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A rake, 132, 173, 175, 176 Aboriginal, Australian: employment shovel, 132, 173 on market gardens, 135, 145, spade, 32, 132, 173 251–252, 270 watering can, 75–76, 173, 185–187 See also Horticultural traditions; wheel hoe, 176, 178 Intermarriage;Market See also Planet Junior hoe gardeners, Chinese, Ah Chee, 128–130, 132–133 interactions with Ah Cheong, 248 Aboriginal Protection and Restrictions Ah Chong, 129 of the Sale of Opium Act, 251 Ah Chuey, 174 Aborigines Protection Board, New Ah Hing, 129 South Wales, 253 Ah Kong, 242 Accommodation, 5, 127, 132–133, Ah Kum, 242 203, 204, 249–250 Ah Lip, 248 See also Built structures; Dormitories Ah Lock, see Chong, Charlie Lock Adelaide, South Australia, 58, 198, Ah Lum, 42 244 Ah Mon, 248 Agricultural and Horticultural and Ah Que, 241 Industrial Association Ah Que, Jimmy, 234 (AH&I), 72 Ah Sam, 72, 187 Agricultural tools Ah Siug Jong, 207–208, 223n207 clod crusher, 174, 176 Ah Song, 241 harrow, 176, 177 Ah Tip, 207 hoe, 32, 45–46, 132, 170, 171, Ah Toy, 44, 67–68, 88n49, 176 173–176, 178, 203 Ah Ung, 67 mattock, 32 Ah Wah, 248 plough, 32, 167, 169, 176–177 Ah Wie, 80

Ah Yook, 252 172–173, 180, 182, 184, 204, Akaroa, New Zealand, 82 206, 213n34, 237, 244–248, Albury, New South Wales, 2 250, 261n87, 264n130 Alexandra Borough Council, New Auctions, 148–150, 172, 185, 240 Zealand, 81 See also Market gardening Alexandra, New Zealand, 57, 60, 81 Australia Alexandria, Sydney, 126, 139 economic history, 97–98, 101–102 Alice Springs, Northern Territory, 77 Federation, 109, 136 Anderson & Co, see Seed merchants physical environment, 55–85 Anderson, H., 195 population movements, 9–14, 26, Andersons Hill, Victoria, 208 110–117, 122n71, 151, 268 Anglo cluster, see Settler societies Australia Hotel, Sydney, 149 Anti-Chinese League, New Australian Club, Sydney, 149 Zealand, 115 Australian Roma Oil Company, 182 Araluen, New South Wales, 15 Avondale, Auckland, 63, 129, 137, Aramoho, New Zealand, 130 140, 206 Archaeological excavations, 88n49, 129, 132, 153n16 See also Ah Chee; Ah Toy; B Archaeology; Ceramics; Bak toi, see Vegetables, Chinese; Garden of Prosperity Chinese cabbage Archaeology, 9, 10, 12, 272 Bald Hill Flat, New Zealand, 106 See also Archaeological excavations Ballarat, Victoria, 42, 101, 104, 199 Arch Hill, Auckland, 137 Bamboo, 34, 57, 186, 187 Arrow River, New Zealand, 78, 79 Banks Peninsula, New Zealand, 82 Arrowtown, New Zealand, 42, 78, 79, Bannockburn, New Zealand, 79 106 Barcaldine, Queensland, 244 Arsenate of lead, see Pesticides Barcoo River, Queensland, 259n46 Arthur Yates and Co, see Seed Barcoo rot, see Diseases, scurvy merchants Bardon, Brisbane, 42 Artocarpus altilis, see Polynesian crops, Barwon River, Victoria, 45, 174, 187 breadfruit Bathurst, New South Wales, 185 Ashburton, New Zealand, 159n130, Bayer, see Pesticide manufacturers 206 Bay of Plenty, New Zealand, 5, 59, 65 Ashgrove, Brisbane, 42 Bayswater, Perth, 193 Atherton, Queensland, 62 Bay View, New Zealand, 203 Atherton Tableland, Queensland, 251 Beattie, James, 3, 12, 199 Auckland, New Zealand, 5, 40, 41, Beatty, Edward, 5, 7, 95 48n17, 52n94, 63–66, 82, 111, Beaumont, New Zealand, 78, 106 116, 122n71, 128, 132, Bedooba Station, New South 135–137, 140, 143, 148–149, Wales, 176 158n93, 160n136, 169, Beechworth, Victoria, 105–106 INDEX 305

Belgium, 38 British Isles, 23, 25 Belich, James, 25–26 See also Britain; England Bell, Minnie, 253 Broad-scale agriculture, 1, 32, 36, 46, Bendigo, Victoria, 43, 83, 101, 105, 98 121n47, 130, 137, 145, 153n23, Broad, Ted, 82 174, 242, 246 Broussonetia papyrifera, 40 Bennett, Owen, 180, 241 See also Polynesian crops; Paper Birkenhead and Northcote mulberry Fruitgrowers Association, see Brown Brothers Engineering, 182 Market gardening organisations Bruce’s Creek, Victoria, 44 Blacktown, Sydney, 116 Buckner Giant Overhead Sprinkler Blood and bone, 186, 194–195 System, see Irrigation systems See also Fertilisers Built structures, 203–209 Boiling down works, 152 See also Accommodation; See also Complementary industries; Glasshouses; Hot houses Slaughter yards Bush potato, see Vegetables, sweet Bok choy, see Vegetables, Chinese; potato Chinese cabbage Butchers Creek, New Zealand, 81 Bombay, New Zealand, 140, 149 Butchers Gully, New Zealand, 78, 80, Booligal, New South Wales, 189 81, 106 Borroloola, Queensland, 241 Botany, Sydney, 16, 21n56, 135, 139, 143, 178–179, 192, 237, 241, C 248 Cabramatta, Sydney, 116 Bourke, New South Wales, 76, 189, Cairns, Queensland, 62 191 Californian pump, 44, 187 Bow, Lye, 80–81, 83, 92n130 See also Chain pump Bowral, New South Wales, 138 California, United States, 2, 3, 12, 44, Boyle, David, 130 81, 102, 221n159 Bradshaw, Julia, 15, 239 Camden, New South Wales, 190, 192 Braidwood, New South Wales, 15, 42, Campbell, John Logan, 204 61, 130 Canada, 9, 97, 232, 272 Bray, Francesca, 27–28, 30, 32, 55 Canals, see Irrigation Brighton, Melbourne, 116, 137, 143, Canterbury European Market 213n25, 241, 246 Gardeners Association, see Market Brisbane, Queensland, 41–42, 58, gardening organisations 109, 116, 137, 144, 189–192, Canterbury, New Zealand, 59, 63, 82, 205, 246–247 87n29 Britain, 25–27, 35–39, 46, 69, 97, 98, Canterbury Plains, New Zealand, 59, 136, 163–165, 182, 184, 194, 63, 87n29 198, 211n3 Canton, 24, 31, 33, 79, 174, 207 See also British Isles; England See also Guangzhou 306 INDEX

Cape York, Queensland, 67, 252 China Carlaw Park, Auckland, 153n16 civil war, 23, 226, 228 Carney, Judith, 8 environmental degradation, 29 Carter and Sutton, see Seed merchants hydraulic engineering, 33 Carts, 83–84, 126–127, 132, modernisation of, 171, 226 148–149, 185, 192, 194–195, natural disasters, 226–227 247, 263n109 neolithic cultures, 27–28 See also Transport and physical environment, 56–57 communications population pressures, 29 Castlemaine, Victoria, 42, 43, 131 Ta-p’en-k’eng culture, 27–28 Castlereagh Street, Sydney, 149 See also Consuls; Horticultural Cellars, 75, 203 methods; Horticultural Central Australia, 58, 76 traditions Central Board of Health, Chinaman’s Garden Well, New South Brisbane, 247 Wales, 74–75 Central Otago, 4–5, 15, 24, 29, Chinaman’s Well, New South 42, 44, 56–57, 59, 60, 62–63, Wales, 74 75, 77–81, 84, 106–107, Chinese Australian Herald, 201, 271 214n46 See also Otago See also Chinese language Ceramics newspapers European, 129 Chinese camps, 2, 76, 78–79, Chinese, 129 106, 189 See also Archaeological excavations Chinese language newspapers, 172, Cereals, see Grains 201, 243, 247 Chain migration, 127, 131, 225, 226 See also Chinese Australian Herald; See also Immigration Man Sing Times; New Zealand Chain pump, 34, 35, 44, 187–188 Chinese Growers’ Monthly See also Californian pump Journal; Tung Wah News; Tung Chan Dah Chee, see Ah Chee Wah Times Chan, Joe Ah, 206 Choi, C.Y., 108 Charitable donations, by Chinese Choie Kum Poy, 101 market gardeners, 239, 242 Choie Sew Hoy, 101 See also Hospitals; Market gardeners Cholera, see Diseases Charles Sew Hoy, see Choie Sew Hoy Chong, Andrew, 226 Charleville, Queensland, 234 Chong, Charlie Lock, 81 Chee, Chan Dah, see Ah Chee Chong, Harry, 171 Chee, Cherry Ah, 76 Chong, Jack, 140, 171, Chee, Pow, 133 178, 206 Chee, William Ah, 133 Chong, Ned, 76–77, 253 Cheltenham, Victoria, 116 Chong, Sue, 171 Chihli, see Hebei Choy, Harry Chong, 170 INDEX 307

Christchurch, New Zealand, 82, Consuls, Chinese, 171, 227, 257n13 111, 115, 178, 200, 206, 244, See also Huang, Yung Liang; 247 Lanxun, Liang; Rongliang, Chung, Dow, 229 Huang Chung Gon, James, 83–84, 195–196 Cooks River, Sydney, 157n85, 244 Chung Shan, see Zhongshan Cook Strait, New Zealand, 82 City of Ryde Council, Sydney, 193 Cooktown, Queensland, 67, 247 Clacy, Ellen, 102 Coopers, see Pesticide manufacturers Clan associations, 5, 126 Cordyline spp., 40 See also Loong Yee Tong; Same See also Polynesian crops, ti tree place organisations; Yiu Ming Corn, see Vegetables, maize Hung Fook Tong Cromwell, New Zealand, 78, 106 Climate, see Australia; China; Crop rotation, 30, 38–39, 229 New Zealand, physical See also Intercropping; Inlaid environment cropping Cloches, 37, 51n73 Crosby, Alfred, 12 See also Cold frames; Hotbeds Cross-cultural exchange, 10–11, Cloncurry, Queensland, 253 14–15, 239–240, 256, 272 Closer settlement, 62, 184, 271 See also Intermarriage See also Irrigation schemes Curl Curl Lagoon, Sydney, 186 Clutha River, 81 Clutterbuck Brothers, 192 Clyde, 78, 106 Cobar, New South Wales, 76, 185, D 191 Dairies, 26, 48n17, 60, 110, 152, Coburg, Melbourne, 207, 248 192–194, 219n216 Cocos nucifera, see Polynesian crops, See also Complementary industries coconut Dairy industry, see Dairies Cold frames, 37 Dams, 33, 61–62, 67, 73, 76, 81, See also Cloches; Hotbeds 185, 190 Colocasia esculenta, 40 See also Ponds; Reservoirs; Water See also Polynesian crops, taro storage; Wells; Wing dams Colonists, Chinese as, 236–237 Darling River, New South Wales, 73, See also Pioneers 76, 189 Columbian exchange, 12 Darwin, Northern Territory, 90n75, Complementary industries, 6, 152, 199, 236 163–164, 210 Daylesford, Victoria, 193 Compost, 31–32, 65, 194 Deniliquin, New South Wales, 148, See also Fertilisers 192 Conan, Michael, 1 Department of Industrial and Scientiﬁc Conn, Sergeant, 244 Research, New Zealand, 198 Conroy’s Gully, New Zealand, 78, 106 Depression, 142–145, 228, 253 308 INDEX

Derris dust, 196–197, 220n155 Donald, Victoria, 10, 169, 191–192, See also Pesticides; Katakilla 240 Diaspora, 13–16, 23, 25, 272 Don, Alexander, 3, 27, 29, 33, 57, 77, See also Immigration 79, 80, 106, 110, 126, 133, 187, Diet 199, 226 Australian, 233–235, 238, 259n46, See also Missionaries 268, 271 Dongguan, Guangdong, 257n8 Chinese, 28, 69, 146, 232–233 Door-to-door sales, 148, 149 Māori, 65 See also Hawkers; Market gardens, New Zealand, 65, 233–235, 238, marketing strategies 268, 271 Doo, Thomas, 245 South Sea Islanders, 69 Dormitories, 132 See also Public health See also Accommodation Diffusion of innovation, 7, 95, Dow Chemicals International, 197 167–168, 171, 180 See also Pesticide manufacturers See also Entrepreneurship; Drought, 3, 30, 38, 46, 57–58, 64, Innovation; Technology, 82, 143–144 circulation of; exchange of; Dubbo, New South Wales, 148, 241, transfer 242 Ding, Chew Chung, 189 Dunedin, New Zealand, 5, 82, 105, Ding, Chun, 189 107, 110–111, 117, 122n70, Dioscoria batatas, 40 127–128, 137–140, 145–146, See also Polynesian crops, yam 148–149, 168–169, 182, Diseases 187–188, 194, 237, 244 cholera, 57 Dung Goon, Guangdong, 3 malaria, 57 scurvy, 235, 259n46 smallpox, 57, 146 E typhoid, 57 Earnscleugh Station, New Zealand, 80 See also Public health Edwards, Pop, 185 Dodd, Marjorie Long, 179 Elliot, Thomas, 138 Dominion Council of Tomato, Stone El Niño, 58 Fruit and Produce Growers, 245 See also Australia, physical See also Market gardening environment; La Niña organisations England, 8–9, 36–38, 43, 51n68, 201, Dominion Federation of New Zealand 220n151, 221n168 Chinese Commercial See also Britain; British Isles Growers, 226, 245 English Growers Journal, 197 See also Market gardening See also Horticultural publications organisations English language skills, Chinese Donald Agricultural Museum, market gardeners, 148, 150 Victoria, 10, 192, 240 Enoggera, Brisbane, 42, 189 INDEX 309

Enoggera Creek, Brisbane, 42 Fertiliser manufacturers, 6, 163–165, Entrepreneurship, 16, 96, 108, 114, 173, 194–195 209, 269, 272 Fertilisers, 18n21, 31, 84, 126, 142, See also diffusion of innovation; 163–165, 168, 171–173, 178, innovation; technology, 180, 186, 192–195, 203, circulation of; exchange of; 209–210, 245–247 transfer See also Blood and bone; Compost; Environmental impacts, see Market Manure; Nightsoil; Urine gardening, environmental Fielding, New Zealand, 114, 133, 137 impacts of Fiji, 129 Epsom, Auckland, 129, 137, 204 Fitzgerald, Shirley, 15, 249 Erosion, 12, 30, 70 Flemington, Sydney, 192 See also Market gardening, Floods, 3, 30, 33, 57, 64–65, 73 environmental impacts of F. M. Winstone Seeds, 201, 202 Eskdale, New Zealand, 201 See also Seed merchants Espaliering, 38 Folidol M50, 197 Eugowra, New South wales, 148 See also Pesticides Europeans Fong, Ernest Sue, 142 anti-Chinese movements, 116, Fong, Ling, 248 244–245 Fong, Nellie, 185 attitudes towards Food, see Diet Chinese, 115–116, 125, Foon, Meng, 236 144, 167–168, 232–235, Forbes, New South Wales, 43, 195 237–239, 245, 255 Forbury, Dunedin, 140, 187 attitudes towards the land, 236 Fore, Ngan, 130, 133, 137 colonisation, 11–12, 235 Fore, Ngan Seung, see Fore, Ngan work culture, 131–132, 151 Foshan, Guangdong, 194 See also European; Immigration; Fowlers Motor College, 182 Market gardeners Foy, Fong Fo, 245 Evans Bay, Wellington, 82 Fremantle Board of Health, 193 Evelyn Creek, Queensland, 74 Fremantle, Western Australia, 193 Frost, 38, 64–65, 81, 88, 79, 201, 207 Frost, Warwick, 16, 104, 165–166, F 209, 254 Factories, Workroom and Shops Bill, Fruit Victoria, 115 apples, 74, 80, 84 Fah Yuen, Guangdong, 3 apricots, 39, 80 Fairﬁeld, Sydney, 116 bananas, 40, 70–72, 166 Famine, 23, 57, 115 cherries, 39, 84 Fan palm, 34 custard apples, 68, 72 Fences, 29, 70, 82, 207, 241, 243, gooseberries, 38, 51n68, 78 248 grapefruit, 201 310 INDEX

Fruit (cont.) Gardening tools, see Agricultural tools grapes, 74–75, 201 Garden of Prosperity, 129 guavas, 57 See also Market gardens; Kong Foong jackfruit, 72 Yuen limes, 72 Gawler, South Australia, 192 lychees, 29, 57, 241 Gee, An, 67 mandarins, 68, 201 Geelong, Victoria, 45, 70, 174, 187, mangoes, 71–72 193 melons, 36–37, 57, 71, 72, 74–75, George Austen & Co, 201 108, 198, 209 See also Seed merchants mulberries, 28, 33, 57 Gifford, Eardley, 204 oranges, 29, 68, 72, 201 Gifford, Eileen, 204 papaya, 71 Gilgandra, New South Wales, 148, pawpaw, 72 189 peaches, 29, 41, 57, 74, 80 Gilgunnia, New South Wales, 62, 176 pears, 57, 74–75, 80, 84 Gisborne, New Zealand, 65, 111, 117, pineapples, 68, 71, 72 130, 170, 231, 236, 247 plantains, 72 Glasgow, 7th Earl of, see Boyle, David plums, 57, 80, 82, 84 Glasgow, Lady, 130 raspberries, 39 Glasshouses, 39, 140, 200, 206 rhubarb, 38 See also Built structures; Hot houses rough leaf pineapples, 68 Gock, Joe and Fay, 65, 198, 201 soursop, 72 Goldﬁelds, see Gold mining; Gold strawberries, 39, 78, 82 rushes tamarind, 72 Gold mining watermelon, 41, 72, 77, 201 capital, 101 See also Orchards earnings, 102, 105 Full Basket, 201 water rights, 81 See also Vegetables, Brussels sprouts See also Gold rushes Fungus, see Wood ear fungus Gold mining technology Californian pumps, 34, 44, 187 chain pumps, 34, 187, 188 G dams, 61–62, 81 Gabriel’s Gully, New Zealand, 44, 102 dredges, 81, 102, 120n31 Gambling, 227, 230, 238, 248 hydraulic sluices, 81 Gao Ming district, water races, 61–62, 67–68, 76, 81, Guangdong, 258n28 85, 273 Gao Yao district, Guangdong, see Go See also Gold rushes Yui district Gold Mountain, 3, 25, 95–124 Garden of Eden, 189 See also New Gold Mountain See also Market gardens Gold rushes Garden history, 9, 12–13 California, 2–3, 81 INDEX 311

Central Otago, 4, 24, 57 Greymouth, New Zealand, 111, 206, Clutha River, 81 242 Mount Alexander, 15, 108 Grinter, Tom, 180 New South Wales, 4, 5, 15, 41–43, Grosvenor Hotel, Sydney, 149 101–104 Guangdong, 2–4, 6, 12, 24, 28–29, Palmer River, 44, 67, 251–252 31, 33, 56, 57, 77, 126, 166, 194 Queensland, 101, 111–112 Guangzhou, 3, 24, 33, 56–57 Salmon River, 78 See also Canton Shotover River, 81 Guanxi, 125, 249 Victoria, 81, 83, 101–106 Gulf of Carpentaria, Queensland, 241 West Coast, 24, 102–103 Gum Shan, see Gold Mountain See also Gold mining Guomindang, see Kuomintang Gongsi, 125 Guy toi, see Vegetables, Chinese, See also Market gardens, bamboo mustard cabbage partnerships Gwa Leng, Guangdong, 226 Goodman, Charles, 186 Gwydir River, New South Wales, 147 Gordonvale Police Court, Queensland, 252 Gordonvale, Queensland, 252 H Gore, New Zealand, 107 Ha, Gordon, 135, 178–179 Goulburn, New South Hakka, 3 Wales, 130–133, 176, 191 Hand picking, 43, 195 Gow, Harry, 181 See also Pest control Gow, Jim, 181 Han Dynasty, 34 Go Yui district, Guangdong, 126 Happy Valley, Sydney, 253 Grafting, 36, 38 Hastings, New Zealand, 171, 197 Grains Hataitai, Wellington, 200 barley, 12, 35, 56 Hauraki, New Zealand, 41 millet, 27, 28 Ha, Wally, 135 oats, 35 Hawkers, 3, 107, 111, 114, 116, 129, rice, 8, 12, 27–29, 32–33, 56–57, 131, 145–149, 231, 233, 241, 72, 79, 166, 187, 199 254 rye, 35 See also Door-to-door sales; Market sorghum, 28 gardens, marketing strategies wheat, 12, 26–28, 35, 41, 119n20, Hawke’s Bay, New Zealand, 59, 61, 143 117, 149, 180, 182, 197, 201, Granville, Sydney, 179, 186 203 Great North Road, Auckland, 66 Hawthorn, Melbourne, 139, 206 Great Wall café, 230 Hay, New South Wales, 2, 191 Greece, 116 Hebei, 75, 91n94 See also Immigration Hee, Mow, 242 Greymouth Horticultural Society, 242 Hemp, 36 312 INDEX

Henry H. York and Co, 197 British, 35–40 See also Pesticide manufacturers Chinese, 27–35 Herbs Māori, 40–41 chives, 107 Roman, 35–37 chrysanthemum greens, 107 See also Horticultural methods coriander, 107 Ho, Shi Kwong, 71 mint, 144 Hospitals, 148, 239, 242 parsley, 91n111, 107, 143 See also Charitable donations Hilaire-Perez, Liliane, 7, 23 Hotbeds, 37–39, 198 Hill 60, Sydney, 253 See also Cloches; Cold frames Hillston, New South Wales, 76, 189 Hot houses, 84 Himalayas, 199 See also Built structures; Hing, Ben, 126, 128, Glasshouses 134, 149 Housing New Zealand, see State Hing, Louie Yee, 231 Advances Corporation Hoi Ping, Guangdong, 3 Hoy, Choie Sew, 101 See also Seyip Hoy, Kum Poy, 101 Holland, 38 Hsu, Madeleine, 13 Hong, Cheong Cheok, 237 Huang, see Wasteland See also Missionaries Huang, Yung Liang, 171 Hong Kong, 56, 78, See also Consuls, Chinese 199, 240 Hughenden, Queensland, 62, 185 Hong, Ming, 127 Huguenots, 38 Hookey’s waterhole, South Hutt Farmers Producing Association, Australia, 76 see Market gardening Horse capstan, 189 organisations See also Whim; Windlass Hutt Valley, Wellington, 63, 244–245 Horticultural methods, see Crop rotation; Hand picking; Horticultural traditions; Hotbeds; Individual care of I plants; Inlaid cropping; Idaho, United States, 78 Intercropping; Manure; Pest Immigration control; Pregermination; British, 6, 25–27 Transplanting; weeding Chinese, 6, 11, 14, 24–27, 55–57 Horticultural publications Southern European, 116 New Zealand Chinese Growers’ See also Chain migration; Diaspora; Monthly Journal, 182, 183, Immigration legislation; 197, 201, 202 Immigration restrictions; Horticultural traditions Poll tax Aboriginal, 40–41, 58, 68 Immigration Restriction Act 1901, Arab, 37, 51n72 Australia, 116 INDEX 313

Immigration restrictions, 3, 99, 109, Intercropping, 30 112–113, 116–117, 134–135, See also Crop rotation; Inlaid cropping 150–151, 170, 210, 227, Intermarriage, 230, 242, 249–256, 230–232, 237, 249, 255–256, 270 258n36, 268–269 See also Aboriginals, Australian; See also Immigration legislation; Poll Cross-cultural exchange; Māori tax International Harvester, 182 Indigenous peoples, see Aboriginals, Invercargill, New Zealand, 107, 111, Australian; Māori 247 Individual care of plants, 32–33, 39, Inverell, New South Wales, 142, 148 43, 135, 142, 173 Ipomoea batatas, see Vegetables, sweet See also Intensive cultivation potato Indonesia, 68 Irrigation Industrialisation, 8, 98, 116, 135, canals, 31, 33–34, 37, 57 139, 206, 273 channels, 32, 34, 36–37, 44, 61, See also Industrial revolution 67–68, 73, 76, 185, 187 Industrial revolution, 33, 97, irrigation equipment, 173 163–165, 190, 211n3 pumps, 163, 168, 172, 181–182 See also Industrialisation See also Irrigation systems; Irrigation Inlaid cropping, 30 schemes; Windmills See also Crop rotation; Irrigation schemes Intercropping Canterbury Plains, 63 Inner Mongolia, 56 Central Otago, 63 Innovation, 7, 8, 13, 28, 37–39, Murrumbidgee Irrigation Area, 63 83, 164–169, 171–173, 180, Yanco Experimental Farms, 63 198, 209–210 Irrigation systems See also Diffusion of innovation; Buckner Giant Overhead Sprinkler Entrepreneurship; Technology System, 182 Insect control, see Pest control Rainer Jet irrigation system, 197 Insect pests Skinner overhead irrigation aphis, 196 system, 187, 217n100 cabbage butterﬂy, 196 Island Bay, Wellington, 82–83 cabbage moth, 43, 196 Italy, 116 codling moth, 80 See also Immigration thrips, 196, 220n155 Ithaca Creek, Brisbane, 42 Insects, see Insect pests Ivory Spray Chemicals, see Pesticide Intensive cultivation, 28–29, 31, manufacturers 36–38, 46, 60, 62, 69, 125, 138, 142, 164, 166–170, 172–173, 180, 191, 209, 237, 269, J 271–272 James Martin and Co, 192 See also Individual care of plants Jandakot Road, Perth, 193 314 INDEX

Japan, 31, 34, 75 Kumeu, Auckland, 140 See also Sino-Japanese war Kum, Yee, 248 Jembaicumbene, New South Kuomintang, 228 Wales, 15 Kwong Chew Club, 257n9 Jong, Ah Siug, 207, 208, 223n207 See also Clan associations; Same Jung, Charlie, 174 place organisations Jung Seng, see Zengcheng Kwong, Chung, 147 Kwong War Chong & Co, 230, 258n28 See also Stores K Kaikorai valley, Dunedin, 140, 189 Kalinga, Brisbane, 204, 205 L Kanakas, see South Sea Islanders Labourers Union, Queensland, 244 Katakilla, see Pesticides, derris dust Lachlan River, New South Wales, 76, Kearns, Joe, 190 86n19, 189 Kelso, Queensland, 185 Lagenaria siceraria, see Vegetables, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, 42 Chinese; bottle gourd Kempthorne, Prosser & La Meslee, Edmund Marin, 233 Company, 194 Lam, Ruth, 64, 116, 147, 166, 168, See also Fertiliser manufacturers 206 Kerosene emulsion, see Pesticides Lang, Thomas, 199 Kess, W. John, 1 La Niña, 58 Kim, Billy Lee, 153n23 See also El Niño; Australia, physical Kim, George Lee, 43, 145, 153n23, environment 174 Lanxun, Liang, see Consuls, Chinese King Brothers, see Market gardens La Perouse, Sydney, 135, 253 King, Franklin Hiram, 27, 30–35, 37, Latrobe, Charles, 102 75–76, 78 Launceston General Hospital, Kingsford, Sydney, 116 Tasmania, 83 Kirk, T., 43 See also Hospitals Kitchen gardens, 36, 42, 142 Launceston, Tasmania, 83–84, 195–196 See also Horticultural methods Laura, Queensland, 67 Kit, Young Sai, 206 Lawrence, New Zealand, 77, 78, 106, Kogarah, Sydney, 126, 149 121n57 Kong Foong Yuen, 129 Leach, Helen, 1 See also Market gardens; Garden of Leary’s, 240 Prosperity See also Produce marketing ﬁrms Kong, Yut Kui, 57 Lee, On, 133 Kueishan, Guangdong, 3 Lee, Alice, 200, 206 Kuku Yalanji, 252 Lee, Chong, 250 Kumara, see Polynesian crops; Lee, Lily, 64, 116, 147, 166, 168, Vegetables, sweet potato 206, 242 INDEX 315

Lee, Percy, 200, 206 M Lee, Peter, 178, 207 Macao, 56 Lee, Poy, 140, 206 Macetown, New Zealand, 78, 106 Lee, Sam, 140 Mackay, Queensland, 69, 146, 251 Leung, Ma, 187 Maize, see Vegetables, corn Lilydale, Tasmania, 83 Majors Creek, New South Wales, 61 Liang, Lanxun, 227 Malaria, see Diseases See also Consuls, Chinese Malaysia, 68 Lim, Tat, 243 Malta, see Immigration Ling, Georgie Ah, 10, 169, Manaia, Taranaki, 178 191, 240 Manar station, New South Wales, 42 Ling, Lee Oy, 206 Mangere, Auckland, 63–65, 117, 135, Ling, Ming, 129, 240 137, 140, 143, 149, 198, Liu, Hong, 14 200–201, 206, 250 Liverpool, Sydney, 248 Manly Ford, see Motor vehicle Livestock manufacturers chickens, 28, 31, 106, 192, 207 Manly, Sydney, 116, 186 horses, 75–77, 127, 148, 149, 169, Man Sing Times, 201 170, 174, 176, 185–189, 193, See also Chinese language 203, 219n130, 243, 247 newspapers oxen, 31 Manukau Harbour, Auckland, 64 pigs, 28, 31, 77, 80, 106, 192, 203 Manure, 28, 31–32, 36–37, 39, Loddon River, Victoria, 15, 132, 203, 41–43, 46, 69, 70, 74–75, 273n3 84, 104, 106, 121n57, London, England, 36, 38, 200 126, 131–132, 185–186, London Purple, see Pesticides 192–195, 210, 219n130, Lone Star Creek, Queensland, 67 246, 263n109 Long, Gin, 105–106 See also Compost; Fertilisers; Urine Long, Marjorie, see Dodd, Marjorie Māori Long employment on market Long, Norman, 187 gardens, 135, 145, 249–252, Loo Kee and Co, see Market gardens 264n130, 270 Loong Yee Tong, see Clan associations; See also Intermarriage; Horticultural Same place organisations traditions; Market gardeners, Lower Hutt, Wellington, 206 Chinese, interactions with Lowe, Sherman, 140, 206 Mareburn, New Zealand, 79 Luen Brothers, see Market gardens Market gardeners, Chinese, Luen, George, 140, 206 interactions with Luen, Harry, 140, 206 auctioneers, 232, 239–240 Luen, Jack, 64 cattle poachers, 241 Luen, Percy, 64, 140, 200, 206 children, 233, 241, 243, 250 Lydon, Jane, 10, 15, 129, 133, 249 contractors, 239, 241 316 INDEX

Market gardeners, Chinese, marketing strategies, 146–150 interactions with (cont.) mechanisation, 165, 169–170, 180, customers, 105, 145, 148–149, 181, 191, 209 239–241, 254 partnerships, 126, 131, 134, 151, larrikins, 83, 243, 255 239, 255 local government ofﬁcials, 239, wages, 126–128, 132–134, 145, 245–248, 255 230, 236 police, 234, 239, 244, 248–249, work culture, 131–132, 151 251–252, 256 See also Accommodation; Auctions; produce agents, 240 Door-to-door sales; Gongsi; See also Aboriginals, Australian; Hawkers Charitable donations; Market gardening organisations Intermarriage; Petitions; Birkenhead and Northcote Māori; Sports Fruitgrowers Association, 143 Market gardeners, Chinese, relations Canterbury European Market with China Gardeners Association, 244 networks, family and clan, 5, 13–14, Dominion Council of Tomato, 126, 131, 228–229, 272 Stone Fruit and Produce remittances to, 5, 226–228 Growers, 245 return visits to, 5, 113, 126, 169, Dominion Federation of New 171, 226, 230 Zealand Chinese Commercial Market gardeners, European Growers, 226, 245 relationships with Chinese market Hutt Farmers Producing gardeners, 116, 143, 147, Association, 244 244–246 Market Gardeners and Fruiterers See also Europeans Association, 115 Market Gardeners and Fruiterers Otaki District Commercial Association, New Zealand, see Gardeners Association, 171, Market gardening organisations 245 Market gardening Otaki District Commercial capital, 25, 113–114, 125–130, Gardeners Society, 245 133, 136, 151, 169, 172, 181, Market gardens 191, 204, 206, 227–229, 271 Garden of Eden, 189 division of labour, 131 Garden of Prosperity, 129 earnings from, 102, 127–130 King Brothers, 159n130, 206 environmental impact of, 60, 85, Kong Foong Yuen, 129 137–138 Loo Kee and Co, 203 income from, 128, 138 Luen Brothers, 140, 200 labour relations, 131–135 Sam Young and Co, 82 labour supply, 131–140, 151, 229 Wong Sing & Co, 170 land, 135–140 Yee Lee and Co, 137 markets, 140–146 Marks, Robert, 29 INDEX 317

Mar, Willie, 147 Missionaries, 40, 237 Mascot, Sydney, 248 See also Don, Alexander; Hong, Matakanui, New Zealand, 78, 81, 106 Cheong Cheok; McNeur, Material culture studies, 9–13 George Hunter Maylands, Perth, 248 Mitchell, Norman, 252 Maytown, Queensland, 67, 252 Mitchelton, Queensland, 191 McDougall Brothers, see Pesticide Mobility, 6–9, 14, 23, 25, 71, manufacturers 99, 114, 125, 126, 129, McGowan, Barry, 15, 61, 62, 76, 165, 133, 150, 151, 163, 253, 185, 189, 239, 272 255, 268, 270 McKnight, Stan, 190 Momona, Dunedin, 140 McLaren’s Flat, New Zealand, 108 Mona Station, New South McNeur, George Hunter, 57 Wales, 42 See also Missionaries Mongarlowe, New South Mechanics Bay, Auckland, 130 Wales, 15 Mechanisation, see Market gardening Moore, Frank, 115 Mei, June, 2 Moree, New South Wales, 147 Melbourne Centennial Exhibition, 69 Motor vehicle manufacturers Melbourne, Victoria, 15, 24, 58, Manly Ford, 182 61, 69, 99, 101, 105, 108, Reo Motors Ltd, 182 112, 114–116, 126, 135, 137, Motor vehicles, 179–182 139, 147–149, 160n136, 184, See also Tractors; Trucks 191, 192, 198, 204, 206, Mount Alexander, Victoria, 15, 108 219n130, 227, 237, 241, Mount Carbine, Queensland, 252 244, 246, 248 Mount Drysdale Station, New South Melon seeds, 198 Wales, 62 See also Seeds Mount Roskill, Auckland, 180 Meng, Lowe Kong, 237 Mount Wellington, Auckland, 63, 140 Meticulous cultivation, 32 Mouy, Louis Ah, 237 See also Individual care of plants Mulwaree River, New South Metropolitan Board of Works, Wales, 86n19, 130 Melbourne, 248 Murray River, New South Wales, 62 Metropolitan Hotel, Sydney, 149 Murrumbidgee Irrigation Area, New Milford Sound, New Zealand, 59 South Wales, see Irrigation Millner’s Lagoon, Northern schemes Territory, 72 Murwillumbah, New South Milparinka, New South Wales, 70, Wales, 241 74–75, 84, 145 Musa sp, see Fruit, bananas Milton, Brisbane, 107, 130, 181 Muscolino, Micoh, 12 Ming, Eric Wong, 226 Museum of the Riverina, New South Ministry of Works, New Zealand, 180 Wales, 86n19, 177 Miramar, Wellington, 82, 127 Muskett, Phillip, 235 318 INDEX

N New Zealand Chinese Growers’ Nanhai, Guangdong, 3 Monthly Journal, see Chinese See also Samyip language newspapers; Nan Ling Mountains, Guangdong, 56 horticultural publications Napier, New Zealand, 203, 248 New Zealand Natives Association, 116 Narrabri, New South Wales, 135, 241 New Zealand sow thistle, see Narrandera, New South Wales, 2, 241, Vegetables, puha 242 New Zealand Wars, 41 Nasturtium seeds, 37 Nga tsoi, see Vegetables, Chinese; bean See also Seeds sprouts Native place associations, 5, 225, 228 Ng, James, 3, 78, 81, 107, 137, 149, See also Clan associations 204, 243 Natural disasters, 2, 226 Ng Ka Py, 132 See also Drought; Famine; Flood; See also Rice spirit Frost Nichols, Dorothea, 233 Neat House Gardens, 38 Nightsoil, 186, 192, 193, 219n126, Needham, Joseph, 27 246, 247 Nelson, New Zealand, 47n2, 64, 111 See also Fertilisers; Manure Neolithic cultures, see China, Nokomai Valley, New Zealand, 80 Ta-p’en-k’eng culture Nomchong, Lionel, 132, 176 Nepean, New South Wales, 116 Nomchong, William James, 130, 133, Nepean River, New South Wales, 190 176 Newcastle, New South Wales, 144, Nooey, Tip, 242 146 Northern Territory, Australia, 5, New Gold Mountain, 3, 95–123 67–73, 145, 185, 199, 236 See also Gold Mountain North Esk River, Tasmania, 83 New South Wales, Australia, 2, 4–5, Nowra, New South Wales, 62 15, 24, 26, 41–43, 56, 58, 61–63, Nymagee Station, New South 69–70, 73–74, 98–99, 101–104, Wales, 76 109, 111, 115, 119n20, 127–128, 134–138, 146–148, 160n48, 166, 172, 176, 184, O 189–192, 195, 236, 239, Oamaru, New Zealand, 5, 40, 61, 64, 241–242, 249, 251–252, 273 107, 111, 117, 130, 177, 201, New Zealand 204, 206–207 economic history, 97–101 Occupations, Chinese physical environment, 55–85 boatmen, 3 population movements, 9–14, 26, cabinet making, 111, 115, 134 110–117, 122n71, 122n74, carriers, 3 268, 271 cooks, 24, 71, 135, 244 New Zealand Chinese domestic service, 111, 240 Association, 228 ﬁshing, 114 INDEX 319

fruit picking, 114 Otaki, New Zealand, 5, 61, 63, fruit shops, 128, 147, 149, 151, 267 88n41, 111, 116, 117, 137, 142, labouring, 24, 27, 111, 113, 114, 147, 168, 174, 181, 184, 185, 136, 166 192, 200, 206, 229–231, 240, laundries, 3, 111–115, 128 242, 245, 250 merchants, 24, 70, 78, 111, Outram, Dunedin, 82, 140, 189 113, 126, 133, 135, 147–148, 151, 198–199, 227, 228, 230, 231, 237 P railway building, 114 Pacey, Arnold, 7 restaurants, 135, 147, 230 Paciﬁc Ocean, migration networks road building, 114 across, 5, 9, 14, 29 shearing, 24, 73, 121n51 Palmer River, Queensland, 44, 67, store keeping, 3, 14, 42, 67, 71, 88n49, 176, 251, 252 77, 83, 106, 109–113, 128, Palmerston, Northern Territory, see 146–147, 149, 200, 203, Darwin 227, 229, 230–231, 238, Palmerston North, New 240, 244, 252 Zealand, 110–111, 133, 182, 249 See also Hawkers; Market gardeners Panmure, Auckland, 63, 173 Ohakune, New Zealand, 116, Panyu, see Poon Yu 117, 138, 180, 184, 186, Papaya, 71 236, 250 See also Pawpaw Onehunga, Auckland, 140, 206 Papua New Guinea, 68, 272 Oodnadatta, South Australia, 76, 77, Paris Green, see Pesticides 253 Parkes, New South Wales, 148 Ophir, New Zealand, 78, 101, 106 Parnell, Auckland, 129, 133, 137 Opium, 75, 227, 239, 248–249, Parr, Tom, 76, 189 251–252, 256 Pastoralism, 26, 39, 46, 58, 73, 98, Orchards, 2, 29, 36, 41, 57, 64, 80, 165, 268 83, 84, 98–99, 127, 193, 196, Patterson, A.J., 104–105 204 Patumahoe, Auckland, 129 See also Fruit Pearl River, Guangdong, 3, 4, 14, 24, Otago, 24, 77–84, 101, 106–107 33, 56, 57, 131 See also Central Otago Perth, Western Australia, 15, 61, 116, Otago Provincial Council, 24 147, 148, 160n136, 172, Otahuhu, Auckland, 140, 206 192–193, 239, 246, 248, 258n25 Otaki District Commercial Gardeners Pest control, 195–197, 221n159 Association, see Market gardening See also Pesticide manufacturers; organisations Pesticides Otaki District Commercial Gardeners Pesticide manufacturers Society, see Market gardening Bayer, 197 organisations Coopers, 197 320 INDEX

Pesticide manufacturers (cont.) Polynesian arrowroot, 40 Dow Chemicals International, 197 sweet potato, 12, 29, 40, 49n29, Henry H. York and Co, 197 57, 65, 68, 69, 71–73 Ivory Spray Chemicals, 197 taro, 40, 57, 64, 68, 69, 71–72 McDougall Brothers, 197 ti tree, 40 Shell Agricultural Chemicals, 197 yam, 40, 68, 69 Pesticides Pond, J., 247 arsenate of lead, 196, 197, Ponds, 31, 36, 37, 57, 76 220n150, 220n151 See also Dams; Water storage; Wells derris dust, 196, 197, 220n155 reservoirs Folidol M50, 197 Ponsonby, Auckland, 137 kerosene emulsion, 196 Poon Fa Association, 257n9 London Purple, 196 See also Clan associations; Same Paris Green, 196 place organisations tobacco dust, 196 Poon Yu, Guangdong, 3, 57, 133 Pests, see Insect pests See also Samyip Petitions, presented by Chinese market Port Hills, New Zealand, 82 gardeners, 227 Powell, Joe (J. M.), 19n36, 25, 58–59, Pike, Vincent, 239 70, 135, 165 Pimlico, London, 38 Pregermination, 32 Pine Creek, Northern Territory, 145, Produce marketing ﬁrms, 136, 172, 185, 199–200 210, 240, 245 Pioneers, Chinese as, 70, 83, 236 See also Produce Markets, Leary’s; See also Colonists Turners and Growers Planet Junior hoe, 176, 178, 181, Produce Markets, 172, 245 215n54 See also Produce marketing ﬁrms See also Agricultural tools Public health, 2, 149, 193, 246, 271 Plenty River, Victoria, 44 See also Diet Plutella cruciferarum, see Insect pests, Pui, Taam Tze, 236 cabbage moth Pukekohe, Auckland, 140, 181, 250 Police, see Market gardeners, Chinese, interactions with Poll tax, 126, 133, 227, 232 Q See also Immigration legislation; Queensland, Australia, 44, 62, 67–73, Immigration restrictions 98, 101, 109, 111, 127, Polynesian crops 135–137, 146–147, 166, 176, bottle gourd, 40 184, 191, 196, 204–205, breadfruit, 40 216n83, 234, 236, 244, 248, coconut, 40, 72 251–253, 265n145 kumara, 40, 64–65, 85, 88n44, Queenstown, New Zealand, 78, 81 88n46, 198, 221n163 Quee, Pang, 72 paper mulberry, 40 Que, Jimmy Ah, 234 INDEX 321

Quong, Eddie, 145, 199 Rocks, The, Sydney, 10, 129, 133 Quong, Ming, 182, 204 Rongliang, Huang, 227 See also Consuls, Chinese Rose Bay, Sydney, 116 R Rosen, Christine Meisner, 12 R. A. Nicol, see Seed merchants Ross, Enid, 144 Racism, see Europeans, attitudes Roth, Dr Walter, 251 – towards Chinese Round Hill, New Zealand, 77 78, 80, Raetihi, New Zealand, 184 106, 199 Railways, 103, 114, 164, 182–185, Roxburgh, New Zealand, 78, 108 210, 216n83, 229 Royal Commission into Alleged See also Tramways; Transport and Chinese Gambling and communications Immorality, 133, 134 Rainer Jet irrigation system, see Royal Commission of Inquiry into Irrigation systems Food Supplies and Prices, 128 Rangitoto, 105 Royal Hotel, Sydney, 149 Ransomes Crawler tractor, 182, 183 Royal Oak, Auckland, 182 See also Motor vehicles; Tractors Rukuhuia, New Zealand, 181 Redding, George, 233 Rushcutters Bay, Sydney, 42 Redfern, Sydney, 248 Ryde, Sydney, 116, 180, 193, Reeves, Keir, 3, 15, 47n5, 108, 220n156, 233, 241 119n27 Reform Club, Sydney, 149 Refrigerated shipping, 97, 110 S See also Refrigeration Saffron, 36 Refrigeration, 26, 165, 193–194 Sailors Bay Creek, Sydney, 141, 191 See also Refrigerated shipping St George, Sydney, 204 Reo Motors Ltd, see Motor vehicle Salad greens manufacturers chicory, 235 Reservoirs, 30, 34, 37, 44, 73, 76, endives, 38, 41 169, 185, 187, 191 lettuce, 35, 38, 46, 64, 72, 76, 84, See also Dams; Ponds; Water 143, 172, 196, 197, 206, 235, storage; Wells 240 Reynolds, Henry, 71, 239, 259n37 mustard, 107, 235 Rhizomes, 32, 69 watercress, 235 See also Tubers See also Vegetables Rice spirit, 132 Salmon River, Idaho, 78 Richmond, Melbourne, 246 Same place organisations, 227 Ridley, John, 167 See also Clan associations; Kwong Ritchie, Neville, 15, 75, 77, 106 Chew Club; Poon Fa Riverton, New Zealand, 199 Association; Tung Jung Rockdale, Sydney, 116, 170, 241 Association 322 INDEX

Samford, Queensland, 137, 144 Shee, Ho Sue, 149 Samyip, Guangdong, 3 Sheep, 26, 110, 138, 167, See also Poon Yu (Panyu); Nanhai; 192, 207 Shunde See also Wool industry Sam Young and Co, see Market Shek, Chiang Kai, 228 gardens Shell Agricultural Chemicals, see Sandford, Mr, 181 Pesticide manufacturers Sandhurst, Victoria, 42 Shem, Kong, 180 Sanon, Guangdong, 3 Shen, Yuanfang, 236 Savage, Michael Joseph, 228 Shotover River, New Zealand, 81 Scurvy, see Diseases Shunde, Guangdong, 3 Seatoun, Wellington, 82 See also Samyip Sedgwick, Charles, 15, 113, 126, 128, Shuntak, see Shunde 131, 146 Silkworms, 28–29 Seed merchants Sing, Gee, 72 Anderson & Co, 201 Sing, Mow, 72 Arthur Yates and Co, 200, 201, Sing, Quong, 180 222n177 Sing, Wah, 72 Carter and Sutton, 200 Sino-Japanese War, 228, 230, 256, F. M. Winstone Seeds, 201, 202 267 George Austen & Co, 201 See also Japan R.A. Nicol, 201 Siyi, Guangdong, 257n9 Te Aro Seed Company, 200, 201, Skinner overhead irrigation system, see 222n178 Irrigation systems Seeds, 6, 32, 36–37, 40, 51n76, 65, Slaughter yards, 105, 191–192 78, 126, 131, 163, 178, See also Boiling down works; 198–203, 210, 245 Complementary industries Select Committee on Chinese Smallpox, see Diseases Immigration, Australia, 104 Smith, Esma, 43, 195 Settler societies, 11, 12, 97–101, 269 Smith, Richard, 197 Seyip Association, 257n9 Smith’s Lake, Perth, 192, 219n126 See also Same place organisations Social Security Act, New Zealand, 228 Seyip, Guangdong, 3 Sojourners, 14, 25, 108, 151–152, See also Hoi Ping; Sun Wui; Taishan, 235, 239, 270 Yun Ping Soldier settlement schemes, 26 Shaduf, 34, 57 Sonchus kirkii, see Vegetables, puha Shandung, 83 South Australia, Australia, 76–77, Shanghai, 199 90n75, 136, 236 Shantung cabbage, see Vegetables, South Dunedin, New Chinese Zealand, 157n89, 168, 187, 188, See also Vegetables, Chinese; 244 Chinese cabbage Southern Alps, New Zealand, 59 INDEX 323

Southland, New Zealand, 77–78, 106 T South Sea Islanders, 68–69 Tacca leontopetaloides, see Polynesian Sports, Chinese participation in, 242 crops, Polynesian arrowroot Springer and Pinner, 83 Taieri, Dunedin, 140 Stapleton, Darwin, 7, 165 Tai, Jim Shack, 149 State Advances Corporation, Taiping rebellion, 29 New Zealand, 136 Taishan, Guangdong, 3 Steam, 81, 172, 190–191, 209, See also Seyip 217n104 Taiwan, 27 Stores Takapuna, Auckland, 63 Kwong War Chong, 230, 258n28 Tamaki, Auckland, 250 Tong Sing and Co., 147 Tamar River, Tasmania, 83 War Hing & Co, 230 Tangyes Ltd, 172, 214n45 Stripper harvester, 167 Tanneries, 46, 152, 192 Stump jump plough, 167 See also Complementary industries Sue, George, 200, 231 Tapanui, New Zealand, 78 Sugar cane, 29, 69–72 Ta-p’en-k’eng culture, see China, Sun Gum Shan, see New Gold Ta-p’en-k’eng culture Mountain Taradale, New Zealand, 149 Sun Wui, Guangdong, 3, 170 Taranaki, New Zealand, 65, 171, 178, See also Seyip 250 Supermarkets, 149, 198 Tart, Quong, 130 See also Market gardening Tasker, Henry, 126, 128, 132 Superphosphates, 194 Tasmania, Australia, 5, 56, 58, 61, 64, See also Blood and bone; 65, 83–84 Fertilisers Taylor, Thomas Grifﬁth, 62, 87n28 Supportive industries, see Te Aro Seed Company, see Seed Complementary industries merchants Surrey Crescent, Auckland, 204 Technology Sweet potato, see Vegetables, Ipomoea circulation of, 5, 7, 9, 13, batatas, kumara 23, 225 Sydney, Australia, 10, 15–16, 41–42, See also Entrepreneurship; 47n2, 61, 109, 114–116, Innovation; Diffusion of 123n91, 126–135, 137–143, innovation 147–149, 170, 178–180, 184, Te Hiwi, Eva, 250 186, 191–194, 201, 204, Te Matai Valley, New Zealand, 248 219n135, 222n177, 227, 230, Tenterﬁeld, New South 237, 240–249, 253, 258n25 Wales, 189 Sydney Automobile Maintenance Texas, Queensland, 62 Association, 182 Thames, New Zealand, 41, 206 Sydney Hospital, 149 Thames River, London, 38 See also Hospitals Thick, Malcolm, 36, 38 324 INDEX

Thornea batatas, see vegetables, Tung Wah News, 138, 143, 247 Chinese See also Chinese language Tibet, 33, 56 newspapers Ting, Chan Moon, see Ting, James Tung Wah Times, 140, 172, 182, 194, Chin 197, 201, 237, 242, 243, 247, Ting, James Chin, 200 248 Tiy, Lee, 248 See also Chinese language Tobacco, 28, 57, 166 newspapers Tobacco dust, see Pesticides Turner, Geoffrey, 150 Toi Shan, see Taishan Turners and Growers, 150, 172 Tong, George, 204 See also Produce marketing ﬁrms Tong Sing and Co, see Stores Typhoid, see Diseases Tongxianghui, see same place Unemployed Workers Association, organisations New South Wales, 242 Tools, see agricultural tools Townsville, Queensland, 69, 185 Toy, G.Y., 181 U Tractors, 169–173, 178–183, 189, Union Club, Sydney, 149 203, 209, 210 Union Town, Northern Territory, 72 See also Motor vehicles; Transport United States, 8, 9, 14, 97–98, and communications 181, 196, 220n150, 258n36, Trades Council, New Zealand, 115 272 Tramways, 164, 184, 192, 210 Urbanisation, 6, 109–111, 117, 151, See also Transport and 152, 231, 246, 270 communications; Railways Urine, 31, 46, 193 Transplanting, 32, 36, 37, 39, 141 See also Fertilisers Transport, see Carts; Motor vehicles; Urquart Estate, Melbourne, 139 Railways; Tramways; Transport and communications Transport and communications, 6, 14, V 139, 152, 271 Vegetables See also Railways; Tramways artichokes, 39, 41, 51n68 Tropic of Capricorn, 58 asparagus, 39, 51n68, 203 Truck farming, see Market gardening beans, 12, 36, 38, 51, 71, 72, 76, Trucks, 169, 179–182, 185, 206, 252 142, 206, 240 See also Motor vehicles; Transport beetroot, 41, 71, 76, 198 and communications bottle gourd, 40 Tubers, 28, 32, 33, 40 Brussels sprouts, 64, 177, See also Rhizomes 201, 203 Tung Jung Association, 257n9 cabbage, 84, 138, 142–144, 153, See also Clan associations; Same 196 place organisations capsicums, 37, 51n68 INDEX 325

carrots, 64, 71, 72, 74, 84, bean sprouts, 78, 80, 107 158n103, 178, 184, 186 box thorn, 107 cauliﬂower, 37, 144, 197 Chinese beans, 71, 72 celery, 38, 41, 76, 144 Chinese cabbage, 78, 80, 84, 107, corn, 78 121n47, 198 cucumber, 35–37, 41, 64–65, 71, Chinese celery, 107 72, 75, 140, 206 Chinese chives, 107 garlic, 35, 107, 143 Chinese peas, 46 ginger, 28, 29, 40, 57, 68–71, 129, chrysanthemum greens, 107 198, 241 rape, 29 gourd, 40, 107 Shantung cabbage, 79 kale, 35, 38 thornea batatas, 198 kohlrabi, 107 turnip, 107 leeks, 31, 35, 40 water chestnut, 57 maize, 12, 40–41, 51n68, 72, 166 wood ear fungus, 129 onions, 35, 72, 84, 107, 141 Verna, Catherine, 7, 23 parsnip, 35, 84 Victoria, Australia, 4, 15, 24, 26, peanuts, 29, 49n29, 57, 71, 72 41–45, 47n4, 58, 61, 70, peas, 28, 36, 38, 76, 78, 79, 84, 81, 83, 98–105, 108, 109, 107, 186 111, 115–116, 123n96, 127, potatoes, 38, 40–41, 51n68, 69, 74, 131–132, 137, 159n123, 166, 78, 88n41, 88n46, 141, 169, 174, 193, 198–199, 203, 158n103, 235 207–208, 234, 239–240, 251, puha, 65, 85, 88n46 273n3 pumpkins, 37, 68, 72 Vine crops, 38, 75 radish, 35, 38, 41, 46, 72, See also Vegetables 78, 91, 107 Von Liebig, Justus, 194 red beet, 46 Von Thunen, Johann Heinrich, 139 spinach, 206 spring onions, 107 sweet potato, 12, 29, 40, 49n29, W 57, 65, 68, 69, 71–73 Wagga, New South tomatoes, 37, 51n68, 63, 71, 72, Wales, 148 74–76, 84, 140, 144, 191, 203, Wah, Sam, 252 206, 240 Wah, Tuck, 248 turnip, 35, 40, 71, 72, 74, Waikato, New Zealand, 41 78, 199 Waimauku, Auckland, 172 wurtsel, 198 Wai, Ng Bing, 250 See also Polynesian crops; Salad Waipori, New Zealand, 77 greens Wairarapa, New Zealand, 186 Vegetables, Chinese Wairoa, New Zealand, 147 bamboo mustard cabbage, 107 Waitahuna, New Zealand, 78 326 INDEX

Wanganui, New Zealand, 111, 130, Whittlesea, Victoria, 44, 45 133, 137, 146, 159n130, 256n3, Wilcannia, New South Wales, 73 264n130 Willoughby, Sydney, 116, 127, 139, War Hing & Co, see Stores 141, 191, 241 Warwick, Queensland, 137, 190 Wilson, Allan, 143 Wasteland, 29, 39, 60, 236 Wilson, Hiko Raniera, 65 Waterloo, Sydney, 243 Wilson, Sir Samuel, 69 Water management, see Irrigation Wilton, Janis, 10, 238 Water races, see Mining; Technology Windlass, 34, 75–77, 217n104 Water storage, 185–192 See also Horse capstan; Whim See also Dams; Ponds; Reservoirs; Windmill, 189 Wells See also Irrigation Watties, 171, 203 Wing, Alan, 197 Weeding, 30, 32, 37, 43, 44, 84, 131, Wing, Robert, 197 142, 165, 173, 176, 180, 181, Wing, Thomas, 197, 201 213n33, 252 Wing dam, 81 Wellington, New South Wales, 43, 252 See also Dam Wellington, New Zealand, 63, 82, Wing, Yee Chong, 201 110, 115, 122n71, 127, 133, Winton, Queensland, 147 142, 146, 148, 160n136, 184, Wong, Bill, 171 185, 200, 203, 227–228, 230, Wong, Bing, 171, 173 237, 240, 245, 246, 248, 250, Wong nga paak, see Vegetables, 257n9 Chinese; Chinese cabbage Wells, 34, 37, 61, 74, 186, 189, Wong Sing & Co, see Market gardens 217n104 Wood ear fungus, 129 See also Dams; Ponds; Reservoirs; Wool industry, 26, 60, 97 Water storage World War I, 26, 74, 75, 139, 248 Well sweep, see Shaduf World War II, 64, 83, 96, 130, 135, Welshpool, Perth, 193 136, 141, 147, 169, 180, 181, Werribee, Victoria, 116 197, 245, 250, 267 West Coast, New Zealand, 15, 24, 59, Worser Bay, Wellington, 82 102–103, 171, 239, 242 Western Australia, Australia, 58, 101, 115, 123n96, 193, 200 X Western Springs, Auckland, 65, 66, 247 West, John, 62 Xinjiang, 56 Wetherstones, New Zealand, 78, 82, 106, 121n57 Wetlands, 55, 60, 86n18 Y Whangarei, New Zealand, 63 Yam Creek, Northern Territory, 73 Whim, 34, 189–190, 217n104 Yanco Experimental Farms, see See also Horse capstan; Windlass Irrigation schemes INDEX 327

Yangtze River, 33, 56 Young, Mung Chew, 180, 182 Yee Chong Wing & Co, see Seed Young, Poy, 203 merchants, Te Aro Seed Young, Quin, 134, 149 Company Young, Sam, see Sam Young and Co Yee, David, 140 Young, William, 206 Yee, George, 149 Yugoslavia, 116 Yee, Hang, 241 Yu, Henry, 9, 25 Yee, Jean Meng, 231 Yung, Andrew, 240 Yee, Ken, 178 Yung, Kee, 230 Yee Lee and Co, see Market gardens Yun Ping, Guangdong, 3 Yee, Norman, 204 See also Seyip Yellow River, 33 Yew, Lee Bak, 177–178, 201 Yin, Yee Sing, 72 Yiu Ming Hung Fook Tong, 126, Z 258n28 Zengcheng, Guangdong, 3, 133, See also Clan associations; Same 156n8, 156n9 place organisations Zhongshan, Guangdong, 3 Young, Albert, 203 Zhou Dynasty, 33 Young, Brian, 203 Zingiber ofﬁcinale, see Vegetables, Young, Dick, 172 ginger Young, Jim, 180 Zoological and Acclimatisation Young, Kim, 186 Society, Victoria, 69