.cnrs-giffr
The Loire estuary is of particular interest since it receives the discharges of 14 nuclear reactors located along the Loire river and its tributaries and contains a large stock of particulate organic matter where "C can be trapped. To obtain data on "C concentrations in this area, bottom sediments, fluid mud and suspended solids were sampled during cruises at dates corresponding to various tidal and hydrological conditions. Evaluation of the organic matter sources in particles and surficial sediments into the Loire Estuary has been performed using molecular markers in the following lipid classes hydrocarbons, sterols, fatty acids and alcohols.The results obtained show that the natural organic matter is an admixture of terrigenous and algal components. The terrigenous signature derived from land plants is present in the whole estuary and reflect a uniform dispersal of terrestrial inputs. The production of biogenic material by aquatic photosynthetic organisms is higher in the fluvio-estuarine zone and decreases seaward. In addition to natural organic matter, a contamination from fossil fuels and components derived from pyrolysis has been assessed. The distribution profiles of inputs from fossils fuels show a relatively homogenous input in the Loire Estuary with some snap shots in the internal part of the estuary. Organic carbon in suspended matter and sediments show homogenous "C values 03± 0.2Bq/g) confirming a soil origin. At the opposite, "C activity of dissolved mineral carbon is higher ranging between 150 to 200% of modem carbon activity and clearly indicates a noticeable contribution from reactors. Radiocarbon concentrations decrease seaward and are strongly correlated with salinity reflecting hydrodynamic and stratification processes in the marine estuary.
htti):Hwww.ij)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Fontu-ne2.htm 16/11/01 Abstract for conference in Aix-en-Provence, September 2001 Page 1 sur 1
RADIONUCLIDES IN MARINE AND TERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENTS IN THE KONGSFJORDEN AREA, SVALBARD
GERLAND S., LIND B., KOLSTAD A.K. & BRUNGOT, A.L.
Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority, Environmental Protection Unit, Polar Environmental Centre, N- 9296 Tromso, Norway, E-Mail: sebastian.gerland npolar.no
The archipelago of Svalbard is located at the junction of Arctic Ocean, the North Atlantic and the Barents Sea. During a field campaign in May 2000, sea water, sea ice, seaweed, marine sediments, soil and tundra vegetation were collected in and near Kongsfjorden at the western coast of Spitsbergen. Possible sources for artificial radionuclides in the Svalbard environment are long-distance transported waste from nuclear reprocessing plants, dumped radioactive waste, accidents with ships, submarines and power plants containing radioactive material, and global fallout from nuclear test explosions. Samples were taken to measure the radioisotopes technetium (sea water and seaweed), plutonium (sea water) and caesium (sea water and melted sea ice). In addition, samples from marine sediments, soil, sea water, sea ice and vegetation were measured for gamma-emitting radionuclides using a germanium detector. Certain processes are unique for the high- arctic environment such as formation of sea ice. The fast ice in KongsfJorden provides an opportunity to investigate to what degree radionuclides accumulate in sea ice compared with the sea water below. Another important question relates to how radionuclides accumulate in the Arctic in different types of seaweed. First results from laboratory analyses of the samples taken in May 2000 show 99Tc concentrations in sea water similar to levels measured in the western Barents Sea in 1999. Corresponding measurements along the Norwegian coast are one order of magnitude higher. These values can be explained with increased discharges of 99Tc-contaminated wastewater at the Sellafield reprocessing plant since 1994. From ongoing monitoring at Kongsfjorden and other locations in the Svalbard area, we aim to evaluate transfer times in the North Atlantic and how exchange processes between the water masses in KongsfJorden and the West-Spitsbergen Current influence the radionuclide concentrations measured there.
htti):Hwww.ii)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Gerland.htm 16/11/01 A computer model of sediment dynamics and radionuclide dispersion in a macrotidal... Page 1 sur 1
A COMPUTER MODEL OF SEDIMENT DYNAMICS AND RADIONUCLIDE DISPERSION IN A MACROTIDAL ESTUARY
GLEIZON P., LYONS M. G.
Westlakes Scientific Consulting Ltd, The Princess Royal Building, Westlakes Science and Technology Park, Moor Row, Cumbria CA24 3LN
philippe.gleizon westlakes.ac.uk
In macrotidal, partially mixed estuaries, tidal pumping can become a dominant mechanism that progressively accumulates sediment in the upper part of the estuary. This mechanism is also reinforced by different mixing behaviour during flood and ebb, due to a significantly different stratification patterns. Suspended particles of clay or silt influence the advection-dispersion of radionuclides as they can carry these latter by adsorption. The VERSE model has been recently developed in order to replicate the sediment transport and the advection- dispersion of radionuclides. The model is two-dimensional laterally averaged and uses finite difference schemes on a fixed grid. It contains five modules that compute the hydrodynamics, the cohesive and non- cohesive sediment dynamics, and the advection-dispersion of conservative and non-conservative tracers. Non- depth-averaged models take into account the stratification effects, the vertical fluxes and gradients of momentum and SPM concentration. They also allow a better description of the bed roughness and material. VERSE has been developed to provide local industries and authorities with a tool that can predict or diagnose the transport of sediment and the dispersion of contaminants in small estuaries, under various hydrodynamic conditions. The program is capable of a great flexibility. In particular, different sources of contamination can be specified: local discharge points, diffuse source at open boundaries, or leaching from bed sediment. Data have been collected in a macrotidal estuary during several measurement campaigns, which have delivered a broad range of information. The capabilities of the model will be demonstrated, and the results of a typical simulation will be compared with available data.
http:Hwww.ivsn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Gleizon.htm 16/11/01 VII 6me Colloque International dOc6anographie du Golfe de Gascogne (Biarritz 47... Page 1 sur 1
CONTRIBUTION OF MODELLING TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF TRACE ELEMENTS BEHAVIOUR AND SPECIATION IN ESTUARIES
Jean-Louis GONZALEZ, Catherine DANGE, Benedicte THOUVENIN, Bernard BOUTIER, Jean-Frangois CMFFOLEAU
IFREMER DEL D6parternent
Geochemical models are excellent tools for the understanding of trace elements dynamics, in particular in complex environments like estuaries. Their aim is to reproduce numerically the biogeochemical processes observed in the field or laboratory. The realization of this kind of tool requires
- in-situ data on the distribution in space and time of the elements studied and relationship with the environment's physiochernical variables.
- experimental data (mainly based on the use of radioactive analogues of the studied elements) for evaluation of model parameters and the validation of model assumptions.
The model must be capable not only of reproducing the distribution of metals between the dissolved and particulate phases, but also of evaluating the concentrations of various chemical species (especially those which are most bioavailable). The approach presented treats adsorption processes as a formation of complexes with functional surface groups (surface complexation model). The calculation of chemical species takes into account the presence of dissolved ligands. The model can integrate several types of "natural" particles (oxydes, particulate organic matter) and different types of surface sites. This approach requires the evaluation of various parameters (especially surface properties of natural particles). The usefulness and limits of this kind of approach are illustrated via an application with cadmium, cobalt and caesium using data collected in the Seiue, Loire and Gironde estuaries.
http:Hwww.it)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Gonzalez.htm 16/11/01 Page I sur 1
MODELLING OF IOCo CONCENTRATIONS IN TE DISSOLVED AND PARTICULATE PHASES IN THE LOIRE ESTUARY (FRANCE)
(1)EDF, Laboratoire National d'Hydraulique et Environnement 6 quai Watier, 78401 CHATOU C6dexFrance, e-mail: rnustapha.guesrnia edffr, 2) CNRS-CEA
EDF has initiated a program assessing the fate of radionuclides released by nuclear power plants located along the Loire river basin. In order to estimate the behaviour of radionuclides associated with suspended sediment in the Loire estuary an hydrodynamic and sedimentological model was developed. The use of a three-dimensional model turned out to be essential for this application because it enabled the representation of vertical stratification as well as the lateral disparities that exist in this area. Modelling of salinity and suspended matter was included as having an influence on sorption kinetics, and on radionuclide transport. Indeed, the association of radionuclides with particles can affect their residence time in sedimentation zones of water systems. Partitioning of radionuclides between water and suspended matter is usually expressed as K d' concentration ratio between particulate and dissolved phases. In the simulations presented, particulate and dissolved Co behaviour were considered to interact with suspended solids and salinity through soption and desorption kinetics, distribution coefficients being considered as representing equilibrium conditions seldom reached in nature Simulations were carried out for three river discharges (high river input, low river input and flood ). The computed results are compared with observed values for surface levels, salinity and suspended matter as well as6OCo concentrations .
httD:Hwww.iDsn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Guesmia.htm 16/11/01 Application of the Foodchain Model BURN in the marine environment for a decision Page I sur I
A DYNAMICAL APPROACH FOR THE UPTAKE OF RADIONUCLIDES IN MARINE ORGANISMS FOR THE POSEIDON-R MODEL SYSTEM
HELING R., KOZIY L., BULGAKOV, V.
NRG, Department Radiation Environment, PO Box 9035, 6800 ET Anhem, The Netherlands Heling nrg- nl.com
The existing POSEIDON compartment model, developed for modelling the dispersion of radionuclides in coastal areas for regular discharges was modified to be applicable in accidental conditions. One of the important modifications was the development of a generic uptake model for marine organisms to deal with short pulses of radionuclides in the coastal environment. Due to the non-steady-state conditions after short pulses, the classic concentration factor approach is not sufficient to calculate the fate and behaviour of radionuclides in marine organisms. Therefore a generic foodweb model to be used in the decision support system POSEIDON-R has been developed. Six key organisms represent the different trophic levels with identical physiological properties. To avoid the introduction of different compartments for the several organs where radionuclides can accumulate, the so-called target tissue approach was followed. It is assumed that each radionuclide accumulates in a specific tissue, (the key tissue), and that the behaviour of this radionuclide is organ- and not radionuclide-dependent. This "key tissue approach", grouping the radionclides into groups, is a model simplification, introduced to prevent the increase of the model uncertainty due to the increase of the model complexity. To test the reliability of this model validation tests for various regions, and for several radionuclides, are required. Tests for the Baltic Sea and the Black Sea for the period after the Chernobyl accident in 1986 demonstrated a rather good agreement with the measured data on radiocaesium and radiostrontium. The model gave in some cases an overestimation, which is not unacceptable for the aim of decision support.
htti):Hwww.iDSn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/HelinR.htm 16/11/01 Page 1 sur 1
SEDIMENTATION DYNAMICS OFF THE YANGTZE RIVER ESTUARY: RADIOCHEMICAL OBSERVATIONS
CHIH-AN HUH & CHIH-CHIEH SU
Institute of Earth Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C., huh earth.sinica.edu.tw
A multitracer approach using fallout nuclides 7Be, 137CS, 21OPb and 239,24OpU) was used to elucidate sedimentation dynamics off the Yangtze River Estuary. In the summertime much of the study area is covered by a fluid mud layer showing uniform 21OPb but general decrease of 7Be with depth, suggesting rapid sedimentation attributable to floods. In the ensuing winter monsoon season, the fluid mud can be effectively resuspended and transported from the vicinity of the estuary to the inner shelf area in the south. Below the surface mixed layer, profiles of 21013b, 137CS, 239,240% can be explained by constant sedimentation on decadal to centennial time scales. The derived sedimentation rates vary from > g cm-2 yr near the mouth of the estuary to <0.1 g cm-2 yr offshore. The spatial distribution of sedimentation rate reveals two areas of enhanced sedimentation and the pathways of sediments, which reflect the effects of topography and current flow in this area. Our data suggest that the amount of Yangtze River-derived sediments stored in the estuarine area and the adjacent Hangzhou Bay is substantially less than previously thought. By comparing inventories of nuclides in sediments against values expected from global fallout, it can be seen that 21OPb and 239,24OPu are much more particle-reactive than 137CS i. Using a simple box model, we estimated that riverine input is the dominant source of 137CS in much of the study area.
http://www.iDsn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaiies/huh.htm 16/11/01 Page 1 sur 1
The Role of THYPHA SP. in affecting the Radium Behavior in the Water Column of a Salt Coastal Lagoon
Lauria D. C., Reis VAG. & Godoy J. M.
Instituto de Radioprotegdo e Dosimetria, Departarnento de Radioprotegdo Ambiental, CEP 22780- 160, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, dejanira ird.gov.br
The radium accumulation and releasing in Thypha Dominguenes Pers. green leaves and leaf detritus from a coastal lagoon was studied by in situ and lab experiments. From leaf sample analysis and lab experiments, adsorption experiments followed by procedure sequential extraction, it was observed the importance of the ionic exchange for the foliar accumulation. The higher the salinity, the lower the accumulation in leaves. Decomposition of leaves was studied by litter bag methods during a period of 6 months. At the end of the experiments the major cation losses were 96% of K, 76% of Na and 51% of Mg. On the other hand the amount of Ca in the residue increased three times (means a concentration increases of seven times) as well as increased the total activity of 226Ra and of 228Ra (seven and at least three times, respectively). In agreement with this observation, lab experiments showed that the material was able to adsorb quite a 100% of the added Ra and its adsorption capacity was estimated as rneq (Ba2+Ygdetritus' Radionuclide releasing by sequential extraction of the detrital material followed a little bit different dynamic from the green leaves, showing that important fraction of the radium can be retained in the litter by carbon mineralization.
htti)://www.ii)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries[Lauria.htm 16/11/01 Page 1 sur 1
210po IN THE BLACK SEA HYDROBIONTS
LAZORENKO G. POLIKARPOV G.
The A.0. Kovalevsky Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas (IBSS), National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 9901 1, Sevastopol, Ukraine, ggp q _tQp Imu
It is well known that 210po (T1/2 = 138.4 days) forms a significant contribution to ionasing radiation doses to a man via marine foodstuff consumption. There was special interest to determine 210po concentrations in commercial species of marine fishes. Due to investigations of different authors in different parts of the World Ocean there are data on 210po concentrations, its distribution in whole body and edible tissues of fishes and on assessment of doses to a man through their consumption. Such kind of investigations in the Black Sea Region was not carried out up to recent time and was started at IBSS since 1998. The radiochernical procedure of RICOE National Laboratory was used for determination of 210po in the Black Sea hydrobionts. It was found that 210po concentrations in 17 species of fishes from the Black Sea depend on their belonging to different ecological groups and decrease from pelagic species to demersal and bottom ones. The Black Sea sprat Sprattus sprattus phalericus is the main commercial fish in this area. The volume of annual catch of the sprat reached 95-98% of the total catch of all fishes in this sea. About 90-95 of its body are edible. In the same time 210po concentrations in sprat is the highest among another commercial species of fishes. So, it is clearly that the Black Sea sprat is main contributor to the internal dose committment from 210po irradiation to the human population via marine foodstuff consumption. In the Black Sea mollusks, 210po concentrations depend on the size of their shells and are on the same level as such of pelagic fishes. Among all investigated hydrobionts 210po concentrations in the Black Sea algae are the lowest. This work was carried out in the framework of IAEA Technical Co-operative Project RER/2/003 "Marine Environmental Assessment in the Black Sea Region".
htti):Hwww.iDsn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Lazorenko.htm 16/11/01 Page I sur I
Improvements in the Method for Assessing the Impact of Radioactive Discharges into an Estuary
Lyons MGt, Gleizon Pt, Nobbs.JR* t Westlakes Research Institute, Westlakes Science Park, Moor Row, Cumbria, CA24 3LN
*Building 327, BNFL Fuel Business Group, Springfields, Salwick, Preston, Lanes PR4 OXJ
Contact mick.lyons westlakes.ac.uk
BNFL Springfields fuel production facility started operation in the late 1940's. Liquid radioactive effluent was discharged to the estuary of the nearby River Ribble. Such discharges were closely monitored, but key to any analysis of the significance of reducing discharge trends is an understanding of, and an ability to calculate, the radiological impact of those discharges. In recent years there has been increased interest in the public arena on the health effects of radiation and radioactive discharges to the environment. As a result of this the robustness of the existing empirical model used for the last decade to assess the effects of discharges and calculate the dose uptake by members of the public has come under scrutiny. The paper seeks to briefly describe the existing model for estimation of discharge impacts and discuss its limitations. It then seeks to describe a new methodology for dose assessment using the predictions of a new, two dimensional, dynamic concentration model VERSE) which has been designed specifically for the simulation of effluent dispersion in a complex estuarine situation. Various model outputs are illustrated and some of the difficulties in relating the concentration model output to calculation of dose are addressed. A comparison is made between environmental activity concentrations and dose predicted by the two approaches.
htti):Hwww.ii)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Lvons.htm 16/11/01 Page 1 sur 1
FLUXES AND PENETRATION RATES OF RADIONUCLIDES- AND STABLE LEAD IN SEDIMENTS DEPOSITS FROM THE CAMARGUE (SOUTH FRANCE)
MIRALLES, J., HOPKINS H., COCHRAN J.K., RADAKOVITCH 0. & VERON A.
CEREGE, Europ6le de I'arbois, BP 80, 13545, Aix-en-Provence, France, miralles cer g
Lead-210, Cesium-137 and stable lead isotopes are measured in deposits from the Rh6ne delta (Camargue) in order to reconstruct their atmospheric deposition and the processes governing their distributions (NSF-CNRS program). Concentrations and isotopic ratios are determined by gamma-spectrometry and Thermal Ionisation Mass Spectrometry. Lead-210 22.3 yrs) profiles are used to calculate accumulation or penetration rates and to reconstruct the evolution of pollutant lead deposition over the last century. Processes affecting the distribution of pollutant lead and radionuclides determined in the same cores are discussed for deposits with various accretion rates. In a slowly accreting site near the Tour du Valat, the 110Pb inventory is consistent with atmospheric deposition. Here, excess 111Pb, "'Cs and pollutant lead are evident to the same depth suggesting that their distributions are mostly controlled by mixing and/or chemical mobilization. The increase and phasing out of pollutant lead input in the delta region over the past 50 years is evident in lead fluxes and recent isotopic signatures (111Pb/101Pb=I.16-1.17) that correspond to industrial lead sources. Samples at depth in the cores display natural lead signatures (201PbP01Pb = 1190-1.195) indicating Saharan dust inputs. Additional data from soils and a core more strongly affected by the Rhone River will be presented.
htti)://www.ii)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Mralles.htm 16/11/01 FACTORS AFFECTING SEDIMENTATION RATES AT LAGUNA DE MAR C1I... Page I sur I
GEOCHRONOLOGY OF LACUSTRINE SEDIMENT FROM LAGUNA MAR CHIQUITA (CORDOBA, ARGENTINA) By 21'Pb METHOD
MOREIRA, S.R.D., PIOVANO, E.L. & MAZZILLI, B.P.
Instituto de Pesquisas Energ6ticas e Nucleares, Departamento de Radioprotegdo Ambiental, Travessa R, 400, Sdo Paulo, Brazil - 05508-900
damatto netjj2en.br
Laguna Mar Chiquita, C6rdoba, Argentina 62'40 - 30'54') is one of the largest saline lakes in the world. Its most remarkable feature is the lake level fluctuation, which defines low and high level periods. These variations are intimately related to climate variability. Three cores were collected and dated by OPb method. One core was obtained at a small satellite saline lake, Laguna Del Plata; meanwhile the other two cores were collected in the main water body at different depths. The satellite lake exhibits the highest mean sedimentation rate, 0.70cm.y-1, due to the direct fluvial contribution. For Laguna Del Plata the last core layer, level 52cm, was correlated to year 1923. One core from the main lake yielded a mean sedimentation rate of 0.53cm.y-I and the other core, collected at the deepest part of the lake, yielded the lowest mean sedimentation rate, 0.45cm.y-l.The last core layer (52cm) were correlated to year 1900 and 1884 respectively. Sedimentation rates fluctuate according to the position in the basin and to the to the water-level of the lacustrine system. Higher rates are present during drier periods and may be a consequence of a rise in the amount of wind- transported particles that settle in the lake. At the same time, increasing salinity promotes the growth of microorganisms that increase the formation of flocs, thus increasing the sedimentation rate and the relative content of organic matter in bottom sediments.
http://www.ii)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Moreira2.htm 16/11/01 Page I sur I
137Cs and Sr in the estuarine turbidity maximum of the Loire river.
REYSS .L.(') LEPETIT G. (2)and SICLET F. (3)
(1) L.S.C.E, Domaine du CNRS, Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France. (jgqn-lguis.revssOisce.cnrs-aif.fr) - I------
To assess the radionuclides partition between the varied compartments of the aquatic ecosystem is the main goal of the project > Radio6cologle Loire et estuaire > We present hereafter the results of Sr and 137CS measurements conducted on the dissolved fraction of water samples in the mixing zone between fresh and salted waters, at the estuarine turbidity maximum. The sampling of very large volumes, up to 300 litters of water, was required because of the low activities expected in this medium: in the range of a few mBq.L-1. Different depths in the water column were sampled, surface, intermediate and bottom during cruises at dates corresponding to various tidal and hydrological conditions. Water samples were centrifuged and treated to extract Sr and Cs and their and activities measured. For 137CS, specific activities measured at LSCE vary from 0.05 to 152 mBq.L-1, the highest value being associated to a pure sea-water sample from "Le Croisic" A very good correlation (R2=0.973) is observed between Cs values and salinities. Cs concentrations are therefore mainly controlled by oceanic supply in all hydrological conditions. Most of Cs in fresh water is thus associated to the particulate fraction (suspended solids) whose activities reach 10 to 2 Bq.kg-1.
9OSr. activities measured at CEA/DAM-DASE range from 1.5 to 5.5 mBq.L-1 with an opposite trend e low values are associated with high salinities. Cs/Sr ratio in sea-water has been compared well with previously measured North Atlantic waters at 450N. and a good accordance has been found. Results are discussed in terms of chemical behavior and supplies of Cs and Sr to the estuary.
htti)://www.ii)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Revss.htm 16/11/01 Sedimentary record in the river Loire estuary Page I sur I
Sedimentary record in the river Loire estuary
REYSS JX. (), SICLET F. (2) and CAZALA C. (1)
(1) L.S.C.E., Domaine du CNRS, Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France (Legn- louis.reyss lsce.cnrs-gif. )
Within the framework of the
htti)://www.i-psn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Reyss2.htm 16/11/01 Pb-210 AND Po-210 LEVELS AND BIOINDICATORS IN TBE CANANEIA-IGU... Page I sur I
Pb-210 AND Po-210 LEVELS AND BIOINDICATORS IN THE CANANEIA-IGUAPE ESTUARY-SNO PAULO-BRAZIL
R.T.SAITO & I.I.L.CUNHA & M. G. TESSLER
Instituto de Pesquisas Energ6ticas e Nucleares-IPEN-CNEN-SP
Radiochemistry Division-Caixa Postal 11 049 Pinheiros Cep 05508-900 Sao Paulo-Brazil
e-mail macunha ipt.br
The Cananeia - Iguape estuary 25' S - 48' W) is separated from the ocean by Ilha Comprida,
a barrier island approximately 70 kilometers long. ID the NE of this coastal system it is located the mouth of the Ribeira de Iguape river, the largest drainage system of the southeastern Brazilian seashore, draining all the mountainous crystal complex at the backside of the coastal plain, communicating with the Cananeia- Iguape estuary only through an artificial canal, built over 150 years ago. Today, about 60% of the Ribeira de Iguape river discharge flows in the internal canals of the estuary, causing an increasing silt up of the canals by the muddy sediments in suspension, carried by the drainage of the Ribeira de Iguape. The purpose of this work was to determine levels of Pb-210 and Po-210 in seawater, sediment cores, fish and seafoods as well as to estimate the concentration factors and the bioindicators for Pb-210 and Po-210 in 32 species of marine organisms collected in the estuary. Pb-210 levels in seawater varied from 5. to 10.8 ml3q. L-1 and for Po-210 ranged from 47 to 86 mBq.L-1. Pb-210 concentration factors in fish varied from 104 to 309, in crustaceans from 487 to 639 and in shellfish from 756 to 1244. Po-210 concentration factors in fish varied from 99 to 1507, in crustaceans from 2019 to 6485 and in shellfish from 10136 to 28854. The results obtained to the concentration factors indicated shellfish and crustaceans are good bioindicators to the radionuclides studied Some species of fish also accumulated significantly quantities of these radionuclides.
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RADIONUCLIDE DISTRIBUTION IN TIDAL FLAT SEDIMENTS OF THE WESTERSCHELDE ESTUARY
SCHMIDT S., P.M.J. HERMAN REYSS J.-L.
Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de I'Environnement, Laboratoire mixte CEA-CNRS 91 198 Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France, Sabine.Schm.idt 1sce.cnrs-giffr
We report detailed depth profiles of the particle-reactive radionuclides 2 01?b, "'Cs and 713e in sediment cores collected at different seasons from a tidal fiat Molenplaao in the Westerschelde estuary. Cores were sampled at five selected sites with contrasting characteristics: sites 2 and 3 are in the central area of the flat, sites and 4 near the gully, site in the southernmost comer of the tidal fiat. The vertical distribution of radionuclides revealed the existence of an important accumulation layer of fine particles at a depth of around 10 cm at the muddy site, in relation with biological and physical processes. The results will be presented within two aspects: the long-term sedimentation and the seasonal signature. Mean accumulation rates over the past 40 years with 137Cs as a stratigraphic marker are around 2 cm per year. Although the very low level of excess 21OPb limits the use of this method, profiles of 2oPbxs with depth strengthen mean rates derived from 137cs data. At the muddy site, the vertical distribution of 7Be in the top 6 cm exhibits wide variability on seasonal scale, with the highest activities and inventories measured in summer. This trend is clearly related to the seasonal variation of silt content of surface sediments.
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SILVER-110M IN MARINE ORGANISMS, SOIL AND VEGETABLES OF HONG KONG
Z. R. Shang John K.C.Leung
Radioisotope Unit, The University of Hong Kong
Pokfularn Road, Hong Kong, China, Email: zshang hkusua.hku.hk
ABSTRACT
Silver-110m is a fission product inside nuclear reactors and can be released into the environment during accidents. In this study, the accumulation and transfer of 110mAg in simulated marine and terrestrial ecosystems were studied. The marine ecosystem consists of aquarium containing artificial seawater 60L, sediment, fishes, seashore mollusks and algae, etc. Specific activity of 110mAg in the water is about 100 Bq L-1 and in sediment is 7 Bq g-1 when equilibrium. Samples were collected every 24 to 48 hours up to 890 hours (37d). The kinetic behavior of 110mAg in the system was summarized that most of the 110'Ag accumulated in the sediment and seashore mollusks can absorbed more 110mAg than other organisms. Accumulation and transfer of 110mAg in terrestrial ecosystems were studied in pot culture approach where vegetables such as lettuces, spinach, kale, cucumbers, peppers, carrots and beans, etc. were cultured in soil that contains 110mAg in 10 Bq gsoil-1. Edible vegetable samples were collected and measured every 3 to 7 d after maturation. The results showed that 110mAg could be transferred from soil into plants. The leaching and movement of 110mAg in soils were also studied by soil column experiments that were conducted in 30cm high, 6cm diameter plastic column, in which 800 g soil sieved with 20 mesh was filled. Every 10ml leaching water was collected and counted. After 30 days, soil samples of leaching and movement experiment were collected respectively in every 0.5 cm segment. Results show that there is no 110mAg in leaching water and most of which stay in the topsoil of 3 cm depth, and 110mAg vertical movement is few. A computer model based on ECOSYS-87 to simulate the transport of 110mAg in the different compartments along the routes will be developed.
Key words: 110mAg, marine organisms, soil, vegetable, transfer factor, computer model
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21OPo AND 21OPb DISEQULIBRIUM IN MANGROVE COASTAL WATER AND SEDIMENT
TATEDA Y., IMAMURA M., IKEDA Y., FUKAMI K., KUROSAWA K.
Abiko Research Laboratory, Central Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI), Biology Department, 270- 1194, Abiko, Chiba, Japan, tateda criepi.denken.orjp
210po concentrations in oligotrophic open water are generally controlled by density and size of zooplankton of high 21OPo affinity, because the rate of 21OPo removal from surface water is coincided with downward transport fluxes of 210po -rich biogenic debris originated to zooplankton. Thus the 210po levels in oligotrophic water are good index of zooplankton density and grazing activity in open waters. However, in coastal area, 210p i sometimes reported to be excess than 210po, which ascribed to be the release from coastal sediment. In low latitude area of pacific ocean, the coastal area is mostly covered with coral reefs and mangroves, and the mangrove could be the significant 210po source because of its high organic and inorganic matter discharges. Briefly, the 21OPo and 21OPb concentrations in mangrove coastal water are expected to be controlled by atmospheric deposition flux, in- and out-flux along with tidal water exchange, input flux originated from oxic-anoxic environment change of sediment, and from organic matter decomposition by heterotrophic benthos. To clarify the significant source of these nuclides, we analyzed the 2OPo and 21'Pb concentrations in coastal water and sediment of mangrove area at Fukidou River in Ishigaki Island Japan. By flux estimation, we estimate the balance of 0po and 0pb in the water column in and around the mangrove area and discuss the relation between these nuclides and other environmental component. The result indicated that the mangrove area is the source of 210po in coastal waters, and the organic matter decomposition or benthic biota activities are suggested to be important sources of 210po in mangrove area.
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BEHAVIOUR OF RADIONUCLIDES AND ORGANIC MATTER IN THE RHONE DELTA COASTAL ZONE STUDIED WITH LARGE FIELD-DEPLOYED MESOCOSMS
THEBAULT H. * and ALLIOT E.**
Laboratoire d'Etudes Radio6cologiques Continentales et de la M6diterran6e, IPSN
**Centre dOc6anologie de Marseille
The transfer of some artificial radionuclides between the major compartments of an estuarine editerranean ecosystem was studied along with the organic matter balance. Two experiments were run in large volume 92 in 3) sail-cloth enclosures (mesocosms) deployed in situ in the Rh6ne Delta coastal zone (Anse de Carteau), using the local mussel production hanging racks facilities as support frame. This preliminary work revealed good operating feasibility of the enclosure and fittings and insignificant artifact associated with mesocosm on ecological variables when compared to the surrounding envirom-nent, including for the pattern of phytoplancton communities This isolated ecosystem allowed observations on the distribution and the transfert factors in the dissolved phase of the water column, particulate matter, filter-feeding organisms (mussels) and sediment. For the Cs-137, more than 95% of the mesocosm inventory is hold in the sediment compartment (given a mixing depth of 20 cm). The cesium transport towards the surface sediment is largely increased by the mussel biomass as the overall concentration factor from sea water to settling mussel faeces exceeds 15,000. Further work will bear on the relationship between radionuclides flows, including possible releases from the sediment, and carbon and nitrogen cycling within the estuarine ecosystem, as reproduced in the field mesocosm.
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ASSESSMENT OF RADIONUCLIDE CONTAMINATION IN THE BLACK SEA USING POSEIDON/RODOS SYSTEM
VELEVA B., KOZIY L., YUSHCHENKO S.
National Institute for Meteorology and Hydrology (NIMH) 66 Tzarigradsko Chausee, 1784 Sofia, Bulgaria, George.Mungov meteo.bg
The Black Sea is a landlocked sea with connection with other sea basins via the narrow and shallow Turkish straits. Long-term estuary type circulation is essentially driven by the freshwater surplus and exchange with the Mediterranean Sea. The coupled system of 3D hydrodynarnical model THREETOX and box model POSEIDON/RODOS, developed in the framework of the European system RODOS for emergency response to nuclear accident, was applied to the Black Sea for reconstruction and outlook of radionuclide contamination in result of bomb testing and Chernobyl accident. The necessary hydrophysical and radiological data were collected. The hydrophysical data are obtained from the historical data bank of up to 15180 observational stations in the Black Sea grouped by months in 1',,l' spatial squares. The data were homogenised in vertical with the application of the method of Reininger and Ross. The radiological data were derived from literature sources mainly based on the expeditions of "Typhoon", IBSS, NEU, Hydrometeorological service (all form the former USSR), "K. Piri" and "Knorr" expeditions in the Black Sea. The vertical radionuclide stratification was obtained on "the mean over the sea" vertical profiles. The spatial reconstruction was performed by gridding of the arbitrarily spaced data applying "splines in tension" and eliminating aliasing by the median method. The activity of the reconstructed fields was compared with the total amount of the atmospheric and river input. The THREETOX model was used for reanalysis of radionuclide transport with use of Kalman filter for data assimilation. The 137Cs and Sr concentrations calculated with POSEIDON/RODOS in water and biota (algae, mussels, plankton and fish) were compared with the collected data. A good agreement was found due to the implemented dynamic food chain model.
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5M = Effects of toxicants in the environment Multipollution, Effects of radiation on biota)
Sheppard2
Brisbin Caque Garnierlaplace
Adam Copplestone Dolin Duque Ernestova Florou Gaso Goncharova Grigorkina • Jagoe • Muramatsu • Simon • SmithMH
httT):Hwww.ipsn.fr/ecorad2OOl/P5M.htm 16/11/01 Toxicants in the Environment: Bringing radioecology and ecotoxicology together Page 1 sur 1
Toxicants in the Environment: Bringing radioecology and ecotoxicology together
S.C. Sheppard, ECOMatters Inc., Pinawa, Manitoba, ROE ILO, Canada, sheppards ecomatters.com
Abstract
Radioecology and ecotoxicology are both well-established disciplines, and both deal with the fate and effects of contaminants in the environment. Until the last few years, there was not a strong need for interaction between these disciplines. However, as the nuclear industries and regulators place greater emphasis on investigating the protection of non-human biota, the opportunity for synergy between the disciplines has increased. Radioecology is very strong in understanding the fate of radionuclides, in dealing with the additivity of doses, and in understanding physiological effects of radiation. Ecotoxicology has particular strengths in identifying the level of biological organization to protect and in extrapolation among species, toxicity endpoints and contaminants. The synergy of these disciplines will result in a very powerful assessment capability. This paper explores the opportunities for synergy, illustrated with a few specific examples drawn from recent radionuclide ecological risk assessments.
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CONTRIBUTIONS OF RADIOECOLOGY TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOME MODERN CONCEPTS OF ECOTOXICOLOGY: FROM ECOLOGICAL HALF-LIFE TO MONITORED NATURAL ATTENUATION
1. LEHR BRISBIN JR., MICHAEL H. SMITH JOHN D. PELES
Savannah River Ecology Laboratory
P.O. Drawer E
Aiken, South Carolina 29803, U.S.A.
brisbin srel.edu
Many of the modem concepts of ecotoxicology have historical roots in earlier thinking from the field of radioecology. An example is the concept of monitored natural attenuation (M[NA), which is an approach to the remediation of contaminated waste sites, based on the natural degradation of toxic substances. Thus, contaminants inventory reduction proceeds in the absence of engineered treatment or removal activities. Because of reduced costs compared to other alternatives for waste site remediation, NINA has rapidly become a popular topic for research and development within the field of ecotoxicology. Many years ago the field of radioecology first described this same concept in recognizing that biota and other ecosystem components contaminated with radioactive materials naturally decreased their contaminant burdens over time as the result of physical isotope decay and/or as the contaminants were sequestered or otherwise became unavailable for biological uptake. In the field of radioecology, this process is quantified as the ecological half-life (EBL), which is the time required for a population or other ecosystem component to reduce its contaminant burden by 50% after first coming into a steady-state equilibrium with contaminant levels in other parts of its environment. Because of the ease with which they can be quantified in living organisms and other environmental media, gamma-emitting radionuclides have proved particularly useful for describing and quantifying EHLs in a variety of contaminated habitats. We summarize EBL studies that are based on more tan 30 years of data for declines in 137CS levels in native plant and animal populations inhabiting contaminated habitats at a former nuclear weapons production facility in the southeastern United States. These studies of EHL are then related to interests in the development of MNA programs for waste site remediation of non-radioactive contaminants in these same or similar habitats.
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USE OF AQUATIC MESOCOSMS IN ECOTOXICOLOGY: STATE OF THE ART AND PERSPECTIVES
CAQUET Th.
Ecology and Zoology Laboratory, CNRS UPRESA 8079 Ecology, Systematics and Evolution, Bt 442, University of Paris-Sud F91405 Orsay, France
Aquatic mesocosms have been used in ecotoxicology since approximately 15 years and they were sometimes claimed to be essential tools, especially for regulatory purposes. The use of mesocosms refines the classical methods of ecotoxicological risk assessment as they provide conditions for a better understanding of environmentally relevant effects of pollutants. They provide a more realistic approach for the evaluation of effects of chemicals at many different levels of organization for different types of organisms, from bacteria to invertebrates and lower vertebrates. They offer the ability to assess effects of contaminants looking at parts (individuals, populations, communities) and wholes (communities, ecosystems) simultaneously. They also appear as potent tools to predict changes at the highest levels of organization (population, community and ecosystem) from measurements of individual endpoints. In the context of hazard assessment, mesocosms can be used to refirie estimates of the estimated concentrations in various compartments of ecosystems and of concentrations that will not cause any'effect on living organisms. Ecotoxicological investigations in mesocosms will never entirely replace the use of laboratory animals. However, they allow the tests to be performed on species that are not of major 'societal' concern, but which play key-roles in the structure and functioning of ecosystems. In this respect, mesocosms allows non-destructive measurements of integrated endpoints. From a fundamental point of view, aquatic mesocosms can be used to identify and quantify links among changes measured at te individual level and their consequences at population and community levels. This paper reviews key features of mesocosm that can be critical for their use in environmental risk assessment of pollutants and emphazises on the opimization of their use for such purpose. Perspectives on the use of such systems for the assessment ot the ecotoxicological effects of radioactive elements are also addressed.
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IS IT RELEVANT TO TAKE INTO ACCOUNT THE MULTIPOLLUTION CONTEXT IN FRESHWATER RADIOECOLOGY ?
GARNIER-LAPLACE J., BOUDOU A.*, ADAM C., CASELLAS C.**, PORCHER, J.M.*** & BAUDIN J.P.
Institute of Protection and Nuclear Safety, DPRE/SERLAB, Laboratory of Experimental Radioecology, Cadarache, Building 186, BP 1, 13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance C6dex, France, Rw -qp fing.ggrj p p
*Laboratory of Ecophysiology and Ecotoxicology of aquatic systems, university of Bordeaux 1, France
**UMR-CNRS 5556, university of Montpellier 1, France.
***INERIS, Division for ecotoxicological risk assessment, Verneuil en Halatte, France.
Since most freshwater ecosystems are now polluted to various extents with different categories of xenobiotics (such as heavy metals or organic pollutants), freshwater radioecologists joining the ecotoxicological approach, must address the question of whether an exposure to stable toxicants modified radionuclides' bioaccumulation characteristics by biological components. How these stable xenobiotics that can induce stress or alter the organism's physiology, act and/or interact on the behaviour of radionuclides within biological systems? The effect of disturbances due to these xenobiotics on radionuclides bioaccumulation, has never been dealt with from this point of view by the freshwater radioecologists community. The final aim is to enhance realism of radioecological evaluations while taking into account the deleterious influence of stable xenobiotics on aquatic organisms which can be physiologically stressed, and therefore can modify their response to bioaccumulation of radioactive pollutants. Transfer experiments are presently designed in the frame of multipollution, involving heavy metals (Cd, Zn), organic pollutants (PCBs, PAHs, oestrogenomimetics) and radionuclides, such as isotopes of Co, Cs, and Ag. The chosen biological models are two freshwater bivalves (Dreissena polymorpha and Corbicula fluminea) and a carnivorous fish (Oncorhynchus mikiss). The first obtained results have shown that chronic metallic waterborne exposure lAgll Cd and or 150 Ag1l Zn) of organisms led to decrease radionuclide bioaccumulation by a factor 2 to 10 with regard to the considered radionuclide, the observation level (whole organism, target tissue or subcellular level) and to the biological model. On the contrary, prior exposure to organic micropollutants enhanced 57Co and 137CS uptake kinetic parameters from water and retention time in fish. The radionuclide contamination level of exposed groups is always higher than this obtained for the control group (+10 to +60% as a function of the organic micropollutant). Some explanations are given for these first results that underline the relevancy of this research field.
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EXPERIMENTALLY CALIBRATED TRANSFER MODELS TO USE RADIOINDICATORS IN FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEMS WITHIN A PLYMETALIC POLLUTION CONTEXT.
ADAM C., FRAYSSE B., GARNIER-LAPLACE J. BOUDOU A.*
Institute of Protection and Nuclear Safety, DPRE/SERLAB, Laboratory of Experimental Radioecology, Cadarache, Building 186, BP 1, 13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance UdexFrance, Christelle.adamft sn.fr
*Laboratory of Ecophysiology and Ecotoxicology of aquatic systems, university of Bordeaux I, France
Within the multipollution context concerning an increasing number of freshwater ecosystems, the use of biological models such as bivalves or aquatic mosses as radioindicators must be specified to provide a definition of their validity field taking this multi-xenobiotics influence into account. The subject, quite broad, has been investigated by selecting three biological models. These latter were chosen to be representative of the species used both in ecotoxicology and in radioecology as bioindicators of contamination of the medium a plant model of the class of aquatic bryophytes Fontinalis antipyretica, two animal models of the class of molluscs Dreissenapolymorpha, an epifaunal species, and, Corbiculafluminea a benthic one. Research mainly focuses on two metals (cadmium and zinc) and three radionuclides (radioactive isotopes of Cs, Co and Ag). The two mollusks have been chosen for their different mode of life that involved differences in relationships with the possible contamination sources water, suspended matter and sediment. For bryophytes, only two sources of transfers are relevant water with direct contamination mainly by adsorption, and suspended matter, with indirect contamination by mechanic retention and possible desorption from suspended matter. Experimental kinetic rates were obtained under controlled conditions in laboratory and serve as a basis for modelling radionuclide transfers from different sources of contamination to the considered organism in order to characterise the dynamics of contamination of such bioindicators. Physiologically based models are proposed to link the contamination of the organisms to this of the water. An illustration is given with a biomonitoring application downstream from the Golfech power plant during the release of radioactive liquid effluent into an experimental channel fed with the Garonne river water.
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EXPOSURE OF BIRDS TO RADIONUCLIDES IN SPECIAL PROTECTED AREAS (SPAs IN SOLWAY FIRTH AND MORECAMBE BAY
COPPLESTONE D., MARSHALL K. MeDONALD P.
Environmental Research and Consultancy (ERC), University of Liverpool, Vanguard Way, Birkenhead, Merseyside, CH41 9HX, UK
As part of a series of studies on the transfer, behaviour and effects of radionuclides released into the environment during the routine operations of the BNFL Sellafield, Cumbria, UK, a study was undertaken to determine the risk to bird species inhabiting the special protected areas (SPAs) within the Solway Firth and Morecambe Bay. The SPAs were designated in 1996 under the EU Directive 79/409/EEC - conservation of wild birds - and were determined by the presence of 1) internationally important populations of regularly occurring listed species; 2 internationally important populations of regularly occurring migratory species; 3) an internationally important assemblage of waterfowl and seabirds. Under the Directive, the UK has an obligation to maintain the population of naturally occurring species at a level that corresponds to ecological, scientific and cultural requirements while taking account of economic and recreational requirements. Consequently there is a need to evaluate the likely impact of environmental contamination, which in this case is specifically from exposure to radionuclides. A scoping exercise identified five species of bird, the Oystercatcher (Haematopus ostralegus), Curlew (Numenius arquata), Sandwich Tern (Sterna sandvicensis), pink-footed goose (Anser brachyrhyncus) and shelduck (Tadorna tadorna) for further study. These species were selected for the importance of the local population, population size, type of food consumed, body size and time spent in the study areas. Field sampling and in situ gamma dose rate measurements were made at roosting and feeding sites in the intertidal regions of both study areas. Indirect sampling of the bird species and a computer model of uptake into the birds were used to predict the likely intake of radionuclides from dietary items (including inadvertent ingestion of sediment). Estimates of absorbed dose rates (mGy d-1) have been calculated for each species at each of the study areas, using dosimetric models developed for this purpose.
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CONJUGATED EFFECTS BETWEEN FISSION PRODUCTS, MACRO & MICROELEMENTS BEHAVOIR IN GROUND BIOGEOCENOSES OF THE CHORNOBYL EXCLUSION ZONE
DOLIN V.
State Scientific Center of Environmental Radiogeochemistry, 34-a, Palladin Av., 03680 Kyiv, Ukraine, ydolffiftahoo.com
Statistical analysis of data on radionuclides, macro- and microelements, their species contents in soils and vegetation of radioactive contaminated biogeocenoses shown that pollutants migration ability, their accumulation in biomass is defined by the basic properties of a soil absorbing complex: hydrolitical acidity, sum of the exchange bases, contents of organic carbon, C - anion. Increase of these parameters leads to increasing of water-soluble and exchange forms of Cs-137, Sr- 90, Si, Ca, Na K P, S, Cu, Zn, Sr quantity and, as a result, increase of their accumulation in vegetation. Decrease of K and Ca exchange forms quantity in soils leads to a delay of radionuclides and also Fe, Ni, As, Br, Pb exchange forms formation Cs-137, Sr-90, Fe, Mg, Ca, K Rb, Sr accumulation with vegetation of organic soils is higher than accumulation of mineral soils. P, S, Cl, Br accumulation is higher in vegetation of mineral soils. So vegetation of organic soils has p! roperty to preferred accumulation of metals, of mineral ones - non-metals. Cs-137 intake into vegetation occurs in 10 times slowly than its analogue K. Sr-90 accumulation in biomass is 28 times higher than stable Sr. Researches carried out allow to determine two basic groups: 1) Elements which contents in different types of soils correlate with basic pedochemical parameters: Si, Zn, Rb, Na, Ga, Br. The content of these elements in soils determines the formation of their water-soluble forms and intake into trophic chains. Cs- 137 and Sr-90 are related to the same group. 2) Elements which content correlates with the content of P, Ca, ratio of the exchange forms K and Ca irrespectively of the soil type These elements are Ca, Cu, C1 forming between themselves soluble compounds capable to determine the behaviour of other elements in soils.
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TOXICITY OF OPUNTIA FROM MEXICO STATE, MEXICO, IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER.
DE LA ROSA-DUQUE MA. ESTHER, CASTELLANOS-FERREIRO MA. DEL ROSARIO AND OROZCO-GARCIA REBECA.
Universidad Nacional Aut6noma de M6xico, Depto. De Quimica Inorgdnica y Nuclear, c.p. 04510, M6xico City, Mkico, E-mail: duque servidor.unam.mx.
Opuntia is an important component of the Mexican diet, on the other hand it is an organism capable of absorbing and accumulating metals and radionuclides, such characteristics make it a good bioindicator to determine the contamination levels of those elements in environments with human activities and to evaluate the contribution of some componentents of the diet to human exposure to metals and radionuclides. Samples of Opuntia collected from selected points inside the Storage Centre for Radioactive Waste (CADER) and the surrounding areas, from 1996 to 1998 (Maquixco) were analysed by gamma spectroscopy, X rays fluorescence and atomic absorption. In order to test the toxicity of Opunti by measuring larvae-adult viability of treated larvae, toxicity experiments were performed. The treatment was chronic by feeding larvae with different concentrations of lyophilised 0untia. Metal concentration and radionuclides detected were found to be under the permissible limits. Only two Opunti samples one from the CADER and one from Maquixco were toxic, no dose-effect relation was observed. The presence and quantity of those elements in the samples changed during the studied period according the human activities in the CADER. That condition explains the observed toxicity response that did not show a dose-effect relation. Transference calculations were done to explain the presence of radiation activity in Opuntia samples to determinate the relevance of performing experiments to evaluate the induction of mutagenicity of that organism.
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ECOTOXICOLOGICAL SITUATION ON THE CONTAMINATION TERRITORIES
OF KALUGA REDION AFTER THE CHERNOBYL ACCIDENT
ERNESTOVA L.S., SEVANIKAEV A.V.
"AtomenergoproekC', Ecology of atomic power stations department, 107005, Moscow, Russia
After the Chernobyl NPP accident complex ecotoxicological observations were carried in Kaluga Redion. The main examination object was drinking water. In addition, the state of surface waters and arable lands was examined. The studies were performed with the use of the battery of in vitro tests for the initial screening, as well as of a number of in vitro and in vivo biotesting methods. For evaluation of mutagenic and carcinogenic hazards of contamination, cytogenetic examination of 227 residents, aged 12 to 25, was performed. The quality of drinking water was valuated by almost sixty parameters, including benz(a)pyrene and isomers of polychlorinated biphenyls. In the soil agrochemical parameters, the content of isomers of polycyclic aromatic carbohydrates and polychlorinated biphenyls, and mutagenic activity of salt extracts were determined. Chemical composition of underground and surface waters and water extracts from soils was found to possess of unfavorable natural geochernical features such as acid reaction of samples (pH<6.0), excess over the health standards almost by an order of magnitude for the content of stable strontium, and for ions of iron and manganese. In the examined regions, signs of contamination of environmental objects with chemicals of anthropogenic origin were detected. In particular, excess over M[PC ddnk for nitrogen of nitrites. Content of benz(a)pyrene made up almost two WCdrinkvalues in 20% of cases, and was close to UPCdrinkin 50% of cases. Detection of increased concentrations of PAC in the same sources of drinking water supply evidences the regular character of the man- originating contamination. In surface waters, the content of benz(a)pyrene was lower than in underground waters. Another sign of anthropogenic influence is given by elevated concentrations of lead and polychlorobiphenyls (PCB) found in the samples. Water contamination with PCI3 is more significant in deep water-bearing horizons than in upper ones.
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CYTOGENETIC EFFECTS ON NATURAL AQUATIC POPULATIONS CAUSED BY IONIZING RADIATION AND CONVENTIONAL POLLUTANTS
FLOROU H.*, TSYTSUGINA V., POLIKARPOV G.G.
N.C.S.R. DEMOKRITOS", INT-RP,
Aghia Paraskevi 153 0
POB 60228 Athens - Greece
The cytogenetic effects of ionizing radiation on natural a populations of aquatic ecosystems in comparison to conventional pollutants, are determined based to the methodology of the distribution pattern of the chromosomal aberrations in cells, as well as, the frequency of the type of the recorded aberrations in the organisms selected. Therefore, in the present study joint research results on the cytogenetic effects on aquatic ecosystems in Greece and Ukraine are presented, considering some selective regions of elevated levels of natural gamma radiation (volcanic areas, geothermal spa areas etc), as well a, areas of conventional pollution (port areas, sewage outfall regions etc) in Greece in comparison with the wide area of Chernobyl included the region of Dinner mouth in the Black Sea. The conceptual model of zones of radiation dose rates and the responses of organisms based on a general action- reaction pattern: concentration of pollutant in the abiotic components or/and bioaccumulation dose rate effect to organism is the base for the assessment the environmental quality in terms of pollutants considered.
Key words: Ionizing radiation, Cytogenetic effects, Aquatic environment, Dose rate
httv:Hwww.iosn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Florou.htm 16/11/01 Page I sur I
IN SITU BIOLOGICAL MONITORING OF RADIOACTIVITY AND METAL POLLUTION IN TERRESTRIAL SNAILS Helix asperse FROM A SEMIARID ECOSYSTEM
GASO I., SEGOVIA N. MORTON 0.
ININ, Dept. of Environmental Radioactivity Surveillance. Ap. Post. 18-1027, 11801 Mexico D.F., Mexico, E mail: migV nuc1earjnjn.mx
Soil samples and wild populations of terrestrial snails HeUx asperse from a Storage Centre for Radioactive Waste (SCRW) site located in a semi-arid region of Central Mexico, have been analysed as quantitative indicators of radioactivity 226Ra, 137CS, 40K) and metal (Zn, Cd, Pb, C, Co, Ni, Cr) pollution. Snails are relevant ecological indicators: the high tolerance of terrestrial pulmonate gastropods toward metals in contaminated environments is thought to be due to the high capacity of accumulation and sequestration of heavy metals in their tissues. This resistance is related to the secretion of metallothioneins, which bind strongly to metal ions in the midgut gland and to intracelular compartmentalization of toxic metals and radioactive isotopes. In order to observe, under natural field conditions, the effect of uranium ore tailings and cesium contamination in the soil, on snail populations living and evolving during more than two decades in the soil site, the concentration values of trace metal elements and the specific activities of radioactive isotopes were analised in the soft tissue and the shell of the snails. Reference wild snails were also collected in regional external sites. The methodologies include the use of an ICP-MS for trace elements determination and a gamma ray spectrometer system of low level counting with a hyper-pure Germanium detector for activity measurements. The transfer of the pollutants from the soil to the primary consumers is discussed and an estimation of the transfer factors and annual effective dose to human beings due to ingestion of wild edible snails is presented.
http:Hwww.i-psn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Gaso.htm 16/11/01 Page I sur 1
RADIOACTIVE CONTAMINATION SEAMY-NATURAL MEADOW ECOSYSTEMS:
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, EVALUATION AND TREATMENT
GONCHAROVAN.
International environmental Sakharov University, 23 Dolgobrodskaya str, 220009 Minsk, Belarus
Institute of Radiobiology of the National Academy of Sciences Republic of Belarus
2, Kuprevich str. 220141, Minsk, Belarus, E-mail gonch isir. minsk.by
Forests and meadows are known to effectively trap radionuclides after both dry and wet deposition. Storing and cycling of nutrients (and their analogues) lead to a much longer persistence of radionuclides in seamy - natural environments in comparison with disturbed agricultural land. Certain environmental characteristics including low pH - values, higher precipitation rates, high content of organic matter allow the transfer of deposited radionuclides to plants and lead to a high bioavailability for plant uptake. Since 1987, in as a consequence of the Chernobyl accident, 137 Cs activity concentration in natural plant canopies has been intensively monitored in seamy natural meadow ecosystems and forests in Southern Belarus. Several parameters have been identified which influence soil - plant transfer of 137 Cs. Cytogenetic damage and the changes in physiological and biochemical processes in plants were analysed, and transfer ratios to natural plant canopies raged from 0.11 to 033 (Bq/kg plant Bq/kg soil) determined. A high resistance of natural plant canopies to radiation was found. This fact determined by the different specificity of genetic systems and bioecological peculiarities of species. The plants species with narrow ecological amplitude, high ploidy, apomictic breeding are the most radiosensitive, ones as well as the plants which grow in Southern Belarus as a limit of their natural dissemination. Decrease in number was noted for the majority of such species, or elimination from plants communities. The anthropogenic load removal from the evacuation territories followed by the radical phytocenoses reconstruction is of important ecological significance as the ionizing radiation effect is.
httv://www.ipsn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summafies/Goncharova.htm 16/11/01 Page I sur 1
PERSPECTIVIES OF USAGE OF RADIORESISTANCE IN ECOLOGY AND ECOTOXICOLOGY
GRIGORKINA E., OLENEV G.
Institute of Plant & Animal Ecology, Ural Branch RAS, 620144, Ekaterinburg, Russia, grigorkinaftaeuranru,
In this report we present new data on small mammal radioresistance which can be used for solving some taxonomic, ecological and ecotoxicological. problems. We have estimated a relative contribution of genetic and environmental components in radioresistance of rodents with different and similar genotypes stressed (long-term physiological load) before acute total gamma-irradiation. It was found that radiosensitivity was genotypically determined reactivity which was modified by environmental factors. Stress resulted in unification of inbred mice reactivity (low genetic heterogeneity), but either did not change or increased its individual variability in outbred mice and bank voles from nature igh genetic heterogeneity). But it did not cause any essential increase in mortality rates. We explained it as a manifestation of the genetically programmed reactivity and an evidence of the leading role of genotype in radioresistance. It allows to roughly estimate the contribution of enviromental (physiological) and genotypical components to radioresistance A decrease or increase in the duration of postirradiation mortality rate period against the background of stress was regarded as a test of the extent of genetic heterogeneity in the iadiated sample, Based on our data on the main role of the genetic component in radioresistance we used radioresistance in solving problems of interspecific divergence and adaptation of genus Phodopus disputable forms. Their radiobiological specificity allowed to conclude that radioresistance was an important characteristic of a species which did not directly depend on a population cycle phase and served as a diagnostic criterion of differences between the allied forms. Our results obtained by methods of quantitative radiobiology can be used in investigations of biodiversity at different levels.
http:Hwww.ivsn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/G fiaorkina.htm 16/11/01 Page 1 sur 1
DISTRIBUTION AND EFFECTS OF RADIOCESIUM IN AMPHIBIANS FROM THE CHORNOBYL EXCLUSION ZONE
CHARLES H. JAGOE, AUDREY J. MAJESKE, TARAS K. OLEKSYK & MICHAEL H. SMITH
The University of Georgials, Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, Drawer E, Aiken, South Carolina, U.S.A. jagoe srel.edu
Since the nuclear accident at Chornobyl in April 1986 relatively few studies have considered impacts on lower vertebrate populations. Amphibians are recognized as sensitive indicators of environmental degradation and pollution, and amphibian population declines in some regions may be associated with contaminant-induced stress. Amphibians also utilize both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, which facilitates comparison of radionuclide accumulation and effects of in different environments. We sampled sympatric frog species from highly contaminated areas within the Chornobyl exclusion zone and from the relatively clean areas to the south of the power plant in September 1999. Microsatellite DNA markers were used to identify the frog species. Radiocesium was measured in whole frogs and muscle samples. Whole body mean radiocesium for R. esculenta from inside the exclusion zone was 22.3 Bq/g wet mass; R. terrestrisfrom the same area contained 53.4 B/g wet mass. Radiocesium levels in frogs from the reference area were about an order of magnitude lower. Other amphibians collected in both areas showed similar patterns. In both contaminated and reference areas, whole body radiocesium concentrations were higher in R. terrestristhan in R. esculenta, probably reflecting dietary differences between species. Muscle radiocesium concentrations were higher than whole body concentrations, and muscle and whole body concentrations were highly correlated within individuals. Frogs of the same genus were experimentally irradiated in the laboratory to determine whether radiation exposure is associated with genetic damage in amphibians, and to test and optimize detection methods. We used pulsed field-gel electrophoresis to detect and quantify DNA stand breakage in multiple tissues from these model animals, and are applying this technique to frogs from Chornobyl. Additional ongoing studies consider differences in radionuclide accumulation and effects aong larval and adult stages, and the role of trophic position and ontogenic diet shifts in radionuclide accumulation. Results support the concept that amphibians are useful biomonitors in contaminated areas, because they integrate aquatic and terrestrial environments. However, factors including age and interspecific differences must be considered in evaluating levels of contamination and effects.
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BEHAVIOR OF IODIDE IN THE SOIL-PLANT SYSTEM
MURAMATSU Y.1, YOSHIDA S.1 & AMACHI S.2
INational Institute of Radiological Sciences, Anagawa 49-1, Chiba-shi, Chiba, 263- 85553apan
(E-mail: ymurarna nirs.go.jp)
2Chiba University, Matsudo 648, Matsudo-shi, Chiba, 271-8510 Japan
Radioiodine is one of the most important radionuclides released from nuclear industries into the environment. There is a growing interest in long-lived I129 (half-life: 1.6x107 y), particularly regarding the operation of nuclear fuel reprocessing plant. In order to obtain information on the transfer of I129 and stable iodine in the environment we have carried out laboratory experiments using radioiodine tracer and chemical analysis by ICP-MS. Special attention has been paid to the chemical species of iodine and the effects of microorganisms. In this paper, we summarize our recent investigations on the behavior of iodine in the terrestrial environment as follows.
(1) deposition of iodine from the atmosphere onto plants;
(2) sorption and desorption phenomena of iodine in soil;
(3) transfer of iodine from soil to plants;
(4) volatilization of iodine from the soil plant system; and
(5) production of methyl iodide by bacterial activities.
htti)://www.it)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Muramatsu.htm 16/11/01 Page 1 sur 1
TROPHIC TRANSFER OF CADMIUM BETWEEN THE ASIATIC CLAM Corbiculafluminea AND THE CRAYFISH Astacus astacus UNDER NATURAL PREDATION CONDITIONS AND FORCE FEEDING EXPOSURE
SIMON 0. & BOUDOU A.*
Institute of Protection and Nuclear Safety, DPRE/SERLAB, Laboratory of Experimental Radioecology, Cadarache, Building 186, BP 1, 13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance Cedex, France.
OliviensimonftsOr
*Laboratory of Ecophysiology and Ecotoxicology of Aquatic Systems (LEESA), UMR CNRS 5805, University of Bordeaux 1, France
Bioaccumulation of metals depends on uptake routes, via contaminated food or directly from water, but the relative importance of these two routes often remains uncertain and differs markedly between metals and biological species. For example, mercury bioaccumulation in predatory species is essentially based on cumulative transfers of the methylated form along the food chains (biomagnification); for admium (Cd) and zinc (Zn), the uptake routes are not well defined in natural conditions for most freshwater organisms.
The aim of this work was to investigate Cd and Zn trophic bioaccumulation in the crayfish Astacus astacus after ingestion of prey (Corbicula fluminea) previously exposed under field conditions. Adult crayfish were individually and daily fed with contaminated bivalves during 30 days. Cd and Zn bioaccumulation in clams was obtained after 30 days' exposure, at three stations (river Lot, France).
Zn concentrations in the crayfish after trophic exposure were found to be independent of the contamination level of prey, in relation to the homeostasis regulation of this essential element. In contrast, Cd bioaccumulation reflects the contamination gradient in prey; Cd was accumulated in the different organs, especially the digestive gland. The estimated average transfer rate was low, close to 5 after 30 days'exposure.
However, these natural predation conditions didn't permit the measurement of the real mass of prey ingested. Therefore, we performed a force feeding exposure via a mixture of C. fluminea contaminated, in order to control the prey mass and jointly the Cd burden consumed by crayfish. After 48 hours following the force feeding step, the trophic transfer rate was very high, close to 60
These experimental approaches demonstrate the significant role of trophic contamination route as a cadmium source, the Cd burdens accumulated in the different tissular compartments of this predator species being strongly dependent of the uptake modalities.
htti):Hwww.iDsn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Simon.htm 16/11/01 Fluctuating asymmetry (FA) in the Apodemus flavicollis populations from Chomoby... Page 1 sur I
PROBLEMS WITH DEVELOPMENTAL STABILITY IN TWO RODENT SPECIES FROM CHORNOBYL
MICHAEL H. SMITH, TARAS K. OLEKSYK JAMES NOVAK
The University of Georgia's, Savannah River Ecology Laboratory
Drawer E, Aiken, South Carolina 29802, U.S.A.
smith srel.edu
Changes in developmental patterns are some of the most important effects observed at radioactively contaminated sites like those at Chornobyl. Developmental instability may arise from the interactions between an organism's genotype and its environment and be manifested as deviant morphology. Fluctuating asymmetry (FA) is a measure of deviations from the expected bilateral symmetry of the body. Our objective was to test for differences in FA in two rodent species (Apodemusflavicollis and Clethrionomys glareolus) that live in habitats surrounding the failed Chornobyl reactor. Mice were collected from four different locations (two contaminated and two reference sites), and a selected series of adult skulls were photographed and 24 landmarks on each skull were located on digital images from photographed skulls. FA was calculated from the differences in these landmarks on the right and left side of the skull. Significantly more asymmetry (-2X) was observed in mice living around Chornobyl compared to those living at the uncontaminated reference sites. These are relatively large effects in comparison to those previously found for plants and swallows. A can be a cheap easily determined and sensitive indicator of radiation-induced stress in small mammals. FA can be used to oritize environments for remediation efforts and to efficiently evaluate the effectiveness of the remediation efforts.
http:Hwww.ipsn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/SmithNM.htm 16/11/01 5T Page I sur 1
ST = Approaches and concepts for environment radioprotection
• Strand2
• Brechignac2 • Kautsky • Sundell
Avila Jackson2 Kryshev2 Kutlakhmedov4 Sazykina
htt-p://www.ii)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/P5T.htm 16/11/01 Page I sur 1
DELIVERING A FRAMEWORK FOR THE PROTECTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT FROM IONISING RADIATION
Per Strand' and Carl-MagnusLarsson2
'Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority, P.O. Box 55, 1332-Osterfis, Norway.
Tel. 47 67 162564 Fax. 47 67 147407 e-mail: per.strand nrpa.no
2Swedish Radiation Protection Institute, 171 16 Stockholm, Sweden.
Tel. 46 729 7252 Fax 46 729 7108 e-mail: cari.magnuslusson ssi.se
Abstract
This paper promotes the development of a system for the assessment of environmental effects from
ionising radiation with the goal of protecting the environment and provides information on the
components necessary to make such a system viable. Key components include the assessment of the
environmental transfer of radionuclides and their uptake by organisms, the adaptation of dosimetric
models to calculate absorbed doses and studies concerning dose-effects relationships for selected
organisms. The proposed framework will also make use of 'reference' organisms, the selection of
which will be based on a number of cteria, e.g. ecological sensitivity, radiosensitivity and radioecological sensitivity, and will involve the development of standardised exposure units for biota which should integrate the Relative Biological Effectiveness (RBE) of the radiation under consideration. The current development of such systems through the EC 5th Framework Programme research projects FASSET (Framework for Assessment of Environmental Impact) and EPIC
(Environmental Protection from lonising Contaminants in the Arctic) is presented.
htti):Hwww.ii)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Strand2.htm 16/11/01 EXPERIMENTAL SIMULATION OF NUCLEAR ACCIDENTS FOR IMPROVIN... Page 1 sur I
ENVIRONMENT VERSUS MAN RADIOPROTECTION
THE NEED FOR A NEW CONCEPTUAL APPROACH?
BRECHIGNAC F.
Institute of Protection and Nuclear Safety, Department for Environmental Protection, Division for Laboratory Radioecological Research and Studies, Centre de Cadarache, BP n'l, 13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance cedex, France, francois.brechignac ipsn.fr
Man radioprotection is much debated nowadays about the linear no threshold theory (LNTH), the current basis of ICRP recommendations, and there is a current consensus in that environment radioprotection is essentially to deal with chronic multiple exposures to low dose rates. In terms of protection, however, man and the environment are not similar in nature in that the environment is not equivalent to a single species community to be protected. The immediate question which arises therefore is: what do we want to protect, or what do we mean by the environment? Do we mean organisms, populations or biocenoses? Do we mean some reference of these later: some plants, animals, microorganisms, or populations of these, that would be chosen as being representative of the environment, but on which basis? It is believed that the keyword here is the "ecosystem". Not the ecosystem as a pond or a boreal forest ("landscape" ecological approach), but as a life support system to humankind ("functional" ecological approach), that is to say a high level organized self- sustaining living entity to which man survival is fully subordinated. This leads to a new conceptual approach which also evolves from the growing public "feeling" (not yet appropriately substantiated in scientific terms, however) that if the environment is properly protected, then man would not be harmed. Along this line, the position of man with respect to the environment is to be reconsidered: man is not sitting on some top hierarchical level dominating the environment, but lies as an inherent part of it, capable today of modifying it substantially in the one hand, but also remaining fully subordinated to the life support function that it hosts in the other hand. Along this ecosystem conceptual view on environment protection, this paper will present an innovative approach designed around closed artificial ecosystems, as simplified reference models prone to support chronic low-dose effects experimental investigations in controlled conditions.
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SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF NUCLEAR WASTE WITH AN ECOSYSTEM APPROACH
KAUTSKY, U.
SKB (Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Co), POB 5864
S-102 40 STOCKHOLM, SWEDEN; ulrik.kautsky skb.se
Abstract
Traditionally safety assessments of repositories with long lived nuclear waste have used a stylised biosphere (e.g. a well) and usually only addressed pathways to humans. However, new regulations in e.g. Sweden require that also effects on the environment should be evaluated. This means that important pathways not leading to exposure to humans needs to be considered because they can affect other biota. Moreover, the predictions over long time periods required (e.g. 1000- 100000 years) can shift an initially high accumulating, but abiotic environment to a highly exposured biotic environment due to e.g. land-rise.
In the last three safety assessments of radioactive waste, SKB has used a ecosystem approach to address these issues. The ecosystem approach includes a site specific dispersal model and a strict mass-balance. Methods from system ecology have been used which have the advantage to constrict the mass-flow within the ecosystem as well as the flows over the borders. These models are based on natural processes like total photosynthesis, decomposition and material transfer with carbon (i.e. food) and extrinsic drivers are insolation, nutrient supply and water transport. This approach has been used earlier for hazardous substances (e.g. PCB, PAH). Moreover since the models are process based they can be scaled to future ecosystems describing successions e.g. from estuaries, lakes, mires to fanrrdand. The conclusion is that these methods are probably the only way to address radiation effects on the environment as well as humans. Moreover they are independent if the hazard is a radionuclide or other pollutant, thus it enables to overbridge and maybe unify ecotoxicological and radio-ecological issues.
htti)://www.ipsn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Kautskv.htm 16/11/01 Protection of the environment - Criteria for the selection of reference species Page 1 sur I
STRATEGIES FOR THE SELECTION OF REFERENCE ORGANISMS IN ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT PROGRAMMES
SUNDELL-BERGMAN SYNNOVE & MOBERG LEIF
Swedish Radiation Protection Institute, S171 16 Stockholm, Sweden
E-mail:synnove.bergrnan ssi.se
At present there exists no internationally accepted methodology for the protection of the environment against ionising radiation although the requirement is increasing due to both growing public concerns for environmental protection issues and to the evolving integration of environmental impact assessments into the regulatory process. In order to progress the work, strategies have been formulated which include the use of reference organisms. This approach resembles the concept of reference man, which has been used in traditional radiation protection for many years. The purpose of selecting key organisms is to narrow the problem and simplify the development of appropriate exposure and dose models in the areas of environmental radiation protection. These ideas will be further explored in an ongoing EU-project (FASSET: Framework for Assessment of Environmental Impact), aiming at developing a system for protection of the environment. The selection of organisms must be based on relevant criteria in order to provide necessary information on the impact of radiation on the environment. Some of these criteria must relate to the biological endpoints of concern, which could be grouped into mechanistic, deterministic and stochastic effects. They should also relate to ecological features that are deemed important. Furthermore, emphasis could be put on exposure i.e. on organisms that tend to accumulate higher levels of radionuclides than others. Obviously not all of the different parameters that could be identified will be predominant at the same time and consequently some kind of judgements needs to be done. If applicable, multivariate analysis may show the most influential variables and also existing interactions between these variables. The presentation will elaborate on the strategies fo r selecting key organisms in various ecosystems and biomes.
http:Hwww.iDsn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Sundell.htm 16/11/01 A PROBABILISTIC APPROACH FOR ASSESSMENT OF THE ENVIRONMENT... Page I sur I
A PROBABILISTIC APPROACH TO ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF A RADIOACTIVE CONTAMINATION
AVILA, R. LARSSON, C-M.
The Swedish Radiation Protection Institute, S171 16, Stockholm, Sweden, avila ssi.se
The protection of the flora and fauna from the ionising radiation is presently a topical issue for radioecologists and radiation protection specialists. It has also become a priority issue for relevant international organisations and national authorities. The general opinion is that a coherent system for protection of the environment against ionising radiation is needed. As a part of this system, a framework for environmental impact assessment (EIA) of a radioactive contamination needs to be developed. For this purpose it is necessary to explore methods to deal with the large complexity and variability of the environment and with the uncertainties due to lack of knowledge about the behaviour of radionuclides in the environment, as well as about the effects of ionising radiation on the biota. In this work we will describe a probabilistic approach to these problems, as a viable alternative to the more traditional conservative and deterministic approach. A probabilistic approach to perform an EIA is equivalent to assess the risk to the environment of the contamination. The risk is defined and quantified by establishing quantitative relationships with standards, which are, preferably, probabilistic by nature. We will illustrate with several practical examples how to derive appropriate standards, how to quantify the risks and how to develop a scale of significance of the risks. We will also show that this approach would facilitate comparisons with the background radiation, and consider the spatial and time variability of the contamination. The possibility of this method to be compatible with the precautionary principle, with methods used for EIA of other contaminants and with the system of radiation protection of man will be discussed.
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DOSES TO BIOTA IN THE VICINITY OF SELLAFIELD, UK, AND RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT
JACKSON D., COPPLESTONE D. JOHNSON M.
Westlakes Reserch Institute, Department of Social and Policy Sciences, Westlakes Science and Technology Park, Moor Row, Cumbria, CA24 33N UK duncan.jackson westlakes.ac.uk
In order to determine the risk to non-human species from environmental exposure to radioactivity, we need to understand the behaviour of radionuclides in terms of radiation dose and biological effect. This paper describes a method used to estimate doses to biota living in three semi-natural ecosystems (coniferous woodland, salt marsh and sand dunes) in the vicinity of the BNFL nuclear fuel reprocessing plant at Sellafield, Cumbria, UK. The sites selected for the dose assessment have been subject to inputs of anthropogenic radioactivity as a result of continuing operations at Sellafield, historic weapons-fallout and the Chernobyl accident. Source terms for 134CS, 137CS, 238pu, 239+24OPu and 241Am have been assessed and radionuclide activity concentrations determined in biota for the three locations. Estimates of absorbed dose rates (mGy d-1) have been calculated for key indicator species in each of the sites, using dosimetric models developed for this purpose. The derived doses are generally three orders of magnitude below that at which no observable effects in biota are thought to occur. However, the dose threshold assumed requires further substantiation across a broad range of taxa and may be qualified by the life cycle stage of the organism (neonate, juvenile, metamorphic etc) and other factors. In particular, it is recognised that absorbed dose may not provide an adequate indicator of biological effectiveness. A tentative proposal is made for the determination of weighted absorbed doses Gy*20") which takes some account of potential differences in radiotoxicity. Both the limitations and potential wider application of this approach to dose assessment are discussed in the context of developing a framework for radiological protection of the environment. The use of bioindicators, critical groups, sensitive and reference organisms for dose assessment is explored, and consideration is given to the application of genetic biomarker techniques as a measure of biological damage.
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ASSESSMENT OF DOSES FOR ARCTIC MARINE BIOTA
KRYSHEV A.I., STRAND P. BROWN J.E.
Institute of Experimental Meteorology of SPA "Typhoon", 249038, Obninsk, Russia
mailto:ecomod obninsk.com
Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority, P.O.Box 55 N1332 Osteras, Norway
The objectives of this paper arethe presentation of site-specific radioecological information and development of the models, which can be used to calculate doses to Arctic marine biota. The methodology of calculating doses is realized in form of computer code DOSB10, and model parameters are evaluated. Code DOSB10 is operated in a dialog regime with the user. Doses from a, b, and g-emitters are calculated. The following annual doses to biota are calculated: internal dose from radionuclides incorporated in the organisms; external dose from contaminated water; external dose from contaminated bottom sediments; total dose as a sum of internal and external doses. Doses are calculated for 15 species of marine biota, including fish, sea mammals, mollusks, crustaceans.The list of species includes cod, plaice, haddock, herring, redfish, Greenland halibut, char, saithe, Greenland seal, white whale, ringed seal, bearded seal, and others. The calculations are performed for adult representatives of each species. Programme DOSB10 was used for calculating the dose conversion factors from the unit concentration of each radionuclide in organisms or in the marine environment. The calculated dose conversion factors for the arctic biota internal annual dose from I Bq/kg radionuclide in the organism) are presented. Calculations of dose conversion factors are performed for 35 different radionuclides (H-3, C14, K40, Sr- 90, Tc-99, Cs-137, Po-210, Pu-239, Pu-240, Am-241 and others). The estimated doses for marine biota of the Barents and Kara Seas are presented.
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ECOLOGICAL STANDARDIZATION OF PERMISSIBLE RADIONUCLIDE POLLUTIONS OF FRESH WATER ECOSYSTEMS ON THE BASIS OF THEORY AND MODELS OF RADIOCAPACITY.
KUTLAKHMEDOV Yu, POLIKARPOV G.,
KUTLAKHMEDOVA-VISHNYAKOVA V.
Address of the first author Taras Schevchenko National Kiev State University, Departarnent Radiobiology and Raioecology, 01004, Kiev, Ukraine, E.rnail: eoetic mail.kar.net
In the case of radionuclide releases and disposal into the environment it is important to assess the maximum admissible values of income of radionuclides into an ecosystem, where there are no yet noticeable biological changes as the result of ionizing radiation. The natural boundary for estimation of maximum permissible disposal of radionuclides into ecosystems is the dose commitment or the annual absorbed dose rate. G. Polikarpov and V. Tsytsugina have proposed a scale of dose commitments on ecosystems consisting of four basic dose limits. From the given scale it follows that the real dose limit for release and accidental "disposal" of radionuclides in ecosystems and their components is the dose rate that exceeds 04 Gy y-1 for terrestrial animals and 4 Gy y-1 for hydrobionts and terrestrial plants. At such values of dose rates it is possible to expect the beginning of development of evident ecological effects in ecosystems. Dose commitments from a-, , y-radiation are not difficult to assess for the radionuclides composition of the Kyshtum and the Chernobyl releases. According to our assessments the calculated total dose (estimation by B. Amiro ) equalling from 04 Gy y-1 to 4 Gy y-1 corresponds to concentration of 137Cs about 100-1000 kBq 11(kg-1) in ecosystem or in its elements (terrestrial plants and hydrobionts). The total dose 4 Gy y-1 corresponds to 137CS concentration of about 1000 kBq 1-1 (kg-1) for fresh water ecosystem. The maximum permissible releases of radionuclides into the ecosystems could be assessed on the basis of the above mentioned models and equations, using an assessment of maximum permissible concentration of radionuclides in the components of the ecosystem.
1. For benthos of bottom sediments of a freshwater water body, the maximum permissible release of radionuclides in a water - L body should not exceed - Nk. Where L is the limit of concentration of radionuclides in the aquatic population 1000 kBq/1, S is the area of a water body, F- factor radiocapacity, h - deep of active bottom sediments, k - transfer factor - water - bottom sedoment.
2. For the water column population (pleuston, neuston, plankton, nekton) maximum permissible releases of radionuclides should not exceed - Nb. For a specific freshwater water body, where S=2 km2, H=4 m(deep of lake), Kb=1000 (transfer factor water-biota), F=0.7, the maximum permissible release of radionuclides 2) is Nb<17.1 TBq in the water of the whole water body. At the same time the maximum permissible release of radionuclides into a water body for its benthos was estimated using equation (1) Nk< 0.18 TBq. This magnitude is 70 times less than the permissible release of radionuclides which was assessed for the population of the water column of a water body.
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RADIONUCLIDES PERMISSIBLE LEVELS IN THE SEAS OF RUSSIA- PROTECTION OF HUMAN AND MARINE BIOTA
SAZYKINA T.G. & KRYSHEV I.I.
Institute of Experimental Meteorology of SPA "Typhoon", 249038, Obninsk, Russia
mailto:ecomod obninsk.com
The permissible levels (control concentrations) of radionuclides in the seas of Russia were calculated under the following conditions: exposure from consumption of marine foodstuffs should not exceed 10 % of the permissible dose limit; dose is assessed for a population group characterized by a considerable consumption of marine foodstuffs; doses to marine biota of lower than /b of the lethal dose or significant dose of chronic exposure are assumed not to lead to a significant impact on populations or communities; as several radionuclides are present in sea water, it is necessary to calculate control levels of the radionuclide mixture, taking into account the control concentrations of individual radionuclides and the activity proportion of the total activity of the mixture. It is shown that the radionuclides 24'Am, 239pU, 240%, 59Fe, 60CO, 65Zn and 137CS, which are characterized by high values of accumulation in individual marine foodstuffs, have the lowest control concentrations. Control concentration for 37CS in sea water are more rigid than those for 9Sr, since 137Cs accumulates in edible parts of marine foodstuffs to a greater extent. Fish and mollusks are the critical groups of marine organisms for most radionuclides. Hygienic criteria are more rigid than radioecological ones for most radionuclides, with the exception of Zr and 95Nb characterized by high concentration factors in bottom sediments. Real concentrations of radionuclides 9OSr, 137cs, 239pu, 24OPu and some others) in sea water are 103-104 times lower than control concentrations. The proposed control concentrations of radionuclides in sea water, ensuring the radiation safety of the population, ensure the radiation safety of marine flora and fauna as well.
http:Hwww.ii)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Sazykina.htm 16/11/01 6M Page 1 sur 1
6M Environmental radioactivity measurement methods
•MicheIR
•Baude •Gurrarian
•Agarande Belovodaky3 Betti Blanchard Bondarkov Bourgeoi Chiappini Courti Elmrabet Fournier Frechou •Gasco •Guillot lia Khomutinin LeeSH Lepeti Morello Morvan Ocone Pham Povinec •Quejido •RajdeepSidhu •Sahoo 4, Saito2
http:Hwww.i-psn.fr/ecorad2OOl/P6M.htm 16/11/01 Page I sur 1
Environmental Radioactivity Measuring Methods
Rolf Michel
Center for Radiation Protection and Radioecology
University Hannover, Am Kleinen Felde 30 D30167 Hannover
The history of environmental measurements started with the onset of the nuclear age, in particular with the atmospheric nuclear weapons tests. It was driven by the concern of global radioactive pollution and of the consecutive human radiation exposure. Most of the concern was due to fears of genetic disorders in upcoming generations. A wealth of information was obtained in the fifties and sixties on environmental abundances, radioecological processes and pathways of radionuclides through the environment to man.
During its history, surveillance of environmental radioactivity has undergone important changes with respect to its goals, legal requirements, methodology, and public perception. Today, the purposes of such measurements are manifold. They cover investigations of global weapons fallout, determinations of radioactivity baseline values before the start of a new practice, surveillance of emissions and immissions from nuclear installations during routine operation and in cases of accidents and incidents. Measurements of environmental radioactivity are needed for planning, optimization and performance of rernediation of contaminated areas and for decommissioning, exemption and radioactive waste disposal and they play an important role in the enforcement of non-proliferation politics. Control of contamination of foodstuffs and other goods in national and international trade has become an issue after the Chernobyl accident and the recognition of illicit trafficking of radioactive materials is increasingly important.
The awareness of potentially enhanced radiation exposure from natural sources has enlarged the suite of radionuclides to be surveyed and new regulations such as the ETRATOM Basic Standards enforce the surveillance of both natural and man-made radionuclides. With respect to a general protection of the environment and to a sustainable development the long-term human imp-act on the environment and on the radiation exposure has to be quantified. In addition, there are scientific applications which need measurements of the environmental radioactivity to make use of radionuclides as tracers of environmental processes. Last riot least, measurements of environmental radioactivity provide the quantitative basis for any public discussion of the human radiation exposure and of its consequences.
Most of these goals have to be met in an international context, in Europe such many of these goals are tightly bound to the EURATOM treaty and its related national and international legal requirements.
As manifold as their goals are the measurement methods used. In this paper, the presently used methods are shortly reviewed, but emphasis is laid upon new techniques for both decay measurements and mass spectrometric methods. Because of the importance of environmental radioactivity measurements for regulatory issues, political decision making and for the public discussion there is an extreme need for high quality data. Therefore, cur-rent issues of quality assurance and control, of international standardization and harmonization are discussed in detail. Finally, an outline of possible future developments of environmental radioactivity measurements are given.
htti):Hwww.iosn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/NficheIR.htm 16/11/01 NUCROMETRIC PARTICLE'S ISOTOPICS : AN ULTRA-SENSITIVE TOOL TO ... Page 1 sur 1
MICROMETRIC PARTICLE'S ISOTOPICS: AN ULTRA-SENSITIVE TOOL TO DETECT NUCLEAR PLANT DISCHARGE IN THE ENVIRONMENT
BAUDE S., MARIE 0. & CHIAPPINI R.
CEA/DAMIDIIF/DASE/Service Radionalyses Chimie et Environnernent
B.P. 12 - 91680, Bruy res-le-Chatel - France
Email baude dase.bruyeres.cea.
Particle discharge in the air is a part of the impact on the environment for most industrial plants. Common analytical methods consist of measuring the entire sample giving an average value for the element or for the isotopic ratios of this element for the < htti)://www.ipsn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Baude.htm 16/11/01 < < NORD COTENTIN 2000 >, IN-SITU INTERCOMPARISON MEASUREMENTS GURRIARAN R., MURITH C. BOUISSET P. Institut de Protection et de Sfiret6 Nucl6aire, 136partement de Protection de I'Environnement, 91400 Orsay, France, Email rodolfo. gurriaran ipsn.fr A large scale international in-situ intercomparison measurements has been organized in the Nord- Cotentin" (France) area, in the vicinity of la Hague reprocessing plant and the Nuclear power station of Flamanville. Eleven European countries participated in this event organized by the local association "Les Wres en Col6re". Two main goals were considered for this event: • An international in-situ measurements intercomparison. The general aim of the measurements is to characterize as detailed as possible examined areas regarding their actual radiological standpoint. The basic measurements concerned dose rate, in situ gamma ray spectrometry and laboratory analyses on environmental samples. • A specific aim consisting in providing the local population with a real opportunity for direct exchange with international teams. Both aspects will be reported in this paper. httD:Hwww.iDsn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Gurriaran.htm 16/11/01 Page I sur 1 INTER LABORATORY COMPARISON FOR 24'Am DETERMINATION IN ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES AGARANDE M., BARKER E. CURTIS M. Institut de Protection et de S&W Nucl6aire, Npartement de Protection de I'Environnement, 91400 Orsay, France, E-mail michele.Agarande ipsn.fr 241Am. is an alpha emitter which originates from the successive neutron capture reactions by plutonium isotopes in a nuclear reactor pU (ng) 24OPu (n, g) 241 pu 4 I Am. Activation products like 24 Am may contribute significantly to human exposure in case of an accidental release in the environment. Therefore, this isotope is monitored together with plutonium isotopes in environmental matrices near nuclear facilities. In addition, because of its 241pU filiation, contribution of 24'Am in the environment will increase in the next years. 241Am in soils was measured by tree different techniques direct gamma ray spectrometry, alpha spectrometry and sector field ICP-MS. Prior to alpha and ICP-MS measurements by isotope dilution, americium was separated from major components of the matrix and other transuranic elements by anion exchange and extraction chromatography. The results of two different laboratories are compared. htti)://www.iDsn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/ARarande.htm 16/11/01 Page I sur 1 PASSIVE SAMPLING METHOD FOR MONITORING TRITIUM AND ITS OXIDE IN ENVIRONMENTAL OBJECTS LEV F. BELOVODSKY, VIKTOR K. GAYEV01, RAMIS M. TAGIROV Russian Federal Nuclear Center - All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Experimental Physics (RFNC-VNIE-F), 607190, Sarov, Nizhni Novgorod reg., Russia E-mail: tagirov otd5.vniief.ru The accumulation of tritium in environmental objects (air, water, soil, etc.) becomes perceptible through expending nuclear-power engineering. As estimates show, the increase of nuclear-power station output by a factor of 6 nearly doubles the radiation dose for the population all over the world. The increasing amount of tritium intensifies tritium migration in biological chains, which are ultimately closed by the human being, and constitutes a serious hazard to human health. In this connection, the monitoring of tritium in the environmental objects, especially in air and water, becomes the extremely pressing problem. This results in the necessity of developing energy saving methods for monitoring. The passive method of sampling is one among of them. Unified sampler adapted for sampling from air and water is a component important for realization of passive sampling method. Its operation is based on the diffusion principle. The sampler accumulates tritium by absorbers with large absorptive capacity. The works which are carried out under ISTC project aimed to the development of passive samplers for HT and HTO monitoring in air and HTO monitoring in water are described in the paper. The preliminary characteristics of passive samplers are presented. http:Hwww.ii)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Belovodskv3.htm 16/11/01 Page I sur I Characterization of environmental radioactive particles Laura Aldave de Las Heras, Gabriele Tamborini, Erich Hmecek and Maria Betti European Cormnission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Transuranium Elements, Postfach 2340, 76125 Karlsruhe, Germany Radionuclides can be introduced in the environment through a variety of systems and processes as gases, aerosols and particulate matter. In this context, particles exhibiting a very high activity are usually called "hot particles" or "radioactive particles". They may be produced in atmospheric nuclear weapon tests or nuclear reactor accidents and can be formed by two processes: disintegration of the nuclear fuel mass, or condensation of evaporated products. When radioactive are released into the environment, information on the size distribution pattern, radionuclides and matrix composition, morphology and structure is essential for assessing weathering and subsequent mobilisation and biological uptake of associated radionuclides. The particle characteristics will depend on the sources and the release scenario, dispersion processes and deposition conditions. In this poster, radioactive environmental particles detected in sediments and soil samples from different oigin are characterised in terms of morphology, structure, elemental and isotopic composition. These characteristics are related with the source term and the release senarios. Correlation between bulk measurements and particles are given. htt-p://www.ii)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Betti.htm 16/11/01 Following the opening for signing of the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (C... Page 1 sur 1 FRENCH ATMOSPHERIC PARTICULATE RADIONUCLIDE MONITORING AND COMPLIANCE WITH THE COMPREHENSIVE NUCLEAR TEST BAN TREATY (CTBT) BLANCHARD X., PIWOWARCZYK JC., LE PETIT G. CEA/DAM/DIF/DASE/Service Radioanalyses Chimie Envirormement BP12 - 91680, Bruy6res-le-Cliftel, France Email blanchar dase.bruyeres.cea.fr Following the opening for signing of the Comprehensive nuclear Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) by the United Nation members countries, in September 1996, verification of Treaty compliance is now an important international issue with DASE atmospheric monitoring stations becoming part of the global verification network. Our radionuclide particulate station located in Tahiti (17.6S, 149.6W) comply with the CTBT technical specifications and has been running on a full duty cycle since February 2000 in the aim of the certification from the CTBT Organisation at the beginning of the year 2001. Major equipment of this station consist of a 50% encapsulated germanium detector electrically cooled and of a 550 m3.h-1 high volume air sampler equipped with a 4x44 cm filter and designed to operate under severe meteorological conditions. the station operate daily with a 24 hour sampling period, a 24 hour decay period and a 24 hour gamma spectrometry. Acquisition data and station health information are sent via the Global communication Infrastructure every 2 hours. Data are analysed by the international Data Centre (Vienna) and the French National Data Centre situated at Bruy6res le Chatel. The station is able to achieved a 137CS Minimum Detectable Concentration (MDQ of less than 30 mBq.m-3 and to maintain 95% data availability. An overview of CTBT requirements, station operations and management will be presented. Analytical data obtained at this station, including minimum detectable concentrations and naturally occurring atmospheric radionuclide trends, will be presented and interpretation of observations suggested. http:Hwww.ipsn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Blanchard.htm 16/11/01 Page I sur 1 NON RADIOCHEMICAL TECHNIQUE FOR 9SR MEASUREMENT IN SMALL BIOLOGICAL WECTS BONDARKOV M., MAKSIMENKO A., ZHELTONOZHSKY V. International Radioecology Laboratory, Slavutych division of International Chornobyl Center - P.O. BOX 151, Slavutych, Kyiv region, Ukraine, 07100 Nondestructive methods of Sr determination were developed for small biological objects, such as small rodents, to keep biological object going for further research even in presence of essential contamination of the same object by 137CS. To carry out 137CS input registration in proper way, we used 2 different methods: a) The method of Cs and Sr electrons filtering using thin filters with subsequent measurement of residual Y-spectrum. Comparative results of measurements for calibrated and studied samples were found not hard to obtain the amount of 9OSr. Obtained result is close to the real one if the ratio between Cs and Sr is comparable. As a rule, Chornobyl samples have Cs essentially more than Sr and it is necessary to make specific finesse to take into account the Cs input. Film detector of D=44 mm diameter is used for the measurement. Measurements are performed with Al- or polystyrene absorbers. Results obtained by this method were confirmed with ones obtained by means of ordinary radiochemistry for more than 60 mice trapped in the Chornobyl Exclusion Zone. b) Method of beta-gamma spectrometry with specially elaborated beta-gamma spectrometer and corresponding software. The experimental spectrum processing was realised by the method of inserting into one of the calibrated spectra, which had been obtained on the same spectrometer from specially fabricated phantoms of mice with known contents of 137Cs and 9Sr+90Y. Method provides contemporary content of Sr and 137CS. Procedure of standard radiochemical determination for Sr contents conducted in 13 mice on the final stage of studies has confirmed the method reliability. The operated methodology of simultaneous and lifetime determination of Sr and 137CS contents in small mammals organisms has many advantages, as it differs in efficiency, fulfilment simplicity, retains animals life and allows to realise repeated measurements of the same specimens in dynamics. htti)://www.ii)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Bondarkov.htm 16/11/01 USING THE HELINUCA GAMMA MAPPING SYSTEM IN ENVIRONMENTAL ... Page I sur I USING THE HELINUCO GAMMA MAPPING SYSTEM IN ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL BOURGEOIS CH., HUAULT. JC. CEA/DAM/DEF/DASE/Service Radioanalyses Chimie et Environnement BP12 - 91680, Bruy6res-le-Chatel, France Email: couderc dase.bruyere cea.fr The Atomic Energy Commission has developed an airborne gamma mapping equipment called HELINUO. The principle of the measurement consists in using, on board an helicopter, the appropriate means for the simultaneous acquisition of a gamma spectrum and of the position of the aircraft in space. The data acquired in flight are processed on the ground by dedicated data processing system and restored in mapping form with various colours representative of the levels of activities. BELINUCO is used to generate a radiological diagnosis, within a few hours and inside a perimeter of some square kilometres up to some hundredths of square kilometres and provides the capability of identifying the radionuclides with a sensitivity ranging from the natural radioactivity level to that of a severe accidental situation. The HELINUC system is operated by CEA for GIE INTRA, I.A.E.A. and itself. Regarding environmental control, sensitivity which is the outstanding criterion in measurement, is ensured by a large volume Nal detector. On the contrary, in an accidental situation, two criteria must be taken into consideration: the accurate identification of the radionuclides and the automation which prevents the crew from exposure. To meet those various requirements, we have developed: the simultaneous acquisition of the Nal an Ge BP spectra the data acquisition command and control system scaling down and use on board a remote-controlled helicopter. Examples of results acquired when controlling industrial or nuclear sites along the Danube river, and on the occasion of a mission in the exclusion zone of Chernobyl, illustrate some aspects of these developments. htti):Hwww.ivsn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Sumiharies/BourReois.htm 16/11/01 A whole methodology used for the measurement of radionuclides at ultra-trace level ... Page 1 sur 1 A METHODOLOGY DEVELOPED FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF RADIONUCLIDES AT ULTRA-TRACE LEVEL IN THE ENVIRONMENT CHIAPPINI R., AUPIAIS J. CEA/DANI/DEF/DASE/Service Radionalyses Chimie et Environnement B.P. 12 - 91680, Bruy6res-le-Chatel - France E.mail : chiappin dase.bruyeres.cea.fr Man-made radionuclides concentrations in environmental samples range from fg to pg/g in soils and in biological samples, from ag to fg1g in sea or rain waters and even less in the atmosphere, down to zg1g. Uranium and thorium exhibit concentrations in the range of mg/g in soils. To perform accurate and precise measurements of all those radionuclides in environmental samples, a methodology based on three steps has to be used. The first step consists in physical, chemical and radiochemical. treatments of very large volumes of samples to purify the radionuclides prior to its measurement. Up to 1000 liters of oceanic or rain waters, 100000 3 of air have sometimes to be sampled and purified. Then, instruments developed to reach the lowest detection limits have to be used: anti-cosmic and anti-compton Gamma Spectrometry, sector field Mass Spectrometry, Photon Electron Rejecting Alpha Spectrometry.... Finally, in order to avoid any contamination from the environment or to decrease the background noises, the processes and instruments are operated in clean rooms (class 10 or 10000), installed in underground laboratories like the Modane tunnel or protected in glove boxes. Our laboratories have been involved in ultra-trace level measurements of radionuclides for more than 30 years for the monitoring of the French nuclear test sites, non proliferation studies and treaties control (CTBT and NPT). This presentation deals with that experience. The way to measure concentrations as low as 10-7 Bq/1 of total plutonium and 240pU/219Pu. ratios in deep oceanic waters, 10-' Bq /M3 of 133Xe or 10-7 Bq/1 of 137CS in the air, is presented. Prospects relative to the limits that could be reached in the future are drawn. Finally, consequences and advantages of those capabilities related to the field and laboratories operations are discussed. htti)://www.ii)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Surnmaries/Chiai)l)ini.htm 16/11/01 Page I sur I BETA SPECTROMETRY FOR ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY MEASUREMENTS COURTI A., BOUISSET P. CHEVALLIER P. Institut de Protection et de Sdret6 Nucl6aire, Wpartement de Protection de I'Environnement, 91400 Orsay, France, Email: courti accra.ipsn.fr Various anthropogenic sources contribute to the inventory of long live beta emitters in the environment 40K, 21OPb, 60CO, 137CS 9Sr, 9Y). Studies have been carried out to obtain the Sr distribution in environment in order to estimate its impact in terms of radiation exposure to humans. Laboratories routinely measures it by proportional counter after radiochemistry. An incomplete radiochemical separation leads to a deposit submitted to count polluted by natural beta emitters. In order to guarantee the results, 90Y daughter of 9Sr, is systematically extracted from the final radiochemical fraction and counted. The 9Y decreasing (T 1/2 -' 267 days) is checked by 2 hours successive counts during 64 hours. The delay between the end of radiochemistry and the counting is 15 days imposed for the radioactive equilibrium between Sr and 9Y to be reached. The duration from the beginning of the radiochemistry to the result of the measurement is of the order of five weeks. In order to diminish this procedure, and in order to detect several radionuclides simultaneously, we study the possibility of a beta spectrometer based on two PEPS (Planar Passivated Implanted Silicon Canberra) solid detectors. Because of their different Pmax energies and to their spectral features (continuum shape, conversion electrons), we have shown that the main radionuclides like 137 Cs and 9Sr can be discriminated. The identification is independent of the source geometry. However, the quantification requires a well defined and reproducible geometry, for which a shorter radiochemical procedure is being studied Real sample results will be presented. http://www.iDsn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Courti.htm 16/11/01 Page I sur I Application of a liquid scintillation counter to the measurement of tracing radioactivity in experiments on suspended matter uptake in aquatic environments. R. El-Mrabet 0), G. Manjo'n 0), J M. Abril (2)and R. Garcia-Tenorio(3) (1) Departamento de FisicaAt6mica, Molecular y Nuclear, Facultadde Fisica, University of Seville. Apdo. 41060 Sevilla (Spain). E-mail: elmrabet cica.es (2) Departamento de FisicaAplicada 1, University of Seville, E. U. T. A. Carreterade Utrerakm 1, 41013. Sevilla (Spain) E-mail: abril cica.es (3) Departamentode FisicaAplicada 2 University of Seville, E.TS.A. Avda. Reina Mercedes s1n. 41012. Sevilla (Spain) E-mail: manl'on cica.e_s gtenorio cica.es The experiments on the study of the kinetic transfer coefficients of conservative and non- conservative radionuclides, in aquatic environments, need to determine radionuclide activity in large number of samples. Different radioactivity measurement techniques can be selected for analyses, but the liquid scintillation technique is preferred due to its easy sample treatment and its low time consumption. A small volume 1-2 litters) of environmental water is transferred into a glass baker. The samples are continuously stirred in order to avoid the suspended matter precipitation. Samples are initially traced with a known activity of a selected radionuclide. The transference of radionuclides, from the water to the suspended matter, is studied through the determination of the residual activity in 45 mL aliquots of water sample, which are successively collected with time. In this work, we present the experimental procedures used for the 239Pu and 241Am activity measurement by liquid scintillation counting, using a Wallac Quantulus 1220 spectrometer. A conservative element, 99Tc, was studied for comparison. Liquid scintillation technique was also applied to 99Tc-activity measurements. This spectrometer is doted by a pulse shape analyser (PSA) used to separate the pulses originated by alpha or beta particles. Thus, it is possible to obtain a very low background for alpha counting. PSA is applied to the measurement of 239Pu and 24'Am activity measurements. PSA threshold level is selected when beta interference is minimised. In the 99Tc activity measurements, it is not necessary to use the PSA. Aliquots of environmental samples were used to make blank and standard sources. These samples were measured to determine the background and efficiency counting. Thus, the quenching of samples can be reproduced. httv://www.iDsn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Elmrabet.htm 16/11/01 Page 1 sur I BOUND TRITIUM.- pREpARATION, MEASUREMENT FOURNIER M., COREA U N. MAIGRET A. Institut de Protection et de Sfiret6 Nucl6aire, D6partement de Protection de I'Environnement, 91400 Orsay, France, E-mail: rnarc.f6urnier ipsn.fr The measurement of tritium activity in the terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems is made on differences substances. The bound tritium represents the metabolised fixed tritium by the living objects. The preparation of the sample must be realised to preserve the tritium abundance, without isotopic exchange. The transformation of the assay sample must be done to obtain the best efficiency for the water, without isotopic exchange to realise measurements near detection limit, the quantities of the assay sample have to be substantial. htti):Hwww.ii)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Foumier.htm 16/11/01 1291 AND 129I/127I RATIO MEASUREMENTS SAMPLES BY RNAA, AMS AN... Page 1 sur 1 1291 AND 129]VI271 RATIO MEASUREMENTS IN ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES BY RNAA, AMS AND DIRECT g-X SPECTROMETRY. INTERCOMPARISON EXERCISES. FRECHOU C. CALMET D. IPSN/DPRE/SERNAT, CEN Saclay, BAt 130, 91191 Gif sur Yvette Cedex E-mail: carole.frechou ipsn.fr 1291, is a natural long-lived isotope, with a half-life of 15,7 million years, also artificially produced in nuclear power plant. It is released in the liquid and gaseous effluents of the nuclear fuel reprocessing plants. 129 is integrated in all biological compartments at different activity levels, depending on their distance from the emission source and their ability to metabolise iodine. Due to the lack of environmental international reference material for 129j, interlaboratory comparison exercises are very rare and validation of new measurement techniques is very difficult to achieve. This study presents different intercomparison exercises on the 129I and 1291/127I measurements by three techniques Radiochemical Neutron Activation Analysis, Accelerator Mass Spectrometry and direct g-X spectrometry associated with ionic chromatography. The first intercomparison exercise was performed on a marine algae ucus serratus), with an 129I activity close to 70 Bq.kg-1 dry weight, leading to define a reference mean value for this sample and to propose it as a reference material. In a second step, an intercomparison has been performed on a set of marine algae ucus serratus) and a set of lichens (Xanthoria parietina) presenting different 129I activity levels, spread on two orders of magnitudes. Then a third intercomparison exercise was done on a set of various environmental matrices, including marine and terrestrial vegetal samples. These three intercomparison exercises showed a good agreement between the results given by the three techniques on the considered environmental matrices, presenting activities comprised between 02 and 200 Bq.kg-1 dry weight. As a conclusion, a methodology for the measurement of 129I and 129jj1271 ratio in environmental samples is proposed. htti):Hwww.ii)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Frechou.htm 16/11/01 Page 1 sur 1 A NEW METHOD TO ISOLATE AMERICIUM FROM ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES USING DIPHONIX RESINS GASCO C., *ANTON M.P. GONZALEZ A.M. Centro de Investigaciones Eerg6ticas, Medioambientales y Tecnol6gicas, CIEMAT. Departamento de Impacto Ambiental de la Energfa, DIAE Avda. Complutense 22. Madrid 28040. Spain. *E-mail: maripaz.anton ciemat.es The Aquatic Radioactivity Laboratory of Ciemat has been performing transuranic analyses in different types of matrices such as soils, marine sediments and biota for a good number of years. Analysing americium in large size/volume samples by employing ionic-exchange resins becomes a long and tedious process, usually resulting in low chemical recoveries. A new procedure to isolate americium from environmental samples has been developed by concentrating americium in a Diphonix resin. This resin is then destroyed by calcination at 550'C and further digestion with HN03 and H202 in a microwave oven programmed with increasing pressure stages, reaching 175 psi. Isolation is completed with TRU-Spec and TEVA-Spec columns. Americium is finally quantified by high resolution alpha spectrometry. Analyses carried out with various reference IAEA materials proved that this new method produces higher radiochemical yields 80%-90%), thus allowing treatment of smaller environmental samples. htti)://www.ivsn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Gasco.htm 16/11/01 Une campagne de relev6s gamma dans la zone d'exclusion de Thernobyl a 6t6 effect... Page 1 sur 1 USE OF THE AIRBORNE DETECTION SYSTEM HELINUC IN EMERGENCY OR POST EMERGENCY SITUATIONS. EXEMPLE OF CHERNOBYL SURVEY. GUILLOT L., PROSCOURA M. I., MARCHAND D. CEA/DAM Ile de France, SRCE, BP12, 91680 Bruy&res le Chdtel, France, E-mail guillot dase.bruyeres.ceaft An airborne gamma survey in Chernobyl exclusion zone was done in June 2000 as part of the French-Ukrainian agreement HELINUC UKR 3N4/227. The French airborne gamma measurement system ELWUC was put on an Ukrainian helicopter Kamov-26. Quick results over large areas around the power plant were obtained, so the usefulness of such mobile detection system has been showed, in emergency or post emergency situations. In addition to sodium iodide detectors usually used in airborne spectrometry, a germanium detector has been implemented. Until now such detector wasn't much used in mobile spectrometry because of low sensitivity and reliability in airborne environment. Technical problems have been solved and a new germanium data analysis adapted to low count rates provides a better identification of radionuclides than sodium iodide measurements. In case of emergency situation, the use of such high resolution detectors would be of great interest because of the spectrum complexity. In post accidental situations, the sensitivity isn't the main parameter to define the best detector and the results of Chernobyl survey demonstrated that the use of germanium detectors provide better performances than sodium iodide detectors. Detailed results obtained with both kind of detectors around Chernobyl will be presented. httv://www.ipsn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaties/Guillot.htm 16/11/01 A New Method for Determination of Uranium Isotopes in Water and Sediment Page I sur 1 A NEW METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF URANIUM ISOTOPES IN WATER AND SEDIMENT JIA G., BLASI M., ROSAMILIA S. ANPA - National Environmental Protection Agency Via Vitaliano Brancati, 48 - 00144 Roma, Italy email: silvia anpa.it A new and simple method for determination of uranium isotopes in water and sediment samples by alpha spectrometry has been developed. Uranium is preconcentrated from filtered water samples by coprecipitation with iron (111) hydroxide at pH 9 - 0 using ammonia solution and the precipitate is dissolved with HN03 and mineralised with H202 and I-IF. Uranium in sediment samples is sequentially leached out with HCI, HN03+111F and HNO 3 by heating. The mineralised or leaching solution in 2 M HNO 3 is passed through a Microthene-TOPO (tri-octyl-phosphine oxide) column; after washing uranium is directly eluted into a cell with ammonium oxalate solution, electrodeposited on a stainless steel disc and measured by alpha spectrometry. The lower limits of detection are 020 mBq/1 for one liter of water and o.42 Bq/kg for 0.5 g sediment. The procedure has been checked by analysing two certified sediment samples supplied by IAEA and reliable results are obtained. Sample analyses show that, the 238U and 234U concentrations are in the ranges of 0.39 - 50.8 Bq/1 and 049 - 52.9 Bq/1 in waters, and of 19.6 - 35.2 B/kg and 21.5 - 37.4 Bq/kg in sediments; the average uranium yields for waters and sediments are 82.5±5.7% and 79.6±9.3% respectively. http://www.ii)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Jia.htm 16/11/01 Page I sur 1 SAMPLING OPTIMISATION AT THE RADJOECOLOGICAL MONITORING KHOMUTININ Yu., KASHPAROV V., ZHEBROVSKA K. Ukrainian Scientific Institute of Agricultural Radiology, USIAR, Kyiv, Ukraine, E-mail: kz rwmc.freenet.kiev.ua Base of any monitoring type is considered to be either direct observing and measurements, performed in situ, or analysis and test of samples selected. The considerable laboriousness of works on sampling and high measurement cost require to optimisation of sampling and measurements process. An experimental works on study of soil, vegetation and milk sampling peculiarities have been carried out. Experimental sites, located within Chornobyl Exclusion Zone and out of it, are characterised by the wide range of soil contamination with 137Cs, different types of radioactive fallouts, different types of land-use, different types of landscapes. Experimental sites were chosen on fields with typical agricultural crops and on virgin territories with typical vegetation for the purpose of statistical features of contamination different plants with radionuclides obtaining and assessment of representativity of vegetation samples selection. For the purpose of statistical features of milk contamination with 137CS study were chosen herds cattle in personal farms. When results obtained processing, methods of dispersion and retrogressive analysis and method of confidential intervals were used. Density of soil contamination with 137CS, its contents in different vegetation on uniformly contaminated sites, as well as its contents at a certain time contained in caws milk from personal farms having general pastures, are submitted to logarithmically normal law of probability distribution was shown. It was established that relative variability of density of soil contamination with 137CS, its contents in different vegetation don't dependent on contamination density, radioactive fallouts types, landscapes types, vegetation types. Relative variability of 137CS content in milk of farms is only defined with conditions (stabling or pasture) stockkeeping (variability during a stabling period is higher than during a pasture one). The planning procedures of necessary and sufficient amount selected samples (which ensures assign accuracy) of soil, vegetation and milk based on statistical conclusions is offered for optimisation radioecological monitoring. htti)://www.ii)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Khomutinin.htm 16/11/01 Page I sur I ANALYSIS OF PLUTONIUM ISOTOPES IN ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES LEE, S. H., LA ROSA, J. J., LEVY, . International Atomic Energy Agency, Marine Environment Laboratory, MC-98012, Monaco, rnai1to:S.H.Lee iaea.or Plutonium is one of the most radiologically important elements due to its long half life, the great quantity which has been produced (much more than any other transuranic element), its high radiotoxicity, and its introduction by nuclear bomb tests and by release from nuclear facilities into the environment. With decreasing Pu concentration in the environment, and in order to reduce the time and money needed for analysis, various approaches have been taken to optimise the analytical work. These include the radiochernical analyses of both small and large sample amounts using both anion exchange resin and extraction chromatographic separations with measurement of the purified Pu fraction by semiconductor alpha spectrometry (SAS), high resolution inductively-coupled mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS). Generally, Pu results obtained by SAS are in good agreement with ICP-MS and AMS. The mass spectrometry techniques permit significantly lower detection limits compared to SAS and have proved suitable to analyze samples of very low activity, but they require sophisticated instrumentation and careful attention to source preparation to avoid interferences. Anion exchange resin is effective for Pu separation and purification, especially from large samples, but needs much chemicals and time. Extraction chromatography reduces the amounts of chemicals as well as the processing time. However, large sample sizes still need pre-concentration techniques such as co-precipitation to reduce the amount of matrix before chromatography can be applied. htti):Hwww.ii)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaiies/LeeSH.htm 16/11/01 TRACE EEMENTS IN TOTAL ATMOSPHERIC SUSPENDED PARTICLES IN ... Page 1 sur 1 TRACE ELEMENTS IN TOTAL ATMOSPHERIC SUSPENDED PARTICLES IN A SUBURBAN AREA OF PARIS: A STUDY CARRIED OUT BY INAA LE PETIT G., DESCHAMPS JP. & ABT D. CEA/DAM/DIIF/DASE/Service Radioanalyses Chimie Environnement BP12 - 91680, Bruy -res-le-Chatel, France E-mail : lepetit dase.bruyeres.cea.fr The atmospheric particulate matter of industrialised cities have become a mixture of potentially basic substances whose concentration have to be monitored to assess the pollution levels. Anthropogenic elements, particularly trace metals, are part of these pollutants and the knowledge of their total concentration in the air is necessary to evaluate the pollution risk in term of maximum levels and long term exposure. In the present work, a preliminary study initiated for monitoring the trace element levels present in total atmospheric suspended particles (TSP) of the suburban areas of Paris in France is presented. More than 30 elements have been determined using a high volume air sampler, about 600 m3.h-1, installed near a busy highway and equipped with large filters for weekly collection of atmospheric aerosols. The study covers a period of a whole year 1998) and different weather conditions. Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA) from the OSIRIS research reactor (neutron flux 12.1014 n.s-1 CM-2) at the Commissariat A 'Energie Atornique, Saclay centre, has been used for the determination of the great part of element whereas ICP-MS has been employed for determination of lead. The reliability of our INAA methodology was demonstrated using a standard internal reference. Enrichment factors were used to investigate trends, emission sources. Evolution in time of stable element concentrations and possible origin of certain pollution sources, have been investigated. httD:Hwww.ii)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/SummariesALei)etit.htm 16/11/01 Page 1 sur I Comparison of three measuring techniques performances to quantify Am-241 in different samples from laboratory experiments carried out under controlled conditions MORELLO M., COLLE C. GRASSET G. Institute of Protection and Nuclear Safety, DPRE/SERLAB, Laboratory of Experimental Radioecology, CADARACBE, Bt. 186, B. P. 1, 13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, CEDEX, France, marcel.morello ipsn.fr To understand the behaviour of transuranic elements in terrestrial ecosystems (mobility and phytoavailability) needs to carry out research under controlled conditions with special emphasis on the interaction of these radionuclides with soil organic acids (prone to promote solubility) and on the influence of the soil hydric conditions (which influence the partition coefficient Kd in the soil unsaturated zone). Within this framework, laboratory experiments lead to measurement of Am-241 at various concentrations in different types of samples. Sample matrix are of three main categories, water, vegetable and soil. Three measuring techniques, gamma spectrometry, liquid scintillation and alpha spectrometry may be theoretically used to measure the activity of Am-241 in the samples. According to the characteristics of matrix to be analysed, we will compare the validity field and consequently the area for a correct use of these three techniques regarding criteria such as technical difficulties with preparing sample for measurement, counting duration and detection limits. http:Hwww.ii)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Morello.htm 16/11/01 Page 1 sur 1 DETERMINATION OF RADIUM-226 IN AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS BY ALPHA SPECTROMETRY MORVAN K., ANDRES Y., MOKILI M.B. & ABBE .Ch. Laboratoire SUBATECH UMR 6457 - Ecole des Mines de Nantes, IN2P3/CNRS - Universit6 de Nantes 4, rue Alfred Kastler - La Chantrerie - BP 20722 - 44307 NANTES Cedex 3 - France e-mail: morvan(bsubatechJn2p3.f From the radiollogic aspect, radium is one of the most radiotoxic radioelements; as such, its measurement in environmental samples is of utmost importance. Hydrated manganese oxides adsorb heavy cations; in 1979, Bland emphasised the selectivity of radium adsorption towards calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium. Based on this observation, a new technique for radium-226 determination by alpha spectrometry has been elaborated. The parameters were optimised with reference to the measuring time and the sensitivity. The radium-226 sorption on manganese dioxide has been studied so as to identify the optimum conditions in view of alpha spectroscopy. The recovery yields were determined by adding barium-133, easily measured through gamma spectroscopy, as a tracer. The manganese dioxide films are prepared from 6,6-polyamide disks immersed in potassium permanganate for 3 hours, at 65 ± 51DC; the influence of the thickness of the MnO 2 layers on the alpha spectra has been investigated. The kinetics of the radiurn-226 adsorption has been measured as a function of various parameters, noticeably the pH. Several radionuclides (23OTh, 234U. .. ) emitting alpha particles with energies close to those of radiurn-226 4784 and 4602 keV) can perturb the measurements due to interferences. These elements can be retained in solution by complexation prior to dropping the film into solution. This analytical procedure has been applied to 20 French mineral waters; the data compare satisfactorily with previously published evaluations implying other techniques. The technique allows a relatively fast, easy and efficient measurement of radium-226 in solution. httD://www.ii)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/A4orvan.htm 16/11/01 A methodological approach for sediment core dating Page I sur I A methodological approach for sediment core dating. Ocone R., Belli M., Schiozzi L., Fazio A. Abstract. A methodological procedure to date sediment cores by gamma measure of 21OPb is proposed. This procedure includes the self-absorption correction, experimentally obtained, and the sediment core dating, by sof-tware computation. Selection of detector type, sample container and measurement configuration are discussed. In the paper measurement correctionsfor core slices with very low content of sediment, with respect to the volume of reference calibrationsource, are also discussed The method has been validated performing a comparison with two reference materials. As conclusion, the applicationof the procedure to sediment core coming from Venice lagoon is showed http://www.ipsn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Ocone.htm 16/11/01 Page 1 sur 1 INVESTIGATION OF THE VARIATION OF RADIONUCLIDES IN THE AIR OVER MONACO PHAM, M-K., LEE, S-H., POVINEC, P.P. International Atomic Energy Agency, Marine Environment Laboratory, MC 98012 Monaco, P.Povinec iaea.org IAEA-MEL has been monitoring radionuclides in the air over Monaco for about three decades. The purpose of these measurements is to study temporal variations in atmospheric radioactivity and to estimate deposition rates of radionuclides in the coastal environment. Monitoring of atmospheric radioactivity is radiologically important in the case of accidents (like the Chernobyl accident) as well as in searching for any irregularities in the concentration of radionuclides in the air (e.g. the accident during iron melting in the South of Spain. We shall discuss in detail the results of 713e, 137Cs, 239,24OPu and 24lAm concentration measurements in rain water and on aerosol filters obtained over the last two years. The results show typical summer-winter variations for cosmogenic 7Be which are due to stratospheric-tropospheric mixing. Over a period of one year, global fallout 137Cs has shown fluctuations within the same order of magnitude, with maxima in August. On the other hand, 239,24OPu and 24lAm have shown much higher fluctuations (up to about two orders of magnitude) with maxima in August, as well. The August maxima reflects the resuspension of radionuclides from soil, their accumulation in the atmosphere and later precipitation. Large fluctuations (by a factor of ten) were observed over a period of one year in 238Pu/239,24OPu activity ratios and need more investigation. Monthly deposition rates vary throughout the year in a similar way to the precipitation rate. The estimated average dep osition rate of 239,24OPu (16.5 ± 004 mBq m-2 year - ) compensates for about 4 of the mean annual Pu loss in the water column of the Mediterranean Sea, as derived from experiments with particle traps. htti):Hwww.ii)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Pham.htm 16/11/01 Page 1 sur 1 IAEA REFERENCE MATERIALS FOR ULTRA-TRACE ANALYSES OF RADIONUCLIDES IN THE AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT POVINEC, P.P., PHAM, M.K., LEE, S-H. International Atomic Energy Agency, Marine Environment Laboratory, MC 98012 Monaco, mailto: P.PovinecOiaea.orq Reference Materials (RM) are samples of well established properties used for the assessment of analytical methods. More rigorous materials - Certified Reference Materials (CRM) or Standard Reference Materials (SRM) have property values certified by technically valid procedures (at least two independent methods) traceable to SI units. RM and CRM have great impact on the development of methods of known accuracy. They represent important benchmarks in identifying weak methodologies, detecting training needs, up-grading the quality of laboratories' performances and assessing the validity of analytical methods. The reference methods (or international standard methods) can only be accepted on the basis of interlaboratory tests performed on selected CRM. The IAEA's Marine Environment Laboratory has been assisting laboratories in Analytical Quality Control Services (AQCS) for the analysis of radionuclides in the aquatic environment since the early seventies. AQCS through world-wide and regional intercomparison exercises and the provision of reference methods and RM has been acknowledged as an important part of quality assurance/quality control. A total of 43 intercomparison exercises were organised and 37 RM were produced for environmental radioactivity studies. All important marine matrices were covered, e.g. water, sediments of different chemical compositions, fish, shellfish and algae. RM were prepared from samples collected at contaminated sites as well as from sites affected only by global fallout. Available RM are listed in the IAEA biennial catalogue and can be purchased at a minimal price. An overview of prepared RM for radionuclides in different matrices is presented giving special emphasis to recently produced RM in which both radiometrics and mass spectrometry techniques (ICPMS, TIMS and AMS) were used for the analysis of radionuclides. htti)://www.ii)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Povinec.htm 16/11/01 Page 1 sur 1 URANIUM AND RADIUM ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION IN SIL AND EDIBLE EGGS OF LIOMETOPUM APICULA TUM (ANTS) FROM A RADIOACTIVE WASTE SITE. QUEMO A., GASO I., CRESPO T. CIEMAT, Dept. of Environmental Impact of the Energy, Avda. Complutense, 22-28040 Madrid, Spain, e- mail: a1berto.quejido ciemat.es Many ancient mexican cultures have made insects a special ingredient in their diets providing an excellent source of protein. Actually, escamoles (egss belonging to the reproductive cast from ant specie Liometopum apiculatum) are sold in local native markets and served in Mexico city restaurants. Samples of soil and escamoles were taken from a mexican storage centre for radioactive waste and non-polluted area far from the site. The samples were investigated for natural and anthropogenic radioactivity in order to detect the isotope anomalies. In this paper, the application of alpha spectrometry and mass spectrometric techniques as TIMS and ICP-MS, for the detection of radionuclides and other trace elements in environmental samples, is presented. These powerful instrumental techniques can be determine uranium isotopic ratios with very low detection limits 10-1_10-7 mBq), high accuracy and precision. For alpha spectrometry determinations, the acid dissolved samples was purified by anion exchange to isolate the uranium fraction and prepared by electrodeposition onto stainless steel planchets. For mass spectrometry, the purification of the uranium fraction was carried out by means of cation exchange and further anion exchange columns. Flow injection technique IA) is applied to the analysis of digested samples, because ICP-MS is strongly affected by matrix effects from major elements of the solution. The analyses were done by measurement of full range of mass between isotopes. Isotopic ratios by TIMS were measured by the peak jumping method and the instrumental mass discrimination factors were calculated by the analysis of a natural uranium standard solution from CIEMAT. htti)://www.ii)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Ouejido.htm 16/11/01 Page 1 sur I Sequential analysis of Sr, Pu Am and Cm in low-level liquid radioactive effluents. Rajdeep Sidhu (rajdeep.sidhu ife.no) Institute for Energy Technology Health and Safety Department Environmental Monitoring Section P.O. Box 40 N2027 Kjeller, Norway Abstract The Institute for Energy Technology (1FE) in Kjeller, Norway, operates a small nuclear reactor (thermal output: 2 MW) which is used for research and isotope production purposes. The low-level liquid radioactive waste generated due to these activities is discharged to a nearby flowing river through an underground pipeline. The Environmental Monitoring Section at IFE monitors the discharge effluents for a-, b-, and g-emitters to ensure that the discharge limits set by the authorities are not exceeded. While g-analysis is straightforward, the analysis of a and b-emitters require radiochemical isolation before the activities can be determined. In our lab Sr is separated using the well-known fumic nitric acid procedure and Pu is isolated with the use of anion exchange and solvent extraction. These methods are very complex, time consuming and require the use of large amounts of concentrated acids. A new sequential method for the a-analysis of U, Pu Am and Cm and b-analysis of 9Sr, via 9Y, is described. This procedure utilises an actinide specific extraction chromatographic resin (TRU-Resin) and TBP-extraction. htti):Hwww.ii)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/RaideepSidhu.htm 16/11/01 Page 1 sur I DTOPE RATIOS DETERMINATION OF URANIUM IN SOIL SAMPLES AFFECTED DUE TO CHERNOBYL ACCIDENT USING THERMAL IONISATION MASS SPECTROMETER S.K. SAHOO and K. SHIRAISHI National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Environmental Radiation Protection Research Group, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan. A rapid and highly precise method was develop for the separation of uranium from soil samples for thermal ionisation mass spectrometry. The chemical separation procedure is based on the use of anion exchange resin and UTEVA extraction chromatography column. The isotope ratios of uranium, 234U/238u, 235U/23'U and 236U/231U were measured by using a VG Sector 554 TIMS equipped with a Wide Aperture Retardation Potential (WARP) energy filter with a precision of better than 02% at two standard deviations (sd). The use of a WARP energy filter improves abundance sensitivity by an order of magnitude over a conventional VG Sector TIMS. Replicate of standard reference materials showed excellent analytical agreement with established values, supporting the reliability and accuracy of the method. Uranium isotopic compositions have been determined in soil samples in the exclusion zone of Chernobyl nuclear power plant. The isotopic composition of Chernobyl soil samples showed significant deviation from the natural uranium and the 236u/238u ratio varied from 1-5 to 10-4. htti):Hwww.ivsn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Sahoo.htm 16/11/01 Page I sur 1 Determination of tritium concentration in aquatic environment using solid polymer electrolyte Masahiro SAITO, Kefichi UJITA and Masarni FUKUI Research Reactor Institute, Kyoto University Kurnatori-cho, Sennan-gun, Osaka, 590-0494 Japan ABSTRACT An electrolysis apparatus utilizing solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) was used to enrich HTO contained in various aquatic samples collected from Kansai area in the vicinity of KURRI (Kyoto University Research Reactor). Usually IL of distilled sample was condensed to 48n-A by electrolysis. Under this condition, tritium in the sample water was 10-fold enriched. After this process, re-distillation of the sample solution was necessary to remove contaminant material that is enriched along with tritium. The tritium concentration in river water distributed between 0.5 and 13 mBq/n-il. The tritium enrichment system using SPE was found to be safe and convenient to assay aquatic HTO. htti):Hwww.1i)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Saito2.htm 16/11/01 7M Page 1 sur 1 7M = Consequences of accidental and chronical situations (Chernobyl consequences, countermeasures and decontamination, tools) K" Fesenko2 Nisbet2 Chabanyuk Metivierl Mourlon Badie • Boyer • DevilleCavelin • Higgins • Higgins2 • Howard • Ivanov2 • Ivanov3 • Kashparo • Kutlakhmedova3 • Lepicard • Metivier2 • Mikheikin • Monte • Moraleda • Nisbet • Palsson • Perot • Roed • Salt • Sobotovich • Spirin • Tatedal • Thornberg • Yatsalo • Zeevaert • Zlobenko • Zvonova http://www.il)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/P7M.htm 16/11/01 Post Accident Management Page I sur 1 Post Accident Management G N Kelly-LIJ European Commission DG Research, Brussels Abstract Effective post-accident management depends first and foremost on sound policy and practical means for its implementation. The lack of, or relatively poorly developed, policy or guidance on post- accident management was largely responsible for the disparate response across Europe to the Chernobyl accident and for the difficulties in reaching agreement on matters of international importance (eg, trade in contaminated foodstuffs). Much has been learned from the post Chernobyl experience, both in terms of policy development and its practical implementation. It would, however, be naive to be complacent - recent experiences with the management of BSE and GMO in particular, exemplify the difficulties of decision making in the current social and political environments. This paper reviews the progress that has been made since the Chernobyl accident in the development of policy for post-accident management and how it can be implemented. Consensus on policy in this area does, however, remain elusive and the remaining difficulties are addressed. Insufficient attention has been given in the past to the social and political aspects of post-accident management and some of the more recent and highly promising developments are discussed. Rapid and reliable characterisation of contaminated areas is important for coherent and effective post-acci dent management and the advances that have been made in this area are described. Sources of information on the technical options for managing contaminated environments, including their efficacy, cost, practicability, etc, are summarised. LIThe views expressed are those of the author and not necessarily those of the European Commission htto://www.ii)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Kellv.htm 16111/01 Long-term prediction of 137Cs behavior in forest ecosystems of different types Page I sur 1 IDENTIFICATION OF OPTIMAL COUNTERMEASURES STRATEGIES IN AGRICULTURE IN THE LONG TERM AFTER THE CHNPP ACCIDENT Fesenko S.V., Pakhomov A.Yu., Sanzharova N.I. Russian Institute of Agricultural Radiology and Agroecology, 249020, Obninsk, Russia, riar obninsk.org The experience gained in the aftermath of the heavy radiation accidents shows that in the case of large-scale contamination the limitation of internal radiation doses to people by means of restoration of agricultural lands is more realistic than to decrease dose burdens from external irradiation. The approach for the estimation of the effectiveness of countermeasure strategies in the long term after the Chernobyl accident, based on the classification of farms by site specific factors governing transfer of radionuclides to agricultural products is justified. It has been found that application of remediation options on the territory of Russia will be necessary at different scales up to 2050.. Collective farms located on the contaminated territory were divided into 18 categories based on the contamination density of 137Cs and risk of the overestimation of standards, restricting the use of agricultural products. To derive rernediation strategies for these categories, 108 representative fan-ns were selected for which extensive radioecological data were gathered. This allowed the assumption that levels of agricultural products contamination are determined by the same factors. Two levels of the consideration were used in the study: global, including all territory affected after Chernobyl NPP accident and local, including consideration of individual farms. Eight main remedial actions were considered. The effectiveness of each of these actions (applied alone or in combination with each other) in terms of averted doses as well as their cost was estimated. For each category of the farms the ranking of rehabilitation options and the time periods when their application would be of importance were justified and estimated. Five remediation strategies (including site specific approach justified in the study), different in effectiveness and cost, were compared to provide the infon-nation for making decision on rehabilitation of agricultural lands in the long term after the ChNPP accident. httv://www.ii)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Fesenko2.htm 16/11/01 LANDSPREADING AS A WASTE DISPOSAL OPTION FOR CONTANUNATED... Page 1 sur I MANAGEMENT OPTIONS FOR FOOD PRODUCTION SYSTEMS CONTAMINATED AS A RESULT OF A NUCLEAR ACCIDENT NISBET A. National Radiological Protection Board, Environmental Assessments Department, OXI 1 ORQ, Chilton, England, anne.nisbet nrpb.org.u Abstract: In the event of a nuclear accident, the imposition of mandatory intervention levels for foodstuffs could result in substantial quantities of agricultural produce being considered unfit for human consumption. Milk is important in this respect due to the continuous nature of its production and the rapid transfer of radionuclides from pasture to milk. A five-year research project funded jointly by Food Standards Agency, Environment Agency and NRPB, has been carried out to evaluate comprehensively, options for the management of contaminated foodstuffs following a nuclear accident. This has identified three broad strategies for handling milk, cereals, fruit and vegetables: in situ treatments, alternative uses and disposal. For milk there is also the possibility of rapidly reducing the production of waste milk. The practicability of these options was evaluated against a set of 6 criteria: technical feasibility, capacity, cost, environinental impact, radiological impact and acceptability. These were assessed quantitatively where possible through consultation with experts from a wide range of organisations. Detailed radiological impact assessments were also undertaken. The radionuclides of interest were 131i, 134,137Cs and 89,9OSr. This paper provides an overview of the assessment of practicability and makes recommendations on the most appropriate options according to the type of agricultural produce affected. htti):Hwww.ipsn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Nisbet2.htm 16/11/01 Page 1 sur I THE APPLICATION OF THE RESTORE-EDSS TO CHILE VOIGT, G. SCHULLER, P. GSF-Institute of Radiation Protection, Riskanalysis, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany, vojgtO In Chile unexpectedly high 137Cs activity concentrations in soils and in food products due to the weapons fal in the 60th have been detected. This is partly due to the prevailing climatic conditions (high precipitation ra and the soil characteristics of the Chilean soils especially in the Antarctic. Within an EC project of the framework programme in Nuclear Fission Masterifig Event of the Past (RESTORE 'restoration strategies radioactive contaminated ecosystems') an EDSS (Environmental Decision Support System) has been develo which can be adapted to the ecological and site specific conditions of Chile by using information on properties, soil contamination and soil-plant transfer factors of 137CS for characteristic Chilean soil types crops. These data can be used to identify areas which are potentially radioecological sensitive i.e. will resul elevated radiation doses to people living and using these areas, and further more where countermeasure acti might be implemented. The EDSS will use the modem tools such as GIS (geographical information systems) geostatistical methods, recently developed dynamic soil-plant transfer models to determine fluxes radiocaesium, and dose calculation models. The system will provide an analysis of the present contamination radiocaesium of Chile. Later it can be modified and applied for other radionuclides such as radiostronti Examples for the implementation of the EDSS and first results are presented. htti)://www.ii)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/SummariesNoiRt.htm 16/11/01 Page 1 sur 1 RADIOECOLOGICAL DATABASE AFTER CHORNOBYL REDACW - MAIN RESULT OF PROJECT 2 RADIOECOLOGICAL CONSIQUENCES OF CHORNOBYL ACCIDENT OF FRANCO-GERMAN INITIATIVE FOR CHORNOBYL CHABANYUK V.*, DEVILLE-CAVELIN G.**, BIESOLD H.*** *Intelligence Systems GEO, Ltd. - 9a, Saperne pole Str - 01042, Kyiv-42, Ukraine, i;ft4Lb iscieo._kiev.u-a **Institute for Nuclear Safety and Protection (IPSN), Department for Environmental Protection (DPRE) CE Cadarache - 13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance C6de - France - E-maill : erard.deville- ***Gesellschaft fOr Anlagen- und Reaktorsicherheit (GRS) mbH, Wastes Management Division Schwernergasse I - 50667 Cologne - Germany - E-maill : bielbars-.de REDACW consists of 9 information systems in the narrow sense (ISN) extended by information objects creating together information system in the wide sense (ISW). Each ISN consists of computer-based sub-systems, intended to provide recording and supporting services for operation and management of data according to Project 2 Sub-Projects/problem domains: ) Ecological Portrait, 2 Contamination, 3 Wastes, 4 Soil-to-Plants Transfers, 5) Plants-to- Animals Transfers, 6 Run-off, 7 Aquatic Environment, 8) Urban Environment, 9) Rehabilitation. The leading Belarus, Russia and Ukraine institutions under the management of IPSN (France) created ISNs for contaminated territories of former USSR, GRS (Germany), and Chornobyl Center (Ukraine). As addition to the environmental protection specialists, who are interested in above listed problem domains data, REDACW is presenting interest for public users, environment protection decision makers, and information technology specialists. REDACW can be configured into four models: Databases, Publications, Processes, Backgrounds, to follow each user group needs. Three principal methods were used in development. First method is extension of ISNs to the ISW. It means that REDACW is totality of all formal and informal data representation and processing activity within an organization (Chornobyl Center), including the associated communication, both internally and with the outside world. Extension information objects include Web-site, metadatabase, reports, presentations, papers, administrative documents etc. ISNs and extension information objects are connected by hyperlinks into the hypertext, which is reviewed by the Microsoft Internet Explorer. Second method is named 'weak" integration of databases, which is modification of classic schema conversion. Third method is geocoding of all data with the help of common topographic digital map to build GIS database. htti)://www.ii)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Chabanyuk.htm 16/11/01 Page 1 sur 1 "SIR-ASTRAL": A COMBINED USE OF AN ATMOSPHERIC DISPERSION AND A FOOD- CHAIN CODES, COMPLETED BY THE FUNCTIONALITIES OF A GIS J.M. M9TIVEER Institute of Protection and Nuclear Safety(IPSN), Division of Envirom-nental Protection (DPRE), 13108 St Paul-16s-Durance Cedex, France. mailto:jean-michel.metivier ipsn. The purpose of this demonstration is to present the results of a feasibility study concerning the association of an atmospheric dispersion code, a radioecological and radiological impact code, jointly processed by a Geographical Information System, within the same tool. The SIROCCO code (atmospheric transfer, surface deposition and associated doses) is used for the modelling associated to atmospheric dispersion and the ASTRAL code (food chain transfers, post-accident environmental contamination and doses) for assessing the impact of a major nuclear accident on the environment and man. The geographical information system software's functions make it possible to develop thematic maps, to create isovalue maps, and perform space analyses. A prototype was developed under a PC environment. The development of thematic maps is grounded on geographic data enhanced by population data and agricultural production data. The user can create his own thematic analyses and go from one map to the other to answer questions arising from decision- makers or the media, e.g. deposit distribution, dosimetry and radioecological impact. This processing line with a short answer time can be a decision-making aid tool for nuclear hazard management. htti):Hwww.ivsn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/1\4etivierl.htm 16/11/01 Page I sur 1 DEMONSTRation of the ASTRAL post accidental code C. MOURLON, G. DE DROUAS Institute of Protection and Nuclear Safety (IPSN), Division of Environmental Protection (DPRE), CE/Cadarache, 13108 St Paul-lez-Durance Cedex, France. mailto:chriStODhe.mourlonL iiDsn.fr ------ Whether for studying impacts of a hypothetical nuclear accident or for handling a crisis situation, experts and decision-makers, after a large scale atmospheric radioactive release, want to assess the contamination of the environment and food products, derive from it the potential exposure of populations to ionised radiations, predict the evolution of the situation and propose different scenarios for the management of contaminated zones. Starting from estimations or measurements of a radionuclide deposit on the ground, the ASTRAL computer code meets these demands it calculates the evolution of concentrations in the food chain components and the doses to man due to external exposure and internal intake through inhalation of resuspended radioactive particles and ingestion of contaminated foodstuff. Furthermore, various counter-measures can be simulated and therefore the efficiency of different types of management of contaminated zones and products can be evaluated. A first version of ASTRAL was released in 1997, and is currently installed in IPSN's Crisis Technical Center and at EDF (Electricit6 De France). A demonstration of its second version, which is to be released at the end of year 2001, is proposed. For this version, the choice of an internet architecture was made it enables quick viewing of results, intuitive ergonomics - thus requiring a minimized training - and facilitates the spreading and the maintenance of the software, since only a web browser is necessary for the average user. htti):Hwww.ivsn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/N4ourlon.htm 16/11/01 Post-accidental management has to bring back acceptable life conditions on sanitary, ... Page I sur I EVALUATION OF POST-ACCIDENTAL REHABILITATION STRATEGIES O.M. BADIE, .... Institut de Protection et de Sf1ret6 Nucl6aire- DPRE/SERGDILESTS 92265 FONTENAY AUX ROSES CEDEX, France moana.badie ipsn.fr Post-accidental management aims at restoring acceptable life conditions for population on sanitary, social and economic aspects. It is then a matter for an optimisation process in a multicriteria context, which has to combine quantitative parameters as well as qualitative parameters. In order to fit with this problematic, IPSN has developed and applied a methodology to a major accident situation on a reactor. The methodology consists in making a systematic evaluation of indicators in order to provide intercomparing data for many rehabilitation strategies. It relies on four steps: characterisation of the geographic and demographic environment, radiological diagnosis, selection of countermeasures from a well characterised set of techniques, and last, evaluation of the intercomparing factors. For each selected countenneasures, radiological benefit and some incidences have been calculated: duration of realisation of the countermeasure, materials and human means, worker doses, amount and characteristics of generated wastes. In this context, calculations highlighted the importance of external exposure in built areas, and consequently the importance of the corresponding countermeasures. In agricultural zone, taking off vegetation and ploughing enable to strongly reduce specific activity on food products. Reduction by soil removal is more effective, but problems due to the large amount of generated waste could discard this kind of techniques. Except for the particular case of milk and highly self-dependant level groups, dosimetric gains by agricultural countermeasures are not significant because of the low part of ingestion in the total dose. Nevertheless the economical impact of such could be significant by allowing the distribution of foodstuff initially contaminated above regulatory limits. This work is an useful contribution to the clarification of the post-accidental rehabilitation problem. It has also underscored two important needs: adaptation of calculation tools to make their use easier, and improvement of the knowledge about the operational aspects of the interventions. htti)://www.ii)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Badie.htm 16/11/01 Page I sur 1 CASTEAUR A TOOL FOR OPERATIONAL ASSESSMENTS OF RADIONUCLIDES TRANSFERS IN RIVER ECOSYSTEMS BOYER P., BEAUGELIN-SEILLER K. Institute of Protection and Nuclear Safety (IPSN), Division of Environmental Protection (DPRE), C.E. Cadarache, 13108 St Paul-lez-Durance cedex, France. mai1to:patrick.boyer ipsn.fr The CASTEAUR code (simplified calculations of radionuclide transfers in river ecosystems) is aimed at performing operational assessments. In river, this approach is seldom mechanistic and is required to be rather conservative, although the modem knowledge and computer systems allow for the proposal of more elaborate and operational tools. The development of CASTEAUR is based on these considerations, attempting to bridge the gap between assessment and research. The adopted method starts from the identification of simplifying hypotheses governing the research-toward-operational move, taking into account the assessment constraints data availability and parameter definition, calculation times adapted to the context (routine or accident), flexibility and user friendly interfaces. For different release categories (routine and or accident), CASTEAUR assesses, according to time and space, the radionuclide concentrations in the main components of the river ecosystem (water, suspended particles, bottom sediment and trophic chain). Simplification was applied to five domains: hydrography, hydraulics, sedimentary dynamics, ecology and radioccology. In this context, this paper is divided in two parts. The first one defines the hypothesis, the models and the functionalities of the tool. The second part presents an appraisal of its operational capacities through an example of application on a real case. http://www.ipsn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Bover.htm 16/11/01 Page Sur I THE CONSEQUENCES OF THE CHERNOBYL ACCIDENT FUWrRESULTSOFTBERADIOECOL40GYPROJECTOFTBEFRENCH-GERMANDaMTIVE DEVILLE-CAVELIN W., BIESOLD H."111, BRUN-YABA Ch.***-121& CHABANYUK V.****131 *Institute for Nuclear Safety and Protection (IPSN), Department for Environmental Protection (DPRE) CE Cadarache - 13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance Cddex - France - E-mail : gerard.deville-cavelin ipsn.fr The French-German Initiative for Chernobyl, implemented by IPSN and GRS, allowed the development of a Project on "Radioactive Consequences of the Accident". In the frame of this project, radioecological and post accidental aspects have been treated. Different fields of radioecology had been chosen, such as radionuclides transfers from soil to plants and from plants to animals, transfers by surface run-off, in the aquatic environment and in the urban environment. Data from Belarus, Russia and Ukraine, from environmental monitoring and field experiments, have been collected, verified and organized in an unique database REDAC. This database constitutes a tool allowing development and validation of operational, assessment and explicative models. Post accidental aspects are treated for wastes and countermeasures. For wastes, all the disposals in the exclusion zone are being identified and characterized, including their contents. An unified categorization for the three countries has been adopted and an operational database, included in REDAC, allows the management of the wastes disposal sites for authorities and decision makers. In the different part of ecosystems, the radionuclides transfers have been quantified and the main parameters influencing identified. Decrease of transfer factors from soil to plant are observed and explained according to the changes in the radionuclide content of the soil. For transfer from plants to animals, the main influence of the diet is pointed out. Countermeasures used after the accident for urban areas, natural and agricultural environment, including forest ecosystems, have been described and classified. A methodology for evaluating their effectiveness has been developed. All the results have been gathered in a database, integrated in the global database REDAC in order to be used for operational management. For linking the different data, maps of initial and present contamination by 137Cs and Sr have been drawn up and all the environmental non radioactive data have been, with all the others, collected, structured and georeferenced in the database REDAC with a Geographical Information System. OL"Geselischaft fr Anlagen- und Reaktorsicherheit (GRS) mbH, Wastes Management Division Schwernergasse I - 50667 Cologne - Germany - E-mail : bie grs.de L2L***Institute for Nuclear Safety and Protection (IPSN), Deparhnent for Environmental Protection (DPRE) CEA FAR - BP N6 -92265 Foatenay-aux-Roses Cddex- France -Email: cliristine-brun-yaba ipsn. Chomobyl Center for Nuclear Safety Radioactive Wastes Radioecology -Ukraine htti)://www.ii)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/DevilleCavelin.htm 16/11/01 Page 1 sur I APPLICATION OF DATA ASSIMILATION TECHNIQUES TO POST ACCIDENT MANAGEMENT, ASSESSMENT AND PRESENTATION OF UNCERTAIN ENVIRONMENTAL AND RADIONUCLIDE DATA HIGGINS N. A., PtROT N. National Radiological Protection Board, Environmental Assessments Department, Chilton Dideot OXI I ORQ UK Nei1.Hi99ins_ NRPB.orP,._uk A major collaboration between TPSN and NRPB has recently commenced with the intention of developing and implementing practical data assimilation techniques. This joint work builds on the CITRAMIE & SECTAR projects of IPSN and NRPB respectively. Te tools developed through the collaboration will assist decision-makers after an accident to protect the public more effectively. They will clarify the state of knowledge available through the display of map based estimates of the likely environmental concentrations of radioactivity and the uncertainties in those concentrations. Considerable attention will be paid to the development of risk maps that show clearly the current uncertainties in the estimated concentrations in a range of foods and the predicted uncertainties at different times arising from the migration of radioactivity through the food chain. The estimates of radioactivity concentration and its temporal development in different foods together with the associated uncertainties will change, as more measurement information becomes available. The maps will therefore help decision-makers to allocate resources more effectively by concentrating measurement effort in areas of high uncertainty. A discussion of the role these techniques might play in the management and selection of intervention strategies is given together with an initial progress report on their development. htti):Hwww.ii)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Hiaizins.htm 16/11/01 AN APPLICATION OF DATA ASSBAMATION TECBNIQUES TO TBE POST A... Page I sur 1 SECTAR: STATISTCAL ESTIMATION AND CHARACTERISATION TECHNIQUES FOR ACCIDENT RESPONSE HIGGINS N. A., CHARNOCK W. T., SMITH T. J. National Radiological Protection Board, Environmental Assessments Department, Chilton Didcot OXI I ORQ UK Neil.HiggJns NRPl3.orp_.uk The NRPB, with support from the Food Standards Agency, is investigating the application of statistical modelling methods to the data available after a nuclear accident. The study has investigated the combined use of a variety of different types of data with the aim of producing a consistent best estimate of the amount deposited at different locations. In addition, work is continuing on the estimation of the uncertainties associated with the predicted levels of deposition. Together these results will provide decision-makers with important information on which to base their decisions such as the likely reliability of estimates at different locations when deciding what action to take. The data available after an accident falls into three broad categories: estimates from models, direct measurements of contamination levels, and general environmental data. These last may be site specific, such as vegetation, or event specific, such as rain. The use of different statistical approaches is discussed and example results, obtained by applying statistical methods to data from previous accidents, are given to demonstrate the potential of the technique under the realistic conditions of a limited availability of direct measurements. Future developments are also discussed including the practical realisation of these and more advanced techniques in a collaborative project with IPSN. htti):Hwww.ipsn.fr/ecorad2OOl/SummariesAFE.izRins2.htm 16/11/01 STRATEGY: Sustainable Restoration and Long-Term Management of Contaminated... Page I sur 1 SUSTAINABLE RESTORATION AND LONG-TERM MANAGEMENT OF CONTAMINATED RURAL, URBAN AND INDUSTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS HOWARD, B.J. Centre for Ecology Hydrology - Merlewood, Grange-Over-Sands, Cumbria, LAI I 6JU, United Kingdom; email: bjho ceh.ac.uk To sustain acceptable living and working conditions in areas contaminated by radioactivity, robust and effective restoration strategies need to consider different types of environment, land use and ways of life. The allocation of limited resources must take account of a range of requirements to ensure sustainable use, including social and ethical aspects, environmental considerations and quality of life. Current understanding of public perceptions and communication of technical information also needs to be integrated into the process so that the radiological situation is fully explained and any remediation measures are transparent to affected populations. Many individual countermeasures have been developed and tested. However, most have only been implemented within the former Soviet Union and their applicability for other areas has not been fully and critically assessed. The focus has been on evaluating their effectiveness, with some attention to cost benefit analyses. Such measures need a fuller evaluation and consideration of how they can be combined within a sustainable restoration strategy for contaminated sites, which may contain urban, rural and industrial areas. In addition, the potentially negative consequences of restoration must be considered; eg implementation of a remediation strategy may reduce collective dose, but increase doses to those implementing the strategies. In response to these issues, the current STRATEGY project aims to establish a decision framework for the selection of robust and practicable remediation strategies to enable the long-term sustainable management of contaminated areas. To achieve the objective, the project considers (i) practicality, technical feasibility and acceptability of individual measures; (ii) cost benefit; (iii) ethical and environmental considerations; (iv) requirements for effective public communication. The spatial variation in many of these factors and contrasting needs of urban, rural and industrial environments are being considered. Initial progress in trying to integrate the various topic areas, and issues arising will be discussed. htti)://www.ii)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Howard.htm 16/11/01 Page 1 sur 1 SOME APPROACHES TO CONCEPTUAL AND PRACTICAL DESICION OF TE REMEDIATION PROBLEMS OF CERNOBYL NPP EXCLUSION ZONE AND THE ZONE OF ABSOLUTE RESETTLEMENT Yu.A. IVANOVa VIKHOLOSHAb, A.N.ARKIUPOV'and N.I.PROSKURAb aChernobyl Radioecological Centre, Shkolnaya str. 6 Chernobyl, Ukraine, 07270 bState Department - Administration of the exclusion zone and the zone of absolute resettlement, Sovetskaya str., 14, Chernobyl, Ukraine, 07270 The problems of the substantiation and implementation of a complex rehabilitation of territory of the exclusion zone and the zone of absolute resettlement (EZ&ZAR), as a process of implementation of the countermeasures system, directed to recovery of its normal economic operation, are considered. Normative-legal base, principles, criterion, methods and scenarios of rehabilitation, concept of a full and partial rehabilitation, direction of rehabilitation activity both without change of the territory status and directed on return of territories under the jurisdiction of local government bodies, re- evacuation of the population and maintenance of normal conditions of its residing and habitability are discussed. The preliminary estimations of a capability of practical implementation of different directions of rehabilitation activity on EZ&ZAR territory, obtained with usage of GIS-technologies with taking into account of dynamics of a radioecological situation in natural and semi-natural ecosystems, state of the art of natural and technogenic objects on territory of EZ&ZAR are discussed. The piority kinds of the practical activity, which has been rendered concrete in the normative-legal acts, in EZ&ZAR concepts, namely, - activity on environmental protection, maintenance in a non-nal condition of phyto- and zoo-sanitary situation; forestry activity, activation of landscape-recovery processes etc. are considered. htti):Hwww.ii)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Ivanov2.htm 16/11/01 Page I sur 2 ESTIMATION OF POSSIBLE ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF CHERNOBYL NPP ON TE ENVIRONMENT AS A RESULT OF ITS CLOSING Yu.A. IVANOVa, V.,. KHOLOSHAb, A.N. ARKHIpOVa aChemobyl Radioecological Centre, Shkolnaya str. 6 Chernobyl, Ukraine, 07270 bState Department - Administration of the exclusion zone and the zone of absolute resettlement, Sovetskaya str., 14, Chernobyl, Ukraine, 07270 The problems, which one should be analysed and solved detailly for an adequate estimation of ecological effects of ChNPP as well as activities for its closing on the environment are considered. Particulatly, there are: safety control of staff, population and environment during all stages of ChNPP closing; maintenance of minimal ecological effect on the environment; development of scientific-justify programs of radioecological monitoring on the territory of ChNPP nearest zone for obtaining the adequate operating information and forecast of radioecological situations during realization of activities; development and estimation of effectiveness of technologies for recultivation and remediation of territories, technogenically changed as a result of activities; development of technologies and design solutions, which one provide reliable environmental protection from hit of radioactive materials at all operations of ChNPP closing; the complex solution of water protection problem in Exclusion zone, estimation of modern radioecological condition of ChNPP cooling pond, estimation of various scenario of its further maintenance after ChNPP closing etc.. The analysis of parameters of radiological situation on the territory of Exclusion zone, including estimation of sources and fluxes of long-lived radionuclides inside as well as outside of its borders, show, that ChNPP closing will not cause to significant change of intensity and directivity of htti)://www.ipsn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/lvanov3.htm 16/11/01 Page 2 sur 2 long-lived radionuclides fluxes. But, closing of ChNPP predetermines a change of a state of some sources (in particular, pond-cooler) and origin new (storehouse of a spent nuclear fuel, enterprises on processing of solid and liquid radioactive waste etc.). The changes in a condition of these sources (even at exception of consideration of extreme meteorological conditions and emergencies) are put with a number of new problems, requiring solution. Possible radioecological and ecological problems on the terrotory of Exclusion zone as well as on the territory, arranged near to a zone, which could be appeared dealing with Chernobyl NPP closing are disscussed. httD:Hwww.ii)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/lvanov3,htm 16/11/01 Page I sur I ASSESSMENT OF THE RADIOLOGICAL SITUATION RESULTED BY THE ACCIDENTAL RELEASE OF FUEL PARTICLES KASH PAROV V. Ukrainian Institute of Agricultural Radiology, UIAR, Kiev, Ukraine E-mail:vak inrad.kiev.ua Fuel particles availability in radioactive fallouts is considered to be a specific peculiarity of the Chernobyl NPP accident. Nuclear fuel oxidation was one of the principal mechanisms for fuel particles (FP) formation through the ChNPP accident. Nuclear fuel was destroyed into grains (crystallites) of 6-mm median diameter and well-developed surface. The radioactive release contained several physical and chemical formations of radionuclides, including fuel particles. From the radiological point of view, the appearance of fuel particles is important at the formation of the radioactive contamination of the territory; at the inhalation of radionuclides; for assessment of metabolism of radionuclides in the organism and for the doses assessment; for consideration of the migration of radionuclides in soil determining the dynamics of exposure dose rate; at the contamination of surface and ground water and the time dynamics of the bioavailability of radionuclides determining the radioactive contamination of plants, agricultural production and human intake of radionucliudes at the ingestion of radionuclides by animals, radionuclides metabolism and radioactive contamination of livestock production. Mechanism of fuel particles formation during the ChNPP accident and their physical-chemical properties, contamination of territory by radionuclides contained in a fuel component of radioactive fallouts, kinetics of fuel particles dissolution in soils in natural conditions and in model media, dynamics of plants contamination on the fuel traces of radioactive fallouts, behaviour of FP- associated radionuclides in human and agricultural animals organisms are considered in the report. The fuel particles oxidation is appeared to be a principal factor determining their chemical stability. The increase of soil acidity (pH=7-4) provokes changes in the fuel particles solubility (half-time decreases from 14 to year). This results in principally other dynamics and levels of plant contamination in compare with global radioactive fallouts. Bioavailability of FP-associated caesiurn and strontium to cow organism at the ingestion is significantly lower (up to 2 orders of magnitude) as compared with soluble forms of the radionuclides. The 137Cs absorption factor in gastrointestinal tract is about 0.01. Chernobyl fuel particles have a low solubility in the lung fluid and can be classified as insoluble for inhalation according to the ICRP classification. htti):Hwww.iosn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaiies/Kasht)arov.htm 16/11/01 Page I sur I SYSTEMS AND MEANS OF REHABILITATION ECOSYSTEMS AFTER RADIONIUCLIDE'S CONTAMINATION. ANALYZIS ON BASE THEORY OF RADIOCAPACITY OF ECOSYSTEMS. KUTLAHKMEDOVA-VISHNYAKOVA V., KUTLAHMEDOV Yu. Address of the first author Institute of Agroecology and Biotechnology of Ukrainian Agrarian Academy of Sciences (Department of Radioecology), 01004, Kiev, Ukraine, E.mail: ecoetic mail.kannet Radiocapacity is the maximum amount of radionuclides which can be contained in a given ecosystem, without damaging the main trophic properties, i.e. productivity, conditioning and reliability. Special attention will be given to the concept of factor of radiocapacity. Methods of calculation of radiocapacity of water and over-land ecosystems, and also agrocenoses, and factors stipulating these magnitudes will be considered. The measure of radiocapacity and also factor of radiocapacity are convenient and universal, and reflect the main properties of ecosystems. Using mathematical means of stationary and dynamic models is quite simple and is suitable for ecosystems of any complexity. This approach allows to receive the important prognostic evaluations of the quality and condition of ecosystems to be made. The fundamental property of ecosystems is their ability to accumulate and to keep radionuclides inside themselves. The radiocapacity factor could serve as the measure of this property. This measure is most conveniently characterized by the ratio of the amount of radioactivity strongly sorbed by components of the ecosystem, to the whole radioactivity which is contained in the given ecosystem. We shall for the beginning consider countermeasures, used in an agriculture. The basic countermeasures and evaluations of decontamination factors on a level of their influence on values of individual and collective doses of irradiation are adduced. Here we present an evaluation of countermeasures influence level on value of the factor of radiocapacity of soil ecosystem (F). It is necessary to underline that the protective measures used in an agriculture do not change a quality of ecosytems as a rule, and by that values of the factor of a radiocapacity do not reduce. iety of effective countermeasures in a particular village of Rovno area (v. Miliachi) is shown. These countermeasures, applied as in collective and in private farms are characterized ecologically. And absence of a noticeable decreasing of radiocapacity of ecosystems. Analysis of efficiency of realized countermeasures on water ecosystems shows their rather high efficiency. The summarized economies of a collective dose at the expense of these countermeasures for the population of Ukraine is estimated in 11 m1n. men- rem. Thus the efficiency of countermeasures the above the better used a high radiocapacity of water ecosystems in particular of bottom sediments of reservoirs. The general principle of selection of optimum countermeasures for any types of ecosystems is that the planned countermeasure should increase the factor of radiocapacity of ecosystems or though did not reduce it. htti)://www.ii)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Kutlakhmedova3.htm 16/11/01 Page 1 sur 1 IMPACT ASSESSMENTS OF RADIOACTIVE DISCHARGES INTO RIVERS: APPLICATION TO THE APPRAISAL OF THE CHERNOBYL DYKE PROJECT ON THE PRIPYAT RIVER LEPICARD S. Centre d6tude sur I'Evaluation de la Protection dans le domaine Nucl6aire (CEPN) BP 48, 92263 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France, lepicard cepn.asso.fr The rise of the water level of the Pripyat river - particularly during spring flooding - as well as erosion associated with ice-jam events, have led to the periodic inundation of the areas surrounding the Chernobyl power plant. The immersion of contaminated ground results in the re-suspension and dissolution of radioactive particles which were deposited in 1986 at the time of the accident, and which are still present in the upper layers of the soil. This radioactivity is then transported through the Dnieper down to the Black Sea. This secondary re-contamination of the Dnieper cascade is a significant source of exposure for the Ukrainian population living along the river. To reduce this radiological impact, the construction of a dyke on the right bank of the Prypiat river close to the Chernobyl power plant was proposed to complement an already existing protective dyke built in 1993 on the left bank. In order to provide elements for evaluating the pertinence and effectiveness of this project, an assessment of the collective dose reduction associated with the construction of the dyke was performed. Then, both the construction and maintenance costs of the dyke, as well as the expected benefits on dose reduction, were valuated. The cost-benefit ratios obtained, based on the available information and adopted assumptions, show that the expected benefits associated with the construction of the right bank dyke tend to just compensate the estimated construction and maintenance costs of the project. Taking into account the expected positive effects on the various sectors of the economy, the Chernobyl dyke project, initiated more than 12 years after the accident, is an effective means to improve the radiological situation and the living conditions of the Ukrainian population in a long term perspective. htti)://www.ii)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Levicard.htm 16/11/01 Page I sur I TECHNICAL DOCUMENTS HELPING AT DECISION MAKING FOR THE OFF-SITE RESPONSE TO MAJOR NUCLEAR ACCIDENTS DURING THE INTERMEDIATE AND LATE PHASES J.M. NItTIVIER Institute of Protection and Nuclear Safety, Division of Environmental Protection, 13108 St Paul-16s-Durance Cedex, France.mailtojean-michel. When managing the intermediate and late phases following the release of radioactivity to the environment after a major nuclear accident, decision makers need material to support their advice to the authorities, and some communication to the media. In order to document and justify their decisions, they can potentially use a wide range of tools and types of information. However, the experience gained during emergency exercises shows that only a few documents are operationally used, and such documents are often the same - cartography of deposits, - spatial evolutions of doses, - spatial evolutions of concentration in milk, leafy vegetable and beef meat, - associated evolutions through time, - population concerned and location of dwelling places, - quantity of major agricultural products concerned, - landuse of contaminated areas. Deposits should be broken down per radionuclides. For doses, it is necessary to assess the external contribution due to deposits, and the internal inhalation and ingestion contributions (according to food intake and radionuclide type). It is useful to consider several different commitment periods (e.g. 3 months, one year and 3 years). A link with the consequences of the emergency phase should be kept through the account of the radiological impact due to the exposure to the radioactive plume. Generally, the most illustrative documents are maps and time dependent graphics, as a way to get at the same time a synoptic view of the direct consequences of the accident, the influence of some crucial phenomena (radioactive decay), and the potential consequences of mitigation actions on the field, added to the attempt at interpreting their interplay for the best management of the situation. From some examples taken during crisis exercises, we shall see what are such documents, with which decision-makers can made their decisions, and justify their rationale. htti):Hwww.ii)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Metivier2.htm 16/11/01 Page I sur 1 Methods for Stabilizing Accidental Radioactive Releases at Topsoil; Contaminated Site Decontamination and Remediation Mikheikin S.V., AIekseev AX, Smirnov A.Yu. RIF SSC VNIINM 123060 p.o.box 369 Moscow Russia serge bochvar.ru Experience with prevention the radioactive dust generation and spread, gained from elimination of the consequences of the Chernobyl accident, and the sequence of remedial activities for soils are reported. The radioactivity bulk 85-90%) is known to reside in the finest fraction <5 [irn) of radioactivity-contaminated soils. Accidentally contaminated soils are active contributors to secondary radioactive contamination through water and wind erosion. With time some radioactivity is naturally stabilized. But immediately after an accident a series of measures must be taken to avoid the radioactivity spread. VNIINM has developed an integrated stabilization, decontamination and remediation program Stabilization. New polymeric stabilizers based on interpolyelectrolyte complexes (IPEC) have been developed at VNIE14M in cooperation with MSU. The stabilizers can form an aggregated soil-polymer protective coating 35 mm thick containing as high as 20% of polymers. Such a coating shows a long-term resistance to wind at a velocity of up to 40 m/sec and to water streams. Radioactive matters embedded in soil-polymer aggregates are thus stabilized within topsoil. The stabilizers developed were successfully tested and used on an industrial scale in eliminating the consequences of the Chernobyl accident in 1986-1993. Decontamination. A reagent-free soil decontamination technology by gravity separation in an aqueous media has been developed. The technology improves decontamination by 10 times and decreases the secondary waste volume by 20-30% as compared to conventional methods. It enabled 70-95% of Bryansk, Ukraine and Belorussia sites to be decontaminated. The radionuclide content of these soils was less than lBq/g after decontamination. Remediation. In the process of decontamination topsoil along with its vegetable layer and land plants is removed. Further rernediation is needed to restore the vegetable layer. A combined application of IPEC formulations and perennial seeds has been developed. This treatment results in an immediate stabilization of topsoil and further promotes the vegetation growth. Laboratory and field Chernobyl tests were carried out. http:Hwww.il)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Nfikheikin.htm 16/11/01 COMPUTERISED DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS FOR TBE REHABILITATI... Page 1 sur 1 COMPUTERISED DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS FOR THE REHABILITATION OF THE AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT: TESTING AND VALIDATION OF THE METHODOLOGIES LUIGI MONTE, JOHN BRITTAIN LARS HAKANSON ENEA, PRO-IRP, 00100 Roma, Italy, monte casaccia.enea.it Countermeasures for the rehabilitation of radionuclide contaminated sites, beyond the obvious benefits related to the reduction of doses to man, may have detrimental effects on the ecosystems and costs of economic and social nature. The project MOIRA, financed by the European Commission, has developed a Decision System, based on Multi-Attribute Analysis techniques and on environmental models, for supporting the rehabilitation of fresh water environments and coastal areas contaminated by radioactive substances. The MOIRA decision system makes use of validated and user-friendly predictive models driven by readily available parameters and offers the opportunity of comparing the global effectiveness of different remedial actions by accounting for the conomic, the ecological and the social costs of each action. The COMETES project, also funded by the EC, aims at demonstrating the feasibility and the reliability of the MOIRA methodologies by means of applications to contaminated aquatic ecosystems. The MOIRA models and Multi-Attribute procedures for selecting the most effective countermeasures have been tested in practical circumstances by taking advantage of the fieldwork carried out up to now in Eastern Europe. Indeed, the co- operation with Institutions involved in the management of contamination accidents in Eastern Europe gave the opportunity of applying MOIRA methodologies to heavily contaminated sites in Europe. It has also been possible to test the models in relation to some unusual processes of radionuclide migration following the pollution of the environment by radioactive substance due to major accidents. The application of MOIRA methodologies to some water bodies such as the lakes Kozhanovsoe and Uruskul will illustrate some features of the developed decision system. htti):Hwww.iT)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Monte.htm 16/11/01 The decision about the best strategy to restore environments contaminated as conseq... Page I sur I STRUCTURE AND MANAGEMENT OF THE INFORMATION REQUIRED TO PREDICT THE RESULTS OF HUMAN INTERVENTIONS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL RESTORATION AFTER NUCLEAR ACCIDENTS MORALEDA M., CLAVER F., VAZQUEZ C. MONTERO M. CIEMAT, Departamento de Impacto Ambiental de la Energia, Avd.Complutense 22, 28040, Madrid(Spain) e-mail: montse.moraleda ciemat.es The decision about the best strategy to restore environments contaminated after nuclear accidents requires to assess accurately the effects of the contamination and the subsequent intervention. A Decision Support System, funded by the European Community, has been developed in TENIAS project to analyse and optimise the intervention in complex scenarios including urban, agricultural and forest systems. The evaluation methodology breaks down the contaminated scenario into a set of basic units for which models describing the radionuclides behaviour and the intervention response are well established. The first classification distinguishes among urban, agricultural and forest environments. Each one is then divided into intervention elements or primary compartments attending to a hierarchical arrangement. This categorization leads to a database with relationships among the information groups (climatic region, uses, characterization of soil, crops and food chain compartments, urban and forest configuration, population data ... ) through the attributes defining them. In this way, only a few inputs are necessary and the system selects and estimates the rest of parameters needed. Each intervention element is associated to different applicable countermeasures characterised in a countermeasures' database. The decision methodology calculates for each intervention option (including no intervention and restriction of use) cost, residual individual doses over the natural background to six population groups and averted collective dose. Finally, it selects the best strategy restricting the maximum annual individual dose and applying cost-effectiveness criteria to the collective averted dose. In this work the type and structure of the information managed in the evaluation module is presented as well as the schematic review of the decision module. http:Hwww.ii)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Moraleda.htm 16/11/01 LANDSPREADING AS A WASTE DISPOSAL OPTION FOR CONTAMINATED... Page 1 sur I FOOD AND AGRICULTURE RESTORATION MANAGEMENT INVOLVING NETWORKED GROUPS (The FARMING network) NISBET A. National Radiological Protection Board, Environmental Assessments Department, OX11 ORQ, Chilton, England, anne.nisbet nrpb.org.uk Abstract: Following a nuclear accident, stakeholder involvement is essential in the formulation of strategies for maintaining agricultural production and food safety. The importance of setting up national stakeholder groups as part of contingency planning has been illustrated by the success of the Agriculture and Food Countermeasures Working Group in the UK. In recognition of this, the European Commission is providing financial support to develop the FARMING network, initially involving stakeholder groups in the UK, Finland, France, Belgium and Greece. These national groups contain individuals involved in making policy decisions within government departments and agencies, the food and agriculture industries, as well as individuals with specialist expertise. The groups meet annually as part of pre-accident planning to debate and judge a range of management options. A web-site provides the mechanism by which information and expertise is exchanged between national groups. This paper gives an overview of the approach being adopted, describes initial progress and outlines the expected benefits of such a network. htt-D:Hwww.it)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Nisbet.htm 16/11/01 MODEL PREDICTIONS AND MEASUREMENTS OF CS 137 FALLOUT IN ICE... Page 1 sur 1 MODEL PREDICTIONS AND MEASUREMENTS OF CS-137 FALLOUT IN ICELAND, AND ITS SUBSEQUENT BEHAVIOUR IN AN ARCTIC, VOLCANIC ECOSYSTEM SIGURDUR EMIL PALSSON, OLAFUR ARNALDS, MAGNfJSk SIGURGEIRSSON Icelandic Radiation Protection Institute, Raudararstig 10, IS-150 Reykjavik, Iceland; sep gr.is A first detailed assessment of Cs-137 deposition and spatial variation in radiocaesium bioavailability in Iceland is presented. The assessment is based on a model predicting deposition using precipitation data, in a similar manner as that used previously within the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP), and estimates of retention of radiocaesium in the major soil types of Iceland. The country received little deposition from the Chernobyl accident compared to that received from the atmospheric nuclear weapons testing. The AMAP deposition model was calibrated for Iceland by using deposition and precipitation data and validated by taking soil samples at various places in the country where there were good precipitation data. A very good correlation was obtained. Icelandic soils form in volcanic parent materials (Andosols) that have been deposited during the past ten thousand years. They have variable ability to bind Cs as was tested by chemical studies of different Icelandic soil types, including measurements of radiocaesium interception potential (RIP). The results are compared with measurements of vertical profiles of Cs-137 in soils. A relatively high vulnerability to Cs-137 fallout is manifested in relatively high transfer from soil to vegetation and a very slow reduction in Cs-137 activity concentrations in vegetation with time. The results of the deposition assessment and the soil study are combined with available soil and vegetation data using a geographical information system (GIS) to predict spatial variation in Cs-137 activity concentrations in agricultural products. These predictions are then compared with measured values. The study was carried out in co-operation between the Icelandic Radiation Protection Institute, the Agricultural Research Institute and the Icelandic Meteorological Office. htti)://www.ii)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Palsson.htm 16/11/01 Page I sur I DATA ASSIMILATION WITH A GENETIC ALGORITHM FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND RADIOLOGICAL DATA IN CASE OF NUCLEAR ACCIDENTS N. PEROT Institute of Protection and Nuclear Safety (IPSN), Division of Environmental Protection (DPRE), CE/Cadarache, 13108 St Paul-lez-Durance Cedex, France. mailto:nadia.perot i1)sn.fr The "Data Assimilation for the Management of Environmental and Radiological Data in Case of Nuclear Accidents" project, managed by the IPSN/DPRE, started in 2000 for at least three years. It is based on the IPSN skills in the field of data analysis and the modelling of radionuclide transfers in the environment, more precisely along the food chain pathways. The main part of the project consists of defining methods to fit radioecological models with incoming measured values when predictions do not correspond to such measured values. In such a case, the radioecological parameters of the model or some poorly assumed initial conditions are supposed to be responsible and have to be modified. In order to update the modelling, the "parameters" of the model have to be adjusted considering the measured values. This problem of data assimilation can be represented by a nonlinear program (or optimisation problem), where the set of constraints is constituted by the relations between the parameters and their definition domains then, the cost function to minimize is the difference between predictions and measured values. The experts can control the process of optimisation by adding some well chosen constraints expressing their understanding of the phenomena considered in the studied case. Problems of nonlinear programs are known to be very difficult to solve and the calculation time is rarely reasonable with deterministic methods which scan all the research space. In this context, we propose to treat this problem by using a combination of a deterministic method such as Constraints Satisfaction Problems (CSP) and a stochastic method with a genetic algorithm to reach the best performances. htti):Hwww.ii)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Perot.htm 16/11/01 Page I sur I DECONTAMINATION IN A FHGHLY CONTAMINATED AREA IN BELARUS ROED, J., ZOMBORI, P. MATVEENKO S. Risoe National Laboratory, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark, roed risoe.dk With the support of the IAEA a decontamination exercise was conducted in the highly contaminated area of Masany, Belarus, close to the Ukrainian border and only few kilometres away from the Chernobyl NPP. The aim of the work was to determine the effectiveness of decontamination methods, in order to provide options for dose reduction to the inhabitants living in contaminated areas. The test was conducted in and around buildings that will later serve as laboratories for analysis of the radiological situation in the highly contaminated areas, resulting in that the dose to the future staff will be minimised. On the roof two different methods were used: a special roof-cleaning trolley, that can safely decontaminate asbestos type roofs, and a high pressure hot water jet, using either clean water or water with a detergent added. The decontamination factors were of the order of 35 for both methods. The walls were decontaminated by high-pressure hot water jet, planing of wooden walls, and industrial vacuum cleaning. The effect was a decontamination factor of 210. The upper layer of the surrounding soil areas was removed to a depth of about 10 cm, and the recorded reduction in dose rate was by a factor of 310. Inside the house, vacuum-cleaning was performed with very little effect. In the kitchen garden three different methods were used: removal of the upper 10-cm soil layer, triple digging, and normal digging. The soil removal and triple digging had nearly the same effect: a reduction of the dose rate by a factor of ca. 5, whereas the effect of normal digging reduced the dose rate by a factor of 2 In conclusion, it was demonstrated that it is still possible, more than a decade after the Chernobyl accident, to substantially reduce the external dose rate by forced clean-up. htti)://www.ipsn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Roed.htm 16/11/01 OPTIMISING LONG-TERM COUNTERMEASURE STRAGTEGIES FOR AGRIC... Page I sur I OPTIMISING LONG-TERM COUNTERMEASURE STRATEGIES FOR AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS BASED ON CURRENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES, ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS AND COSTS SALT, C.A. Department of Environmental Science, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK, cas2 stir.ac.uk Successful optimisation of countermeasures in agricultural systems should deliver not only the desired level of radiation protection but also seek to minimise social and economic costs. Such costs arise not only from the direct expenditure required to undertake the countermeasure but also where there is disruption to agricultural production or damage to the environment. The process of optimisation should aim to dovetail the countermeasure with existing agricultural practices while at the same time taking into account any physical limitations posed by the local environment. While very detailed farm-specific strategies give good local accuracy, they are expensive and time-consuming. Furthermore they do not allow an assessment of the interactions between different countermeasures across a range of farm types, for example in a river catchnient. Spatially variable factors such as topography, land use and soil type will influence the effectiveness, practicability and environmental impact of many countermeasures. This makes Geographic Information Systems an ideal tool for countermeasure optimisation at regional or larger scale. The merits and limitations of farm-scale and catchment-scale countermeasure optimisation and their data requirements are illustrated for a series of case study areas in Scotland. htti):Hwww.il)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Salt.htm 16/11/01 Page I sur I DATABASE OF RADIOACTIVE WASTES IN UKRAINE, BELARUS AND RUSSIA SOBOTOVICH E*., GOLOVKO N*., SKVORTSOV V.*, BRUN-YABA Ch.** *State Scientific Center of Environmental Radiogeochemistry of National Academy of Sciences Paladin av., 34a, Kiev 252142, Ukraine, E-mail: center radaeo.freenet.kiev.ua "Institute for Nuclear Safety and Protection (IPSN), Department for Environmental Protection (DPRE) CEA FAR - BP N06 - 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses C6dex- France - E-mail: christine.brun-yabaftsn. The French-German Initiative is aimed to the collection and validation of the existing data for constituting a reliable and objective basis of information useful to the planning of countermeasures and informing. Within this Initiative, uniting specialists from France, Germany, Ukraine, Russia and Belarus a project "Waste Dumps and Waste Strategies Management" is dedicated to the problem of radioactive waste (RW) management. Its aim is to built a database on the disposal sites and RW, evaluate the degree of the disposal sites' probable influence on the surrounding ambience, collect information on the possible ways of treatment of the RW, chose the best decisions for preventing RW's radiological influence on the surrounding ambience.The degree of the probable vault environmental influence is estimated on the base of RW and vault categorisation. The specific features of RW and disposal sites in kraine, Russia and Belaras were taken into account during the elaboration of the general categorisation. The main principles and criteria developed by Ukrainian specialists were used, taking into account the latest Belorussian normative document and the fact that the total activity is generally consists of Cs-137 activity. The RW are subdivided into different categories in the three countries. Based on the information about the storage sites and RW in Ukraine, Belarus and Russia, the database was created, including all the information on the RW disposal sites (medium, design features, conditions) and the quantity, composition and activity of the Chernobyl RW existing in Ukraine, Russia and Belarus (an example of correlation between 137Cs activity and x and emitters activities is shown in order to explain expected values introduced in the database for Sr and transuranics). Completing of this sub-project allows to evaluate the potential radiological danger of different RW in the disposal sites, to estimate the expected danger being reduced by realisation of one or another action basing on the results of the DB analysis and consideration of different possible actions. htti)://www.ii)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Sobotovich.htm 16/11/01 INFORMATION MAINTENANCE FOR ACCEPTANCE OF TBE DECISIONS T... Page I sur I INFORMATION SUPPORT FOR DECISION-MAKING IN ANIMAL PRODUCTION IN THE CONTAMINATED AREAS. SPIRIN E., ALEXAKHIN R., KISELEV V. KALMYKOV M. Russian Institute of Agricultural Radiology and Radioecology, Russian Academy of Agricultural, 249020, Obninsk, Russia, spirin obninsk.com The problem of safe residence of man on radioactively contaminated territories requires a complex approach to the decision of practical, scientific and socioeconomic tasks. The most adequate method of information support in solving these tasks is the technology of geoinformation systems (GIS). Databases of spatially distributed data on transfer factors of radionuclides in a food chain are the basis for functioning of these GIS. This report the problems of creation of such bases, quality of the input information and ways of its processing are discussed. For this purpose, data on the content of 137Cs and Sr in milk, meat and main components of a daily diet of animals in the Bryansk and Kaluga regions for the period of 1990 - 1997 are analysed. The statistical distributions of 137Cs and Sr transfer factors to milk, beef and pork are investigated, and the main factors influencing transfer of radionuclides are revealed. The average values of htti)://www.ipsn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Si)irin.htm 16/11/01 Page 1 sur I ESTIMATION OF DECONTAMINATION TIME OF 137CS IN COASTAL ORGANISMS BY FOOD CHAIN MODEL IN CASE OF SHORT TERM INTRODUCTION TATEDA Y., NAKAHARA M. NAKAMURA R. Abiko Research Laboratory, Central Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI), Biology Department, 270- 1194, Abiko, Chiba, Japan, tateda criepi.denken.orjp Because of the criticality accident occurred at JCO Co. Ltd. on September 30th 1999 in TOKAI, Japan, short term estimation of released radionuclides behavior will be required for decision-making in emergent action. For the public dose assessment around nuclear facility, the concentration factor (CF) method is useful for long term steady state radionuclide release to marine environment. In contrast, to predict radionuclide concentrations in marine organisms under short terrn radionuclide introduction to coastal water such as accidental situation, modeling of nuclide transfer both from seawater and food chain to marine organisms is necessary. We investigated food chain structure of typical Japanese coastal water including detritus food chain, benthic food chain and planktonic food chain, and collected data set of the transfer coefficients of 137CS for Japanese organisms existed as a result of many tracer experiment studies, to establish short term calculation model. The model structure was verified by calculated equilibrated values of 137CS level in organism)/( 137CS level in seawater) being compared with observed values in natural water, and validity of transfer parameters in model were assured by decrease curve of 137CS observed in case of Chernobyl fallout. Using this food chain model for 137CS transfer in Japanese coastal ecosystems, we estimate the period required for emergent intervention and decontamination time of 137CS in organisms of marine food chain under several imaginable cases. Under condition of atmospheric deposition, the action levels for emergent intervention were only found in case of 20kBq/m2 deposition, proposing - 9 days and 4 - months for invertebrates and fishes to be supply-controlled of marine organisms as food staffs. The decontamination time of 137CS in organisms were estimated to be 2 months and months for algae and invertebrates, respectively, while - 6 months for fishes, in case of 0.2kBq/m2 deposition to coastal water. htti):Hwww.ivsn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/TATEDAl.htm 16/11/01 Page 1 sur 1 LONG-TERM EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL IRRADIATION OF INHABITANTS IN AN AREA HIGHLY CONTAMINATED BY THE CHERNOBYL ACCIDENT THORNBERG C, JESKO T & MATTSSON S. Department of Radiation Physics, Malmo University Hospital, SE-205 02 Malmo, Sweden. E-mail: charlotte.thomberg rfa.mas.1u.se From 1990 to 2000, estimations of the effective dose from external as well as internal irradiation due to 137Cs and 34CS were carried out for inhabitants in rural villages in the Bryansk region, Russia, highly contaminated due to the Chernobyl accident in 1986. The deposition of 137CS was in the range 09-2.7 MBq M-2 in the investigated villages, situated about 200 km from the Chernobyl power plant. Yearly expeditions were conducted in autumn. The dose levels and their change in time was investigated for various groups of the general population. The body burden of 137Cs, and hence, the effective dose, was estimated from measurements of the urinary concentration of caesium radionuclides, together with direct measurements of the body content using a portable detector. The external effective dose was estimated from measurements with thermoluminescent (TL)-dosemeters worn by the participants during one month each year. The mean effective dose from external and internal irradiation due to 137Cs and 134Cs deposition varied between 12 and 25 mSv per year between 1990 and 1998. The total mean effective dose decreased, on average, 7 per year, while the mean external dose decreased by 15% per year. The dose rate from internal irradiation decreased more slowly than the dose rate from external irradiation, showing large variations from year to year depending to a great extent on dietary habits and especially the availability of mushrooms. The contribution from the external dose to the total dose was between 50-70%, depending on the village and was related to the deposition of 137CS. Prospects for the long-term changes in the effective dose to people living in the areas will be presented. The cumulated effective dose for the 70-year period after the accident was calculated to be 100 mSv with the assumption that both internal and external dose will decrease by 2 per year. htti):Hwww.ii)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Thomber2.htm 16/11/01 Page I sur 2 Implementation of GIS System PRANA for Decision-Making Support on Rehabilitation of Radioactive Contaminated Territories B.I.Yatsalo yatsaloftrana.obninsk.org Obninsk Institute of Nuclear Power Engineering, Obninsk Applied Geographic Information System (GIS) PRANA 1998) is a Decision Support System (DSS) for countermeasure analysis in agriculture in the long-term period of liquidating the consequences of a nuclear accident. This system has been introduced at the Chernobyl Department (Ministry of Agriculture) and at the Bryansk Centre of Agrochemical Radiology for practical needs as GIS-systern for monitoring network support and countermeasure analysis. At present new (extended/improved/updated) versions of PRANA DSSs (family of PRANA systems, each of them is intended for analysis of specific range of problems) are developed, including: - GIS-DSS for practical use (with introduction at appropriate Ministries and Centres); - GIS-DSS for research and for scientific and practical estimations; - GIS-DSS for training and education; - Elements of remote access to PRANA components and distributed computer systems. The following sections have been realised in accordance with the chosen level of the system represent in the aggregate a basis of each GIS-DSS indicated above: - databases (radioecological, economic, demographic and other monitoring data and model parameters); - libraries of electronic maps (including different layers of vector maps of landuse for territories under consideration); - contamination of agricultural production (plant growing and animal husbandry, including farm and private production); - external and internal doses to the population for radionuclides under consideration (for each settlement of region under consideration, including site-specific aspects of behaviour, food-basket forming and contamination of farm, private and forest production); - radiological risks caused by irradiation of the population; - protective measures (CMs) in the long-term period after an accident and estimation of the results of their implementation; - multi-criteria assessment of CMs effectiveness; - implementation of radiation protection principles (along with the existing requirements of international and national standards and legal regulations); - decision-making support on protection of the population and rehabilitation of radioactive contaminated territories both on local and regional/district levels (from separate settlement/field up to group of settlements/farms and region as a whole). The basic versions of GIS-DSSs comprise all the main aspects of estimation of the consequences and rehabilitation of contaminated territories: from analysing monitoring data (associated with landuse maps) on all contaminateddistricts oj Bryansk region and assessing contamination of agricultural production up to estimating population doses and radiological risk and analysing effectiveness of wide range of countermeasures. The tasks on local-regional analysis of various aspects under consideration within the PRANA and methods of their htti)://www.i-psn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Yatsalo.htm 16/11/01 Page 2 sur 2 realisation are considerable different from other works/systems in this field of R&D. - This work is carried out by a group of Russian scientists RRC KI, OINPE, IRH, RRC 1B and BCAHR) and EUINorway collaboratorswithin the ISTC -project#1224. http://www.ii)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/'Yatsalo.htm 16/11/01 RESTRAT A DECISION-AIDING METHODOLOGY FOR Page I sur 1 RESTRAT A DECISION-AIDING METHODOLOGY FOR RESTORATION OF RADIOACTIVELY CONTAMINATED SITES ZEEVAERT T., HEDEMANN JENSEN P., BOUSHER A., BRENDLER V., NORDLINDER S. SCK-CEN, Radiation Protection Division, B-2400 Mol, Belgium, E-mail: tzeevaer sckcen.be A methodology for evaluating and ranking restoration strategies for radioactively contaminated sites has been elaborated in a project (RESTRAT) under the Fourth Framework of the Nuclear Fission Safety Programme of the EU. The decision-aiding tool developed in this project was based on the principles of justification and optimisation of radiation protection. A multi-attribute utility (MAU) type of analysis was applied in order to be able to incorporate qualitative factors into the analytical process. In this way social factors could be dealt with, next to other attributes comprising radiological health effects and economic costs. A hierarchy of attributes has been set up, dividing the major attributes into sub-attributes. The values of the attributes for each restoration option (technique) are determined and converted into utility values applying linear utility functions. Each attribute is assigned a weighting factor, expressing the relative importance of that attribute with respect to the other attributes of the same group. The values for the weighting factors were derived from scaling constants and expert judgement. The uncertainties and variabilities associated with these utility functions and weighting factors were dealt with through a probabilistic approach which utilised a Latin Hypercube Sampling technique. Potentially relevant restoration techniques were identified and their characteristics determined through a literature review. Four major categories of techniques were considered: removal of sources, separation, containment and immobilisation. The decision-aiding tool developed has been illustrated by application to representative examples of different categories of contaminated sites. In this paper the results for a contaminated freshwater riverine site are shown and compared with the outcome of the application of the criteria developed by IAEA with respect to the clean-up of contaminated areas. htti)://www.ii)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Zeevaert.htm 16/11/01 Page I sur 1 CONTAMINATION BEHAVIOUR ON THE SURFACE OF BUILDING MATERIALS ZLOBENKO B., FEDORENKO YU., SOBOTOVICH E. State Scientific Center of Environmental Radiogeochemistry, 03142, Kyiv, Ukraine, BPZ rwmc.freenet.kiev.ua Study of certain elements contamination peculiarities of urbanized landscapes is considered to be rather difficult task. There is no enough infonnation on factors promoting or restricting this process. At the same time observations show that study of radionuclides penetration into building materials is connected with many difficulties of methodical character: difficult micro- and macro relief of the materials surface, rate of their weathering or growth on their surface of biogenic forms, a considerable diapason of physical and mechanical properties of the same building material type. White and red bricks are considered to be the most spread building materials. This fact was taken into account when materials selecting for investigations. Slate and tile were used as materials for roofs. Contaminated surface layer of building materials samples was studied with three ways supplemented each other: 1) removing of building material layer by polishing-out; 2 measuring of activity of polished-out material layer after each treatment and simultaneously determining of a removed layer mass; 3 autoradiographical researches of radionuclides distribution on different cross-sections of building material samples. After data obtained one can draw a conclusion that the biggest gradient of radionuclides concentration is observed in the layer of 70-80 g/m2 mass. That means removing of such mass from contaminated materials in this case gives considerable decontaminated effect. The coefficient of decontamination at that is made up 15-1.6. The further removing of deeper layers gives lower effect of decontamination because a considerable amount of radionuclides is distributed in deeper layers of building materials. The most considerable changes of roughness when tile processing were observed after the first surface treatment. An average value of a removed layer were made up about 80 mm. When compare of - radiation surface measuring results before and after decontamination allowed us to calculate the rate of decontamination made up 057 that corresponds to decontamination coefficient of K=2.3. htti)://www.ii)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Zlobenko.htm 16/11/01 SPACE AND TIMEE REGULARITEES OF MILK CONTAMINATION WITH 1131 Page I sur I SPACE AND TIME REGULARITIES OF MILK CONTAMINATION WITH I131 IN RUSSIA AFTER THE CHERNOBYL ACCIDENT- APPLICATION FOR THYROID DOSE RECONSTRUCTION ZVONOVA I.A. BALONOV M.L& BRATILOVA A.A. Institute of Radiation Hygiene, Mira St. 8, 197101, St.Petersburg, Russia, E- mail: iraaprotection.spb.su Monitoring of radioactive contamination in milk in May 1986 was accomplished by defining total beta activity, using spectrometric and radiochemical methods for four most contaminated after the Chernobyl accident regions of Russia. The relationship between 131 1 and the sum of cesium radionuclides according to radiochemical analysis was used for picking out 131, from the results of total beta activity measurements. The dynamics of 1311 concentration in May 1986 was defined by half life as 39-4,2 days according to the data from the four territories. Received time dependencies were used to recalculate milk measurements on a defined "referent" date- May 8, 1986 for studding the dependence of the 46referent" 131, concentration in milk. CM I on soil contamination density. High significance of the statistical relations of Cm with the soil deposition of137 Cs appeared. The corresponding regression equations have non-linear character in lowly contaminated areas (less than 30-50 kBq/m2 137CS), but in areas with the soil deposition of 137Cs above 30 kBq/m2 and less than 700 kBq/m2 they are described by linear functions with high confidence. Comparison of obtained dependences for four regions plotted on the basis of independent sets of measurements performed within different techniques and by different research groups shows an amazing agreement between the approximating functions and their numeric parameters. The results of analysis of milk were used for thyroid dose reconstruction. The connection of the average thyroid dose in population living in contaminated areas with the "referent" concentration in local milk was investigated. Received regression equations were used for thyroid dose reconstruction in settlements, where people were not measured on 131, content in thyroid after the Chernobyl accident. httT):Hwww.ivsn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Sunimaries/Zvonova.htm 16/11/01 7T Page 1 sur 1 7 = Situations of chronical contamination (chronical pollution, waste, vulnerability, dose to man) •Linsle •Hoffman •Torres •Trueba •Aquerro •Armand •Belot Cessac Chantoiseau Ciffroy3 Claver Crout Duffa Fontugne Fournier2 Fukui Gontier Howard2 Kumblad Kutlakhmedova2 Lysenko Marchant Maro Maro2 Melintescu Millan Paunescu •Pecha •Raaf •Rommens •RousseI2 •Sheppard3 •Varaksin htti):Hwww.iDsn.fr/ecorad2OOl/P7T.htm 16/11/01 INTERNATIONAL ADVICE AND EXPERIENCE RELEVANT TO CHRONIC R... Page 1 sur 1 INTERNATIONAL ADVICE AND EXPERIENCE RELEVANT TO CHRONIC RADIATION EXPOSURE SITUATIONS IN THE ENVIRONMENT LINSLEY, G. International Atomic Energy Agency P.O. Box 100 A1400 Vienna, Austria, Email: G.Linsley iaea.org Abstract The paper starts by befly summarizing the major sources of prolonged exposure to ionizing radiation resulting from residual radioactivity in the environment. The rehabilitation of areas affected by such residues is under consideration in many countries. Recognizing that there was a lack of radiation protection guidance for aiding decisions in this context, the international organizations have addressed the situation. Their decision aiding guidance is described and its role in decision making is discussed. Finally, examples are given of some internationally organized assessments of areas affected by residues from nuclear weapons testing, including descriptions of environmental measurements, radionuclide transfer modelling and exposure scenario development and of the results of the assessments and their implications for remediation planning htto://www.ii)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries[Linslev.htm 16/11/01 Page I sur I The Public Health Implications of Combined Exposure to Multiple Sources of 131 I Released During the Cold War Era: Extension of Dose Reconstruction to Risk Analysis, and Beyond F. Owen Hoffman, Ph.D. A. lulian Apostoaei, M.S. Brian A. Thomas, M.S. SENES Oak Ridge, Inc. Center for Risk Analysis- During the 1990s, major efforts were undertaken in the U.S. to reconstruct doses to members of the public who were exposed to radiation released from government Cold War era facilities that supported the development of nuclear weapons. A major component of these exposures resulted from releases of 131, to the atmosphere. Public exposures to 131, occurred during the 1940s through the early 1960s from the operation of fuel reprocessing and chemical separation activities at Oak Ridge, Savannah River, Idaho Falls, and Hanford. At about the same time, 131, was being deposited in fallout from atmospheric weapons testing at the Nevada Test Site 1952-1957), the Marshall Islands 1952-1958), and in the former U.S.S.R. 1958-1962). This paper will address the thyroid dose to representative individuals and the potential health implications of the combined exposure to all major sources of 1311. Full application of uncertainty analysis is used to quantify estimates of thyroid dose, the excess lifetime risk of thyroid neoplasms, the risk of non-neoplastic disease at high exposures, and the probability that past exposure could be responsible for present thyroid disease. The results show that fallout 131, is a substantial contributing factor to the total exposure and health isk for those residing downwind of local government installations. For many persons exposed in childhood, central estimates of the probability of causation (PC) exceed 50% if the child's diet included goat's ilk. For other persons, the upper confidence limit of the estimate of PC may exceed 50%, regardless of the source of milk consumed. If the same rules for compensation of radiation workers were to be extended to members of the public, those who today have a thyroid neoplasm would qualify for medical care and compensation when the upper confidence limit of PC exceeds 50%. J: -- SENES Oak Ridge, Inc., 102 Donner Drive, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, U.S.A. http:Hwww.ii)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Hoffman.htm 16/11/01 Page I sur I THE INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY's PROGRAMME ON BIOSPHERE MODELLING AND ASSESSMENT (BIOMASS): RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS. C. Torres-Vidal International Atomic Energy Agency, Department of Nuclear Safety, A1400, Vienna, Austria. C.Torres( biaea.ora In order to assess the radiological impact of practices and interventions related to nuclear fuel cycle and other activities, including radioactive waste management, it is necessary to be able to analyse and quantify the behaviour of radionuclides in the biosphere. In the past there were two principal international programmes aimed at the improvement of methods for assessing the impact of radionuclides in the environment; they are IAEA's VAMP programme and the BIOMOVS II (BIOspheric Model Validation Study). In October 1996 the IAEA launched an International Programme on Biosphere Modelling and Assessment Methods (BIOMASS).. Around 100 international scientists from 30 countries have been regularly participating in the BIOMASS activities and meetings since then. The programe aims to provide an international focal point in the area of blosphere assessment modeling and to develop and improve models and modeling methods for the analysis of radionuclide transfer in the biosphere for use in radiological assessments. The programme addresses important radiological issues associated with accidental and routine releases and solid radioactive waste management. Three important areas are being covered:(1) biosphere radiological impact assessment in the context of radioactive waste disposal, 2 environmental releases modeling and assessment, and 3) biosphere processes analysis. The final BIOMASS meeting will be held in Vienna in November 2000. During the meeting environmental scientists and specialists will present their results and conclusions from the work done on reference biospheres for long term radiological assessment, environmental modeling for remediation activities, dose reconstruction, radionuclide behaviour modeling in forests ecosystems and in fruits trees and tritium releases modeling and assessment. This paper describes the IAEA's BIOMASS project organization and activities, it shows the results obtained and summarizes the main BIOMASS project conclusions. htti)://www.i-psn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Torres.htm 16/11/01 Page 1 sur 1 METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH FOR THE CATEGORISATION OF THE SOIL VULNERABILITY. A SPANISH CASE STUDY. C. TRUEBA, R. MILLkN, T. SCHMID C. LAGO CIEMAT-DIAE. Av. Complutense, 22. 28040 Madrid, Spain. Cristina.trueba ciernat.es The aim of the study is to develop a qualitative method to estimate the radiological vulnerability of radiocaesium for the Spanish soils. In this context, the vulnerability is defined as the soil capability to mobilise and to retain the radionuclide. This methodology includes the external irradiation and the food-chain pathway, where the top soil layer and the critical soil depth of 60 cm are considered, respectively. The methodology combines hydrological and pedological processes, including specific soil parameters and properties. The hydrological categorisation is based on the infiltration and the water holding capacity determined by the soil texture, structure, bulk density, particle size distribution, cation exchange capacity and slope. The physicochernical aspects include the influence of CIC based on the type and the quantitative presence of clay and the organic matter content, as well as the K-exchangeable content which has a similar behaviour in soil and competes with radiocaesium. Each of the considered processes are represented as different 11partial vulnerability indexes". The final combination of these indexes determines the "global vulnerability index' for each pathway. All the indexes are qualitative values, divided into five categories that range from a minimum (value 1) to a maximun (value 5) vulnerability. For the same soil type, a wide variability of partial vulnerability indexes is observed. This is expected, as the same soil type has a different evolution regarding the parent material and climate. The influence of the studied pathway is also reflected in the results, as the methodology considers different critical horizons for each pathway. The obtained results could be a preliminary step in the application of an intervention strategy, based on the radiocaesium behaviour in the soil and the associated human risk. htti):Hwww.insn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summariesfrrueba.htm 16/11/01 Approche globale de Fimpact de rejets de tritium Page I sur I GLOBAL APPROACH TO THE IMPACT OF TRITIUM RELEASES ON THE ATMOSPHERE AND THE AQUIFERS - SITE STUDY OF CEAIBRUYERES-LE-CHATEL ARMAND P., TOGNELLI A., GUINOIS G. CEA/DAM/DIIF/DASE/Service Radioanalyses Chimie et Environnement BP 12 - 91680, Bruy6res-le-Chfttel - France E.mail: arrnand dase.bruyeres.cea.fr In the nuclear industry, facilities like NPPs, fuel cycle units or research centres, may discharge tritiated waste in normal operation. If the impact of t he facilities is to seek, one must address every environmental compartments: atmosphere, soil and aquifers. To set a precise example, let's consider CEA/Bruy6res-le-Chdtel. Limited and decreasing from year to year aounts of tritiated hydrogen and tritiated steam are emitted from two stacks. The gases are convected by the wind and dilute in the atmosphere. Then, they diffuse towards the soil surface or are washed out by the precipitations. One part of the deposited tritium is re-emitted as vapor phase; the other part infiltrates into the soil. Tritiated water percolates through the unsaturated zone until the saturated zone is reached. In the groundwater, tritium is transported to an outlet, often a river. The evaluation of tritium effect on the environment implies a detailed knowledge of the site (characteristics of the stacks ... and of a sufficiently large area around the site (basin scale). That work has been done at CEA/Bray6res-le-Chfttel by adopting a double approach: field sampling monitoring, and numerical modelling. The titium activity has been measured in the air, in soils, in waters from rivers, ponds and piezometers, and in tree rings and leaves. Regional information on the meteorology, hydrography, geology and hydrogeology has been gathered in a database. Then, numerical simulations have been worked out to evaluate the tritium transport and distribution in the atmosphere and in groundwater. Careful attention has been payed to the calculation of the fluxes at the air/soil interface. The temporal evolution and decay of the tritium activity in the air and in the groundwater have been determined. Both of the codes dealt with, TRIMASS in the atmosphere and METIS in the soil, are 3D gridded and widely used for other environnernental impact assesments. In the framework of this site study, the codes have been validated by a comparison of the numerical results with the experimental results. htti):Hwww.ii)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Armand.htm 16/11/01 Page I sur I STUDY OF THE BEHAVIOUR OF NATURAL RADIONUCLIDES IN A MEDITERRANEAN REAL SYSTEM A. AGVERO and P. PINEDO *CIEMAT/DIAE. Avda. Complutense, 22. 28040-Madrid, Spain. e-mail:almudena.aguero ciemat.es There is a lack of information for Mediterranean climate conditions and ecosystems from the point of view of characterization of real data, to obtain parameter values to be applied in the modelling of the behaviour of natural and artificial radionuclides following hypothetical releases from a radioactive waste repository. So there was designed a project dealing with the study and determination of physical, chemical and radiological parameters from local and regional data obtained in an area of the southwest of Spain where and old uranium mine was being restored. The project, running during two years, has been financed by the National Company for Radioactive Waste Management in Spain (ENRESA) and has been coordinated by the CIEMAT Research Center with the collaboration of the Department of Physics of the Extremadura University. Results of the project have been the characterization of the biosphere system considering meteorological, geological, and hydrological data in a catchment area surrounding the mine. Chemical and pysical characterization of local soils and crops associated, surface waters and sediments regional samples, have been considered. Radiological measurements of U, Th and Ra contents in soils, vegetables, sediments and waters has been taken. Range of several parameter values obtained have shown good agreement with literature data published, this will permit the application of these values to the modelling issues of biosphere in the performance assessment of radioactive waste repositories under Mediterranean climate conditions, as well as for a forecasting of similar conditions that will occur in the future in other temperate areas. http:Hwww.ii)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/ARuero.htm 16/11/01 Page 1 sur I DEVELOPMENT OF MODELS TO ASSESS THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ARISING FROM CHRONIC ATMOSPHERIC AND SUB-SURFACE SOURCES OF TRITIUM Y Beloti, P Davis2 A GolubeV3, G GuinoiS4, M Taeschner5, B WatkinS6 Independent Consultant; 2 AECL, Canada; 3 RFNC-VNIEEF, Russia; 4 CEA/DASE, France; 5 ZSR, Germany, 6 QuantiSci Ltd, England In December 1996 the formation of a Tritium Working Group (TWG) was formally accepted within the IAEA coordinated research programme on Biosphere Modelling and Assessment (BIOMASS). Prior to 1996, development of environmental assessment models for tritium releases had concentrated on short-term and accidental sources. The objective of the BIOMASS TWG has been to develop and improve models to assess environmental impacts arising from chronic atmospheric and sub-surface sources of tritium. Five different model test exercises, including three based on data collated from Canadian, Russian and French sites, have been used to investigate the environmental consequences of chronic tritium releases and also to develop and improve the models designed to assess such impacts. In addition, data from a 20-month environmental sampling programme have been collated to investigate the importance of wet and dry deposition of tritium following chronic atmospheric releases. Important environmental processes that have been investigated include: 1) environmental concentrations of HTO in atmospheric humidity, soil water and plant water, and organically bound tritium concentrations in plants following chronic atmospheric releases at sites with different topographies, environmental characteristics and climates; 2) contribution of dry deposition as well as wet deposition to soil water concentrations; 3) retention of tritium in environmental media; 4) impacts on groundwater concentrations arising from tritium infiltration down through unsaturated soil layers to a shallow water table; and 5) upward transport of tritium from a shallow aquifer to overlying soil due to contaminated sub-surface sources. The poster will present the main conclusions arising from these TWG activities. http:Hwww.ii)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Belot.htm 16/11/01 Page I sur I Importance of risk assessment in the management OF RADIOACTIVELY CONTANHNATED AREAS CESSAC B., OUDIZ A., BRENOT J., MAIGNP, J.P. Institut de Protection et de Sfiret6 Nucl6aire, D6parternent de PRotection de I'Environnement, 92 265 Fontenay-aux-Roses Cedex, France - bruno.cessacft At the request of the French ministries of health and environment, the IPSN has realized a methodological guide for aiding to the management of sites contaminated by radioactive substances. The guide gives an operational framework to the administrations, local or territorial authorities, engineering companies or all other stakeholders concerned by the management of contaminated sites. It deals with industrial sites, in activity or not, to which the current regulation for large nuclear plant do not apply, and it makes a distinguish between contamination of grounds and buildings. The method proposed consists of six stages going from the site characterization by radioactivity measurements to the definition of remediation strategies. The evaluation of the risks is a stage of particular importance because it gives the knowledge of the risks incurred by the populations on the site or in its surroundings, but also proposes new possible uses of the site and precises the needs in remediation for those uses. The evaluation can take place in two steps according to the importance of the situation to be treated. Firstly, a simplified risk assessment (SRA) supplies a dosimetric overview of the site based on individual dose calculations for generic scenarios of use (residential area, school, offices, ...). Secondly, a detailed risk assessment (DRA) is needed when the SRA shows a level of effective dose judged too important for the use wanted or for all the potentially possible uses for the site. The DRA needs a finer characterization of the site notably in terms of deep contamination or of behaviour of the populations and definition of exposure situations. In every case, the method should be optimised and imply, as far as possible, the various stakeholders in a process of information and dialogue. htti):Hwww.ii)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Cessac.htm 16/11/01 Page I sur 1 METHODOLOGICAL CONTRIBUTION TO ECOLOGICAL RISKS ASSESSMENT IN LOW RHODANIAN VALLEY CHANTOISEAU L., BONTOUX J. Facult6 de Pharmacie, 136partement Sciences de I'Environnement et Sant6 Publique, 15 avenue Ch. Flahault, 34060 Montpellier cedex 02, France, e-mail : dsetud univ-montp2. Commission Locale d'Information sur les grands 6quipements 6nerg6tiques du Gard, H6tel du D6parternent, rue Guillemette, 30044 Nimes cedex The lower valley of the Rhone drains numerous polluting effluents which contain chemical, nuclear, agricultural and urban wastes. The recent improvement in qualitative and quantitative knowledge of pollutants in the river (thanks in particular to the work of the Water Agency Rhone-Mediterranean-Corsican) allows the construction of a data base dealing with the condition of Rhone. A doctoral thesis is being completed which will identify the parameters that must be considered to preserve and/or restore the aquatic ecosystems of the lower Rhone. This thesis takes into account several dimensions of environmental risk and is aimed as well at the preservation of public health. First of all, there is the question of identifying the contaminants which can cause deleterious effects on the exposed ecosystem (and on Man) PCBs (polychlorobiphenyls) and the artificial radionuclides (the Rhone is the most nuclearized river in the world) are chosen because of their persistence, their bio-accumulation and their toxicity. The aquatic species chosen are those which are particularly exposed to these pollutants the Great Cormorant (Phalacrocoraxcarbo) because of its position at the top of the food chain, the local Europeen eel (Anguilla anguilla) a fish predator that is exposed because of its contact with the water and the sediments of the river. In parallel studies, exogenic eels are caged in the Rhone in precise places in order to offer a perfect control of their exposure. Analytical measurements of PCBs and radionuclides in water, sediments, plants, cormorants and eels are complied. Analysis of hepatic xenobiotic metabolizing enzyme activities were conducted on caged eels as a biomarker of exposure. Correlations of all the results are tested. A study of the probability of the appearance of noxious effects associated with the presence of other stresses, as well as on other species, is being carried out. http://www.ii)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaties/Chantoiseau.htm 16/11/01 Page 1 sur 1 ROUTINE RELEASES OF 3H AND 14C IN FRESHWATE R A MODEL FOR ASSESSING RADIOLOGICAL DOSES TO MAN THROUGH AQUATIC AND TERRESTRIAL PATHWAYS CIFFROY P., SICLET F. (1) EDF, Division Recherche et Ddveloppement, D6parternent Laboratoire National d'Hydraulique et Environnement 6 quai Watier, 78401 Chatou, France (e-mail: philippe.ciffroy edf.fr) 3H and 14C are among the major radionuclides released by nuclear power plants in rivers. Consequently, it is necessary to properly assess health effects of such releases, and in particular to properly calculate individual doses to critical groups. Models commonly used are based on the concept of complete isotopic exchange with the stable element and thus consider constant specific activity in the different compartments of the ecosystems. However, full isotopic exchange is not achieved in short time intervals especially when 3H and 14C are incorporated into organic matter. Some international working groups have proposed some alternatives to develop 3H and 14C specific models, particularly suitable for accidental situations. Taking into account conclusions of these working groups, a dynamic model was developed in order to simulate individual doses due to routine releases in freshwater. Processes considered in the model are: (1) transfer to aquatic organisms; 2) exchanges at the water- atmosphere interface; 3) transfer in the soil profile; 4) exchanges at the soil-atmosphere interface; (5) exchanges at the plant-atmosphere and soil-plant interfaces; 6) incorporation in plants organic matter; 7) transfer to animals. This model was tested on the Loire watershed where five nuclear power plants are present. htti)://www.ii)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Sunimaries/Ciffrov3%20.htm 16/11/01 Decision about the adequate human intervention required to restore agricultural lands Page 1 sur 1 AN APPROACH TO ASSESS RADIOLOGICAL IMPACT FROM RADIOACTIVE CONTAMINATED AGRICULTURAL AREAS IN DECISION MAKING *CLAVER F., MONTERO M., MORALEDA M. VAZQUEZ C. Centro de Investigaciones Energ6ticas, Medioambientales y Tecnol6gicas, CIEMAT Departamento de Impacto Ambiental de la Energfa, DIAE Avda. Complutense 22. Madrid 28040. Spain *e-mail: fclaver ciemat.es In the aftermath of a nuclear accident, decision about intervention strategies to be implemented, required of optimized radiological impact assessments. Mobility of deposited radionuclides, its bio availability to be absorbed by crops, capacity of crops to uptake and retain radionuclides until harvesting and transfer of radionuclides from contaminated crops, through different pathways and industrial processes, to the consumption products and finally to the population must be taken into account in the radiological impact assessment of agricultural systems,. In this work an approach to assess the transfer of radiocaesium and radiostrontium through the main industrial food processes in four European climatic region is presented. Crop productions and industrial processes associated that generated foodstuffs for human consumption, sub products and wastes are characterized at a regional level. Sub products are classified in fodder categories and linked with productive animals considered, according with annually averaged animal diets calculated for each fodder group and type of animal productive system. Vegetal and animal foodstuffs are grouped in food categories and finally linked with the population according with human diets calculated to each type of consumption product and for age groups. Total weight and activity in the consumption products obtained from a crop were assessed following two different approaches; maximizing for individual residual doses calculations and obtaining the most probable values for collective dose computing. htti):Hwww.i-psn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Claver.htm 16/11/01 SAVEC model development and verification Page I sur 2 AREAS VULNERNABLE TO RADIOCAESIUM DEPOSITION IN THE CZECH REPMLIC, HUNGARY AND POLAND CROUT, N., WRIGHT, S. SANCHEZ, A. School of Life & Environmental Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom. E-mail: Neil.Crout nottingham.ac.uk The Spatial Analysis of Vulnerable Ecosystems in Central Europe (SAVEC) project has developed a user-friendly software system for the identification of areas in te Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland that may be vulnerable to radiocaesium deposition. The core of this system is a semi-mechanistic radiocaesium soil to plant transfer model, using readily available soil properties as inputs (% clay, exchangeable K, ph and organic matter), developed and parameterised following experiments undertaken to quantify the uptake of radiocaesium from a wide range of different soil types. The model is implemented spatially within a user-friendly software system to predict the spatial variation in radiocaesium soil to plant transfer in the three Central European countries. Databases of soil properties required for the semi-mechanistic model and land cover, agricultural production and diet have been generated using geographical information systems at a spatial resolution of x 5 km for the Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland and embedded in the software system. Hence, areas in the three Central European countries with elevated radiocaesium activity concentrations in different agricultural products, elevated radiocaesium fluxes (Bq y-1), or population groups with elevated radiocaesium ingestion doses following radiocaesium deposition can be identified. The system also includes the effects of a range of different countermeasures including those that are soil based. As the underlying soil to plant transfer model has been pararneterised using soil properties and processes, spatial variation in the effectiveness of K fertilisation and liming can be predicted. Therefore, the system provides a tool for the management of any future radiocaesium deposition. This paper discusses the use of the system for the identification of areas vulnerable to radiocaesium deposition in the Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland and also illustrates how the quality of different input data, in particular soil property information, can affect model predictions. htti)://www.i-psn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Sum-maries/Crout.htm 16/11/01 SAVEC model development and verification Page 2 sur 2 htti)://www.it)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Crout.htm 16/11/01 Activities and transfers of Pu and Am in some rice samples from Camargue (France) Page I sur 1 AN ASSESSMENT OF PLUTONIUM AND AMERICIUM DISTRIBUTION IN THE LOWER RHONE VALLEY ENVIRONMENT (FRANCE) DUFFA C61ine & RENAUD Phflippe Nuclear Safety and Protection Institute, IPSN/DPRE/SERNAT, CE. Cadarache, BAt 153, 13108 St-Paul-Lez-Durance, France. Tel (33).04.42.25.48.02, Fax: 33).04.42.25.63.73. As the result of global fallout occurring from 1945 to 1980, actinides are uniformly present at trace levels in the environment. However, in the lower Rhone valley, higher Pu and Am activities are measured, due to a direct or indirect input of radionuclides originated from Marcoule nuclear reprocessing plant release. Associating measurement and modeling results, a balance of stocks and fluxes of these alpha-emifting actinides in the environment is proposed for the 1945-1998 period. The 238pU/239+24OPu activity ratio is used as a too[ to trace and quantify the Marcoule installation's contribution to the total contamination of different environmental compartments. On a global surface of 1 1000 kM2, the soil is the main terrestrial reservoir where 750 GBq of actinides (Pu+Am) are stocked. More than 95% of this soil contamination is due to the global fallout. Marcoule center influenced directly a 25kM2 surface through its atmospheric release, where a 3 GBq estimated deposit occurred. One can estimates that a total atmospheric release of more than 30.109 Bq would be responsible for such a deposit. Since 1945, the lower Rhone River carried more than 1000 GBq of Pu and Am to the Mediterranean sea, of which 90% originated from Marcoule release. Because of the use of the Rhone River water to irrigate cultivated soils, there was a flux of actinides from Rhone River to soils that gave a cumulated input of about 4 GBq on soils. The 1993/1994 floods of the Camargue brought 02 GBq through Rhone sediment inputs that were deposited onto small surfaces near the levee breaches. htti)://www.ii)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Duffa.htm 16/11/01 TRANSFERT DES RADIOELEMENTS ARTMCIELS DES ALGUES MARWES ... Page I sur I IDENTIFICATION of sources and distribution of radioelements in the vicinity of la hague nuclear reprocessing plant FONTUGNE M., Maro, D BARON Y. I Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de I'Environnement, UMR 1572-CEA/CNRS, Dornaine du CNRS, F- 91198-Gif sur Yvette cedex, France. E-mail: Michel. Fontugne 1sce.cnrs-giffr The terrestrial environment in the vicinity of La Hague nuclear reprocessing plant is potentially influenced by two sources (marine and atmospheric) et by three ways of radio-nucleides transfer: 1) atmospheric fallout from old nuclear bombs experiments, 2)atmospheric fallout from gaseous throwing out from the reprocessing plant 3 marine aerosol (or spray) bearing radionucleides originating from liquid waste from the plant. IPSN has organised since 1997 with the collaboration of the Groupe d'Etudes Atornique (GEA) de la Marine Nationale et le Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de 1'environnement (LSCE/CEA-CNRS) three experiments with sampling of a bioindicator like furze. The aims were to provide an evaluation of the radionucleides (gamma emitters and carbon 14) around La Hague reprocessing plant and to follow the concentration evolution versus time. A sampling strategy has been established to provide a map of the distribution of radio-elements around the reprocessing plant and to identify the mode of transfers, to determine the deposition rates on soil and vegetation in order to precise the transfer model of radio-element in plants. htti):Hwww.ii)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Fontugne.htm 16/11/01 EVALUATION OF THE TERRESTRIAL IMPACT OF 14C AND 3H RELEASED ... Page 1 sur I EVALUATION OF THE TERRESTRIAL IMPACT OF 14C AND H RELEASED BY PWR TYPE POWER PLANTS FOURNIER M., SICLET F. GONTIER G. Institut de Protection et de Sfiret6 Nucl6aire, 136partement de Protection de I'Environnement, 91400 Orsay, France, E-mail :marc.fournier ipsn.fr As part of monitoring of the French nuclear power plants, the activity in 14 C and 3H present in different matrices representative of the terrestrial ecosystem (bryophyte, grass, milk ..) is measured since 1994. These results show some impact of the nuclear facilities on the environment but do not allow to develop a model. As no initial radiological status or referential point was established for both radionuclides, interpretation is therefore difficult. In addition, both are naturally occurring and belong to the water and carbon cycle. For 14c, atmospheric nuclear tests are another additional source of its presence in the environment. In the framework of a joint IPSN/EDF research programme, a radiological status of areas without any industrial influence was realized for two sites: Nogent sur Seine and Dampierre A seasonal sampling in the terrestrial ecosystem was carried out over a two year period. In Dampieffe the same sampling strategy was followed in areas exposed to the atmospheric releases of the facility in order to evaluate its impact. The matrices selected for this study were perennial plants (ivy leaves, meadow grass, blackberries), leaves from deciduous plants, honey, game animal, fruit (apple), pasture, milk and meat. http:Hwww.iT)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Foumier2.htm 16/11/01 Abstact Page 1 sur 2 Impact of tritium discharged from a research reactor on concentrations in environmental water samples M. Fukui, S. Kimura* and S. Saito Research Reactor Institute, Kyoto University Kumatori-cho, Sennan-gun, Osaka, 590-0494, Japan fukuim rri.kyoto-u.ac.' Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences * Nasahara, Takatsuki-city, Osaka, 569-1094 Abstact. The distribution of environmental tritium concentrations in several samples taken near the Kyoto University Research Reactor (KURR) was studied. The KURR Institute (KURRI) supports three major sources of tritium: a D20 (heavy water) facility and a Cold Neutron Source (CNS) facility in the KURR containment, and a tritium target fabricated in an accelerator in the critical assembly building. This report focuses on estimating the rate of release of tritium from these sources into the environment, and grasping the relation between the rate and the concentrations in samples of water such as precipitation, air moisture and surface water taken near the release point. The concentrations of tritiated water (HTO) in the stack exhaust condensate were in the range 0.8-1.5 kBq drn-3 though those in air in the building which supports the HTO sources ranged from 5 Bq dm-3 to a few kBq dm-3. The HTO concentrations in the air decreased by ca. 11500 within 300m of the KURR stack, which is five times the current global levels at about km off-site. Assessing the degree of attenuation of HTO concentrations in the field is informative for estimating the chronic impact of contaminants in the environment. httv:Hwww.it)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Fukui.htm 16/11/01 Abstact Page 2 sur 2 htti)://www.ipsn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Fukui.htm 16/11/01 Choice of the indicators and analytical techniques to evaluate the radiecological impa... Page I sur 1 CHOICE OF THE INDICATORS AND ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES TO EVALUATE THE RADIECOLOGICAL IMPACT OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS: METHODS, EVOLUTIONS AND PERSPECTIVES. GONTIER G., BOUISSET P. CLAVEL B. Institut de Protection et de S&et6 Nucl6aire, D6partement de Protection de I'Environnement, BP 1, 13108 St Paul lez Durance Cedex: gilles.gontier ipsn. The radioecological impact in the close environment of nuclear power plants is evaluated from the study of bio-indicators over a long period of time. In the last 20 years, sampling strategies and measuring techniques have been adapted to cope with the decreasing levels of radioactivity released by nuclear power plants, as well as the general decrease from events such as the atmospheric nuclear tests or Chernobyl. In a parallel way, a great effort to include new radioisotopes like tritium, 14C or 1291 has been done, the impact of these isotopes being predominant nowadays. To achieve these new goals, a strategy based on two different kind of studies has been devised • studies of working areas, where sampling techniques, sample preparation and measuring techniques are developed, • studies over long period of times, that allow to understand the spatial and temporal variations in the environment near nuclear facilities and bring the first stages for explaining the radioactivity transfer. These long term studies allow to define the transfer parameters between the different cells of the ecosystem and to direct the research towards areas needing to be studied to understand the mechanisms and the behaviour of radioisotopes not so well studied up to now. htti)://www.ii)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Gontier.htm 16/11/01 STRATEGY: Sustainable Restoration and Long-Terrn Management of Contaminated... Page 1 sur I ESTIMATION OF RADIOECOLOGICAL SENSITIVITY HOWARD, BJ. Centre for Ecology Hydrology - Merlewood, Grange-Over-Sands, Cumbria, LAI I 6U, United Kingdom email: bjho ceh.ac.uk It is important to be able to readily identify major routes of radiation exposure, the most highly exposed individuals or populations and the geographical areas of most concern after radioactive contamination. There have been significant recent improvements in our capability to estimate spatial variation in the environmental behaviour of radionuclides through improved understanding of the underlying processes. Combined with the integration of relevant spatial information using geographical information systems, it is now possible to refine the estimation f spatial variation in radiation exposure, both for routine releases and in accident situations. Within a recent EC-funded concerted action, there has been a renewed consideration of the concept of radioecological sensitivity with a particular focus on identifying sensitive areas as well as processes and communities. The concept should be relevant for both. terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, and might even be applied for consideration of doses to biota, although the current focus has been restricted to a consideration of human exposure. The conclusions of the action are outlined, considering the potential usefulness of the concept, and methods by which it can be applied. A framework for the estimation of radioecological sensitivity is proposed and the various measures by which it can be considered, including (i) aggregated transfer coefficients, (ii) action loads, (iii) fluxes, and (iv) individual exposure of humans will be discussed. The importance of spatial and temporal consideration of each of these outputs will be shown. htto:Hwww.it)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaties/Howard2.htm 16/11/01 ECOSYSTEM MODELLING IN IMPACT ASSESSMENTS OF RADIOACTIVE ... Page I sur I ECOSYSTEM MODELLING IN SAFETY ASSESSMENTS OF RADIOACTIVE WASTE IN COASTAL WATERS KUMBLAD L., NiESLUND B., KAUTSKY U. GILEK M. Department of Systems Ecology, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden, linda.kumblad system..ecology.su.se Environmental transport and fate of two radioactive isotopes, C14 and Cs-135, in a brackish water bay of the Baltic Sea, was investigated in this study by using an ecosystem modelling approach. The purpose was to develop a method to assess the exposures to humans and to other organisms in the environment in case of discharges from an underground repository for radioactive operational waste. Both radionuclides considered in this study are long-lived, have high environmental mobility and bioavailability and pose a potential threat to living organisms for an extensive period of time. In the model, the radionuclide transport was tightly associated with a site-specific energy (carbon) flow model. This model was based on well-known ecological principles, which identified and quantified the main flows and storage of energy in the ecosystem, both in the physical environment as well as in the food web. The radionuclides in the model were introduced to the food web via photosynthesising organisms. C14 was assumed to assimilate in proportion to its presence compared to other carbon isotopes in the water while bioconcentration factors (BCF:s) were used in the initial uptake of Cs-135. The transfer of the radionuclides further up in the food web were presumed to follow the energy flow between the ecosystem compartments and to be proportional to ecological processes, such as respiration, consumption and excretion. The model was validated for C14 with field measurements from the area around Sellafield reprocessing plant and for Cs-135 from fallout data of Chernobyl derived caesiurn in the Baltic Sea. The modelling results demonstrated that this approach provided a method that allowed an evaluation of several scenarios. For instance, it was possible to compare the influence of different abiotic and biotic processes, such as accumulation pattern, excretion rates and water exchange, on radionuclide accumulation and transfer in the ecosystem. Because the model was based on general ecological processes (rather than BCF:s) it was also possible to rescale the model for assessment of the fate of hypothetical radionuclide discharges in future ecosystems. This technique has the potential to be a powerful tool in the safety assessment of radioactive waste. htti)://www.it)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Kumblad.htm 16/11/01 Page I sur I ASSESSMENT OF PARAMETERS OF RADIOCAPACITY AS OF INDEXES OF STABILITY AND REABILITY OF ECOSYSTEMS TO DIFFERENT POLLUTANTS. KUTLAHKMEDOVA-VISHNYAKOVA V., KUTLAHMEDOV Yu. Address of the first author Institute of Agroecology and Biotechnology of Ukrainian Agrarian Academy of Sciences (Department of Radioecology), 01004, Kiev, Ukraine, E.mail: ecoetic mail.kar.net It is offered to use change of ecosystem radiocapacity parameters by a radionuclide tracers in reply to harmful effect, as an anticipating parameter of ecosystems condition and reaction. In model calculations was shown, that the essential effect on ecosystem is accompanied by converted or rreversible changes of radiocapacity parameters of ecosystem biotic components. It depends on value and duration of effect. Changes in the radiocapacity factors by Cs137 under influence an external gamma-irradiations and hard metal (Cd) were detected in many laboratory experiments on water crops. It was marked the sharp decreasing the radiocapacity factor of the plants rooted system in reply to an stress-factors influence. Thus, the radiocapacity factors are possible to use as parameters of a ecosystem condition and well-being at various chemical, physical and biological effects. The theory and the models of ecosystems radiocapacity has allowed to formulate and to define the approaches to the substantiation of the ecological standards on permissible levels of ecosystems and their elements contamination, and also on permissible radionuclides releases The our general result consists in following: we allow, that in ecosystem in its steady condition some rather few long-lived radionuclides have got. The radionuclides are arranged on components of ecosystem and are described by appropriating values of the radiocapacity factors. The external harmful factor (toxic, radiation and other nature) act on the given ecosystem. If the effect is essential, it capable to affect on the ecosystem and its parameters. It will bring to sharp change of values of the radiocapacity factors of the ecosystem components. If this is the case, and contrary assertion is true. We allow, that the noticeable radionuclide redistribution has taken place in ecosystem with known initial distribution of radionuclide-tracer (or tracers). It signifies that in values of radiocapacity factors (so and in values of ecosystem radiocapacity) there were the changes. An anticipating evaluation of an ecosystem condition, its stability and reliability it is supposed to make by noticeable changes of radiocapacity parameters. The anticipating evaluation can be conducted long before a response on effect of integral parameters (variety of species, biomass, number and rate of reproduction of species in the ecosystem). httD://www.ii)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Kutlakhmedova2.htm 16/11/01 Page I sur I AERATION ZONE SOILS ECOLOGICAL STATE ASSESSMENT WITHIN THE LOCATION OF RADIOACTIVE WASTE REPOSITORIES IN POLISKY AND IVANKOVSKOY AREAS OF KYIV REGION LYSENKO O., MERKULYEVA N., OVSEICHIC V. State Scientific Center of Environmental Radiogeochemistry, 34 Palladin ave., National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine And Ministry of Emergency of Ukraine, 03142, Kyiv, Ukraine, mailto:human kiev- paV.com.ua Interim repositories for radioactive waste (RVVR) to be kept had been organized during carrying out the works on the consequences liquidation in 1986-1987 due to the Chornobyl NPP accident. However such kind of repositories are dangerous because of their isolation from the environment poor reliability, and what's more, because of their effect for the environment, especially for the soil waters. Absorbtivity of aeration zone soils had been studied as for the Sr and 117CS nuclides on the RWR territory owing to the RWR radiological state at present, migration of the basic radionuclides, which are the contaminants. RWR area includes "Polisske-l", "Polisske-2", "Polisske-3" "Nova Markovka-F% "Nova Markovka-2", "Vladymyrovka", "Pisky-l" all of them are located in Polisky and Ivanovsky areas of Kyiv region. Tenitory of these RWRs location is woodland and marshy Polisky depression - Kyiv Polissie. The hydro-geological conditions of these areas are stipulated by both general regional conditions and local peculiarities. There is a system of observational radiometrical and hydro-geological bores on the territory of studied repositories. A great volume of drilling works had been fulfilled with lithostratigraphical columns to be done subsequently: 50 bore-pits and 48 wells. The complex examination of soil samples obtained had been carried out: gama-spectrometric and radiochemical definitions 137CS 9Sr), granulornetric, radiographic and mineralogical analyses, a coefficient of radionuclides distribution (Kd) within all the lithological types of soils was determined. All the data obtained had been exposed to statistical handling. The results of examinations executed have shown, that the studied soils on the territories of repositories location can serve as the protective geochemical barrier when fulfilling their protective function against the radionuclides penetration within the deeper horizons, due to mechanical, lithological and mineralogical properties. Their absorption ability is determined by the particl es of fine dispersion surface and also by clay minerals rather great quantity presence. htti):Hwww.ii)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Lvsenko.htm 16/11/01 LANDSPREADING AS A WASTE DISPOSAL OPTION FOR CONTAMINATED... Page 1 sur 1 LANDSPREADING AS A WASTE DISPOSAL OPTION FOR CONTAMINATED MILK MARCHANT J. NISBET A. National Radiological Protection Board, Environmental Assessments Department, OXI I ORQ, Chilton, England, joanna.rnarchant nrpb.org.uk In the event of a nuclear accident, there may be significant quantities of agricultural produce that are contaminated with radionuclides and require disposal. The disposal of milk would be of particular concern, since the quantities of milk classed as waste could be substantial and extensive environmental damage could be caused if this was not disposed of appropriately. As part of contingency planning for potential nuclear accidents, the identification of practicable options for disposal of contaminated milk is therefore important. One of the potential options is disposal by landspreading. The practicability of landspreading has been evaluated against a set of six important criteria: technical feasibility, existing capacity, cost, environmental impact, radiological impact and acceptability. Information was obtained through wide consultation. The radionuclides of interest were 131i, 134,137CS and 89,90Sr. Landspreading is a technically feasible and relatively inexpensive disposal option for milk that is acceptable to both farmers and regulators. The radiological impact of landspreading is low. However, the environmental impact due to the high BOD and nitrogen content of milk may limit the amounts that can be spread in sensitive areas. Limited storage capacity and availability of suitable land are additional factors that can further limit capacity at certain times of the year. http:Hwww.ipsn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaiies/Marchant.htm 16/11/01 Page I sur I STUDY OF NEAR-FIELD ATMOSPHERIC DISPERSION OF EMISSIONS AT HEIGHT D. MARO - B. CRABOL _ P. GERMAIN' -Y. BARON - D. HEBERT2 __ P. BOUISSET4 1 IPSN, Dept Protection de I'Environnement, Service d'Etudes et Recherches Radio6cologiques clans les milieux Naturels, LERFA F- 50130 Octeville (France) 2 IPSN, Dept Protection de I'Environnement, Service d'Etudes et Recherches Radiodcologiques clans les milieux Naturels, CE-SACLAY - Bt 130 F91191 Gif-sur -Yvette (France) 3 Marine Nationale, Groupe d6tudes atorniques BP 34 F50115-Cherbourg Naval (France) 4 IPSN, Dept Protection de ]'Environnement, Service d'Etudes et Recherches Radiodcologiques clans les milieux Naturels, LMRE, Bois des Rames Bt 501 F91400 Orsay (France) In June 1997, the EPSN began an in situ study of atmospheric dispersion in the near field around a source located at great height (100 m). Indeed, the Gaussian models classically used are not applicable in this type of situation. This study aims at ascertaining the horizontal distribution and, especially, the vertical distribution of concentrations in the plume in order to establish specific modeling making it possible to extend the applicability of the Gaussian models. The study is undertaken around the nuclear fuel reprocessing plant of La Hague by using as a tracer the 85Kr released by this factory. The results obtained so far made it possible to determine the CTA at ground level, in the axis of the wind up to 4 km from the outlet, in terms of neutral diffusion. These results show that Gaussian models, applied without precaution, largely underestimate the values of measured CTA at very short distances. New series of measurements will be made up to 2003 under unstable, neutral and stable atmospheric conditions. The deployed means will make it possible to determine the CTA at ground level in the axis of the wind and on both sides of this axis. Moreover, a tethered balloon will be used in order to measure the CTA at altitude and to derive the vertical profile from concentrations in the plume. http:Hwww.ipsn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Maro.htm 16/11/01 Page I Sur I TRANSFER OF ARTIFICIAL RADIONUCLIDES CONTAINED IN MARINE ALGAE TOWARDS PROCESSED AGRI-FOOD PRODUCTS (ALGINATES AND CARRAGENS) D. MARO'- C. OMMENS - D. HEBERV- M. MASSON'- P. OUISSET _ p. GERMAIN' I IPSN, Dept Protection de I'Environnement, Service d'Etudes et Recherches: Radio6cologiques dans ]es ilieux Naturels, LERFA F50130 Octeville (France) 2 IPSN, Dept Protection de I'Environnement, Service d'Etudes et Recherches Radio6cologiques dans les milieux Naturels, LERCM, CE- CADARACHE F 13108 St Paul lez Durances (France) 3 IPSN, Dept Protection de 1Environnement, Service d'Etudes et Recherches Radio6cologiques dans les milieux Naturels, LMRE, Bois des Rames Bt 50 F91400 Orsay (France) The products of the sea are seldom consumed in a raw state. They may undergo more or less sophisticated transformations which range from the simple separation of consumable produce (flesh of molluscs, shellfish and fish) to more complex processing operations, including the extraction of gelling and thickening agents from algae. The North Cotentin Radioecology Group (GRNC) has addressed the transfer towards humans of radionuclides released by the nuclear installations present in this area. This group was led to ask whether the operations of transformation of the algae collected in the department of Manche contribute towards an elimination or a re-concentration of the radioactivity in the consumed products. The work undertaken in the 1980s showed that the extraction of gelling products based on algae involves an important removal of the artificial radioactivity present in the raw product 137CS, 125Sb, 106Ru-Rh, 60CO 5CO, 99Tc, liornAg, 90sr). Nevertheless, it appeared important to supplement this work by studying the transfers of 3H, 4C, 291 and the isotopes of plutonium (238,239,24OpU) towards algae (Laminariadigitata and Chondrus crispus) collected in the port of Goury, km from the outlet pipe of the nuclear fuel reprocessing plant of La Hague. An analysis of all the results obtained is proposed and an assessment is carried out using the studies from the 1980s. htti)://www.ipsn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Maro2.htm 16/11/01 USING WOFOST CROP MODEL FOR DATA BASE DERIVATION OF TRITIU... Page 1 sur 1 USING WOFOST CROP MODEL FOR DATA BASE DERIVATION OF TRITIUM AND TERRESTRIAL FOOD CHAIN MODULES IN RODOS MELINTESCU A., GALERIU D., MARICA E. Institute Of Physics And Nuclear Engineering "Horia Hulubei", Environmental Physics And Life Science Department, PBox MG-6 R-76900, Bucharest-Magurele, ancameli ifin.nipne.ro The. European Commission Project RODOS develops a coherent methodology for a Real-time On-line DecisiOn upport System for Nuclear Emergency across Europe. The transfer of radionuclides from the plume to terrestrial foods is modelled in FDMT (Food-Dose-Module-Terrestrial) and in a special module, FDMH, to accommodate releases of tritiated water. Tritium is incorporated directly into the life cycle and its transfer into the biosphere differs considerably from all the radionuclides in RODOS. The products considered in Food Chain Modules must be adapted to the specific situation in the different parts of Europe. In each radioecological region, a typical time dependence of the leaf area index must be inserted in the data base for each plant of interest and also, specific parameters for the tritium module linked with photosynthesis and dry matter partitioning. WOFOST crop growth model has been chosen as a tool having similar structures like tritium module. While WOFOST simulates the growth of annual field crops under specified soil and weather conditions with full fertilisation, it can be used also for limited fertilisation condition by adjusting some model parameters. For each plant of interest, we use experimental data for a specific vegetation period, (biomass, leaf area index, climatic daily meteorological data, soil type, initial soil condition). Model parameters can be optimised for the actual genotype and climate conditions. The average multi-annual dynamics of the leaf area index can be obtained running WOFOST for appropriate parameters using the long-range weather record of the closest national meteorological station. The data base for the food chain in RODOS can be customised, avoiding expensive experimental effort, which last many years (as we exemplified for Romania). For the future version of RODOS, the real crop status at the time of accident can be assessed combining remote sensing and crop growth modelling. htti)://www.ipsn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaties/Melintescu.htm 16/11/01 Page 1 sur I SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF TE VULNERABILITY FOR CS-137 AND SR-90 IN SPANISH SOILS CONSIDERING THE FOOD CHAIN PATHWAY R. MILLAN, T. SCHMID, C. LAGO C. TRUEBA CIEMAT - DIAE. Av. Complutense, 22. 28040 Madrid, Spain. Rocio.millan ciernat.es The main aim of this work is to determine the geographical distribution of the potential soil capacity to transfer Cs-137 and Sr-90 in Spanish soils. The behaviour of these radiological contaminants in the soil is of key importance to determine the vulnerability, which in this case is related with the availability and transferability of the contaminants. Therefore, the transfer of the contaminants through the food chain pathway is considered to be within a maximum depth of 60 cm in the soil. A categorisation of the contaminant behaviour is carried out considering soil processes, which are influenced by pedological and hydrological factors. Separate indexes are determined, namely water availability, physicochemical retention and a K or Ca content for the respective contaminants. Combining these individual indexes, a final index is obtained representing the results divided into five classes ranging from a minimum to a maximum vulnerability. The results are obtained using data from 1655 Spanish soil profiles, which are introduced into a Geographic information System data base. A cartographic reference map, based on the soil map of the European Communities, is used to determine a spatial distribution of the most representative soils found within Spain. The distribution for the potential transferability of Cs-137 and Sr-90 is represented by determining the most frequent value for the different soil types from results obtained for the individual soil profiles. The highest vulnerability results for both contaminants are obtained from acid soils found in the north and north-west of Spain and the cordillera situated in the centre of Spain. This is due to a low K content, which is related with the type and content of clay and a low pH value, which will increase the Cs-137 and Sr-90 availability in the soil solution, respectively. htti):Hwww.ii)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Mllan.htm 16/11/01 Page I sur I ENVIRONMENTAL TRITIUM AROUND A CANDU NUCLEAR POWER PLANT PAUNESCU N., GALERIU D. MOCANU N. National Institute of R&D for Physics and Nuclear Engineering-Horia Hulubei, Bucharest-Magurele, P. 0. Box MG-6, ROMANIA In the routine operation of a nuclear power plant (NPP) the gaseous, liquid and solid wastes with various fission and activation radionuclides are generated. The design of the CANDU 6 reactor ensures the minimization of the releases, but small quantities of gaseous and liquid wastes are continuously discharged. Excepting 3H and 14C, the quantities of radionuclides released during normal operation, are smaller than emissions of others NPP. The tritium inventory and the tritium releases for classical and future (improved) CANDU 6 were theoretically evaluated and compared with the published data of CANDU 6 reactors with more than 10 years of operation (Point Lepreau, Gentily 2 Embalse and Wolsong 1). The tritium release increases with time and no equilibrium is reached in the first 30 years. The environmental tritium level before the start 1994-1996) of the Romanian CANDU 6 reactor, Cemavoda, was determined by analysis of different environmental samples: air, water (Danube River, Danube-Black Sea Canal, lakes, drinking and ground, rain); soil; tissue free water in vegetal and animal food stuff. The tritium concentration in all environmental samples was low and enough uniform (-3 B/L), as for an area without local contamination sources. The presence of tritium in these samples results from common atmospheric fallout. After the start of NPP (December 1996), the measurement of the same environmental samples is going on, in the influence area of NPP and in a reference area. In the first four years of the reactor activity, the tritium concentration in environmental samples was low, but was more variable than before the pre-operation period of the reactor. In the samples from the vicinity of the reactor, the tritium concentration in air, soil and spontaneous vegetation was several times higher than the values measured during the pre-operational level. The influence of tritium releases is small, but is evident. htti):Hwww.ii)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Paunescu.htm 16/11/01 PRELEVIINARY REGISTRATION FORM Page I sur 1 PREPARATION OF RADIOLOGICAL INPUTS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF ROUTINE NORMAL OPERATION OF NUCLEAR FACILITIES PECHA P. M, PECHOVA E. (**) M Institute of Information Theory and Automation, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Pod vodarenskou vezi 4 182 08 Prague 8 ; E-mail: pecha utia.cas.cz ENERGOPROJEKTPrague;Vyskocilova3/741,14021 Prague4 Abstract During non-nal routine operation of nuclear power plants a certain small controlled amount of radionuclides is released through the venting stacks to atmosphere. The ecosystem surrounding the NPP is assumed to be continuously submerged into the contaminated environment where the customary agricultural practices are applied. The atmospheric radioactive discharges are dispersed and deposited during their travel over the terrain. Description of successive migration of radioisotopes insists in determination of time and spatial distribution of near-ground activity concentration of radionuclides in air and their deposition rates on the ground. Their annual values are found on the basis of weighting of results for particular meteorology situations by annual weather statistics. Long-termed dry and wet deposition factors and plume depletion are calculated under consideration of the main effects, such as initial plume rise, influence of recirculating wake region of the near standing buildings, orography and roughness of terrain, probabilities of occurrence of inversion situations and annual statistics for intensity of atmospheric precipitation. The driving variables resulting from the meteorological model chain enter the dynamic food-chain algorithm. Dynamic characteristics of the vegetation periods of plants and other phenologic characteristics are assumed. Long- termed continuous deposition on leaves of plants and ground is calculated for corresponding vegetation periods and takes into account radioactive decay, weathering removal processes, growth dilution of activity, migration and fixation factors in the soil. Root and foliar uptakes of activity into plants are modelled and contamination of foodstuffs and feedstuffs is predicted. Specific agricultural practices, animal feeding diets, local human consumption habits and possible time delays (storage, processing, distribution) are expressed by a set of local dynamic parameters of the model valid for the Czech territory. Annual activity intakes for different human age groups are estimated for both direct consumption of plant products and consumption of contaminated animal products. An extensive comparative analysis of the results with other codes (PC CREAM, partially with RODOS) was done. Finally, the resulting spatial distribution of annual values of near-ground activity concentrations in air, activity deposition rates and activity intakes into human body were submitted for further EIA evaluation process according to latest US EPA regulations. htti)://www.ii)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Pecha.htm 16/11/01 Page 1 sur 1 MULTIREGRESSION ANALYSIS ON PREDICTORS DETERMINING THE URINARY POTASSIUM EXCRETION AND RADIOCAESIUM BODY BURDENS IN TWO DIFFERENT ETHNIC GROUPS C. L. R ai ai f Department of Radiation Physics, Lund University, Malm6 University Hospital, SE-205 02 Malmb Sweden, christopher.raaf rfa.mas.1u.se Within the field of environmental radiology, the levels of potassium and creatinine in urine are sometimes used to estimate the 24h excretion of radiocaesium from single urine samples. This is done in order to estimate the whole-body content of radiocaesium and the associated absorbed dose rate in man. Data on human urinary potassium excretion from various sources are available in the literature, but there are clear discrepancies between the ICRP 23 values for the reference man and these data, which vary with the geographical location of the population. The relationship between urinary potassium and creatinine excretion and the correlation to parameters such as age, sex, body weight and ethnicity were investigated through multiple regression analysis. The groups of adults studied were a group from the city of Lund in souther of Sweden 1987-1994) and a group from rural areas outside the city of Bryansk, Russia 1994-1997) A significant difference was found in the relationship between the urinary potassium concentration and the creatinine concentration between the Swedish and Russian subjects. The elevated potassium concentrations found in the rural Russian subjects indicate a high dietary intake of potassium, which is in accordance with results from a Russian food habit questionnaire in the Bryansk area. No significant correlations were found between urinary potassium concentration and weight or age. The significant difference in the ratio of urinary potassium to creatinine between the two populations could explain the difference of a factor of two found in estimations of the whole-body content of 137CS for the Russian group, depending on which of the two substances, creatinine or potassium, was used for estimation of the 24h urinary excretion and body burden of 137CS from single samples. http:Hwww.ivsn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Raaf.htm 16/11/01 Page 1 sur I UNCERTAINTIES OF THE TRANSFER OF RADIONUCLIDES IN TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS Rommens C., Renaud P. Way F. IPSN/DPRE, CE Cadarache, 13105 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France, catherine.rommens ipsn.fr In the past, the paucity of data on behaviour of radioactivity in the environment obliged dose and risk assessments to be based on conservative hypothesis. By now, the feedback of thirty years of monitoring of radioactivity in the environment near the French nuclear installations allows a more realistic approach to be developed. This approach, based on "as realistic as possible" best estimate for each parameter of the model, need also to describe the confidence interval around the best estimate and the mathematical law of variation for each parameter. This paper presents the methodology and the results of an uncertainty study related to the whole model of transfer in terrestrial ecosystems. Interception of radionuclides by leaves (retention and translocation) and root transfer are examined just as uptake by animals. Results are available for root vegetables, fruits, leafy vegetables, pasture and maize fodder and distributions for parameters dependent on the radionuclide are proposed for Sr and 99Tc. Particular cases of tritium and carbon 14 are also studied on the basis of specific activity model. The methodology who mixes bibliographic knowledge and exploitation of a data base of 13,000 samples in the environment that is to say about 191,000 results of measurements discusses the fundamental aspects of the question global versus site-specific parameters, data reliability, variability and uncertainty, accidental versus routine values for the parameters. The equations of the model studied are widely used and so the results of this study can easily be used or adapted in number of radioecological studies. htti):Hwww.ipsn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Rommens.htm 16/11/01 Page I sur 1 Modelling transfers of carbon 14 emitted by pressurised water reactors under normal operating conditions, in continental ecosystems SYLVIE ROUSSEL-DEBET 0), JACQUELINE GARNIER-LAPLACE M, CHRISTOPHE MOURLON 2) and PHILIPPE CALMON 2) (1) Institute of Protection and Nuclear Safety, Department of Environmental Protection, Laboratory of Experimental Radioecology, BP 1, 13108 Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance cedex, FRANCE (2) Institute of Protection and Nuclear Safety, Department of Environmental Protection, Laboratory of Environmental Modelling (same address) Abstract. A model of transfers in the terrestrial and freshwater environment of 14C, emitted by atmospheric and liquid discharges from Pressurised Water Reactors under normal operating conditions, is proposed. Despite the complexity of the ecosystems involved, a simple assessment of the transfer pathways in the environment may be envisaged on the basis of the following assumptions (a) 4C behaves like 12C with an isotopic ratio between the two isotopes that is unvarying during all considered transfers, and, (b) the 14C concentrations in the envirom-nent are constant over time, which is only valid for chronic discharges. This model takes into account the chemical form, mineral or organic, of the released 14C, and the input of 14C through the irrigation water in the case of terrestrial agricultural products. An example of human dose calculation is achieved on the basis of a standard diet, assumed to be entirely self-consumed and contaminated by a chronic discharge. In this case, the annual dose equivalent by ingestion is respectively 40 ASv year-' for a volumic air activity of I Bq rn-3, and near 0,1 ASv year-' for a volurnic water activity of I Bq M-3. http:Hwww.it)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Roussel2.htm 16/11/01 Abstract Page 1 sur I ISOTOPIC DILUTION MODEL FOR CL-36 IN THE FRENCH LANDSCAPE SHEPPARD S.C., SHEPPARD M.I., ECHEVARRIA G., VAN HECKE W., VEIN, D., QUITTARD N. MIGNONNEAU M. ECOMatters Inc., Pinawa, Manitoba, ROE ILO, Canada, sheppards ecomatters.com Chlorine-36 is one of the most critical radionuclides to consider in intermediate- and high-level nuclear waste management. Special attributes are long half-life, high mobility, biologically essential element, and massive isotopic dilution in the geosphere and biosphere. This project developed a model to predict the radiological consequences of 36CI to human dose receptors. The approach had three parts, a literature and benchmarking review of other 36CI models and programs, the development of a 36CI model suitable for ANDRA applications within Aquabios, and the measurement of stable C1 concentrations and parameter values in the relevant landscape. A major issue was to resolve the degree to which specific activity relationships were useful. Soil-to-plant and aquatic food pathways were modeled using specific activity relationships. For subsequent transfers, the model used more traditional transfer factors. The use of the partial specific activity model simplified the problem and made the model and parameters more general. This is especially relevant for transfers of 36CI because the concentrations of stable Cl in the environment can vary substantially as a result of oceanic effects and local mineralizations. htti):Hwww.ipsn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Shei)i)ard3.htm 16/11/01 Page 1 sur 1 DETERMINING FACTORS CAUSING DISTURBANCE OF ADAPTATION MECHANISMS IN RESIDENTS OF RADIOCONTAMINATED TERRITORIES IN THE URAL REGION VARAKSIN AX, SBERSHNEV V.N., CHUKANOV V.N. Institute of Industrial Ecology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ural Branch, 620219, Ekaterinburg, RUSSIA varaksin ecko.uran.ru Work was carried out in the East-Ural Radioactive Trace area and the Techa river valley, to which liquid radioactive waste was drained. Data on the state of health and health loss risk factors for residents of these territories were gathered. With regard to the state of health, data are available of clinical examination by a medical specialist, with assessment of the state of organism principal systems (cardiovascular, bone-muscular, nervous, etc.), and data on human organism pre-nosologic indicators. With regard to the risk factors, data are available on single individuals' residence, bad habits, traits of character and way of life, unhealthy work conditions, etc. These data have been entered in a computer database listing 1500 individuals. The present report outlines the results of analysis of the effect of various risk factors on pre-nosologic indicators (indices of the state of human organism adaptation systems). It is shown that, for residents of the Techa river basin, maximum influence on disturbance of adaptation mechanisms is exerted by such factors as: way of life, unfavorable factors of place of residence, unhealthy work conditions; the fact of living on a radiocontarninated territory exerts no significant influence (in terms of mathematical statistics) on the state of adaptation mechanisms. In case of the inhabitants of the East-Ural Radioactive Trace area,, there is revealed a noticeable influence of the accumulated dose on disturbance of adaptation mechanisms. Such influence has been detected within homogeneous population groups picked out by such features as: bad habits, harmful location factors, unfavorable conditions of work, etc. htti):Hwww.ii)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/SummariesNaraksin.htm 16/11/01 8M Page I sur I SM = Society and ethics; ethical aspects of environmental radioecotoxicology * Schneider * Bouget * HendersonSellers Mondon Wylie Mouchet htti)://www.ii)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/P8M.htm 16/11/01 Page 1 sur I NORD COTENTIN RADIOECOLOGICAL GROUP: AN ORIGINAL EXPERIENCE OF PLURALISTIC EXPERTISE T. SCHNEIDER, J. LOCHARD, G. HERIARD DUBREUIL Centre d6tude sur I'Evaluation de la Protection dans le domaine Nucl6aire BP 48, 92263 Fontenay-aux-Roses CEDEX, FRANCE, schneider cepn.asso.fr At the beginning of July 1999, the Nord Cotentin Radioecological Group published its results concerning the assessment of the exposure levels to ionising radiations for the children of the Beaumont-Hague region and the associated risk of leukaernia. The experience of this Group is the first pluralistic expertise performed in France in the very sensitive field of the assessment of health impacts associated with ionising radiations. During two years, experts from French and abroad institutes, from the non governmental organisations, and from the nuclear industry have built a methodology, collected and analysed a large amount of data, and confronted their point of views regarding the assessment of the exposures of the concerned populations. Although some members of the Group have expressed some restrictions about the interpretation of the results, this experience has allowed to make a synthesis of the data which were dispersed up to now, and to evaluate the potential health impacts associated with the exposure to ionising radiations due to the releases of nuclear installations. The aim of this paper is to point out the specificity of this pluralistic approach according to its historical context and compared with the similar experience perfonned in Great Britain near the nuclear site of Sellafield. After a brief description of the main steps of the evaluation process adopted and its results, this paper underlines the new perspectives provided by the experience of the Group in tenns of stakeholders involvement in the assessment and the management of the radiological risk. This latter should be of interest in the perspective of developing a new management of the health and environmental impacts associated with the releases of industrial installations. httv:Hwww.ii)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Schneider.htm 16/11/01 Page I sur I Surveillance radioecologique autour des sites nucleaires dIEDF Y-11 Bouget, T. Bourcier, P. Hartmann - Electricit6 de France/Me Industrie Les 6tudes radio6cologiques r6alis6es avant la premi6re mise en service des installations nucl6aires (point z6ro radio6cologique) ne donnaient pas lieu A un suivi r6gulier, un contr6le 6tant sculement pr6vu p6riodiquemen AFoccasion des visites d6cennales. Au d6but des ann6es 1990, il est apparu un besoin de contr6le plus fr6quent de Fimpact des installations, d'autant plus qu'EDF 6tait r6guli6rement confront6e des accusations de contamination de Fenvironnement. EDF a 6cid6 de mettre en place, en plus de la surveillance permanents de Venvironnement fix6e par la r6glementation, un suivi annuel radioicologiquepour chacun des sites nucl6aires en exploitation. Les analyses portent sur les s6diments, les v6g6taux et la faune aquatique. Le choix des stations de pr6l6vement et des bioindicateurs est d6termin6 en fonction des 6tudes ant6rieures et des conditions locales. Les 6chantillons sont conserv6s pendant au moins 10 ans, en vue de contr6les compl6mentaires 6ventuels. A Foccasion des visites d6cennales, un bilan radiokologique est r6alis6. Celui-ci s'appuie sur les r6sultats des suivis annuels et sur des analyses compl6mentaires portant sur des radio6l6ments singuliers (carbone 14, iode 129, strontium, tritium organique ... afin d6valuer plus finernent Fimpact des rejets radioactifs A vie longue sur Fenvironnement. La radio6cologie n6cessite des comp6tences a6r6es notarnment dans les domaines de la radiobiologie et de la mesure. Les suivis et bilans sont donc sous-trait6s 'a un organisms d'Etat reconnu sur le plan scientifique, I'Institut de Protection et de SarW Nucl6aire (IPSN). Ce travail donne lieu des rapports dont les synth6ses sont communiqudes au public par l'interm6diaire des Commissions Locales d'Information. Pour garantir Fobjectivit6 des contr6les, EDF fait, ponctuellement,' appel A des laboratoires r6gionaux d'analyses, notarnment en cas de contestation. L'ensemble des activit6s li6es la radio6cologie sont coordonne'es par une 6quipe EDF sp6cialis6e. Celle-ci a notamment pour mission de participer A la normalisation des m6thodes de surveillance, A 1'6tablissement des codes de calcul et de suivre 16volution des recherches dans ce domaine. Les r6sultats de ces campagnes de mesure montrent clairement que 16cosyst6me terrestre est peu marqu6 par les rejets des centrales. Seul la zone proche des rejets liquides est l6g6rement influene6e par certains radio6l6ments pr6sents h 16tat de trace. Mais EDF ne souhaite pas en rester I. La protection de Fenvironnement constitue pour FEntreprise une preoccupation forte. EDF veut renforcer ses comp6tences propres en radio6cologie pour assurer pleinement ses responsabilit6s d'exploitant. Cela passera notarnment par une implication plus forte des laboratoires d'environnement des sites nucl6aires qui sont les interlocuteurs directs des pouvoirs publics locaux et des m6dias. Ils ont A ce titre, un r6le important h jouer en mati6re d'information sur ce sujet particuli6rement sensible dans Fopinion publique. htti):Hwww.ipsn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/BouRet.htm 16/11/01 Page 1 sur I THE SOCIETAL "SURPRISE FACTOR": COMPARING NUCLEAR AND GREENHOUSE HAZARDS AND THE ETHICS OF GOOD POLICY DEVELOPMENT. ANN HENDERSON-SELLERS Australian Nuclear Science Technology Organisation, Menai, NSW 2234, Australia, mai1to:ahssec ansto-gov.au It is arguable that one of the many triggers for the Tokaimura nuclear accident in Japan in September 1999 was the agreement by the Framework Convention on Climate Change member nations to the Kyoto Protocol on greenhouse gas emissions reductions, also in Japan in December 1997. Whether or not the Kyoto Protocol is finally ratified there is increasing pressure on all developed nations to quantify and act to reduce or off-set their greenhouse gas emissions. For Japan where power generation from fossil fuels is already very efficient and there is relatively little available land on which to plant forests to become carbon sinks this international treaty must increase the attractiveness of nuclear power. In all nations policies must be developed to try to mitigate and adapt to the consequences of both global warming and nuclear hazards. The attitude of the general public to the risks of both is a critical ingredient in the development of these policies. Both greenhouse warming and nuclear science depend on physics which can be difficult to understand and both are therefore open to media (and other) misinterpretation - accidental and intentional. Greenhouse nuclear management are subject to real predicted 'surprises' which greatly increase the sense of alarm amongst the public and politicians. This paper explores some of the societal ethical aspects of this "surprise factor" for greenhouse and nuclear policy development. It also explores two tricky aspects of national policies which link nuclear climate science through their consequences (e.g. "safe" repositories for nuclear waste affected by greenhouse-induced climate change) as well as in their origins (e.g. nuclear replacing fossil fuel power generation). htt-P:Hwww.ii)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/HendersonSellers.htm 16/11/01 Page I sur I CONSULTATION AND CONSENSUS IN DOSE ASSESSMENTS DURING NUCLEAR DISCHARGE AUTHORISATIONS A UK EXAMPLE MONDON KJ,* FAIRLIE I , FREWER Q **&WALTERS * Food Standards Agency, Radiological Safety Unit, Food Contaminants Division, Ergon House, LONDON SWlP 3WG, United Kingdom. "Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich, NR4 7UA , United Kingdom. katherine.mondon foodstandards.gsi.gov.uk In developed countries, the need r more public trust and participation by public groups in decisions on nuclear wastes, including current discharges, is increasingly being recognised. The present 'decide, announce, implement' approach is being replaced with the 'consult, discuss, consensus' approach on nuclear waste decisions. Consequently in some countries, government departments, agencies and regulators responsible for nuclear wastes are examining methods for involving the public and environmental groups in their decisions. In October 2000, the UK Food Standards Agency held a two-day Consultative Exercise on Dose Assessments in Brighton, UK. Over 0 representatives of the public, environmental groups, nuclear operators, government departments, regulators and independent consultants were invited. The seminar discussed the FSA's methodology for estimating radiation doses to critical groups near LTK nuclear sites from nuclear discharges, for the purpose of authorising these discharges. The aims were to inform others of the FSA's methods and to allow a wide-ranging debate on these and alternative methods. The seminar was consultative in that the Agency undertook to re-examine its methods, where necessary, in the light of the seminar's final report. In addition, consensus-seeking principles were observed in organising the seminar. In particular, there was early involvement of main stakeholders; all-stakeholders affected by the FSA's methods were invited; a chairman/facilitator independent of the FSA was appointed; major decisions on the seminar were made by an independent Steeling Group consisting of representatives of main stakeholders with an independent chairman; and the final report was agreed by the Steering Group. The seminar was considered a success by all participants. This paper discusses the consultative and consensus-seeking procedures used and the resulting outcomes. http:Hwww.il)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Mondon.htm 16/11/01 Page 1 sur I RISK IN AN INDIVIDUALIST SOCIETY. PUBLIC ATTITUDES TOWARDS THE NUCLEAR INDUSTRY IN CONTEMPORARY BRITISH SOCIETY. R WYLIE Westlakes Research Institute, Department of Social and Policy Sciences, CA24 3JZ Moor Row, United Kingdom, Rick.Wylie westlakes.ac.uk In contemporary society, developments in the social, political and technological environments are leading to changes in the value orientations of a significant proportion of the mass public. We characterise the tendency of this new value orientations as towards individualisation. These changes have significant implications for public acceptance of risks like radiation and industries perceived to be risky, like nuclear. The key paradox of risk perception among Individualists is that they are more risk aware but less risk averse. The lower correlation between the risk connotations and attitudes towards the nuclear industry among Individualists points, we believe, towards the heightened importance of the self in their evaluation process as they undertake "balancing behaviour" a cognitive cost-benefit analysis based upon a referent's perceived benefits and disbenefits. We suggest that the extent to which a particular risk, even a dread risk like radiation, is perceived as salient in the formation of an attitude is related to the degree to which it is perceived by the individual evaluator to be likely to affect them personally, However, Individualists may be more sophisticated in their evaluation processes in general and in their use of risk in that process in particular. Our finding of a lower correlations between risk and attitudes among individualists in the community around the Sellafield nuclear reprocessing plant suggests that even in close proximity to a perceived high risk facility individualists perfor a more thorough analysis of referents in the formation of an attitude. There are significant implications for effective risk communication. Risk communicators need to characterise the value orientations of their intended audiences effectively, both to establish appropriate channels of communication for specific audience segments, and to adapt their message to address the key concerns of its intended recipients. htti):Hwww.ii)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Wvlie.htm 16/11/01 Page 1 sur I Communication CLI du Gard experience Robert Granier - Chantal Mouchet** CLI du Gard-1-16tel du D6partement-30 044 NWES-France * Doctor in Nuclear Medecine - "Secretary Local Information Commissions (CLI), based near to important, chiefly nuclear, energetic settings, were initiated by General Councils, following a Prime Minister decision dated the 15t" december 198 . They have a dual mission to follow potential impacts of facilities they have in charge and to give informations on natural and man-made radiation exposures to people living near to these. This communication wants to present the activities of the < I- Daily communication Visits of settings, conferences, edition of a newspaper < 2- Difficulties Except in case of crisis, it is difficult to communicate with media or general public both are not interested with normal activities. 3- Punctual actions Searching for new informations. Analytic valuation of documents. Production of a conference CLI between Sciences and Information >>. Organization of a seminar about Scientific Information and Communication >>. Production and distribution of a CD-Rom giving the main conclusions of the seminar above taking account observations of all members (identifying difficulties in production of a communication of quality, proposed solutions). Finally, a new attempt has been recently made to improve communication the creation the 5 th September 2000 of the ANCLI a national Association of the different CLI, which has published the first issue (december 2000) of its information newspaper called DECLIC. The goal of this communication is to insist on the conclusion of punctual actions. httt):Hwww.ii)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/Summaries/Mouchet.htm 16/11/01 Scientific C. Page 1 sur I Scientific Committee AARKROG A. (Denmark) B KRCHMANN R. (Belgium) ALEXAKHIN R. (Russia) LAUBIER L. (France) AMARAL Eliana (Brasil) METIVIER H. (France) AUPIAIS J. (France) MITCHELL Peter (Ireland) BELLI M. (Italy) BOUDOU A. (France) MOBERG L. (Sweden) MURITH C. (Switzerland) CATSAROS N. (Greece) OHMOMO Y. (Japan) GUTIERREZ J. (Spain) as HENDERSON-SELLER A. POLIKARPOV G. (Ukraine) (Australia) HERMITTE M.A. (France) RAMADE F. (France) ROBERT M. (France) HINTON T. (USA) SICLET F. (France) HOFFMAN Owen (USA) STRAND P. (Norway) HOWARD B. (United Kingdom) TESSIER D. (France) HU Erbang (China) THYBAUD E. (France) KASHPAROV V. (Ukraine) VOIGT G. (Germany) httD:Hwww.iDsn.fr/ecorad2OOl/coniite scientifiQue en.htm 16/11/01 Honor C. Page I sur 1 Honor Committee Sous le patronage du Minist6re de I'Environnement Maryse ARDITI, Pr6sidente de HNERIS dolf BIRKHOFER, Directeur de GRS G. DESMET, Pr6sident de WIRA. FRY, NRPB I.N. GUERINI, Prdsident du Conseil G6n6ral des Bouches du Rh8ne Jacques LABEYRIE Directeur Scientifique de 'ADEME Kean-Frangois LACRONIQUE, Pr6sident de I'OPRI 99-3ean-Pierre LAURENT, Directeur SOret6, Skurit6, Qualit6 6 COGEMA KAYves LE BARS, Pr6sident de I'ANDRA, Gordon LINDSLAY, AIEA Michel LIVOLANT, Directeur de l'IPSN J. LOCHARD, Pr6sident du CEPN Jean-Frangois MARCHIPONT, European Commission, Directorate General Research, DIRECTOR Nuclear Fission and Radiation Protection. Le Maire d'Aix en Provence 0 Laurent STRICKER, Directeur de la Division Production Nucl6aire de EDF C.THEZEE, Pr6sident de la SFRP M.VAUZELLE, Pr6sident du conseil Rgional de Provence-C8te d'azur httD://www.iosn.fr/ecorad2OOl/comite honneur en.htm 16/11/01 Organising C. Page 1 sur 1 Comite d'organisation Jean-Claude BARESCUT, Pr6sident • VLuc FOULQUIER, Secr6taire G6n6ral • Evelyne BARKER • Dominique BOUST • Frangois BRECHIGNAC • Philippe CALMON • Patrice CHARBONNEAU • Eliane CHILETTI, secr6taire Bernard DESCAMPS G6rard DEVILLE-CAVELIN • Jean-Christophe GARIEL • St6phane LORTHIOIR • EMMANUELLE MUR • Jacques NEY Jean-Marc PERES Frangoise PLUCHET, secr6taire Philippe PRADOURA Pascal SANTUCCI htti)://www.ii)sn.fr/ecorad2OOl/comite manisation en.htm 16/11/01