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Self, Other and Other-Self

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Self, Other and Other-Self Departament de Traducció i Interpretació Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Antonio Paoliello Self,Self, OtherOther andand Other-Self:Other-Self: TheThe RepresentationRepresentation ofof IdentityIdentity inin ContemporaryContemporary SinophoneSinophone MalaysianMalaysian FictionFiction Tesi doctoral en Traducció i Estudis Interculturals Director de la tesi Carles Prado Fonts Tutor de la tesi Seán Golden 2011 To my parents, for when all hope was lost, they stubbornly clinged to life. And to Pino, my brother, for the shoulder he lent me when all hope was lost. AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements* Many people have contributed to this dissertation. I am especially grateful to Carles Prado-Fonts, my advisor, for his guidance, his encouragement, and his incredible helpfulness, and for believing in this project from the very beginning to the very end, even when I doubted. I am particularly indebted to , Carles Brasó, Montse Crespín, Begonya Enguix, Maialen Marín, David Martinez, and Xavier Ortells, colleagues and friends at the Seminari ALTER – Crisi, alteritat i representació, based at the Universitat Oberta de Catalunya (UOC). The seminars, conversations and laughters had a great, positive impact on the entire research process. Professors and colleagues at the Deparment of Translation and Interpreting, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB) and at the InterAsia Research Group of the same University have been especially helpful in these four years, and I could never thank them enough. The help of Anna Matamala, coordinator of the Doctoral Programme in Translation and Intercultural Studies, in solving a few last-minute bureaucratic problems was invaluable, as was Seán Golden's willingness to act as tutor of the present dissertation. I am also grateful to Cynthia Lytle, who honoured me with her friendship and shared her brilliant thoughts on many issues related to ethnicity and identity with me. I am deeply thankful to Manel Miró for his unconditional support, and for providing me with a peaceful home in which this dissertation saw the light. This dissertation would have never been possible without my trips to Malaysia and Taiwan. In Malaysia, I received priceless help and friendship from many people. First and * The research on which this dissertation is based was made possible by a four-year pre-doctoral grant for Research personnel in Training (Beques Predoctorals PIF) offered by the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), which I gratefully acknowledge. ii foremost my deepest gratitude to Kho Tong Guan, head of the Mahua Literature Centre at Southern College, for the enlightening conversations, for the invaluable advices, for letting me read his beautifully-written manuscripts, for the motorbike rides to Tmn. Anggerik, and for introducing me to the amazing flavours of Malaysian cuisine. All librarians at the Southern College Library and all the students at the same Institution (歡樂假期, Wong Jia Lih...) have been extremely helpful and kind to me, greeting me every day, for five months, with their biggest smiles. My stay in Malaysia would have never been so productive without the warmth, the humour and the friendship of the "JB gang" (新山幫), nor without the conversations and teachings of Sinophone Malaysian writers and scholars such as Chen Zhengxin, Lim Choon Bee, Lim Kien Ket, Tee Kim Tong, 黃遠雄, 張永修... In Taipei, I am especially indebted to Bryan Lee and his entire family, for providing invaluable logistic help and a place I will always call home. Finally, my deepest appreciation and admiration for the entire Chinese Malaysian community and for all those who keep Sinophone Malaysian literature and culture alive. This dissertation is dedicated to my parents and to Pino, my brother: the people whom I can never thank and love enough. iii TableTable ofof ContentsContents I.I. CHAPTERCHAPTER I:I: Introduction..........................................................................4Introduction..........................................................................4 I.I. How it all started............................................................................................................4 I.II. Object of study: aim and rationale...............................................................................7 I.III. State of the field........................................................................................................13 I.IV. Research hypothesis..................................................................................................16 I.V. Methodological framework........................................................................................18 I.VI. Structure of the dissertation......................................................................................24 I.VII. Terminological and formal considerations..............................................................25 II.II. CHAPTERCHAPTER II:II: "So,"So, dodo peoplepeople inin MalaysiaMalaysia speakspeak Chinese?"Chinese?" TheThe ChineseChinese CommunityCommunity inin Malaysia..................................................................28Malaysia..................................................................28 II.I. Introduction................................................................................................................28 II.II. Historical context......................................................................................................30 II.II.1. Malaysia is born!................................................................................................30 II.II.2. Chinese migration to Malay(si)a........................................................................31 II.II.3. At home in Malay(si)a?......................................................................................37 II.III. Political and social context......................................................................................41 II.III.1. Ethnic tensions give birth to modern-day Malaysian society...........................41 II.III.2. The new policies that changed the face of Malaysia........................................43 II.IV. Cultural context and production in Chinese/Sinophone Malaysia...........................48 II.IV.1. Cultural discontent in Chinese/Sinophone Malaysia........................................50 II.IV.2. The challenges to Chinese Education...............................................................52 II.IV.3. Chinese/Sinophone Malaysian culture: between the local and the global........54 II.V. At the heart of cultural Chinese Malaysia: Sinophone Malaysian Literature in the global literary system........................................................................................................58 II.V.1. The relationship with Chinese literature............................................................58 II.V.2. The relationship with Taiwan.............................................................................66 II.V.3. The relationship with other literatures from Malaysia.......................................74 1 III.III. CHAPTERCHAPTER III:III: SinophoneSinophone MalaysianMalaysian Literature:Literature: ThreeThree Words,Words, TwoTwo Adjectives,Adjectives, OneOne Concept................................................................................79Concept................................................................................79 III.I. Introduction...............................................................................................................79 III.II. What are Sinophone Studies?..................................................................................79 III.II.1. Genesis and usage of the Sinophone as a theoretical framework.....................79 III.II.2. The other "-phones"..........................................................................................91 III.II.3. How is the Sinophone different?......................................................................96 III.III. What is Sinophone about Sinophone Malaysian Literature?................................105 III.IV. What is Malaysian about Sinophone Malaysian Literature?................................113 III.IV.1. Introduction....................................................................................................113 III.IV.2. History...........................................................................................................118 III.IV.3. The Malaysian debates on National Literature..............................................120 III.V. Western Theory, Eastern Practice? Sinophone Malaysian Literature as a Minor Literature.........................................................................................................................130 IV.IV. CHAPTERCHAPTER IV:IV: WhenWhen ChineseChinese MalaysiansMalaysians MeetMeet thethe Other-Self.......139Other-Self.......139 IV.I. Introduction.............................................................................................................139 IV.II. China and the Chinese in Sinophone Malaysian fiction........................................146 IV.II.1. Jun zi guxiang lai (君自故鄉來) (1977) by Shang Wanyun...........................146 IV.II.2. Dage kuankuan zou lai (大哥款款走來) (2002) by Li Kaixuan....................156 IV.II.3. Hun de zhuisu (魂的追溯) (2009) by Chen Zhengxin....................................165 IV.III. Conclusion................................................................................................................182 V.V. CHAPTERCHAPTER V:V: WhenWhen ChineseChinese
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