Interações Ecológicas Entre Insetos Galhadores E Outros Artrópodes Em Eremanthus Erythropappus (Asteraceae)

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Interações Ecológicas Entre Insetos Galhadores E Outros Artrópodes Em Eremanthus Erythropappus (Asteraceae) UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE OURO PRETO INSTITUTO DE CIÊNCIAS EXATAS E BIOLÓGICAS DEPARTAMENTO DE BIODIVERSIDADE, EVOLUÇÃO E MEIO AMBIENTE Interações ecológicas entre insetos galhadores e outros artrópodes em Eremanthus erythropappus (Asteraceae) MARIA FERNANDA BRITO DE ALMEIDA OURO PRETO, MG 2013 UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE OURO PRETO INSTITUTO DE CIÊNCIAS EXATAS E BIOLÓGICAS DEPARTAMENTO DE BIODIVERSIDADE, EVOLUÇÃO E MEIO AMBIENTE Interações ecológicas entre insetos galhadores e outros artrópodes em Eremanthus erythropappus (Asteraceae) MARIA FERNANDA BRITO DE ALMEIDA Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós Graduação em Ecologia de Biomas Tropicais do Departamento de Evolução, Biodiversidade e Meio ambiente do Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas da Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto como requisito parcial para obtenção do título de Mestre em Ecologia. ORIENTADOR: Dr. MARCO ANTÔNIO A. CARNEIRO OURO PRETO, MG 2013 FICHA CATALOGRÁFICA : ALMEIDA, Maria Fernanda Brito de Almeida Interações ecológicas entre insetos galhadores e outros artrópodes em Eremanthus erythropappus (Asteraceae) Ouro Preto, UFOP, Departamento de Biodiversidade, Evolução e Meio Ambiente, 2013. xii + 82 p. Orientação: Dr. Marco Antônio Alves Carneiro Dissertação de Mestrado: Programa de Pós Graduação em Ecologia de Biomas Tropicais. 1- Interações ecológicas 2- Controle “Bottom-up” e “Top-dow ” 3- quantidade e qualidade de recursos 4- engenheiros de ecossitemas. iv AGRADECIMENTOS Meus sinceros agradecimentos: Ao prof. Marco Antônio (Marcão), por se aventurar em me aceitar como aluna, pela orientação, desorientação, apoio, risadas, puxões de orelha, amizade e pelo aprendizado. À todos os professores, que contribuíram com minha evolução no mundo da ecologia. Ao prof. Hilde, sua aluna Regislainy e ao Laboratório de Anatomia Vegetal da UFOP por me auxiliar em parte do trabalho. Ao prof. Rodrigo Feitosa, pela identificação das formigas. Ao Léo, meu braço direito durante esses dois anos, só posso dizer obrigada. Obrigada pelo apoio no laboratório, nos campos e nos momentos mais angustiantes. Tenho que admitir que com certeza os dias de ralação em OP foram muito mais divertidos com vc ao meu lado! Ao Victor que, mesmo chegando no final, acabou se tornando meu braço esquerdo! Chegou de mansinho, mas logo percebi que seríamos bons amigos! Aos outros amigos do lab de Ecologia Entomológia e agregados (Felipe, Carlos, Ricardo, Renatinha, Sara, Lucas, Gabi e Letícia), vocês são muitos especiais! Ao meu querido frenho Bruno Terra! Obrigada pela paciência, pelo carinho, amizade, pela falta de noção total e aos momentos no cafezinho! Rs! Ao meu amor, Marcel, pela paciência, companheirismo e por sempre apoiar meus sonhos! Aos meus pais, Vilmar e Cláudia e aos meus irmãos Tiago e Diogo, pelo apoio, compreensão e por todo orgulho que sempre sentiram de mim. Aos meus amigo da PUC (Paulinha, Ivana, Mel, Raquel, Andréa, Lele, Rapha, Sorriso, Igor, Denis, Xuxa) e aos amigos da “praça”, principalmente Myriam e Wesley, que entenderam minha ausência durante esses dois anos e mesmo assim ainda continuaram ao meu lado. v Aos amigos que fiz durante esse período em Ouro Preto e que com certeza fizeram a diferença e tornaram meus dias muito mais leves e alegres, em especial ao Amauri, Adriele, Carol, Débora, Lívia, Michelle. Aos amigos do A.A. (Análise Ambiental) que torcem por mim. À Thereza, por conseguir restaurar e manter minhas energias e o meu equilíbrio. Ao IEF e ao PEI pela autorização para as coletas. À Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto (UFOP) e ao programa de Ecologia de Biomas Tropicais pelo suporte financeiro. Este trabalho foi realizado com o suporte financeiro da Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto (pós-graduação em Ecologia de Biomas Tropicais), do próprio autor e do orientador. vi “O correr da vida embrulha tudo. A vida é assim: esquenta e esfria, aperta e daí afrouxa, sossega e depois desinquieta. O que ela quer da gente é coragem”. João Guimarães Rosa vii SUMÁRIO AGRADECIMENTOS .. ................................................................................................................. v RESUMO ..................................................................................................................................... xi 1 .APRESENTAÇÃO .....................................................................................................................1 2. CAPÍTULO I: Importância dos Fatores ‘de cima para baixo’ e ‘de baixo para cima’ na abundância de Asphondylia serrata (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) em populações de Eremanthus erythropappus (Asteracea) do quadrilátero ferrífero.......................................8 2.1. Resumo ...................................................................................................................................9 2.2. Introdução ............................................................................................................................10 2. 3. Metodologia .........................................................................................................................15 2.3.1. Área de Estudo ....................................................................................................15 2.3.2. Qualidade Nutricional ..........................................................................................16 2.3.3. Índice de Sobrevivência ou Mortalidade .............................................................17 2.3.4. Análise Estatística ...............................................................................................18 2.4. Resultados .............................................................................................................................19 2.5. Discussão .............................................................................................................................22 3. CAPÍTULO II: Relação entre densidade foliar, a qualidade das plantas hospedeiras e abundância de galhas de A. serrata..........................................................................................27 3.1. Resumo. ..................................................................................................................................28 3.2. Introdução .............................................................................................................................29 3.3. Metodologia ..........................................................................................................................34 3.3.1. Área de Estudo ..........................................................................................................34 .3.3.2. Amostragem ................................................................................................................35 3.3.3 Análise Estatística ......................................................................................................36 viii 3.4. Resultados............................................................................................................................38 3.5. Discussão ............................................................................................................................43 4. CAPÍTULO III.Galhas caulinares em candeias como recurso para formigas arbóreas..48 4.1. Resumo .................................................................................................................................49 4.2. Introdução ............................................................................................................................50 4.3 Metodologia ...........................................................................................................................52 4.3.1. Amostragem ..............................................................................................................53 4.3.2. Análise Estatística .....................................................................................................53 4.4. Resultados.. ...........................................................................................................................55 4.5. Discussão ..............................................................................................................................58 5. Conclusão .................................................................................................................................63 6. Referências...............................................................................................................................64 ix Resumo geral As interações ecológicas são responsáveis por sustentar a diversidade da flora e fauna do planeta. Elas são extremamente variáveis e associadas aos fatores abióticos ditam a sequencia e amplitude do comportamento ecológico que regem as comunidades e populações. Diversos estudos tem abordado as interações ecológicas e suas consequências para as populações e comunidades em busca de padrões que esclareçam essas relações, tanto em regiões temperadas quanto em regiões tropicais. O objetivo desse estudo foi buscar padrões existentes nas interações entre o artrópodes, em particular o indutore de galhas Asphondyla. serrata e formigas nidificando em galhas de populações de Eremanthus erythropappus . Esse estudo foi realizado na porção sul da cadeia do Espinhaço, mais especificamente na sul do quadrilátero ferrífero. O trabalho foi dividido em três capítulos. No primeiro o foco foi a importância relativa dos fatores “bottom-up” e “top-down” nas populações de A. serrata. O segundo foi verificar a relação entre quantidade e qualidade
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