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Home , Cultural astronomy, Nebra sky disk, Norman Lockyer

Claus Clausen

Cultural A status of in a cultural context

Abstract Cultural astronomy is the set of interdisciplinary fields studying the astronomical systems of current or ancient societies and . The fields include e.g. archaeoastronomy (use of astronomy in prehistoric sites or sites from antiquity or even later e.g. up to medieval), (historic astronomical data), etnoastronomy (astronomy and its role in contemporary cultures), the and the (difference between astronomy and astrology). Sometimes archaeoastronomy is combined with other disciplines as or archaeotopography, even genetics1 appear now and then. I just finished my PhD in cultural astronomy and I would like give the background and line up the possibilities by working interdisciplinary in the field of cultural astronomy. The field is rather complex and do not have sharped defined boundaries and is still developing in- cluding more and more disciplines. My latest article in Adoranten, ‘ Cosmology?’ Adoranten 2014, (Clausen, 2015) is an example of a work in cultural astronomy.

Background as astronomy, archaeology, anthropology, The original main idea of the discipline of ethnography, astrology, history, the study archaeoastronmy is to combine the two of ancient languages, church science and topics: astronomy and archaeology. In this more. way archaeoastronomy becomes an inter- In recent years, it has become more disciplinary discipline or topic. common to work internationally in an in- The ideal archaeoastronomer would be terdisciplinary or intercultural fashion in a person with a MA in both astronomy and the fields of both scientific and humanistic archaeology. This is still rare, but a handful subjects. This method sometimes gives birth of persons fulfill this criterion. If you can to completely new ways of seeing things master both disciplines, you become famil- and making connections. For example, you iar with two traditions of scientific method. can combine astronomy, history, archaeol- As an archaeoastronomer you will probably ogy and genetics3 and in this way reveal the be more aware of typological identical units familial relationships between the Egyptian or formations spread out over a wide area pharaohs, thus most likely providing a new in both distance and timespan2 and there- view of factual history. This, of course, is fore be equipped to consider possible astro- only possible when using written sources. nomical or topographical explanations for a Intercultural cooperation is in a strong phenomenon. The latter term, topography, phase of development and, unfortunately, belongs to the discipline of archaetopog- Denmark is only weakly represented in the raphy, where landscape formations play a field of cultural astronomy. central role in explaining ancient remains which are to be observed. Archaeoastronomy today is part of a Brief history much more general field known as cultural The first one known to use archaeoastro- astronomy, which includes such disciplines nomical methods to determine the age of

Adoranten 2016 99 an ancient construction was probably the in various journals dealing with subtopics “circle” perimeter to the next perimeter can tion of the late Professor , English Sir John Frederick Wil- within archaeoastronomy. The one most always be shared with figures from the se- and had its inaugural meeting in Smolyan, liam Herschel (1792 -1871). Herschel tried to mentioned is “ Decoded”7. ries of numbers, doubling numbers as : 2.5 ; Bulgaria, in the summer of 1993. figure out the age of the Cheops pyramid Hawkins’ notable result in this context was 5; 10; 20, well-marked if we use the “my” as In the 1990s, comprehensive field work based on astronomical observations and a possible interpretation of the applica- unit. It appears obvious that a sequence of was done in the Mediterranean by the calculations. The pyramid’s entrance cor- tion of Stonehenge. In brief, he had the digits using a doubling of numbers is used English astronomer Michael Hoskin and the ridor points at a spot on the northern hemi- idea that those who built Stonehenge had in the case of several concentric ellipses, Spanish astronomer Juan Antoni Belmonte. sphere’s night sky, which is very close to the mapped the movements of the and the for example in “Woodhenge”, just north Likewise, the English astronomer and ar- point corresponding to the geographical along the horizon so precisely that it of Stonehenge, where the ellipses have chaeologist Clive Ruggles did comprehen- North Pole. Herschel guessed that the Egyp- was possible to predict lunar eclipses – and circumferences with the values: 40 “my”, sive work in the British Isles. Clive Ruggles tians had aimed towards the called perhaps even solar ones. 60 “my”, 80 “my”, 100 “my”, 140 “my” and is regarded as one of the leading figures in Alpha Draconis (“Dragon’s Heart”) also The English astronomer Sir Fred Hoyle 160 “my”. One finds that an ellipse with the field of archaeoastronomy. known as Thuban in Egyptian mythology4. (1915–2001) has also worked with Stone- the circumference 60 “my” corresponds to The work of Hoskin, Belmonte and their With knowledge of precession (the henge. He treats the subject in an article the series of numbers 3 (x 20), 6 (x 10), 12 colleagues was published in Archaeoas- 26,000 year period of the Earth’s rotational in in 19668. Hoyle’s ideas are quite (x 5) and 24 (x 2.5); and that an ellipse with tronomy: The Journal of Astronomy in Cul- axis), it is possible to turn the starry sky controversial and rather unlikely. In his the circumference 160 “my” corresponds to ture and later in the Journal for the History backwards in time until the selected star on opinion, the so-called Aubrey circuit with 56 the series of numbers 8, 16, 32 and 64. The of Astronomy. The main conclusion of this the precession circle is in the desired posi- holes that surrounds the stone structure in approximately 500 stone circles that Thom work is that most megalithic monuments in tion. However, there are always two solu- Stonehenge is a model of the ecliptic. If this examined in the British Isles can be divided Western Europe are oriented towards the tions to the problem; one when the star is is so, it would have been possible for the into classes of different shapes, for exam- Sunrise pointing towards east to southeast approaching the polar center in the sky, and Stonehenge people to follow both the in- ple: circles; flattened circles; composite cir- and climbing at the southern parts at the another when the star moves away from tersections (nodes) of the Moon as its pitch cles; egg-shaped and more. The reason for horizon. This is known as the Sunrise/Sun- that point again5. The two solutions found reached the plane of the ecliptic. Hoyle has this could be that the Neolithic people from climbing (Sun-culmination) theory, SR/SC11. by John Herchel for Alpha Draconis put therefore stated that “it would be ironic to the megalithic period in the British Isles In addition to the different organizations this star in the desired position in 2160 BCE think that the invisible knot [the one that sought an integer relationship between the and published work in journals, the internet and in 3400 BCE. The accepted age of the does not cause an eclipse] has inspired the circumference of a circle or similar forms has become more and more important, with Cheops pyramid today is about 4500 years, idea of a hidden god, a hidden god who is (such as ellipses) and their diameters. That different websites dealing with archaeo- that is, it stems from around 2500 BCE. the guiding force behind everything, and is, they were looking for something that astronomy and megalithic monuments. The English astronomer and astrophysi- thus could be the basis for the oneness of corresponds to the circle constant; pi. Such Worthy of mention is the Megalithic Portal, cist Sir Norman Lockyer (1836–1920) became God, monotheism (who is worshiped in thoughts have been strongly criticized by a database founded in 1997 and active as a aware during a trip to Greece in 1890 that a Christianity and by Muslims) to be of astro- many researchers; thus giving archaeoas- website since 2001. number of the classic temples were oriented nomical origin.” (Free quoted). Hoyle has tronomy a weak and bad reputation for The discovery of the sky disk close towards the point where the Sun sets at been heavily criticized for this hypothesis, quite a few years. to Mittelberg some 60 km west of , the horizon. Lockyer is also known for his especially by religious historians9. A breakthrough for the discipline prob- , in 1999 (see Figure 1), dated to discovery of the element in the solar Other researchers, like Hoyle, have per- ably stems from the time when organiza- the early Bronze age (1600 BCE), was not spectrum and as the founder of the journal, haps also moved out onto “deep water” tions that devoted their work to archaeo- known by the public until 2001. Great ef- Nature (1869). – this includes the English professor and BSc astronomy were founded. One example is forts and much money have been used to In 1906 Lockyer published an article in (with a special distinction in Engineering) the Center for Archaeoastronomy, a profes- interpret the meaning of the symbols on The Times which, for the first time, brought , known for the discovery sional research organization founded at the the disk. Since the Nebra Sky Disk (also the subject of Stonehenge into public dis- of the “megalithic yard”, hereafter “my” 10. University of Maryland in 1978. The center known as the Nebra Sun Disk) emerged into cussion6. Norman Lockyer was also the first The “my” is a length of 83.5 cm, ostensibly later helped to establish ISAAC, the Inter- public knowledge, archaeologists and as- to make large-scale implementation studies used repeatedly in many stone structures national Society for Archaeoastronomy and tronomers have put forward their theories of prehistoric stone installations; unfortu- from megalithic period (about 5000 BCE Astronomy in in 1996, to promote about how it worked and what it meant nately, he was over imaginative with his in- to about 2800 BCE) within the Neolithic the academic development of archaeoas- to the ancient society that fabricated it. terpretations, and was therefore not taken period, in both the British Isles and on the tronomy and ethnoastronomy around the The general opinion is that the symbols seriously by his contemporaries. Thus, the European mainland. Thom got the idea that world. on the disk are related to the Moon, the “thread” in Lockyer’s work was not taken people during the megalithic period used The latter was inspired by SEAC, the Eu- Sun and Moon, the and perhaps the up until many years later. the magic of numbers in their culture. In ropean Society for Astronomy in Culture. Pleiades and the extreme points of the In 1963, the English astronomer Gerald some stone structures in which there are SEAC does not have a physical seat, and the Sun. But what do we really know? Michael Hawkins (1928 - 2003) published an article several concentric circles (or ellipses) with Executive Committee (EC) represents the Rappenglück (current president of SEAC) ar- on Stonehenge in Nature, and in the fol- growing perimeters, which is always rep- Society. The Society was founded in Stras- gued in a speech (“Fire from the heavens”) lowing years he published a series of articles resented by an integer, so that from one bourg, France, in 1992, under the inspira- at the SEAC 2014 conference for another

100 Adoranten 2016 Adoranten 2016 101 Figure 1. The Nebra sky Figure 2. Magnetometer disk. It is possible that measurement on a field the large symbols from close to the location Snave the left are Moon/Sun, at the western part of crescent Moon and the Danish island Fünen1. the angle between the Contours marked with Sun’s extreme points red reveals the features of (standstill points) at the four long barrows (with eastern horizon. The big dolmens) constructed ap- symbol at the bottom; proximately around 3400 the “Sun boat”, the BCE. Figure adopted from smaller symbol; stars, (Andersen, 2013) edited by and the cluster of seven Claus Clausen smaller symbols close to the center at the top could be the Pleiades, but might it not also be a human (happy, smil- ing) face? Photo © J. Lipták/LDA

neighboring areas. In Denmark alone, In recent years more focus has been around 5000 megalithic monuments are on the behavior of the Moon, i.e. the full preserved. Of these, about 700 are of the Moon or the crescent Moon, in connection passage grave type. with megalithic monuments – especially in

Figure 3. A satellite image of the Memphite area. Lines connecting the Giza pyramids of Khufu (G1), Khafre (G2) and Menkaure (G3) respectively with the Userkaf (S1), Djoser (S2) and Unas (S3) pyramids in Saqqara are shown with red color. Following the alignment line (yellow arrow) of the three Giza pyramids in the northeastern direction, it crosses the Heli- view on the disk. His conclusion is that we developed and new statistical methods have opolis area in today’s Cairo, which should be the position of the original ancient Heliopolis. Figure adopted from (Magli, in fact do not know what the idea is with emerged (see e.g. González-García, 2009 or 2010) edited by Claus Clausen. the Nebra sky disk. This just emphasizes the González-García and Belmonte, 2010). fact that we cannot be sure of finding the Examples of new measuring techniques right interpretation of archaeological arte- would include the use of aerial photos facts from ancient times. This is a key point (orthophotos) or satellite surveys12. Google- in astronomy in culture, in this case, more Earth can be a useful tool in this connec- precisely, in archaeastronomy. tion. Magnetic surveys13 of the ground can reveal the presence of stone blocks or mate- rial with different density in the ground, Present work in the field of cultural which can indicate the remains of a mega- astronomy and related disciplines lithic monument (see Figure 2); further, im- Today it is common to hold annual confer- prints of removed stone blocks can give an ences, seminars, workshops, etc. in the field idea of the layout of a missing monument. of astronomy in culture. Conferences often Also, the development of models which result in conference proceedings containing can animate astronomical phenomena at about 50 to 80 peer-reviewed papers. The the horizon is in progress. In this way it is, topics cultural astronomy or astronomy in for example, possible to test an imaginary culture are internationally comparable with use of the Stonehenge complex. the topic of cosmology and, as such, are ac- Megalithic monuments easily lend them- cepted scientific and humanistic disciplines. selves to statistical testing and research on Concerning the work with megalithic model hypotheses due to the enormous monuments, new methodologies are being numbers of units in Western Europe and

102 Adoranten 2016 Adoranten 2016 103 Figure 4. The map shows a complex cluster structure of Danish megalithic monuments located in the northwestern part of the island Zealand. The structure covers approximately 800 square kilometers. The entire structure enclose 241 megalithic monuments whereas 12 are unclassified, 196 are dolmens (green and blue marks) and 33 are passage graves (black and pink marks). Red marks are serious damaged or destroyed megalithic monuments. Probably the structure only reveals 10 to 20 percent of the original number of megalithic monuments in the area. Red and black solid lines represents documented passage directions, dotted lines are expected directions. Note that there is a concentration of the megalithic monuments around the documented lines. The structure need further investigation to verify the layout as shown, with a main tendency concerning the directions around east-southeast.

Europe. Statistical results indicate that a monuments. The Moon has a more complex been the primary object dealt with in past to the Sun, for example, for calendar use. lunar explanation rather than a solar one movement at the horizon than the Sun, years. This is probably also because in pre- The problem, however, is that we have no could be favored in the case of megalithic which could be the reason that the Sun has sent times, we find it more logical to turn knowledge whatsoever about what man

104 Adoranten 2016 Adoranten 2016 105 in Neolithic times thought about what was dersen (Eriksen and Andersen, 2014) and nomical considered by Sir Norman Lockyer, Note (figure 2) logical or illogical. Claus Nybo, who received an MA in 2009 K.C.B., F.R.S., London, Macmillan and Co., 1 Andersen, Niels H. 4.2.2013, Mag- The new way of working has also re- in the field of Danish passage graves. His Limited (1906). netometeropmåling ved Snave, Foreløbig vealed that passage tombs (passage graves MA project report was entitled “Heaven’s redegørelse vedrørende magnetometerop- or dolmens with a passage) and other Gate”. He measured about 400 passage 7 Hawkins, Gerald S., 1963: Stonehenge måling af marker beliggende vest for Snave, megalithic monuments from later periods graves, but unfortunately, he never made Decoded, Nature 200 (26 October 1963), pp. p. 2. in antiquity, for example the pyramids in his work available to the public by publish- 306 - 308. Egypt, are linked in linear relationships ing it. Hopefully, my PhD thesis will help to (Magli, 2010) (see Figure 3). The interpreta- focus more attention on the subject in the 8 Hoyle, Fred, 1966: Stonehenge: an Bibliography tion is not always astronomical, but rather near future, so that Denmark can be more eclipse predictor, Nature 211 (30 July 1966), archaeotopographical. Commonly, tomb strongly represented internationally and in pp. 454 - 456. (Websites) orientations towards a local mountain or cooperative projects. http://www.megalithic.co.uk/ hill which could have a significant meaning 9 Nilson, Peter, 1969: Kring några under- in relation to local belief systems are found Claus Clausen sögninger av Stonehenge och andre fron- http://www.archeoastronomy.org/ (SEAC) (examples: Clausen, 2012; Fabio Silva, 2012; Glahns Alle 37, st. th. lämninger på de Brittiske öerne, Astrono- Prendergast, 2005 and 2006). 2000 Frederiksberg misk Tidsskrift, nr. 1, (1969), p. 21. https://www3.archaeoastronomy.org/ A general picture seems to be that line [email protected] (ISAAC) relations/sight lines/alignments were very 10 Thom, A., 1971: Megalithic Sites in Brit- important for prehistoric Neolithic man in ain, Oxford at the Clarendon Press Europe and later in antiquity as e.g. for the [ 1971], Chapter 5, p. 43. (Journal and magazine articles) Egyptians. In details, it is interesting that Notes Belmonte, J. A. and González-García, A. C., clusters of passage tombs both in Denmark 1 Belmonte, J. A., 2012: DNA, Wine & 11 Hoskin, M., Churchill College, Cambridge, 2013: On the Orientation of Early Bronze (Clausen, 2012) (see Figure 4) and in Ireland Eclipses: The Dakhamunzu Affaire, An- and colleagues, 1998: Studies in Iberian ar- Age Tombs in Ancient Magan, Mediter- (Prendergast, 2006 and 2007) are linked to- thropoplgical Notebooks, XIX, Supplement, chaeoastronomy: (5) Orientations of mega- ranean Archaeology and Archaeometry, gether as the group G and S pyramids high- 2013, pp. 432. lithic tombs of northern and western Iberia, Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 233 - 246. (Belmonte and lighted on Figure 3. Archaeoastronomy no. 23 in the Journal for González-García, 2013) An interesting work (Belmonte and 2 Furholt, M. and Johannes Müller, J., the History of Astronomy xxix, p. S86 - S87 http://maajournal.com/Issues/2014/Vol14-3/ González-García, 2013) on megalithic struc- 2011: The earliest monuments in Europe Full22.pdf tures in ancient Magan on the Arabian Pen- – architecture and social structures (5000- Hoskin, M., 2009: Orientations of dolmens insula located in the area today known as 3000 cal BC), p. 20, in: of Western Europe, Orientaciones de los Clausen, C., 1997: Astronomi med sten og Oman, shows that the monuments by time Furholt, M., Lüth, F. and Müller, J., Mega- dólmenes de Europa Occidental, Complu- stænger, Aktuel Astronomi nr. 3 1997, p. 30 change orientation. The conclusion is that liths and Identities, Early Monuments and tum , 2009, Vol. 20 (2): pp. 168 -171. - 35, (Clausen, 1997) either a new people with different ideas Neolithic Societies from the Atlantic to the https://bibliotek.kk.dk/ting/ came to the area or the present people Baltic, 3rd European Megalithic Studies 12 Magli, Giulio, Archaeoastronomy in the object/870971%3A83922796 changed their belief system. In both cases, Group Meeting 13th – 15th of May 2010 at Khmer Heartland, School of Architecture, the change in orientation shows a change Kiel Universitiy, ISBN 978-3-7749-3745-1 Urban Planning and Construction Engineer- Clausen, C., 2012. Danish Passage Graves in the culture. Quoted from the conclusion ing, Politecnico di Milano, Italy. Fig. 4 and and Intervisibility: A New Perspective. Acta of (Belmonte and González-García, 2013): 3 Belmonte, J. A., Instituto de Astrofísica Fig. 5, p. 19 – 20. Archaeologica vol. 83, 2012, pp. 72-89, “This new custom speaks of a probable de Canarias ,Tenerife, Spain. (Clausen, 2012). change in the builders’ worldview, either by The last days of Nefertiti: astronomy, ar- 13 Smekalova, Tatyana N., Voss, Olfert and http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ a shift in their religious beliefs or the arrival chaeology and genetics in ancient Egypt. Smekalov, Sergey L., 2008: Magnetic Sur- j.1600-0390.2012.00700.x/pdf of a new population. This could be easily (Belmonte, 2015 SEAC, Public Lectures) veying in Archaeology, More than 10 years checked by a comparative genetic analysis of using the Overhauser GSM-19 gradiom- Clausen, C., 2015. Neolithic Cosmology? An- of a statistical significant sample of individ- 4 Rantzau, P., 1972: Alle tiders tal, ISBN-13, eter, 2nd revised edition. Wormanium 2008 doranten 2014, (Clausen, 2015) uals buried in the two types of graves.”14 Politiken 1972, p. 38. p. 13. http://www.rockartscandinavia.com/images/ In spite of the great number of mega- articles/a14clausen.pdf lithic monuments in Denmark, very little re- 5 Clausen, C., 1997: Astronomi med sten 14 Belmonte, J. A. and González-García, A. search has been done in this field. In recent og stænger, Aktuel Astronomi nr. 3 1997, p. C., 2013: On the Orientation of Early Bronze González-García, A. C., 2009: Statistical years, very few works have been published 30. Age Tombs in Ancient Magan, Mediterra- Analysis of Iberian Peninsula concerning the placement and orientation nean Archaeology and Archaeometry, Vol. Orientations, Cosmology Across Cultures of Danish megalithic monuments. Worthy 6 Lockyer, Norman, 1906: Stonehenge 14, No. 3, pp. 244. ASP Conference Series, Vol. 409, c2009 J. A. of mention are work done by Niels H. An- and other British stone monuments astro- Rubinõ-Martín, J. A. Belmonte, F. Prada and

106 Adoranten 2016 Adoranten 2016 107 A. Alberdi, eds. pp. 354 - 358.( González- phy_as_tools_in_the_searching_for_a_miss- Thom, A., 1971: Megalithic Sites in Britain, The last days of Nefertiti: astronomy, ar- García, 2009) ing_egyptian_pyramid_pjaee_7_5_2010.pdf Oxford at the Clarendon Press chaeology and genetics in ancient Egypt. https://www.academia.edu/3114037/Statisti- [ 1971], Chapter 5 (Belmonte, 2015 SEAC, Public Lectures) cal_Analysis_of_Iberian_Peninsula_Mega- Nilson, Peter, 1969: Kring några undersög- http://www.spirasolaris.ca/sbb8a.pdf http://www.seac2014.com/publicLectures. liths_Orientations ninger av Stonehenge och andre fronläm- html ninger på de Brittiske öerne, Astronomisk González-García, A. C. and Belmonte, J. Tidsskrift, nr. 1, (1969), pp. 1-26. (Nilson, (References to articles and essays A., 2010: Statistical Analysis of Megalithic 1969) within edited works) (Dissertation) Tomb Orientations in the Iberian Peninsula Belmonte, J. A., 2012: DNA, Wine & Eclipses: Clausen, C., The Megalithic Lunar Season and Neighbouring Regions , Journal for the Prendergast, F., 2006: ’In the eye of the The Dakhamunzu Affaire, Anthropoplgical Pointer, Niels Bohr Institute (NBI), University History of Astronomy xli, 225–238, 2010. beholder’: Symbolism and meaning in Irish Notebooks, XIX, Supplement, 2013, pp. 419 of , Juliane Maries Vej 30, 2100 (González-García and Belmonte, 2010) passage tomb alignment and height. Lisbon - 442. (Belmonte, 2012 SEAC proceedings) København Ø, Denmark / Lisbonne | #274 UISPP / IUPPS | XV Congress http://www.iac.es/proyecto/arqueoastro- http://dark.nbi.ku.dk/calendar/calen- Hawkins, Gerald S., 1963: Stonehenge De- / XV Congrès | Book of Abstracts / Livre des nomia/media/SEAC2012_Proceedings_Bel- dar2016/2241524/PhD_ClausClausen.pdf coded, Nature 200 (26 October 1963), pp. Résumés. (Prendergast, 2006) monte.pdf 306 – 308 Rantzau, P., 1972: Alle tiders tal, ISBN-13, Furholt, M. and Johannes Müller, J., 2011: Hoskin, M., Churchill College, Cambridge, Politiken 1972. (Rantzau, 1972) The earliest monuments in Europe – archi- and colleagues, 1998: Studies in Iberian ar- https://bibliotek.kk.dk/ting/ tecture and social structures (5000-3000 cal chaeoastronomy: (5) Orientations of mega- object/710100%3A01235575 BC), p. 15 - 32, (Furholt and Müller, 2011) in: lithic tombs of northern and western Iberia, Furholt, M., Lüth, F. and Müller, J., Mega- Archaeoastronomy no. 23 in the Journal for Silva, F., 2012, Landscape and Astronomy in liths and Identities, Early Monuments and the History of Astronomy xxix, p. S1 – S92, Megalithic Portugal: the Carregal do Sal Nu- Neolithic Societies from the Atlantic to the (Hoskin, 1998). cleus and Star Mountain Range, PIA Volume Baltic, 3rd European Megalithic Studies http://www.shpltd.co.uk/aa.pdf 22 (2012), 99-114 DOI. (Silva, 2012) Group Meeting 13th – 15th of May 2010 at https://www.academia.edu/2574748/Land- Kiel Universitiy, ISBN 978-3-7749-3745-1 Hoskin, M., 2009: Orientations of dolmens scape_and_Astronomy_in_Megalithic_Por- https://www.academia.edu/1346797/Mega- of Western Europe, Orientaciones de los tugal_the_Carregal_do_Sal_Nucleus_and_ liths_and_Identities._The_earliest_monu- dólmenes de Europa Occidental, Complu- Star_Mountain_Range ments_in_Europe_-_architecture_and_so- tum , 2009, Vol. 20 (2): pp. 165 -175. cial_structures_5000-3000_cal_BC_ file:///C:/Users/clausc/Downloads/30166- 30185-1-PB.PDF (Web articles) Prendergast, F., 2005: Visual Signatures in Magli, Giulio, Archaeoastronomy in the the Irish Neolithic landscape: a wider per- Hoyle, Fred, 1966: Stonehenge: an eclipse Khmer Heartland spective on the Irish passage tombs. Lights predictor, Nature 211 (30 July 1966), pp. School of Architecture, Urban Planning and and shadows in cultural astronomy: Pro- 454–456. Construction Engineering, ceedings of the SEAC 2005: Isili, Sardinia, 28 Politecnico di Milano, Italy. (Magli, 2016) June to 3 July, ed. by Mauro Peppino Zedda Lockyer, Norman, 1906: Stonehenge and https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/pa- and Juan Antonio Belmonte (Isili, 2007), p. other British stone monuments astro- pers/1604/1604.05674.pdf 100. (Prendergast, 2007) nomical considered by Sir Norman Lockyer, K.C.B., F.R.S., London, Macmillan and Co., Limited (1906). (Book) (Reports) Rantzau, P., 1972: Alle tiders tal, ISBN-13, Andersen, Niels H. 4.2.2013, Magnetom- Magli, Giulio. 2010: Archaeoastronomy and Politikken 1972. eteropmåling ved Snave, Foreløbig rede- archaeo-topography as tools in the search https://bibliotek.kk.dk/ting/ gørelse vedrørende magnetometerop- for a missing Egyptian pyramid – Palarch’s object/710100%3A01235575 måling af marker beliggende vest for Snave, Journal of Archaeology of Egypt/Egyptology p.1 – 9. (Andersen, 2013) 7(5) (2010), p. 1 - 9. ISSN 1567-214X. (Magli, Smekalova, Tatyana N., Voss, Olfert and 2010) Smekalov, Sergey L., 2008: Magnetic Sur- http://www.palarch.nl/wpcontent/magli_g_ veying in Archaeology, More than 10 years (Lectures) archaeoastronomy_and_archaeotopogra- of using the Overhauser GSM-19 gradiom- Belmonte, J. A., Instituto de Astrofísica de eter, 2nd revised edition. Wormanium 2008 Canarias ,Tenerife, Spain.

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