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Tanganyika and Zanzibar: Articles of Union and Implementing Legislation

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Tanganyika and Zanzibar: Articles of Union and Implementing Legislation T. C. BURSA ULUDAĞ ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ KAMU HUKUKU ANABİLİM DALI MİLLETLERARASI HUKUK BİLİM DALI TANZANYA BİRLİĞİ'NİN HUKUKİ BAKIMDAN GEÇERLİLİĞİNİN ANALİZİ: ZANZİBAR ÖRNEĞİ (DOKTORA TEZİ) Said Nassor SAID Orcid: 0000-0002-9327-5518 BURSA- 2021 T. C. BURSA ULUDAĞ ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ KAMU HUKUKU ANABİLİM DALI MİLLETLERARASI HUKUK BİLİM DALI TANZANYA BİRLİĞİ'NİN HUKUKİ BAKIMDAN GEÇERLİLİĞİNİN ANALİZİ: ZANZİBAR ÖRNEĞİ (DOKTORA TEZİ) Said Nassor SAID Danışman Dr. Öğretim Üyesi Sercan REÇBER BURSA- 2021 ÖZET Yazar Adı ve Soyadı : Said Nassor SAID Üniversite : Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi Enstitü : Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Anabilim Dalı : Kamu Hukuku Tezin Niteliği : Doktora Tezi Sayfa Sayısı : XI + 185 Mezuniyet Tarihi : …. / …. / 2021 Tez Danışmanı : Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Sercan REÇBER TANZANYA BİRLİĞİ'NİN HUKUKİ BAKIMDAN GEÇERLİLİĞİNİN ANALİZİ: ZANZİBAR ÖRNEĞİ Tanganika 09 Aralık 1961 tarihinde, Zanzibar ise 10 Aralık 1963 tarihinde Birleşik Krallık’tan bağımsızlıklarını ilan etmişlerdir. Ancak, sadece bir ay sonra 12 Ocak 1964’te Zanzibar’da kanlı bir darbe meydana gelmiştir. Çıkan bu darbeden üç ay sonra oluşturulan Zanzibar Halk Hükümeti’nin Cumhurbaşkanı ve Tanganika Cumhuriyeti Hükûmeti’nin Cumhurbaşkanı ile bir Birlik Antlaşması imzalayarak Tanganika ve Zanzibar Birleşik Cumhuriyeti'ni bir devlet olarak kurmuşlardır. Böylece Doğu Afrika’da iki ayrı devlet olan Tanganika Cumhuriyeti ve Zanzibar Halk Cumhuriyeti 1964 yılında bir çatı altında birleşmiştir. Tanganika ve Zanzibar, Birleşik Cumhuriyeti adıyla kurulmuş olan tek bir egemen devlet olmasına rağmen Tanzanya devleti içinde Tanzanya ve Zanzibar şeklinde iki hükümetten oluşan bir yönetim sistemi mevcuttur. Zanzibar iç işlerinde bağımsız iken, Tanganika değildir. Bu araştırmada amaçlanan Tanganika Cumhuriyeti ile Zanzibar Halk Cumhuriyeti arasındaki birliğin anayasa hukuku ve uluslararası hukuk açısından yasallığının incelenmesidir. Bu kapsamda, sorun tarihi boyutlarıyla da ele alınacaktır. Araştırma ayrıca, Tanganika Cumhuriyeti ile Zanzibar Halk Cumhuriyeti arasındaki antlaşmanın uygulanması sırasında tam olarak içeriği belirlenmemiş olan önemli uluslararası ve ulusal hukuk sorunlarını incelenmektir. Bu bağlamda, Tanganika ve Zanzibar Birliği bünyesinde ortaya çıkan hukuki belirsizliklerini ortadan kaldırmayı amaçlayan ve böylece Tanzanya halkının aydınlık geleceğine önemli katkılar sağlayabilecek olan öneriler sunulmaktadır. Anahtar Sözcükler: Tanganika, Zanzibar, Birlik, Zımnen Kabulün İlkesi, Antlaşma, Devrim, Saldırı, Hükümet. i ABSTRACT Name & Surname : Said Nassor SAID University : Bursa Uludağ University Institution : Institute of Social Sciences Field : Public Law Degree Awarded : Phd. Page Number : XI+185 Degree date : _ _/_ _/2021 Supervisor : Assistant Professor Dr. Sercan Reçber AN ANALYSIS OF THE LEGAL VALIDITY OF THE TANZANIA UNION: THE CASE OF ZANZIBAR In 1964 there were two States in East Africa that merged to form a union. The names of these states were Tanganyika and Zanzibar. Tanganyika was declared independence from the British on 9th December 1961 and Zanzibar on 10th December 1963. However, on January 12, 1964, the government that was entrusted independence in Zanzibar was overthrown in a bloody coup and just within three months later, the Tanganyika and Zanzibar Presidents signed an agreement to unite their states into a single sovereign state. Through this agreement, a new sovereign state and a new government was established under the name of the United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar. According to the current structure of the United Republic, the powers of the Tanganyika government has been transferred to the Union government while Zanzibar has since then remained as an autonomous government. Therefore, while Tanganyika is no longer in an actual existence, Tanzania as a unitary sovereign state constitutes two governments; the union, and the Zanzibar government. The aim of this study is to examine the legality of the union between the Republic of Tanganyika and the People's Republic of Zanzibar in terms of both constitutional law and international law. In this context, the research starts by examining the historical background of these two countries. The research also examines important areas of international and national law that were not fully determined during the implementation of the union treaty between the Republic of Tanganyika and the People's Republic of Zanzibar. Finally, the research puts forward recommendations that can be used to solve the unconstitutionality of the union for the bright future of the people of Tanzania. Keywords: Tanganyika, Zanzibar, Union, Acquiescence, Treaty, Revolution, Aggression, Government. ii TEŞEKKÜR Bu seviyeyi tamamlamamız için bana rehberlik eden Allah'a şükrettim. Eğer Allah bana rehberlik etmeseydi, bu başarıya asla ulaşamazdım. Bu seviyedeki çalışmaları bitirmek kolay bir iş değildi. Ancak, Allah'ın rehberliğinde asla umudumu yitirmedim ve tamamlayana kadar her zaman cesur oldum. Bu görevi yerine getirirken, üst düzey liderliği ve desteği için danışmanıma içtenlikle teşekkür ediyorum. Hedefime ulaşmamı sağlamak için her zaman çok yakınmdaydı. Tezimi bitirmeyi destekleyen herkesten bahsetmek kolay değil. Tezimi bitirmeme yardım eden kişilerin sayısı beklediğimden de çok yüksek olmuştur. Yardımlarının Allah'tan ödüllendirilmesi gereken bir fedakârlık olarak görüyorum. Çünkü iyi bir fedakârlık gizli tutulur ve onlardan bahsetmemeye karar verdim. Hocalarımın ve arkadaşlarımın yaptığı yardımların hepsi kalbimde gizli kalacak. İhtiyacınız olan en iyi şeyleri size vermesi için Allah'a dua ediyorum. Genel olarak, aileme, değerli Türk vatandaşlarına ve Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesinin yöneticilerine ve personellerine en içten teşekkürlerimi iletmek isterim. Destek veren herkesten Allah razı olsun. iii İÇİNDEKİLER ÖZET.................................................................................................................................i ABSTRACT.....................................................................................................................ii TEŞEKKÜR …………………...………………………………………………………iii İÇİNDEKİLER...............................................................................................................vi KISALTMALAR...........................................................................................................vii GİRİŞ................................................................................................................................1 BİRİNCİ BÖLÜM TANGANİKA VE ZANZİBAR BİRLİĞİ’NİN OLUŞUMUNUN TARİHSEL ARKA PLAN I. BAĞIMSIZLIK MÜCADELESİ...................................................................................6 A. Tanganika..............................................................................................................6 B. Zanzibar.................................................................................................................7 II. ZANZİBAR VE TANGANİKA ARASINDAKİ BİRLEŞMEYE SEBEP OLAN FAKTÖRLER..................................................................................................................10 A. Pan-Afrikanizm.....................................................................................................11 B. Tehdit....................................................................................................................15 1. İç Tehdit...........................................................................................................15 a) Karume ve Nyerere Hükümetlerine Yönelik Tehditler..............................15 b) Tehdit Olarak İslam...................................................................................18 2. Dış Tehdit........................................................................................................22 III. DEĞERLENDİRME.................................................................................................24 İKİNCİ BÖLÜM TANGANİKA CUMHURİYETİ VE ZANZİBAR HALK CUMHURİYETİ ARASINDA İMZALANAN BİRLİK ANTLAŞMASI I. BİRLİK ANTLAŞMASI’NIN İMZALANMASI VE ONAYLANMASI...................26 II. BİRLİK ANTLAŞMASI’NIN İÇERİĞİ....................................................................34 III. TANZANYA BİRLEŞİK CUMHURİYETİ'NİN YAPISAL ÖZELLİKLERİ VE ANAYASAL DÜZENİ...................................................................................................43 A. Konfederasyon Olarak Tanzanya Birleşik Cumhuriyeti.......................................45 1. Konfederasyon Özellikleri...............................................................................45 2. Tanzanya Birleşik Cumhuriyeti’nin Konfederasyon Özellikleri.....................46 B. Federal Olarak Tanzanya Birleşik Cumhuriyeti...................................................47 1. Federal Devletin Özellikleri............................................................................48 2. Tanzanya Birleşik Cumhuriyeti’nin Federal Devlet Özellikleri......................49 a) İktidarın Bölünmesi……………………………………………...……… 49 b) Anayasal Bir Garanti.................................................................................50 c) Tanzanya Anayasa Mahkemesi..................................................................51 d) İki Tür Vatandaşlık....................................................................................51 e) İki Yasama Organı.....................................................................................52 C. Üniter Olarak Tanzanya Birleşik Cumhuriyeti.....................................................54
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