Cost Benchmarks for the Installation of Building Services

Application Guide AG 20-2/99

COST BENCHMARKS FOR THE INSTALLATION OF BUILDING SERVICES

Part 2 - Cost benchmarks for building services installations

R Nanayakkara J Fitzsimmons

Others 16% HW & CW 5% Heating 45%

Controls Others HW & CW HW & CW Cooling 4% 4% Heating 38% 3% 24% 34%

Heating 56% Cooling Ventilation HeatingAC 12% 6% BMS 14%53% 21% Cooling HW & CW 14% 7%

Ventilation 44% Application Guide AG 20-2/99

COST BENCHMARKS FOR THE INSTALLATION OF BUILDING SERVICES Part 2 - Cost benchmarks for building services installations

R Nanayakkara J Fitzsimmons

The Building Services Research and Information Association Old Bracknell Lane West, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 7AH Tel: + 44 (0)1344 426511 Fax: + 44 (0)1344 487575 e-mail: bsria@bsria.co.uk www.bsria.co.uk All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without prior written permission of the publishers.

ISBN 0 86022 543 7 Printed by The Chameleon Press Ltd ©BSRIA 79050 December 1999 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This work was part funded by the Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions, under the ‘Partners in Innovation’ scheme. BSRIA acknowledges the financial support of the Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions and would like to thank the following sponsors for their contribution which has led to the production of this document.

Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions.

UBS Services Ltd Unilever Research BHS PLC AMEC Design & Management American Express BBC

The research project was undertaken under the guidance of a project steering group drawn from industry representatives and BSRIA staff. The industry representatives on the Steering Group were:

Mr. E. Criswick Mr I Hedges Mr L Ingram Mr C Stafford Mr R Sliwa Mr J Agombar Mr R Kerswill

BSRIA would also like to thank all organisations who contributed information to this project and, in particular the following companies:

AC Engineering Services A G Manly & Company Ltd Air Products Plc AMEC Construction Ltd COMMTECH Ltd David Dickinson & Associates Ltd FLM Associates Ltd Imperial College of Science, Technology & Medicine - Estates Division John Lewis Partnership Midkent Healthcare Trust - Estates Department Plant Energy Systems Ltd The Invicta Community Care NHS Trust UBS Services Ltd University of Bristol - Works and Building Department University of Oxford - University Surveyors Office University of Warwick - Estates Office.

The views expressed in this document are not necessarily those of the Secretary of State for the Environment, Transport and the Regions. Final editorial control of this document rests with BSRIA.

©BSRIA AG 20-2/99 Cost benchmarks for building services installations CONTENTS

CONTENTS

1 INTRODUCTION ...... 1 1.1 Structure of cost data...... 1 1.2 Basis of cost data...... 1 1.3 Abbreviations used...... 2 2 TOP LEVEL COST BENCHMARKING...... 5

3 SYSTEM COST BENCHMARKING...... 38

4 SUB-SYSTEM COST BENCHMARKING...... 104

5 CONVENTIONAL VS CONDENSING BOILERS...... 125

6 COST IMPLICATIONS OF LABOUR PRODUCTIVITY...... 127

7 COST COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT INSTALLATION TECHNIQUES...... 129

Cost benchmarks for building services installations © BSRIA AG 20-2/99 TABLES

TABLES

Table 1 1 Building list...... 3 Table 1 2 Key to information that is found in the remaining sections...... 4 Table 1 3 Abbreviations used ...... 4

Table 2 1 Mechanical Services in offices - cost analysis ...... 5 Table 2 2 Mechanical Services in offices & warehouses - cost analysis ...... 10 Table 2 3 Mechanical services in universities/higher educational institutions - cost analysis...... 12 Table 2 4 Mechanical services in schools - cost analysis...... 16 Table 2 5 Mechanical services in domestic buildings - cost analysis...... 18 Table 2 6 Mechanical services - miscellaneous buildings - cost analysis ...... 20 Table 2 7 Electrical services in offices & warehouses - cost analysis ...... 24 Table 2 8 Electrical services in universities/higher educational institutions - cost analysis ...... 27 Table 2 9 Electrical services in schools - cost analysis...... 30 Table 2 10 Electrical services in domestic buildings - cost analysis ...... 32 Table 2 11 Electrical services - miscellaneous buildings - cost analysis...... 34 Table 2 12 Statistical information of mechanical services analysed - various buildings...... 37

Table 3 1 Cost breakdown of heating in offices...... 38 Table 3 2 Cost breakdown of heating in university buildings...... 40 Table 3 3 Cost breakdown of heating in schools...... 42 Table 3 4 Cost breakdown of heating in domestic buildings ...... 45 Table 3 5 Cost breakdown of heating in museum buildings...... 48 Table 3 6 Cost breakdown of heating in miscellaneous buildings ...... 48 Table 3 7 Cost breakdown of chilled water systems in offices and warehouses ...... 50 Table 3 8 Cost breakdown of chilled water systems in universities...... 52 Table 3 9 Cost breakdown of chilled water systems in the domestic buildings ...... 54 Table 3 10 Cost breakdown of chilled water systems in miscellaneous buildings...... 54 Table 3 11 Cost breakdown of ventilation/AC in offices & warehouses...... 55 Table 3 12 Cost breakdown of ventilation/AC in universities and school buildings ...... 57 Table 3 13 Cost breakdown of ventilation/AC in domestic buildings...... 59 Table 3 14 Cost breakdown of ventilation/AC for a swimming pool...... 59 Table 3 15 Cost breakdown of ventilation/AC in miscellaneous buildings...... 59 Table 3 16 Cost breakdown of hot water & cold water services in offices and warehouses ...... 62 Table 3 17 Cost breakdown of hot water & cold water services in university buildings ...... 64 Table 3 18 Cost breakdown of cold water & hot water services in school buildings ...... 66 Table 3 19 Cost breakdown of hot water services in domestic buildings ...... 68 Table 3 20 Cost breakdown of cold water services in domestic buildings ...... 68 Table 3 21 Cost breakdown of hot water & cold water services in a hospital ...... 72 Table 3 22 Cost breakdown of cold water & hot water services in a supermarket...... 72 Table 3 23 Cost breakdown of hot water & cold water services in a scientific building...... 72 Table 3 24 Cost breakdown of hot water & cold water services in an art gallery/museum ...... 73 Table 3 25 Cost breakdown of hot water & cold water services in a swimming pool...... 73 Table 3 26 Cost breakdown of cold water & hot water services in a theatre...... 73 Table 3 27 Cost breakdown of hot water & cold water services in a restaurant ...... 74 Table 3 28 Cost breakdown of hot water & cold water services in a court building...... 74 Table 3 29 Cost breakdown of controls in offices...... 75 Table 3 30 Cost breakdown of controls in universities ...... 75 Table 3 31 Cost breakdown of controls in school buildings...... 77 Table 3 32 Cost breakdown of controls in miscellaneous buildings ...... 77 Table 3 33 Cost breakdown of lighting in offices...... 78 Table 3 34 Cost breakdown of lighting in universities...... 81 Table 3 35 Cost breakdown of lighting in miscellaneous buildings ...... 85 Table 3 36 Cost breakdown of electrical power in offices...... 87 Table 3 37 Cost breakdown of electrical power in universities ...... 92

Table 3 38 Cost breakdown of electrical power in school buildings ...... 96 Table 3 39 Cost breakdown of electrical power in domestic buildings...... 98 Table 3 40 Cost breakdown of electrical power in miscellaneous buildings...... 100

Table 4 1 Cost breakdown of conventional boiler installations in office buildings ...... 104 Table 4 2 Cost breakdown of a conventional boiler installation in an office and warehouse building...... 106 Table 4 3 Cost breakdown of a conventional boiler installation in a university building...... 108 Table 4 4 Cost breakdown of a conventional boiler installation in a school building...... 110 Table 4 5 Cost breakdown of conventional boiler installations in a hospital building (building 55)...... 112 Table 4 6 Cost breakdown of condensing boiler installations in a hospital building (building 55)...... 115 Table 4 7 Cost breakdown of controls in a university building ...... 118 Table 4 8 Cost breakdown of chillers in domestic buildings ...... 120 Table 4 9 Cost analyses of lifts (various sections of building 29)...... 122 Table 4 10 Commissioning costs in various buildings ...... 123 Table 4 11 Cost breakdown of drawings, O&M Manuals etc...... 124

Table 5 1 Conventional vs Condensing Boiler cost/kW output...... 125 Table 5 2 Material vs Labour cost (condensing boiler installation)...... 125 Table 5 3 Material vs Labour cost (conventional boiler installations) ...... 126

Table 7 1 Comparison of the cost of prefabricated and site-built boilers...... 129 Table 7 2 Black heavy pipework - comparison between site-built and prefabricated...... 129

FIGURES

Figure 5.1 Conventional vs condensing Boiler cost/kW output...... 125 Figure 5.2 Material vs labour cost (condensing boiler installation)...... 125 Figure 5.3 Material vs labour cost (conventional boiler installations)...... 126 Figure 6.1 Comparison of labour input times for mechanical work ...... 127 Figure 6.2 Comparison of labour input times for electrical work...... 127 Figure 6.3 Comparison of labour input times for ductwork...... 127 Figure 6.4 Comparison of labour input times for fire engineering work ...... 128 Figure 6.5 Comparison of labour input times for building management systems...... 128 Figure 6.6 Comparison of average labour input times...... 128 Figure 7.1 Comparison of the cost of prefabricated and site-built boilers...... 129 Figure 7.2 Black heavy pipework - comparison between site-built and prefabricated...... 129

Cost benchmarks for building services installations © BSRIA AG 20-2/99 INTRODUCTION SECTION 1

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 STRUCTURE OF This section provides a commentary on how the remaining sections and COST DATA the cost benchmarks contained in them are organised.

Table 1.1 provides a list of buildings analysed under the project. These have been grouped according to client sectors (eg offices, universities etc) and arranged in the descending order with respect to the number of samples analysed within each group. This table also provides details of building type, location, and building areas. All buildings are given a unique reference number which is used to identify the buildings throughout all sections.

Section 2 contains examples of mechanical and electrical installation cost benchmarks for a range of building types. These costs are described in terms of the complexity of services provided. This section also provides a breakdown of the total costs of mechanical and electrical services into their constituent system costs (eg heating systems, ventilation systems etc).

Section 3 provides cost benchmarks for building services engineering systems (for example, heating, cooling, ventilation, etc.) of the buildings analysed. Details of system attributes such as the configuration, material of construction, duties and other design data are identified as a part of the benchmark where this information was available.

Section 4 contains the cost of sub-systems (eg heat source, cooling source, etc) for the various types of buildings studied.

Graphical representations of the cost breakdowns contained in sections 2, 3 & 4 are provided as pie charts in each section.

Section 5 is a cost comparison of conventional boiler installations against condensing boiler installations. Graphical representations of materials and labour cost comparisons for both conventional boiler installations and condensing boiler installations are also given.

Section 6 provides a graphical view of labour productivity times. It provides a comparison of estimated times, actual times and best practice times for a range of installation activities.

Section 7 is an example of process cost comparisons. It provides the cost of pre-fabricated boiler plant compared with site-built installations. This section also contains pre-fabricated pipework compared to site-built.

1.2 BASIS OF COST The base date of the cost data provided is the first quarter 1998. DATA For the majority of buildings cost data is provided as unit costs (£/m2 or £/kW) on the basis of net floor area (NFA) - i.e. the area served by the building services elements. Costs based on gross floor area only (GFA) are provided if this information was only given in the particular sample analysed. The cost tables in the sections identify whether the costs are provided on the basis of NFA or GFA.

Most samples did not provide detailed descriptions of project attributes, the complexity of installations and the exact demarcation of costs between systems, sub-systems and components. In some tender based cost breakdowns analysed, it was not clear where certain sub-systems or components were included. For example, information on some heating installations which analysed where heat is distributed via the ventilation system, did not identify whether the cost of final distribution such as those of fan coil units, grilles and diffusers was included as heating costs or ventilation costs. In these cases the best interpretation based on the information available has been provided. These situations are identified in cost tables by an appropriate note (see Table 1.2). In such cases a summation of both system costs (in this example heating costs and ventilation costs) as the overall costs are bound to be more accurate than individual system or sub-system costs.

A similar problem existed with the costs of Building Management Systems (BMS) and controls provided in Section 2. The general intention was to put the BMS/controls breakdown as part of the mechanical services cost breakdown in Section 2, however, in some cases this was not possible as the cost breakdown was only available as part of the electrical services. The type of control system is indicated by the level of complexity, ie one bullet point is equivalent to the most basic control system, whereas two bullet points or higher is equivalent to a BMS system.

Method of procurement, project quality, and construction productivity were also subject to research for each building studied. The intention being to provide information in a cost model on the level, type, and quality of each on of these elements. Each cost model was expected to provide a framework for the best practice cost quality attributes, performance criteria, and method of procurement etc. However, for most of the buildings studied this information was not available and was omitted from the sections.

Table 1 2 provides a key to information found in the remaining sections.

1.3 ABBREVIATIONS Abbreviations used are detailed in Table 1 3. USED

Table 1 1 Building list

Building Gross Floor Net Useable Building Type Location Number Area (m2) Area (m2) Building 1 11 601 8613 Offices London Building 2 32 516 27 592 Offices Scotland Building 3 3900 3250 Offices South East Building 4 N/A 3406 Offices London Building 5 8650 6850 Offices West Midlands Building 6 5000 3750 Offices Non urban Building 7 N/A 4180 Offices London Building 8 10 000 6700 Offices Urban Building 9 40 165 36 101 Offices Midlands Building 10 36 474 28757 Offices Midlands Building 11 18 400 12 062 Offices Midlands, Yorkshire Building 12 4200 3245 Offices South Building 13 27 000 11 587 Offices London Building 14 N/A 4519 Offices London Building 15 N/A 3720 Offices London Building 16 N/A 385 Offices South East Building 17 N/A 351 Offices South East Building 18 N/A 5182 Offices Yorkshire Building 19 N/A N/A Offices London Building 20 N/A N/A Offices South East Building 21 N/A 44 989 Offices London Building 22 N/A 2669 Offices Midlands Building 23 N/A N/A Offices London Building 24 N/A 6713 Offices & Warehouse West Midlands Building 25 14 000 9 500 Offices & Warehouse South Wales Building 26 N/A 11 284 Offices & Warehouse West Building 27 1258 N/A Office & Warehouse Midlands Building 28 23 278 N/A Offices & Warehouse West Building 29 N/A N/A University London Building 30 10 500 7000 University Midlands Building 31 6228 5993 University South Building 32 6666 5600 University Midlands Building 33 11 750 N/A University Midlands Building 34 4500 4000 University Midlands Building 35 N/A 8500 Art institution West Midlands Building 36 3500 N/A Social studies faculty West Midlands Building 37 7858 5617 School of computing and IT North East Building 38 9500 N/A Human genetics centre West Midlands Building 39 4056 N/A School Midlands Building 40 900 N/A Science block in school Outer London Building 41 400 N/A Classroom in block in school Outer London Building 42 N/A 960 Technology block in school South East Building 43 N/A 2600 Classroom in block in school South East Building 44 N/A 2526 Special school London Building 45 N/A 3000 Social block housing London Building 46 N/A 14700 High quality block London Building 47 N/A 45 Studio flat London Building 48 N/A 69 1 Bedroom flat London Building 49 N/A 72 2 Bedroom flat London Building 50 N/A 75 2 Bedroom flat London Building 51 N/A 80 2 Bedroom flat London Building 52 N/A 88 3 Bedroom flat London Building 53 N/A 90 3 Bedroom flat London Building 54 N/A 89 4 bedroom flat London Building 55 N/A N/A Hospital South East Building 56 6300 N/A Hospital Outer London Building 57 90 000 90 000 Shopping Centre N/A Building 58 N/A 4180 Supermarket Midlands Building 59 3470 N/A Techniquest centre Wales Building 60 1400 N/A Art Gallery South East Building 61 22 046 N/A Oceanography South Building 62 2000 N/A Swimming pool Outer London Building 63 5000 N/A Theatre Outer London Building 64 800 N/A Restaurant Provincial Building 65 N/A 4000 Hotel N/A Building 66 7643 4496 Court South East

Table 1 2 Key to information that is found in the remaining sections

l Basic service ll Average services lll Complex services N/A Information not available Note A Costs breakdowns are not adequately explicit and the best interpretation has been provided Note B Complexity not clear Note C No cost breakdown, total costs for system only Note D The inclusion of various components in systems were not consistent across all samples analysed, the best interpretation has been provided. BE BMS costs in electrical services cost breakdown

Table 1 3 Abbreviations used

AC Air Conditioning BMS Building Management Systems CW Cold Water Services HW Hot Water Services O&M Manuals Operation and Maintenance Manuals