THE ESSENCE OF LESVOS

MANAGING WATER RESOURCES IN LESVOS, GREECE

K. ALLEN, D. BILIC, N. CAPELAN, A. CHANDRA, M. PETRASOVA, K. SULTANALIEV, N. WISESA

MESPOM

ΠΑΝΕΠΙΣΤΗΜΙΟ ΑΙΓΑΙΟΥ (University of the Aegean)

THE ESSENCE OF LESVOS

MANAGING WATER RESOURCES IN LESVOS, GREECE

K. Allen, D. Bilic, N. Capelan, A. Chandra, M. Petrasova, K. Sultanaliev, N. Wisesa

15 June 2009 Mytilene, Lesvos Greece The Essence of Lesvos — Managing Water Resources in Lesvos, Greece

Table of Contents

Abstract 4 5.2 Component 1: Demonstrations and mainstreaming of IWRM approaches into 1. Introduction 4 existing cross sectoral approaches to 2. Methodological Framework 5 water management 23

2.1 Problem identification and data collection 5 5.2.1 Watershed management 23

2.2 Evaluation of the meteorological 5.2.2 Wastewater and sanitation parameters and development of management 24 water budget 5 5.2.3 Water resources assessment and 2.3 Water balance model architecture 5 protection 25

3. Situation analysis 7 5.2.4 Water use efficiency and water safety 25 3.1 Context and regional significance 7 5.3 Component 2: Legislative and institutional 3.2 Island level water budget 10 reform for IWRM for implementation of EU 3.3 Threats, root causes and barriers analysis 10 water policy and other national water management strategies 26 3.3.1 Threats analysis 12 5.4 Component 3: Local capacity building and 3.3.2 Root causes 12 sustainability programs for IWRM, including opportunities for community 3.3.3 Barrier analysis 13 knowledge exchange and public 3.4Stakeholder analysis 13 participation 27

3.4.1 Current stakeholder perceptions 5.4.1 Public participation in water 14 resource management 28

3.5 Policy analysis 14 5.4.2 Applying lessons learnt from Pinios River Basin 29 3.6 National and regional water management programs 15 5.5 Component 4: Monitoring, evaluation and adaptive management 30 3.7 Baseline management practices 15 6. Expected results, indicators and risks/ 3.7.1 Water supply and use structure 15 assumptions—Logical Framework Analysis 3.7.2 Discharge of wastewater 17 (LFA) 31

3.7.3 Quality of water 17 7. Conclusion 33

3.7.4 Water prices 17 Reference list 34

4. Future scenario 18 Annexes 37

4.1 Climate change challenges for water

resource management 18

4.2 Water demand increase and in-efficiency 18

4.3 EU Water Directive and impacts of its implementation 19

4.3.1 EU Water Policy 19

4.3.2 Impacts of the implementation of the WFD 20

5. Management and strategy 21

5.1 Role of IWRM, WUE, and ecosystem- based management 21

3

The Essence of Lesvos — Managing Water Resources in Lesvos, Greece

ABSTRACT

Water is a precious resource and therefore needs to be respected. Integrated Water Resource Management, water use efficiency and ecosystem management are all approaches used to preserve and sustain water supply for future generations. These approaches are im- portant because improper management of water can lead to severe social and environmental concerns. An Integrated Water Management Plan highlighting water use efficiency and ecosystem management has been developed for Lesvos Island, located in the North Aegean Region of Greece. Lesvos Island currently implements very few environmental policies and lacks proper water resource management. The main objective of the study is to analyse current water resource issues on the island, create future scenarios of water demand and develop proper management strategies for the use of water resources on the island. The objective has been completed through first defining the methodological framework used, along with a detailed analysis of the baseline water resource conditions in Lesvos. The baseline analysis includes such components as an estimated water budget and model, a description of stakeholders, and current management practices on the island. Using baseline information future scenarios and alternative models have been developed, guiding the establishment of a three -component management plan.

paper is to analyse the problems, future scenarios and management and use of the water resources in Lesvos. 1. Introduction It presents applied concepts of Integrated Water Re- sources Management (IWRM), Water Use Efficiency (WUE) and ecosystem-based management approach Greece is famous for its natural beauty, ancient my- to propose measures and actions for the management thology, elegant islands and delightful people. This of water resources in Lesvos. The report is divided vibrant atmosphere lures thousands of tourists to into four sections. Section 1 provides a brief account Greece and it’s many islands throughout year. The of methodology and tools used to analysis water re- summer months (June-August) are not only charac- sources and management of Lesvos. The general terised by peak tourist activities, but are also a period baseline situation is then presented in section 2 of the when Greece suffers from severe water imbalance, report providing an account of the major threats, root “increased demands for irrigation and potable water causes and barriers, stakeholder perceptions and cur- use due to tourism” (Tsagarakis et al. 2003). rent management practices. Section 3 of the report builds up on this, and details future scenarios of water Lesvos Island, situated in the North Aegean Sea, is resource availability and management. one of Greece’s vibrant islands that is with water management concerns. Water resources in Lesvos can The last section of the report proposes a management be characterised by the “quantity of water that is strategy that combines demonstration and main- available or can be used in a sufficient way, the ap- streaming, legislative and institutional reform, local propriate quality and the duration for the satisfaction” capacity building and sustainability and monitoring, of present and future demands (Sofios et al., 2008). evaluation and adaptive management for IWRM and Today with increasing demand for water, Lesvos WUE. The report concludes by recommending that suffers from water and environmental management large investments in political will, integrated policy problems. The common water resource management implementation and citizen participation are required and water use efficiency issues in Lesvos includes an for rational management of water resources in Les- increasing demand for water (potable, irrigation and vos. industrial), inadequate and inefficient capture, storage and distribution of water resources, pollution and associated reduction in water quality, climatic threats to water supplies, an overall lack of integrated ap- proach, administrative deficiencies and inefficient citizen participation in decision making processes.

Hence water management in Lesvos presents prob- lems, both in the short and long-term, although it has enough water resources. The objective of the present

4

The Essence of Lesvos — Managing Water Resources in Lesvos, Greece

2. Methodological Framework The runoff estimation was performed based on the evapotranspiration method. The equation used for the supply (input) of the water balance is delineated in the following modified equation (Karavitis and Kerkides 2.1. Problem identification and data collection 2002): In assessing the existing water resources management, P = R + I + AEVT (1) the water policy framework and proposing recom- mendations, this paper takes an analytic approach. Where “P is the total precipitation; R is the surface This approach involved explaining the context of runoff; I is the infiltration (including deep percola- water resources management and uses within the tion); AEVT is the actual evapotranspira- social, environmental and economic considerations of tion” (Karavitis and Kerkides 2002). Evapotranspor- Lesvos in the analysis. Numerous policies that govern tation (Annex 2) is taken as a standard value of 62% water resource sectors in Lesvos and Greece were of the total precipitation, while the remainder (38%) is reviewed to provide entry points for policy main- calculated as run-off and infiltration based on pre- streaming and collaboration. defined values sourced from Ministry of Develop- ment. Stakeholder views formed a vital part of the report to understand different sectoral perceptions of water The estimate of run-off from infiltration (rI) is given management in Lesvos. A semi-structured question- by: naire (Annex 1) was designed and executed over four P x f (2) field trips. In total, four stakeholders from three dif- 3 ferent sectors (industry, wastewater management and Where P is the total average precipitation (m /yr) and energy) were interviewed between 28th May and 1st f is the average annual run-off coefficient for Lesvos June, 2009 alongside in-class fieldtrips. Additionally, (Karavitis and Kerkides 2002) information from printed and online sources was The estimate of infiltration from precipitation (Ip) () is consulted to provide background on the status of wa- given by: ter use, demand and degradation, as well the legisla- p tive framework for water management in Lesvos. A RI - r (3) large proportion of material consulted was from pub- Where RI is the run-off & infiltration (m3/yr) and rp is lished sources, with online technical reports providing the estimated run-off from precipitation. The avail- more current news from the field. A large portion of able infiltration (I) is given by: the work builds on concepts of IWRM, WUE and p Ecosystem-based management building on to the Ix 40% (4) work of international agencies such as Global Water Where Ip is the estimate of infiltration from precipi- Partnership, United Nations Development Pro- tation (m3/yr) and 40% is a constant value for water gramme (UNDP) and United Nations Environment infiltration into water aquifers (Gaganis per com. Programme (UNEP). 2009). The remaining 60% of water is estimated to be unusable due to pollution and mixing with saltwater (Gaganis per com. 2009). 2.2. Evaluation of the meteorological parame- ters and development of water budget Water Use: Water use for different sectors such as domestic/household, agriculture, animal framing and Water Supply: The necessary meteorological data husbandry, tourism, milk, slaughterhouse were cal- included precipitation data was from 1956-2007 and culated, and details of which are provided for in table the average values were used. The values used were 1. Values for water use by ouzo, food industry and average yearly ones. The precipitation data for the construction sectors were sourced from Spiros various areas were taken from station across Mytilini. (2009). The average annual precipitation was calculated for the entire island by multiplying with the island sur- face area. 2.3. Water balance model architecture

5

The Essence of Lesvos — Managing Water Resources in Lesvos, Greece

Data source

Annex 3 Annex Annex 6 Annex 3 /yr Annex 6 Annex /yr olive trees Annex 6 Annex yr Annex 4 Annex yr 3 3 3 /yr Annex 5 Annex /yr 3

/tn= 53,000 m /tn = 21511.34 m ources (1991); National Statistical Service of Greece ources (1991); National Statistical (2001) 3 3 /tn = 73997.5 m 3 Calculations

3 3983581tn x 5.4 m x 5.4 3983581tn 29599 tn x 2.5 m x 2.5 tn 29599 4270 ha x 5746.75 = 24, 53834 m 53,000 tn/yr x 1 m x tn/yr 53,000 250 L/day per capita x 4400 x 4400 per capita L/day 250 3 Annex 250L/day/percapita x 90,000 = 90,000 x 250L/day/percapita 8212500/m 358, 450 x 3.45 = 1235633 m

Data Source: Ministry of Development-Department Natural Res

Methodology /ha*yr)] /ha*yr)] 3 / yr)) / yr)) 3

(# of (# animal population**x approximated [area occupied by agriculture and land use (ha)* use land and by agriculture occupied [area ∑ per equivalent animal farm of value use water capita (m Estimate of meat production x water use in in use water x production of meat Estimate slaughterhouse total produced processinguse in milk milk x water units

Average annual oliveproduction use x total water in olive Domestic consumption of water x equivalent 2006 2006 x equivalent water of consumption Domestic tourists of population seasonal ∑ per equivalent crop use of water x approximated unit area (m for different sectoral water use different sectoral for

Sector Agriculture - Animal farming - Animal Agriculture and husbandry Industry- slaughterhouse Industry- milk milk Industry- Industry- olive olive Industry- Tourism Tourism Domestic/ householdDomestic/ use consumption Domestic Totalx population Agriculture - Irrigatin **Includes cattle, goats, sheep and pig and goats, sheep **Includes cattle, *Includes land use for arable land, vegetables, vines, arboriculture, potatoes, maize, clover, graze lands, olive trees and new and trees olive lands, graze clover, maize, potatoes, arboriculture, vines, vegetables, land, arable for use land *Includes Table 1: Detailed calculations 6

The Essence of Lesvos — Managing Water Resources in Lesvos, Greece

resource distribution, moderate to heavy tourism and The water balance model was constructed based on socio-economic decline (Karavitis and Kerkides the water budget using STELLA 7.0 modeling pro- 2002). Mascle and Martin (1990) have suggested that gram. The goal of the model is to perform a precipi- geologically the Aegean Archipelago can be divided tation/runoff and water supply and use budget for the into three main regions. The Southern Aegean region, Lesvos watershed system on a yearly basis. It is able which extends south to the island of Crete, the Central to generate different future scenarios taking into ac- Aegean region approximately located under the Cy- count several different input parameters, including: clades and the Northern Aegean region located below • Changes in future precipitation trend the northeastern coastline of Greece (Mascle and Martin 1990). Each of these regions is divided into • Capacity of the island’s aquifer Prefectures, which govern groups of islands. The • Rate of evapotranspiration Northern Aegean region is comprised of three Pre- fectures—Chios, Samos, and Lesvos (Paraskevas et • Area covered by agricultural land and its al. 2001). The Lesvos Prefecture consists of three estimated water use islands—Lesvos, Lemnos, and Agios Eustratios. • Changes in population trends and tourism The largest of these three islands and the third largest and their estimated water use island in Greece is Lesvos (Paraskevas et al. 2001). 2 • Potential effects from changes in domestic Lesvos is approximately 1632 km with a permanent water pricing population of approximately 90,600 inhabitants (Kizos and Koulouri 2005; National Statistical Ser- • Production rate and water use in olive and vice of Greece 2006). Lesvos is comprised of thirteen milk industries municipalities (Figure 3). Mytilene on the eastern • Potential reuse of industrial waste water coast is the capital and most populated municipality with approximately 36,000 permanent residents • And the population and water use of farm (National Statistical Service of Greece 2006) (Figure animals 3). The main economic sectors include agriculture, The user interface of this model is illustrated in Fig- small to medium enterprise industries and tourism. Of ure 1. The actual model design is illustrated in Figure these sectors, agriculture constitutes as much as 70% 2 which is a systematic representation of the Lesvos of the total water demand. Historically, the island has water supply, use and discharge. The calculations been home to an extensive network of olive groves. within the model design are derived from table 1. The many olive trees that dot the hills and define the landscape of the island are signs of the ancient cul- tural traditions revolving around olive growth and 3. Situation Analysis olive oil production. Even today, olive farming is a major source of income for the inhabitants of Lesvos, as well as other types of agricultural activities such as farming, animal husbandry, aquaculture and fishing 3.1. Context and Regional Significance (Halvadakis 2009). The major industrial practices on The Aegean Sea, an extension of the Mediterranean the island include olive oil production, slaughter- Sea, is located between Turkey and Greece. It is home houses, distilleries, and dairy product manufacturing to an extensive network of islands belonging to (Halvadakis 2009). Tourism does not play a major Greece, which form the Aegean Archipelago. Ac- role on the island of Lesvos as it does on other islands cording to Karavitis and Kerkides (2002) approxi- in the Central and Southern Aegean regions. Accord- mately 3,000 islands comprise the “closed” Aegean ing to National Statistical Service of Greece (2006) Archipelago system. Each of the 3,000 islands is data, the average number of tourists per year is ap- diverse and unique in geological conditions, flora and proximately 4,400 people, however initiatives are in fauna and cultural traditions, however these islands place to increase the tourism industry on Lesvos. share several common traits, which include a semi- Lesvos Island is a diverse island, with different land arid Mediterranean climate along with uneven water 7

The Essence of Lesvos — Managing Water Resources in Lesvos, Greece

Figure 1. User interface of the water balance model 8

The Essence of Lesvos — Managing Water Resources in Lesvos, Greece

2. STELLA Systematic diagram of the water balance model balance water the of diagram Systematic STELLA 2. Figure 9

The Essence of Lesvos — Managing Water Resources in Lesvos, Greece

use practices, different bedrock and thus, has differ- wells are clustered around more populated areas. ent watershed systems. The north western and central However farmers do use private wells to irrigate parts of the island have predominantly volcanic bed- crops in the more rural areas of the island. According rock. The western part of the island is practically to Paraskevas et al. (2001) there are two main without forest, with highly degraded vegetation char- springs located on the eastern side of the island that acterised by low scrubland and grass communities. feed the public water supply—Larsos in Thermi and This landscape is a result of a long tradition of over- Ydata in Ippios. In Mytilene, five springs and one grazing and fires. Most of the fires are prescribed, as drill are used to fulfil the water supply mostly com- a common practice to enhance vegetation regenera- ing from the Ydata spring (Paraskevas et al. 2001). tion and return of nutrients to the soil. The result is land with very little biomass and low biodiversity. The central part of the island has wetlands, some of 3.2. Island level water budget them saltwater ponds, with a great variety of wildlife, predominantly birds. Most of the hills on the island As the water budget illustrates (Table 2), out of the average annual rainfall of approximately have steep slopes, with various vegetation covers. 3 The central part of the island also has a large com- 1,100,000,000m of water that falls on the island of plex of pine forest. As mentioned previously, vol- Lesvos, only a fraction of it is available for use to the canic and sedimentary deposits dominate the geology inhabitants of the island. 62% of the water that falls of Lesvos Island, which allows for a large quantity of quickly evapotranspirates back into the atmosphere, water storage within the strata (Margari 2004). This while 25% of the rainfall goes into streams as runoff system of aquifers is the major source of water for and finally into the sea, while the remaining 13% the island of Lesvos and has an approximate capacity infiltrates into the ground and recharges the island’s of 100,000,000 m3. The aquifer is recharged by rain- aquifer (Figure4). However, only 5.2% of the ground water. The amount of rain varies year to year and is water is usable for human use and 6.8% of water is not evenly distributed across the island (Paraskevas estimated to be unusable due to pollution and mixing et al. 2001). According to Paraskevas et al. the aver- with saltwater (Gaganis pers comm. 2009). age annual rainfall for Lesvos is approximately 682 On the island, there are three reservoirs located in the mm, with the most rainfall in the southern and east- central and western parts of the island, with capacities ern parts of the island, and the amount of rainfall ranging from 540,000 m3 to 2,700,000 m3 which are each year has an effect on the amount of usable wa- used mainly for irrigation (Gaganis pers comm. 2009; ter. Water used for agricultural, domestic and indus- Paraskevas et al. 2001). Therefore, the combined trial purposes is withdrawn from springs, wells and usable water for human purposes both from ground drilling boreholes across the island. The majority of water wells and surface reservoirs is approximately 60,000,000m3 annually. Current data shows that there are four main water using sectors on the island, namely the agricultural, household/domestic, tourism, and industrial sectors. Out of these four, agriculture and household/ domestic sectors are the main water consumers which make up the bulk of the island’s water de- mand, adding up to approximately 34,000,000m3 annually. When combined with the other remaining sectors, the water demand reaches close to the level of 34,700,00m3 per year. From the difference be- tween these two values, it can be seen that the cur- rent water demand/use on the island of Lesvos is still Figure 3. Map of Lesvos Island municipalities and urban areas well under the amount of water input available for highlighting Mytilene (University of Aegean: Waste usage. Management Laboratory). 10

The Essence of Lesvos — Managing Water Resources in Lesvos, Greece

8226835.00 8212500.00 14335.00 25773973.00 1235633.00 24538340.00 401500.00 265596.80 53000.00 73997.50 21511.30 12578.00 63175.00 41335.00 34667904.80 /yr) /yr) 3 (m Use/Output Use/Output

Hotels

Agriculture Domestic/Household Tourism- Industry Milk Processing Slaughterhouse Ouzo Food Industry Construction TOTAL Use Olive Evapotranspiration Runoff Unusable Infiltration Usable Infiltration

Domestic/Household Washing

Animal Farming Animal

Irrigation Irrigation ion ion

Input

5.2 rat

/yr) /yr) filt

3 n I

e e

(m l 659,719,680.00 404,344,320.00 ab 266,016,000.00 1,064,064,000.00 55,331,328.00 138,328,320.00

Us 7.8

f

25

Supply/Input Supply/Input Unusable Infiltration Infiltration Unusable unof

R on

62 nspirati

Water supply breakdown for Lesvos Island 0 ra

70 60 50 40 30 20 10

pot

a

Ev % of total precipitation total of % Water budgetWater for LesvosIsland Figure 4: Water supply/inputbreakdown Lesvos for Island Evapotranspiration Evapotranspiration Runoff & Infiltration Estimate of Runoff from precipitation precipitation from of Runoff Estimate Total Precipitation Available infiltration (40%) Estimate ofEstimate Infiltration precipitation from

Table 2: 11

The Essence of Lesvos — Managing Water Resources in Lesvos, Greece

3.3. Threats, root causes and barriers analysis wrong estimations and subsequent water deficiency. Mistakes in estimating the water supply and demand Similar to other island systems, Lesvos has limited of Lesvos, which possesses limited water resource to water resources and therefore very sensitive to fluc- begin with, might result in acute and severe water tuations in precipitation, infiltration and water use shortages. patterns, as any significant changes in these compo- nents might alter dramatically the island's fragile One of the threats from human activities is construc- water resource balance. According to Greek Law tion in sensitive areas, which increases runoff, 1739/87, surface and groundwater, water of natural evapotranspiration and decreases infiltration. In ad- springs, thermometalic waters and treated waste dition, it might be claimed that changes in land-use water flows that are possible to be reused/recycled pattern may have potentially detrimental effects on are all considered as water resources. This section water balance. Thus, Karavitis and Kerkides (2002) highlights the most salient threats, root causes and note that continuing deforestation on the island in- barriers related to water resources management in creases the water runoff and thereby decreases the Lesvos Island. infiltration rate. On the demand side of water balance, inefficiency of the current water distribution system 3.3.1. Threats analysis in agriculture and domestic sectors constitutes a ma- According to the Ministry of Environment, Lesvos is jor challenge. According to Tsagarakis et al. (2003) considered as an island with minor and sporadic the losses in agricultural irrigation systems are esti- water shortages (Gaganis 2009). In this relation, the mated in the range of up to 45% and leakages in water supply and demand fluctuations in the long and water supply system are accountable for 15-35% of short run plays a crucial role, as the ratio between water loss from the system. these two parameters determines the water suffi- The quality of naturally occuring groundwater in ciency/availability on Lesvos. Lesvos in relation to various parameters is generally In island systems precipitation is the only source of good (Paraskevas et al. 2001). However, in many water supply. Lately, the amount of precipitation in villages of the island, the microbiological quality of Greece demonstrates a downward trend (Sofios et al. the water is not satisfactory and needs proper testing 2008). Latest IPCC Report on Climate Change and prior to consumption (UNESCO 2006). Nutrients Water (IPCC 2008) the precipitation scenario for and other dissolved elements are generally within the Mediterranean region is quite unfavourable (see sec- standards of EU legislation. Also, it is important to tion 4.1). It is expected that by the middle of 21st notice that arsenic naturally occurs in small concen- century the precipitation in the region will signifi- trations in groundwater, also within the standards. cantly decrease up to 35-40%. Thus, climate change However, if for any reasons the level of groundwater should be considered as a major threat as it could drops down, it might lead to longer retention of water lead to very inauspicious consequences for the island in substrate that naturally contains arsenic, which including draughts, severe water shortages, eco- will increase the solubility of arsenic and increase the nomic losses, social pressure, decline in hydropower contamination. production, etc. A threat common for all islands is seawater intru- Another potential threat to sustainability of water sion, which also poses a threat on Lesvos. The en- resources in Lesvos is the mismanagement in the croachment of salty sea water into freshwater aqui- water sector. Tsagarakis et al (2003) notes that the fers was registered in three villages of the island – issue of management and regulation in water sector Molyvos, Kalloni and Eresos (Paraskevas et al. is the major problem in the country. Furthermore, he 2001). In the future, by taking into account the in- claims that inefficient water management is one of crease in water demand and in need of water abstrac- the most important factors of water deficiency. tion, this problem might pose a real danger for other Sofios et al. (2008) also pointed out that insufficient coastal villages and towns of Lesvos. or incorrect information regarding the supply and 3.3.2 Root causes demand for water as a serious problem. The inaccu- Weak capacity and poor enforcement: Root causes rate information on water balance might lead to the

12

The Essence of Lesvos — Managing Water Resources in Lesvos, Greece

of weak capacity and regulation in the water sector agement measures is lacking in Lesvos. lies in weak human and institutional capacities of Public attitude and behaviour: Water management local authorities in Lesvos responsible for water remains one of the latest bastions of non-privatised management, complexity of the water management public service sectors. The general perception of hierarchy (too many organization and institutions are public in Lesvos is that the government or the mu- involved) and lack of efficient enforcement mecha- nicipal council should take responsibility for its man- nisms in water sector (Gaganis pers comm. 2009). agement (see next section). Such a perception shifts The Prefecture of Lesvos Island is understaffed (only user responsibility to another, and prevents private one officer is working in the water sector) (Gaganis action towards water resources management. pers. comm. 2009) and therefore physically not fea- sible to undertake the activities and measures for proper water management efficiently. Current legis- lation complies with the existing EU standards, but 3.4 Stakeholder analysis there is no appropriate enforcement mechanism to The EU Water Framework Directive (WFD) is quite ensure the proper implementation of the policies. strong on public participation and citizen involvement The human capacity of the relevant local authorities which is seen as essential condition for its successful is vey weak; even the prefecture of Lesvos is heavily implementation. The main stakeholders, their roles, understaffed while in many other municipalities responsibilities and interests in water management of there are no water specialists at all. Lesvos are diverse at different levels (Annex 7). At 3.3.3. Barrier analysis national level the main administrative bodies respon- sible for water resource management and protection One of the major barriers of sustainable water re- are Central Water Agency, National Water Commit- sources management is a knowledge and information tee and National Water Council recently established barrier. Currently it is very difficult to objectively in accordance with WFD (Figure 5). evaluate the current rate of groundwater use on a sectoral or aquifer level, though there are some strong At the level of Aegean Islands region the main water efforts in this direction. But such research is very management and policy functions are deposited with costly to conduct and therefore not always feasible the Regional Water Directorate, which in addition to (UNESCO 2009). For Lesvos such information is its main duties should also encourage public partici- especially important due to its island nature – as it pation in partnership with the Regional Water Council lacks significant surface waters and it solely depends and the general secretary of the region (Tsakiris et al. on groundwater. 2003). Insufficient education, training and capacity in the All functional responsibilities of water management broad field of integrated water resources management in Lesvos are under the Prefecture of Lesvos, and water use efficiency (at various levels including whereas duties for pricing of water supply, distribu- government, private sector and community) is lacking. tion and discharge lie with the Municipalities and Only 12% of the Lesvos population have education at Municipal companies (Tsagarakis et al. 2003). A the university level. As a consequence, there are many very important group of stakeholders are the con- cases when for important positions in the local vil- sumers who are dependent on supply of clean and lage/town administrations are elected people with easily available water resources. Economic catego- only elementary education level. This fact negatively ries of water users include farmers, industries such as affects the quality of the decision-making process in food and beverage production, hotels, citizens. At the all levels and sectors (Gaganis pers comm. 2009). 1 Financial barrier: The modernization and improve- Before the implementation of WFD the Ministry of Inte- ment of the existing water distribution and wastewater rior, Public administration and Decentralization was re- sponsible for water supply for domestic use. However, systems requires significant amounts of money. Cur- currently according to the Municipal Code it is responsi- rently the financial incentive to engage farmers, bility of municipalities which are supervised by this Min- households and industries in WUE and other man- istry (Tsakiris et al. 2003).

13

The Essence of Lesvos — Managing Water Resources in Lesvos, Greece

local level, different NGOs, media, various educa- agement of water resources. In particular larger well tional and scientific institutions, consultants and established companies such as the power station and other specialists are identified as stakeholders who EPOM/Distilleries Union of Mytilene feel the need have a potential role in management, protection and for corporate responsibility towards water manage- decision making process of water resources but cur- ment. rently have very limited power. The different sectors strongly perceive that there is 3.4.1 Current stakeholder perceptions weak assistance and leadership from municipal coun- While industry and public interest continues to grow cils, and government departments lack the resources in Lesvos on water and other environment related to dedicate members to facilitate implementation of issues, the ability of the government and municipal ‘practical water policies’. Currently there is little to council to coordinate their work and implement sound no interaction between different sectors of Lesvos on water policies reduces. Baseline stakeholder ques- water and environmental issues. Overall, the lack of tionnaire analysis (Annex 8) shows that there is some leadership is perhaps the most influential factor in consciousness on the need to manage freshwater re- the limited impact of water management activities. sources especially in light of EU water directive and The main support required by industries (olive and other environmental standards (e.g. ISO). ouzo) and sewage treatment plant is in the scientific application and demonstration of appropriate tech- nologies to treat wastewater and wastes (sludge). Other forms of assistance required by the sectors from the municipal council/government include the need for stakeholder platforms (like seminars) to en- courage sectoral participation, reduce bureaucratic demands and policies, provide more information on legislations and EU legislation requirements and re- quired changes. Overall the stakeholders expressed the need for dedicated support from certified, spe- cialized bodies or organizations which can play advi- sory role on water issues. The later capacity within government is however currently lacking (Gaganis pers comm. 2009). Figure 5. Administrative structure for water management in Greece at national and regional levels (Source: Lazarou 2007) 3.5 Policy analysis

Current practices amongst the industries (olive and The context of policy making and implementation in ouzo), energy and wastewater management has seen Lesvos can be analysed both at the national and local some application of technology to control water use level in Greece. During the last several decades, and treat wastewater. Except for the Ouzo industry Greece has made important efforts in order to be in- (connected to the sewage treatment plant), there is cluded among the set of the developed countries, some form of discharge of water and wastewater into making also considerable improvements in matter of the environment. There is a general concern about water policy (Sofios et al. 2008). The current Greek disposal of wastewater (from olive mills and sewage legislation regarding water resources includes: the treatment) and organic wastes (sludge and fibre) by Law 1650/86, “For the protection of environment”, the different sectors. the Law 1739/87, “Management of water resources and other provisions”, the Law 3199/03, “Protection Generally there is a lack of available technology and and Water Management. Reconciliation according to know-how to treat wastewater that is perceived to Directive 2000/60/EU of European Parliament and of contaminate streams, creeks and coastal waters. The the Council on October 23rd 2000”, the Presidential majority of the stakeholders feel the need for govern- Decree 256/87, “Permission of water use”, the Presi- ment and municipal council leadership in the man- dential Decree 60/1998, “Determination of Spatial 14

The Essence of Lesvos — Managing Water Resources in Lesvos, Greece

Appositeness of the Districts of Water Resources cils co-ordinate the water policy activities and imple- Management of Greece” and a Common Ministerial ment the ‘Programmes of Measures and Action Plans’ Decision F16/6631/1-6-89 for the “Determination of developed for each RBD for achieving the environ- minimum and maximum limits of necessary quantities mental objectives of the Water Framework Directive. for the efficient use of water in irrigation”. Concerning the current policy situation, despite the The Law 1739/87 for the “Management of water re- clarity and well-establishes legal framework, its im- sources and other provisions” establishes that differ- plementation and regulation are still being developed ent practices of water management have to be applied in Lesvos and wider Greece. Systems for abstraction, in the Greek territory, considering the diverse geo- licensing and discharge control, as well as general morphologic characteristics of each area. For that procurement rules and water quality criteria adopted reason, Greece is divided into 14 water regions, which by the EU, are available and ready to be used. are under the Ministry of Development and defined (Tsagarakis et al. 2003). However, there is a lack of a according to the Law 1739/87. The 14 water regions single and overarching system for price and service delimit areas with similar hydrologic conditions, in- regulation (Tsagarakis et al. 2003). cluding complete hydrographical networks, and are demarcated by watershed or island regions (Sofios et al. 2008). In particular, our region of study, Lesvos 3.6 National and regional water management th Island, is included in the 14 water district ‘Aegean programs Islands’, which includes the Greek Prefectures of Lesvos, Chios, Samos, Cyclades and Dodecanese The main national program in the area of sustainable (Gikas and Tchobanoglous 2009). water management and protection of water ecosys- tems is the National Strategy for Water Resources Several authors (Tsagarakis et al. 2003, Sofios et al. (NSWR) issued in 2002. The NSWR contains actions 2008) point out that the main obstacle to the imple- which are in accordance with the requirements of the mentation of the Law 1739/87 in Lesvos lies on the WFD. One of them is a development of Management complexity of the national institutional framework; Plans on river basin level. The Strategy also includes water regions do not always correspond to the geo- measures on upgrading and expansion of infrastruc- graphic division of the country. The Law 1739/87 ture, continuation of construction of wastewater does not consider the already established administra- treatment plants, development of a new monitoring tive structures but rather promotes the creation of an network, and enforcement of public participation in “Authority of Management” (Regional Service of water management efforts as well as changing of Water Resources) (Sofios et al. 2008). The Ministry pricing policies (UN 2004). of Environment, Planning and Public Works handles the management of water resources throughout Currently, the implementation of the Strategy as well ‘environmental quality control units’ under the local as EU WFD is very slow in Lesvos. The water man- prefecture offices in Lesvos. Moreover, the Ministry agement plan with programme of measures for Ae- of the Interior is the main body responsible for drink- gean islands has not been developed yet (in accor- ing water quality and amongst its responsibilities dance with WFD the draft should be presented in includes the issue of local permits for drinking waters 2008, and finalized up to 2009) (EU Water Directive supply works and uses (Tsagarakis et al. 2003). 2000). The 2000 European Water Framework Directive has been transposed into national legislation in 2003 3.7 Baseline management practices through the Law 3199/03 for the “Protection and Water Management Reconciliation according to Di- 3.7.1 Water supply and use structure rective 2000/60/EU of the European Parliament and rd According to the calculated water budget (see Table of the Council on October 23 2000”. This law es- 2), the total water consumption in Lesvos Island is tablishes the creation of Regional Water Directories estimated to be around 34.7 x106 m3/year. Generally, (RWD) and Councils for each of the 14 River Basin in Greece water consumption is increasing by more District (RBD)/Water Region. The RWDs and Coun- 15

The Essence of Lesvos — Managing Water Resources in Lesvos, Greece

than 3 % per year (Tsagarakis et al. 2003). In Lesvos the current trend is similar, but it happens mainly because of waste of significant amount of water due to irrational water behaviour (although the population is decreasing) (Gaganis 2009). The major user of water is agriculture (74.3%) mainly for irrigational purposes that are around 95 % of all water used by the sector and 71 % of the total water use (Figure 6). Surface of irrigated areas generally in Greece has been enlarging in recent years (UN 2004). The domestic and household sector accounts for around 24 % of the total water use which is more than the overall figure of 11% for Greece (Tsagarakis et al. 2003). Tourism consumes only 1.2 % of the total water and it has a seasonal demand mostly during the summer period, which is the high tourist season (between July and August). The industrial sector of Lesvos Island consists of construction, washing, olive mills, milk processing, slaughterhouse, ouzo and other food producers which consume less than 1%. The biggest share of water use belongs to milk and olive oil production Water for industrial and commercial purposes is derived mainly from the public network. Furthermore, water for irrigation comes mainly from pri- vate wells and boreholes which is scattered across the is- land (Figure 7). It is estimated that there are around 2.5 thousand official (with special permit) drilling boreholes and around the same amount of illegal units. Currently, local authority (office of water resources of the Prefecture) initiated a registration program for illegal wells. However as previously stated, there are serious organisational prob- lems in enforcement and enactment of law largely attrib- uted to the shortage of qualified staff (Gaganis 2009). An- other problem is that many private wells in appropriately constructed. They are usually maintained without appro- priate protection, creating significant risks for groundwater pollution (Gaganis 2009). Water for domestic use is provided by natural springs such as Larsos in Theremi and Ydata in Ippios, public wells and Figure 6. Estimated water consumption by sectors and industries drilling boreholes (Paraskevas et al. 2001). All towns and in Lesvos villages have their own separate water supply and water discharge systems, and are managed by respective munici- pal companies. Many settlements get water by drilling boreholes (Gaganis 2009; Paraskevas et al. 2001). The water supply system in Lesvos is characterized by a very high level of inefficiency, with leakages reaching over 30 %. Currently some replacement works are being carried out, but they are taking place very slowly (Gaganis 2009).

16

The Essence of Lesvos — Managing Water Resources in Lesvos, Greece

3.7.2 Discharge of wastewater public and private wells is monitored from time to time by Institute of Geological and Mineralogical Wastewater (from municipalities, hotels and indus- Researches. However its periodicity depends on funds tries) is discharged into different places. The majority which are always deemed to be insufficient or un- goes into municipal sewage systems, treated via pre- available (Gaganis 2009). Thus, in Lesvos there is no liminary and/or secondary treatment plants and is then established systematical monitoring system for discharged into streams or sea. Some wastewater is chemical components in water. not appropriately treated and is discharged directly into the environment. Currently in Lesvos, only 3 3.7.4 Water prices (Kalloni, Plomari and Mytilene) from 5 existing Water supply prices in Greece can vary greatly and are set wastewater treatment plants are functioning and they by municipalities. Currently it includes operational and only have capacity to serve some parts of the island. economic costs to some extent and excludes costs for The existing sewerage networks are poor while others natural resources and environmental degradation are under construction or expansion in many villages (Safarikas et al. 2006). Investment costs have not been (Paraskevas et al. 2001). included either, and the pricing system is generally aimed to sustain a social acceptable price level that now presents a situation of underpriced water, consequent unsustainable behaviour and significant waste of water. It lacks any in- centive to introduce water saving methods (Zikos and Bithas 2006). Pricing is based on volumetric rates which increase with the level of consumption. Volumetric rates for industry are generally higher than that for domestic needs (Annex 9).

Figure 7. Map of distribution of drinking and irrigation springs and wells within the territory of Lesvos

3.7.3 Quality of water According to the Prefecture of Lesvos (1999), the quality of groundwater by physicochemical parame- ters is satisfactory. Currently all municipal companies treat the water as well as disinfect it by chlorination (Tsagarakis et al. 2003). The quality of potable water is regularly controlled by municipal laboratories, and is only for verification with national water quality standards. A national groundwater monitoring pro- gram focused on nitrates of agricultural origin indi- cates that there are public and private wells with con- tent of nitrates above standard level in Lesvos. They are mainly recorded in eastern and southern coastal parts of the island and can be attributed to the lack of wastewater treatment (Figures 8 and 9). Figure 8 & 9. Map of pollution by nitrates of groundwater in The chemical content of groundwater from other private wells (8) and public wells (9) 17

The Essence of Lesvos — Managing Water Resources in Lesvos, Greece

In the municipality of Mytilene the pricing policy for water Annual runoff is projected to decrease by up to 23% is different. It has a flat pricing for water i.e. one price for by 2020s causing a reduction in ground water re- different sectoral use of water (Annex 9). In comparison, charge of aquifers (IPCC 2008). Lesvos is likely to prices for irrigated water are usually not paid for in Greece. suffer from increased irrigation water demand in fu- Therefore farmers do not pay for the amount of irrigated ture. As a result and it is likely that both due to climate water, but pay a small fee per hectare of cultivated area (UN 2004). The water from reservoir costs little to con- change and increasing water withdrawals, “the area sumers as well – 4 eurocent per m3 (Gaganis 2009). affected by severe water stress will increase” (IPCC 2008) and leading to increasing competition for available water resources. 4. Future Scenario The best and worst case scenarios over the generated water balance computer model in available ground water infiltration due climate change scenarios for 4.1 Climate change challenges for water re- short and long-term precipitation variability is illus- source management trated in Figure 10. The scenarios indicate that cou- pled with changes in aridity, there will be some to Drought and dry periods in the Lesvos and wider substantial impact on “both surface water runoff and Mediterranean region is forecasted to appear more groundwater recharge as will changes in the timing st frequently, and may increase by the late 21 Century and intensity of rainfall” (IPCC 2008). It should be (Polemio and Casarano 2004).The IPCC technical noted that there is localized variability of existing Paper on Climate Change and Water states that the climate within Lesvos due to its small, low-lying and semi-arid and arid areas such as the Mediterranean coastal nature, and “climate change simply adds to the Basin are “particularly exposed to the impacts of complexity and scale of the challenge” of managing climate change and are projected to suffer a decrease such a variability” (Sadoff and Muller 2007). Hence if of water resources due to climate change” (IPCC water is not managed wisely both in the rainy and dry 2008). The report further notes that there will be up to years, drought will become “chronic” (turning into 30-45% decrease of precipitation over the Mediterra- permanent water scarcity) and its impacts will in- nean Basin for the period 2080–2099 relative to crease in Lesvos (WWF 2007). This calls for devel- 1980–1999 due to summer anticyclonic circulations oping sustainable land and water use planning. It in the north-eastern Atlantic causing dry summers in should also be noted that these scenarios do not take the Mediterranean (IPCC 2008). However for Medi- into account potential growth in the island population, terranean small islands, projected change in precipi- changes in agricultural area cover, and changes in tation over small is -35.6 to +55.1% by 2010–2039 water use practices in the most demanding sectors. and -52.6 to +38.3 by 2040–2069 (IPCC 2008). Therefore, potential changes in these parameters may Global data on sea level rise indicate that sea level has exacerbate the impact of changes in precipitation on been rising at a rate of 1.8 ±0.1 mm per year. During the availability of freshwater on the island. the last century the sea level along the Mediterranean coasts “have undergone similar changes with the sea level rising at a rate 1-2 mm per year” (Tsiourtis 4.2 Water demand increase and in-efficiency 2002). Whilst for Lesvos and rest of Greece no reli- In addition to the threats and projections, the baseline able set of data is available and no study has been situation also indicates that the future scenario of carried out for estimating the long-term changes in the water-use in Lesvos will anticipate: sea level rising (Tsiourtis 2002), the Mediterranean • Increased water demand from different water- projections are the closest estimates available for sea- sheds as a result of per capita increase in do- level rise in Lesvos. mestic needs, irrigation and urban and indus- It is against this technical background that the chal- trial use lenges of the future water management have to be • Deterioration in the availability and quality of addressed as Lesvos like other Mediterranean regions freshwater resources will experience a range of impacts on water resources. • Loss of water resources through loss of surface

18

The Essence of Lesvos — Managing Water Resources in Lesvos, Greece

and ground storage and recharge areas 4.3 EU Water Directive and impacts of its im- • A general decline in coastal and watershed plementation ecosystem functions along with the loss of as- sociated natural habitats and biodiversity 4.3.1 EU Water Policy • Increased pollution into the watershed and coastal environment The Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parlia- • A general deterioration of human condition ment and of the Council of 23 October 2000 estab- (increased urbanisation, economic in-stability) lishing a framework for Community action in the field of water policy, or commonly named as the Water Framework Directive (WFD) combines the diverse

19

The Essence of Lesvos — Managing Water Resources in Lesvos, Greece

existing EU legislation in water into a coherent whole, status of the environmental objectives or simply “aim which addresses the ecological value of the quality of to” achieve them. Besides, there are 'generous dero- waters (Moss 2003). gations' like “when costs are excesive”, “when waters are significantly modified” or “when the reason for The WFD sets up a common approach for managing damage is a sustainable human activity” which makes surface waters, transitional waters, coastal waters and the evaluation of the compliance or non-compliance groundwater, through common objectives, principles difficult (Kallis and Butler 2001). and basic measures (Briassoulis and Kallis 2004). The preamble 19 of the WFD states that the main aim of 4.3.2 Impacts of the implementation of the WFD the EU water policy is to “maintain and improve the Due to the fact that groundwater resources are the aquatic environment in the Community” (CEC 2000). major source of water for Lesvos Island (Margari More specific objectives are recorded in the article 1: 2004), the positive environmental impacts with the a) the prevention of further deterioration and en- implementation of the WFD will mainly affect this hancement of aquatic ecosystems, b) the sustainable system of aquifers. The potential benefits of the Di- use of water, c) enhanced protection and improve- rective regarding groundwater sources, may be a) the ment of the aquatic environment throughout the pro- prevention of further deterioration of such ecosystems, gressive reduction/cessation of discharges, emissions b) the protection and improvement of water quality and losses of priority hazardous substances, c) the through the reduction of emissions and elimination of prevention and reduction of groundwater pollution, d) hazardous discharges and c) the sustainable use of the provision of sufficient good quality water as water in the aquifers through pricing and informative needed for use and d) the mitigation of droughts and campaigns (EU 2000). floods. Among other positive impacts, the implementation of Briassoulis and Kallis (2004) argue that the main the WFD in Lesvos may bring an improvement in water policy instrument is regulation: a mix of matter of biological data and information, being ab- “command and control” and procedural instruments. solutely necessary for the proper design of the River With regards to “command and control” instruments, Basin Management Plans and Programmes (UNEP the EU water policy sets quality/emissions standards 2004). Also, the holistic and participatory approach of for certain substances and parameters, as well as the WFD will help to promote a long-term view in technological requirements. By contrast, procedural water management and to add value to the local ef- regulation sets processes instead of standards or forts for running an Integrated Water Resources measures, and the competent authorities have to im- Management for Lesvos, developing the required plement them (e.g. the territorial division in River capacities and understanding in both government Basin Districts (RBDs), the appointment of River (local and central) and stakeholders sectors (MFAT Basin Authorities (RBAs) and the design of river 2009). basin plans and programs for achieving Directive's goals). Monitoring programmes, licensing schemes Besides, important steps will occur towards the Jo- for abstraction and discharges, processes for public hannesburg targets and the Millennium Development information, consultation and participation, and re- Goals (MDGs), through the improvement of the rela- porting are other important procedural requirements tionships between national and local water institu- included in the WFD (Briassoulis and Kallis 2004). tions at a basin level, the recognition of the role of the small water supplies and the promotion of transpar- Finally, the issue of the 'deliberate ambiguity' should ency and avoiding corruption. (UNEP 2004, MFAT be addressed in the framework of the Directive. In 2009). 2004, Briassoulis and Kallis pointed out that “the WFD blurs the border between compliance and non- 4.3.2 Impacts of the implementation of the WFD compliance”. Member States are responsible for the implementation of the required measures and proce- Due to the fact that groundwater resources are the dures to achieve the ecological objectives but they are major source of water for Lesvos Island (Margari not culpable in case of failure. Therefore, it is not 2004), the positive environmental impacts with the clear if a Member State should achieve the good implementation of the WFD will mainly affect this 20

The Essence of Lesvos — Managing Water Resources in Lesvos, Greece

system of aquifers. The potential benefits of the Di- 5. Management and Strategy rective regarding groundwater sources, may be a) the prevention of further deterioration of such ecosystems, b) the protection and improvement of water quality 5.1 Role of IWRM, WUE and ecosystem-based through the reduction of emissions and elimination of management approaches – the alternative sce- hazardous discharges and c) the sustainable use of water in the aquifers through pricing and informative nario campaigns (EU 2000). Within the context of the Lesvos island ecosystem, IWRM can be defined as a management approach Among other positive impacts, the implementation of that combines different/multiple sectoral use of the WFD in Lesvos may bring an improvement in freshwater and wastewater, taking into account social, matter of biological data and information, being ab- economic and environmental consideration of water solutely necessary for the proper design of the River use via a participatory approach to water manage- Basin Management Plans and Programmes (UNEP ment. This approach extends participation to different 2004). Also, the holistic and participatory approach of user groups (farmers, communities, NGOs, politi- the WFD will help to promote a long-term view in cians) from a cultural standpoint to change behviour water management and to add value to the local ef- towards water resources management and extends forts for running an Integrated Water Resources policy making to all related sectors (UNDP 2008b) Management for Lesvos, developing the required (Figure 11). For the Lesvos case, the IWRM approach capacities and understanding in both government is a rational case in order to build stakeholder aware- (local and central) and stakeholders sectors (MFAT ness and develop political will for water management 2009). through multi-sector dialogue processes. Additionally such a multi-sectoral approach is promising to im- Besides, important steps will occur towards the Jo- prove water efficiency, productivity, “ground water hannesburg targets and the Millennium Development conjunctively and managing water supplies for mul- Goals (MDGs), through the improvement of the rela- tiple uses” as per the EU Water Directive (GWP tionships between national and local water institu- 2006). tions at a basin level, the recognition of the role of the Given that much of the groundwater reserves form small water supplies and the promotion of transpar- inputs to agriculture (24 538340 m3 /yr) and domestic/ ency and avoiding corruption. (UNEP 2004, MFAT household (8,212500 m3 /yr) sectors as well as to 2009). biological landscapes of Lesvos, there is a need to

embrace the ‘water-use efficiency’ concept. Achiev- Moreover, the implementation of the EU water direc- ing this in the island ecosystem means that measures tive will have important implications for agricultural such as water re-use and recycling, changing con- and rural development in Greece, and in particular in sumer/user behaviors and upgrading water infra- Lesvos Island. Because of the 'polluter pays' and the structure functions efficiently are applied (GWP 'user pays' principle of the WFD, farmers will have to 2006). As 70% of the surface and ground water sup- obtain permits for using water and agrochemicals that plies are used by the agriculture sector, WUE meas- pollute water sources, which will increase the cost of ures will be largely successful in this sector, whilst water (Briassoulis and Kallis 2004). This fact, to- improving crop productivity and decreasing annual gether with the reduction of the agricultural subsidies crop water demand. and the introduction of cost recovery in the water bill, it will likely increase the production costs of crops The IWRM can benefit ecosystems and their associ- (Briassoulis and Kallis 2004). This is an entry point ated benefits by “applying an integrated approach to for conflict situation, which can negatively affect the water management by giving environmental needs a WFD implementation. Therefore future management voice in the water allocation debate” so as to maintain strategies should incorporate this into water manage- vitality of ecosystem services (UNDP 2005). At pre- ment plans. sent these needs are weakly represented across dif- ferent levels. Thus the ecosystem based management

21

The Essence of Lesvos — Managing Water Resources in Lesvos, Greece

approach within the context of Lesvos can be defined across all sectors (including public, private, academia as meeting local requirements of clean water by im- and community). proving the biological landscapes (the Natura wetland sites), the vital organisms (birds, invertebrates, • Capacity building and training in IWRM and aquatic plants and fishes) and the water determinants WUE (cross-sectorally and through a multi- (water quality, silt load, precipitation and evapotran- stakeholder approach) spiration) (UNDP 2005). • Development of IWRM and WUE plans on a In order to address the concerns that have been iden- municipal basis that are applicable to specific local tified in the background situation of Lesvos, it will be (and national) needs, and linked to EU Water Frame- ultimately necessary to focus in the future on inte- work Directive and National Strategy on Water Re- grated water resource management and water use sources efficiency as follows: • Identification and testing of appropriate tech- • An assessment of existing water resources, in- nologies and methodologies for IWRM and WUE cluding an understanding of hydrology, hydrogeology (including wastewater management) using model and recharge characteristics demonstrations at both the local/municipal (catchment and community) level • Improvement of island information capture and database capacities, and ability to deliver this infor- The design and implementation of reform mecha- mation to the policy-makers nisms for national policies, legislation and institu- tional arrangements relating to IWRM/WUE • An enhanced system of information sharing and In order to achieve the above objectives and actions, networking between Lesvos and other North Aegean the following water management components are Islands at the community, national and regional levels. proposed in the management strategy, which has multiple interactions amongst them: • Increased efforts at sensitisation and awareness

Figure 11. IWRM and its linkage to the subsectors in Lesvos

22

The Essence of Lesvos — Managing Water Resources in Lesvos, Greece

• Component 1: Demonstration and mainstreaming A watershed is defined as a geo-hydrological unit of IWRM and WUE approaches into existing cross draining to a common point by a system of drains sectoral local approaches to water management. (Winter et al. 1998). Watershed management practice in Lesvos Island tightly correlates with land use • Component 2: Legislative and institutional re- practices. Currently, there is a surplus of approxi- form for IWRM and WUE for implementation of EU mately 20 million cubic meters of water, but there are water policy and other national water management a number of activities that are far from sustainable. strategies. The aim of Watershed Management is to improve • Component 3: Local capacity building and sus- water supply, preserve the water budget and reduce tainability programme for IWRM and WUE, includ- pollution (from both point and diffuse sources). ing opportunities for community knowledge ex- In order to protect waters on Lesvos Island, from change, public participation, learning and replication WSM perspective, seven steps must be achieved: of best practices. 1. identification of stakeholders, • Component 4: Monitoring, evaluation and adap- 2. establishing a watershed management organization tive management of IWRM initiatives. (with all municipalities of Lesvos Island included), Therefore, the objective of the IWRM, WUE and 3. development of short and long term goals, ecosystem based management can be achieved through a partnership assistance with the national 4. identifying and prioritizing problem areas, Central Water Agency of the Ministry of Environ- 5. enhancing and enforcing public participation, ment, Regional Water Directorate, Prefecture of Les- vos, municipalities, national water committee, NGOs, 6. and implementation of a watershed manage- Cooperatives, communities (water users, media and ment plan (WMP), and industries) and University of Aegean through appro- 7. re-assessing the WMP (F. X. Browne, Inc. n.d.). priate demonstration, transfer and replication of best practices. The WMP would encompass physical characteriza- tion of the Lesvos Island watershed system, design of protective measures for specific habitats, continuous 5.2 Component 1: Demonstration and main- monitoring and reporting to the central authority of streaming of IWRM approaches into existing the prefecture, consultations with various stake- holders and continuous education. cross sectoral approaches to water management. Target/results: The first component of the proposed approach to water management is focused in four aspects— Reforestation of the western section of Lesvos needs watershed management, wastewater and sanitation to occur in order to decrease soil erosion and rain- management, water resources assessment and protec- water runoff. Burning practices need to be abandoned tion, and water use efficiency and water safety to allow vegetation to succeed to higher forms, from (UNDP 2004). Interventions completed as part of this garig, maqui, pine forest to climax. Building forest component aim to reduce the environmental stress roads to inaccessible areas as well as increase the caused by anthropogenic water use, improve fresh number of observation posts with 24-hour surveil- water availability, encourage innovation in water lance in the dry season should increase protection management practices and better approaches in water from natural forest fires. Livestock grazing should resource use, protection of water supply from pollut- also be reduced, and abandoned on slopes of more ants and disease vectors, and control wastewater dis- than 30º, as well as a decrease in grazing intensity and charge into streams and marine environments (UNDP rotation of grazing fields. Without grazing, develop- 2004). ment of vegetation and soil layers will occur and per- ennial springs will dry out less often in the dry season. 5.2.1 Watershed management In settlements, rainwater harvesting through roof Baseline condition: water catchments will increase WUE. Continuous

23

The Essence of Lesvos — Managing Water Resources in Lesvos, Greece

monitoring is also important as it provides a lot of tains phenols that kill bacteria. Other polluting in- data, which results in a better understanding of the dustries are dairy producers and slaughterhouses. system, more quality assessment and more effective Large dairy producers use modernised biological linkage between water quality planning and imple- wastewater mechanisms (correction of pH, grease mentation of the WMP. removal, etc.) Indicators: Target/results: Land use change indicators increase in forest/ Further development of infrastructure is needed to vegetation cover of at least 30% in two demo sites. connect more citizens to the main water supply grid as This can be observed through terrestrial observations, well as to the sewage system. For drinking water, a or through satellite/aerial photographs, and compar- target should be that in the following seven years, an ing with baseline information. The erosion index can additional 30% of the island is connected to the cen- be measured as a function of thickness of soil layer in tral water supply system. For remote areas that are critical and prioritized areas. Also, qualitative analy- hardly accessible, and that are too costly to connect to sis and observations need to be taken into account, the local grid, new technologies can be implemented, especially observations from the local people. Olive such as wireless water resources systems. These sys- mills need to reduce discharge of wastewater by 30% tems are presented in Euromed 2008 Desalination in a given timeframe. Cooperation among Mediterranean countries, and Timeframe: some of them are successfully implemented in the island of Santorini, in the Municipality of Thira. 10-15 years to observe changes in land use. Development of the wastewater management grid 5-7 years to observe change in water quality. infrastructure should be parallel to the development of 5.2.2 Wastewater and sanitation management the water supply grid. An additional 20% of the island needs to be connected to the central grid. Wastewater Baseline condition: treatment plants need to work with full capacity in the Wastewater treatment is starting to be implemented next seven years. In remote areas, where connection on the island of Lesvos. A newly built wastewater to the central grid is too costly, decentralised systems treatment plant in Mytilene is not operating to full need to be applied, through construction of small- capacity. Other wastewater treatment plants exist in scale treatment plants, with secondary treatment, such municipalities of Kalloni, Eressos and Plomari as Rotating Biological Contactors or Oxidation (Paraskevas et al. 2001). According to Paraskevas et ditches. al., wastewater treatment facilities on the island are Olive mills should partially switch to the 2-phase predicted to serve 41,000 people or 41% of the is- system, which consumes less water. Also, construc- land’s population. In the villages, most of the sewage tion of anaerobic digester, similar to the one built near is discharged to septic tanks, without treatment, or Heraklion, on the island of Crete needs to be done, in directly to the sea, with serious environmental degra- order to treat wastewater from olive mills. Olive mills dation. There are a number of illegal landfill sites on need to connect to the grid so that wastewater is not Lesvos that present a threat as polluters of ground- discharged all over the coastal areas of the island. water supply. Indicators: Industrial wastewater is a big problem on Lesvos. A large sector in agricultural activity is the production Wastewater from olive mills discharged to local wa- of olive oil. Oil is produced in olive mills that are tershed systems should be reduced by 30%. COD scattered throughout the island. There are 70 mills values need to be corrected and reach the standard of currently operating, all of them being modern three- 500 mg/l. Microbial values as well as the nutrients, in phase olive mills. It is estimated that for one tonne of private wells, should be within standards of EU leg- olives one tonne of water is used. Olive mill waste- islation. water has huge COD, up to 220 g/l. There is no real Timeframe: 5-7 years. solution to this problem, since such wastewater con-

24

The Essence of Lesvos — Managing Water Resources in Lesvos, Greece

5.2.3 Water resources assessment & protection: 5.2.4 Water Use Efficiency & Water Safety: Baseline condition: Baseline condition: The main limiting factor for the water resource supply Water use efficiency is crucial to maintain a balanced is the amount of fresh water available on the island water budget and there is a lack of water saving tech- and its susceptibility to overexploitation, pollution, nologies/techniques implemented in water demand- changes in water demand, land use practices and ing sectors (Gaganis pers comm. 2009; Sofios et al. changes in weather patterns/precipitation (Karavitis 2008). Seasonal fluctuations of tourists and potential and Kerkides 2002; Marathianou et al. 2000; Sofios et population increase may also bring about periods of al. 2008). Tools are available to predict the water water shortage (Sofios et al. 2008). In addition, pos- budget of the island, however their accuracy are lim- sible contamination of freshwater resources by pol- ited with a high degree of uncertainty (Karavitis and lutants and disease vectors may pose as potential Kerkides 2002). health hazard to inhabitants (UNDP 2004). Targets/results: Targets/results: Implementation of projects to assess, protect and Increased water distribution system efficiency by ensure the quality and quantity of water resources on reducing the leakage of the distribution system the island which entails continuous assessment of through constant maintenance and monitoring. Initia- approximate ground water availability, assessment of tives to reduce water wastage and increased WUE in quality and capacity of water reservoirs, assessment agricultural and domestic sectors achievable through of runoff and stream water, establishment of pollution implementation of water-efficient techniques and response units to deal with potential pollution events, technologies. Balancing the water budget would help protection of water reservoirs and ground water wells, ensure continuous access to freshwater. Ensured protection and continuous maintenance of freshwater availability of safe drinking water could be achieved distribution infrastructure, establishment of redun- by monitoring contaminants found in freshwater sup- dancy systems to ensure continuous water supply, and plies and eradication of potential disease vectors. construction of additional water reservoirs. Indicators: Indicators: A decrease in the distribution system leakage with Increased availability and accessibility of water re- constant monitoring implemented. Continuous annual source data, successful protection of demo sites from water budget balancing programs with multi- potential pollution sources, established response units stakeholder participation would take place throughout and pollution detection schemes, continuous inspec- the allotted timeframe. Water quality monitoring and tion and maintenance of distribution throughout the assessment programs should not detect significant established timeframe, establishment of pilot redun- levels of pollutants or presence of potential disease dancy systems and the construction of an additional vectors in water distribution systems. reservoir. Risks and assumptions: Risks and Assumptions: Continuous maintenance of the distribution system The need of continuous funding to operate assessment may prove costly and the need of additional detection projects may result in limited data accessibility, im- technologies being integrated into the system. Differ- possible to completely eliminate uncertainties in pre- ent stakeholders may have different opinions in re- diction tools. Continuous inspection and maintenance gards to the budget prediction tool being used and of current infrastructure may prove costly and estab- may lead to inter-stakeholder conflict. lishment of a backup distribution system and addi- Timeframe: tional reservoir may be even more costly. 5-7 years. Timeframe: 5-7 years, 7-10 years for establishing backup infra- structure and additional reservoir. 25

The Essence of Lesvos — Managing Water Resources in Lesvos, Greece

5.3 Component 2: Legislative and institutional gional (sharing experience regionally with other reform for IWRM for implementation of EU islands) and national water councils, improve water policy and other national water manage- public communication and facilitate involvement ment strategies. of different stakeholders in the decision-making process which is currently lacking in Lesvos. Legislative and institutional (L&I) reforms are a very crucial component for enforcement of IWRM in Les- 3. Designation of at least three people (including vos. Currently, there are a lot of problems related to one consultant) at prefecture level for multi- poor water resources governance due to recent ad- sectoral IWRM approaches financed by ministe- ministrative restructure and reorganisation at all lev- rial budget and controlled by a supervisor from els due to implementation of the EU WFD. Therefore, the Ministry of Environment, Planning and Pub- L&I reforms can significantly contribute to improve- lic Works. Their responsibility should include ment of current practices, facilitate achievements of registration and monitoring of illegal private WFD targets and lead to sustainable development. To wells and boreholes, control of construction of improve the current situation and solve problems new ones and supervise the functioning of exist- related with water protection, management and prac- ing wells. Such will reduce uncontrolled water tices in Lesvos, the following L&I actions should be use for irrigation and change behaviour for more aimed at the institutional and policy level. rational water use. The responsibilities of the consultant should include advising municipal Institutional reform and development authorities, companies, industries and framers on 1. Development of a water management plan for the water supply and sewage (through municipal and Aegean islands with specific measures, designa- island water councils). This is necessary to pro- tion of responsibilities and staff and framework vide assistance required by the sectors, supply and funds allocated for them. This should be done information on policies and EU legislation. in accordance with requirements of EU WFD Policy reforms, economic, regulatory and informa- (Appendixes VI, VII) as soon as possible by a tion group of experts who are familiar with the local situation, and consulted with stakeholders from 1. The need to increase prices for water use by 50% different levels. Such a plan should be revised and to cover environmental costs and externalities. corrected annually. The results of its implemen- This measure is already being proposed by the EU tation should be regularly reported to the national WFD and this report reaffirms the decision. A authorities. Such a plan will help to identify the new pricing system under the EU WFD should be main problems, and develop and realise appro- introduced in 2010 and therefore urgent actions priate corrective actions. It will facilitate imple- are required both in Lesvos by the municipalities. mentation of different national and regional pro- Such an increase should cover different tariffs grams and the EU WFD. taking into consideration compensation for low- income families. The new pricing policy is aimed 2. Establishment of water councils at the municipal at changing behaviour of irrational water con- level and one at the island level. These councils sumers and reduces water consumption, waste of should be aimed to organise regular meetings (at water by complementing the proposals for more least three times per year) of the representatives efficient and water saving methods, technologies of all stakeholders at the municipal level. At the and practices under component 1 of the manage- island level, it is proposed that representatives ment strategy. should meet from municipal water councils at least once a year: 13 people (one from each mu- 2. Subsidies/ cross-subsidies to more sustainable nicipality) plus the Prefecture representative. This irrigation methods (i.e. drip irrigation). Irrigation measure will encourage sectoral participation, consumes more than 70% of total water demand, cooperation, exchange of information and better whilst the agriculture sector is subsidised in Les- understanding of local conditions and problems. vos. Policy measures should be aimed at provid- Moreover, it will enforce functioning of the re- ing subsidies only to more sustainable irrigation

26

The Essence of Lesvos — Managing Water Resources in Lesvos, Greece

methods (e.g. drip irrigation) and eliminating 7. Introducing competition amongst local munici- traditional ones (spray irrigation). The expected palities and using “name and shame” approach. results would be increase efficiency of irrigation Such a campaign could involve identifying and techniques that, in turn, will decrease water con- labelling atleast five municipalities as better most sumption. In encouraging good behaviour, cross efficient water users annually. The results can subsidies can be applied to the agriculture, where than be published in the local media (newspaper). finance is derived from the high paying industries Such will not only influence community percep- and larger firms. This is a good measure to tion and behaviour towards efficient municipali- ‘distort prices’ but should be “carefully targeted, ties but also evoke citizen pressure towards mu- transparent, and regularly re-evaluated” (GWP nicipalities complying least with IWRM and 2005). WUE approaches (thus encouraging better water management practices). 3. The need to provide incentives via discounting water bills for community water saving. This measure will further facilitate change of behav- iour by rewarding those consumers (mainly at the 5.4 Component 3: Local capacity building and household sector) who sustainably manage water sustainability programs for IWRM, including at the household level. Therefore these consumers opportunities for community knowledge ex- get a discount on water bills for the next payment change and public participation. period. When discussing capacity building it would be logical 4. Introducing regulatory policy instruments such to use the vast and successful experience of UNDP. as standards, permits and fines at municipal lev- UNDP defines capacity development as “the process els (GWP 2005). These should be directed to- through which individuals, organizations and socie- wards farmers, individuals and industries not ties obtain, strengthen and maintain the capabilities complying with enforcement regulations such as to set and achieve their own development objectives drilling boreholes without permits, improper over time” (UNDP 2008a). Capacity development maintenance of wells, discharge of wastewater extends beyond the scope of training and utilises local and reduce uncontrolled use of groundwater for expertise present at public and institutional level to irrigation. Seasonal restrictions should accom- direct services where it is needed most (UNDP 2008a). pany these permits and standards to control (Figure 12) Hence the scope of developing a multi- quantity of water use in different sectors during sectoral capacity strategy in the water management in the dry summer months (June-August). Examples Lesvos should encompass the following initiatives can include restricting washing cars, filling with the leadership provided by Ministry of Environ- swimming pools in private homes and watering of ment, Public Works and Planning as well as the re- lawns and houses during July and August. spective municipal agencies: 5. Creating water market incentives to encourage 1. Capacity building activities should be propor- industrial firms to implement corporate environ- tionally implemented in all three levels: enabling mental behaviour e.g. EMS (i.e. ISO 14 000) / and the environment, institutional level and individu- other water efficiency standards. This can be als. Failure to develop one of these levels will linked to the general environmental performance cause poor results of the whole strategy. of firms and linked via capacity development 2. The capacity of water management institutions initiatives (see component 3). must be increased via clear mandate, an efficient 6. Policy efforts should be aimed to encourage re- organizational structure and system, and en- cycling and re-use of water (GWP 2005). Water hanced decision-making through lessons learned from wastewater treatment plants (from house- and consideration of the local knowledge. holds etc.) can be used for irrigation. It will re- Self-assessments of the current knowledge and duce the amount of freshwater that is pumped 3. from underground sources for competing uses capacity gaps are needed to set proper priorities, such as irrigation and watering of fields (GEP identify bottlenecks and improve the efficiency 2005). 27

The Essence of Lesvos — Managing Water Resources in Lesvos, Greece

with which water resource managers could re- spond to changing circumstances. Step 1:

Engage It is very important that the knowledge basis of stakeholders 4. on capacity capacity building be improved by the means of development benchmarking, case studies, exchange of experi-

ences and twinning organizations and that the Step 5: Step 2: capabilities of statistical agencies to deal with Evaluate Assess capacity capacity Capacity water-related data be improved. Therefore the development assets and needs Development local authorities, NGOs, public associations and Process other stakeholders should actively collaborate with each other and other similar organizations in Greece and abroad. Step 4: Step 3:

5. Enhanced access to education at various levels Implement a Formulate a capacity capacity through information and communication tech- development development nologies is a basic requirement for capacity de- response response velopment, and all possible efforts to improve the individual capacities and skills through profile Figure 12. A conceptual framework of capacity education must be actively pursued. In general development. Source: UNDP 2008a. there are a lot of initiatives conducted on Lesvos and at the national scale devoted to sustainable 5.4.1 Public participation in water resource manage- use of water resources, however with very little ment success (Gaganis pers.comm. 2009). Therefore Water is a common pool resource; therefore many we suggest that such initiative emphasises on stakeholders share the complexity and environmental education of younger generations of Lesvos in- concerns that revolve around the resource. It is im- habitants based on a parental approach. For ex- portant that the voice of each of these stakeholders is ample, parents can be given the means and taken into account when dealing with the manage- knowledge through workshops on how to teach ment of water. Public participation is one way of their children to use water sustainably. allowing stakeholders to share their opinions and learn about local issues. It is defined by the Public 6. Taking into account the uncertainties of climate Participation Working Group (2003) as “allowing change and susceptibility of the water supply people to influence the outcome of plans and working system of Lesvos Island, increased investments processes,” through three levels—information supply, into the hydrological network and GIS tools are consultation and active involvement. made to provide water resources managers with the information necessary for proper modelling of Public participation is critical in Lesvos decision future scenarios. It is critically important for making process because it can act as an excellent Lesvos to know the exact volumes of water in the capacity building tool for maximizing agreement and aquifers and the respective recharge/discharge formulating desirable outcomes to broader social and figures in order to calculate the amount of water, environmental problems (UNESCO 2006). The which can be abstracted without compromising European Union considers the aspect of public par- the needs in water of future generations of Lesvos ticipation whilst developing the Water Framework inhabitants. Directive (WFD) (see section 4.3). According to Ar- ticle 14 of the WFD, it is mandatory for Member States to involve the public in executing the Direc- tive. Several components of public participation should be completed such as publishing specific in- formation relevant to water management plans and allowing the public to comment throughout the plan-

28

The Essence of Lesvos — Managing Water Resources in Lesvos, Greece

ning process, however it is up to each nation to de- considered the principal agricultural region of cide which methods to employ (Feas et al. 2004; Greece—cultivated land coverage equals 36% of the Mouratiadoua and Moran 2007). total area of the region (European Commission 2002). The main use of water in the region is for irrigation The island of Lesvos like most of Greece has an in- purposes, which accounts for 96% of the total water different attitude towards the environment and asso- consumption (H.M.E.P.P.P.W. 2005). Over- ciated issues (Gaganis et al. 2009). According to exploitation of groundwater reserves creates a major Jones (2009), Greek citizens lack both trust in local water deficit in the area, which could potentially lead authorities as well as an awareness and knowledge to an irreversible depletion of the region’s under- about environmental concerns. Therefore without ground aquifers (Euaggelopoulos, 2005). This is an proper knowledge, environmental awareness cannot extreme case in Greece where a proper water man- grow or feed participatory functions in Lesvos - this agement plan is crucial to maintaining stability. Les- is why capacity building at the local level is an im- vos is understandably not in the same extreme situa- portant function that can aid in enhancing public par- tion as the Pinios River Basin, however there are ticipation. Feas et al. (2004) suggest that participa- many similarities between the two areas. Both Pinios tory practices can be difficult to implement in such River Basin and Lesvos have relatively large agricul- settings that exhibit both a lack of knowledge and tural networks, which a) use a considerable portion of information sharing as well as cultural clashes with the areas water supply and b) rely heavily on ground- participatory methods. This issue plays a significant water for irrigation purposes. As mentioned previ- role within the government of Lesvos Island, as ously, Lesvos water deficiency is not as extreme as many of the local leaders are elected year after year the Pinios River Basin, however the island does on on the island due to their island status and not for occasion experience yearly water deficits (see water their understanding of social and environmental is- budget for more details). Both areas also lack proper sues. This creates a low level of institutional mistrust water management schemes as well as an outlet for amongst Lesvos citizens.’ Jones (2009) suggests that stakeholders to participate in creating sustainable institutional mistrust in Mytilene creates an overall water management policies. regard that environmental policies developed by lo- cal authorities will be inefficient, which promotes a Fuzzy Cognitive Mapping (FCM) is an important Infor- refusal of accepting information regarding environ- mation and Communication tool that supports public par- mental issues. ticipation. Mouratiadoua and Moran (2007) use FCM to Greek people are willing to get involved in local de- link and extract stakeholder perceptions on the current state cision making if the proper outlets were brought and pressures of water resources in the Pinios River Basin in order to explore different water management policy forth (Gaganis et al. 2009). Public participation options for the area. Mouratiadoua and Moran imple- should be happening on Lesvos Island especially in mented FCM through a series of one to one interviews, in the case of water resource management. Proper or- which participants from a variety of backgrounds (farmers, ganization of public participation needs to take place local residents, water experts, researchers, ecologists and as well as an increase in representation of all stake- government officials) connected and weighted a number of holders involved. These elements are key to not only variables linked to water resources. Using this data, the adhering with the WFD, but also creating a resource authors were able to establish the stakeholders’ perceptions management plan that can be efficient, sustainable of how to feasibly improve the current water resources and successful. situation and compile a selection of policy options to be further considered. The authors concluded that the imple- 5.4.2 Applying lessons learnt from Pinios River Basin mentation of public participation or the active involvement of stakeholders results in more informed and higher quality A study conducted in communities within the Pinios decision-making amongst local authorities, which gener- River Basin is an example of how the Lesvos au- ates public acceptance, increased awareness and support thorities could potentially integrate public participa- for water management decisions. Such a study could be tion into their planning processes. Pinios River Basin conducted using one of Lesvos Island’s best resources, the is located in the central eastern region of Greece and University of Aegean. Uncovering such a pathway to pub- is the largest hydrological basin in the country (Bellos lic participation is exactly what the island of Lesvos needs et al. 2004). The area within the Pinios River Basin is 29

The Essence of Lesvos — Managing Water Resources in Lesvos, Greece

in order to break through the social mistrust barrier sur- conditions (Roberts Pichette 1995). The monitoring rounding the current political atmosphere program is aimed at linking with and building on to the current initiatives of the University of Aegean and Ministry of Environment, Planning and Public Works 5.5 Component 4: Monitoring, evaluation and under the Protection and Water Management Law adaptive management 2003 for policy-making via involving local commu- nities and municipal councils. Monitoring and evaluation (M&E) is an essential part of the IWRM and WUE process and critical to its Recommendations for implementing, integrating and effective sustainability on Lesvos (UNDP 2004). institutionalising a long term M&E include: Improvements (and indeed failures) in water resource management and efficient use need to be observable • The Ministry of Environment, Planning and Pub- and measurable (UNDP 2004). Information on such lic Works leading institutional training in consistent aspects as “water quality, distribution efficiency, use data collection and development of water resources by sector, sources of pollution, predicted supply, al- monitoring plan. ternative sources, etc are vital to the process of fine- • Training of local farmers, industries and NGOs in tuning and improving IWRM and WUE efforts and IWRM monitoring approaches. planning” (UNDP 2004). • Using proxies of IWRM as per the logical frame- To extend the use of participatory approaches, it is work analysis, which subdivides IWRM into man- suggested that municipal and government authorities ageable compartments with long-term impact and use informal and formal networks to take responsi- process based indicators. bilities in monitoring and oversight of water re- sources as proposed by the different components. • Development of standardised data collection and Responsibilities should also include sharing of risks reporting formats with NGO and other community involved in management tasks and enforcement of members. regulation (Carlsson and Berkes 2005). Additionally policy must guide the monitoring and oversight • Development and implementation of information through development of appropriate IWRM and feed-back mechanism into IWRM technical and pol- WUE indicators giving relative importance to exoge- icy level reviews nous driving forces in ecosystem processes (Rudd Implementation of information sharing measures via 2004). When the first three components are imple- dedicated water resource managers and specialists in mented via use of the indicators, M&E should com- Ministry of Environment in partnership with local bine them with capacity building and training at the municipal councils. local level as well as feed-back mechanisms (like stakeholder discussion forums) to process this data The above can be implemented by employing a range into concise information that can “guide policy mak- of participatory awareness, knowledge management ers and particularly the local water commit- (KM) and advocacy tools for promoting the value of tees” (UNDP 2004). water resources to community members, decision makers (government, prefecture and municipal), me- Four aspects of the environment should be prioritized dia and researchers. “The different tools that should for monitoring water resources and associated eco- be used include training workshops, briefings, launch system health over a five-year period, and the feasi- of networks (peer and electronic), organizing lunch bility of which should be reviewed on an annual basis. meetings/workshops, press releases, provision of This includes relevant bioindicators (e.g. amphibians), promotional literature, email alerts, websites, open water quality and quantity, land use and vegetation access monitoring database and community-NGO (Chandra et al. 2009). It is deemed that such an inte- attachments” (Chandra et al. 2009). grated long-term approach combining “information on species trends/cycles with the abiotic data and land -use change information….” provides a more realistic profile of an ecosystem demonstrating changes to 30

The Essence of Lesvos — Managing Water Resources in Lesvos, Greece

6. Expected results, indicators and risks/assumption – Logical Framework Analysis (LFA) Objective To improve water resources management and water use efficiency in Lesvos Island in order to balance use of scarce freshwater resources and change institutional and societal behaviour through policy reform and implementation of applicable and effective Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) and Water Use Efficiency (WUE) measures. Management Strategy Baseline Target/Results Indicator Risks and Timeframe Assumptions

Component 1: Demonstra- Limited water resources Reforestation of west- 30% reduction in olive mill Limited influence 5-7 years for water tion and mainstreaming of susceptible to over- ern slopes, decreased waste water entering stream of national and quality IWRM and WUE ap- exploitation and pollution deforestation and and creeks across 2 demo sites local stake- proaches into existing cross sustainable land and holders to pro- 7-10 years for water sectoral local approaches to Poor wastewater manage- agriculture management 30% increase in forest/ mote and sustain distribution infra- water management ment resulting in increased practices established vegetation area at 2 demo IWRM structure mainte- land based source pollution sites nance into the watershed and Decrease in soil erosion Limited levels of aquifers and forest fires. Sustainable forest & land public participa- 10-15 years for land mgmt practices established tion use, forestry and Increased grazing pressure Reduced intensity of and trailed with framers watershed on watersheds grazing. across 4 demo sites Restricted capac- ity of local stake- Differences in water re- Water Use Efficiency A decrease of 15% or lower in holders to imple- source capacity in different approaches designed the distribution system leak- ment IWRM best parts of the island, requir- and adopted across all age, with constant monitoring practice ing different protection municipal councils measures WUE improved by 15% over Weak political Further water infra- baseline in 2 municipal water support and Only 41% of the island structure development supply systems strong govern- population is served by ment commit- wastewater treatment. Implementation of new 30% reduction in groundwater ment is not technology such as pollution discharge for 2 sustained No exact/accurate data on wireless water re- water supply systems the true number of private sources systems, wells an d the quality of Increased availability and Continuous their water Implementation of accessibility of high quality inspection and projects to assess, data in regards to the water maintenance of High agricultural/ house- protect and ensure the resource quality and quantity current infra- hold water demand & poor quality and quantity of from the assessment project structure and water conservation , water resources sites development of changes in land use prac- . additional reser- tices, and seasonal water voir may prove demand fluctuations costly and unnec- essary Component 2: Policy and No locally endorsed Strengthened and IWRM communicated and Appropriately 5-7 years institutional reform for IWRM plans, water use sustainable water mainstreamed into industries qualified national IWRM and WUE for imple- efficiency and ecosystem- committees to catalyze and farms, including local staff available mentation of EU water based approaches in place implementation of local school curricula policy and other national IWRM and WUE plans Stakeholders water management strate- Fragmented national and Designation of 3 personals at willing to partici- gies. prefectural level water Multi-sectoral partici- prefecture level, finance for pate sector use plans and insti- pation in national water multi-sectoral IWRM ap- Partnerships have tutions committees with gender proaches included within capacity to use balance treasury/ministerial budget support tools or work with exter- EU directive adapted to 50% increase in water con- nal advisors local, municipal water sumption price plans & strategies 13 municipal and 1 island Awareness raised IWRM committee established. across civil society, governments, education Regular meeting of water systems and the private committees (municipal & sector island level) responsible for the coordination of IWRM Incentive-based policy activities including sharing instruments adopted experience regionally with and implemented other islands

IWRM approaches Municipal WUE in place and agreed across national, adopted by prefecture with community and re- appropriate resources to gional stakeholders implement and monitor

31

The Essence of Lesvos — Managing Water Resources in Lesvos, Greece

Objective To improve water resources management and water use efficiency in Lesvos Island in order to balance use of scarce freshwater resources and change institutional and societal behaviour through policy reform and implementation of applicable and effective Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) and Water Use Efficiency (WUE) measures. Management Strategy Baseline Target/Results Indicator Risks and Timeframe Assumptions

Component 3: Local Few opportunities for Local skills up- 10 training workshops and Industries and 7-10 years capacity building and training on IWRM, graded in monitor- networking through exist- municipalities sustainability pro- sustainability issues, ing, animal hus- ing agencies per year willing to share gramme for IWRM and planning, and monitor- bandry, agriculture information WUE, including oppor- ing within the context and managing water 5 parent-teacher networks with each other tunities for community of IWRM for multi- (reuse & recycling) on water resources (regionally and knowledge exchange, stakeholders – school & locally) learning and replication Increase in staff recruited of best practices Insufficient political Effective knowledge at national and municipal Local partici- and public awareness management net- level focusing on water pation in the of important roles working and infor- management and enforce- training work- water mation sharing ment shops and across municipal lessons learned councils, govt., 5 municipal champions on and feed-back industries and local water management identi- processes communities fied per year and media reports on ‘name & Parent partici- Environment/ social shame’ water behaviour pation in stu- workshops & cam- dent education paigns organised and Atleast 5 social- is pre-existing increased attendance environmental awareness by communities campaigns on water/ waste/ environment IWRM awareness programs integrated into institutional & school practices with appropriate budget approved

Component 4: Monitor- Poor, out-dated and Participatory M&E 5 NGO-school water Strong willing- 5-7 years ing, evaluation and inconsistent data col- adopted by commu- monitoring networks ness to partici- adaptive management lection for monitoring nities pate by com- Water quality and quantity munities in- Inadequate action and Institutional capacity data centralised within volved in M&E investment on long for monitoring and govt. bodies term water monitoring data collection M&E data is information strengthened IWRM based monitoring available and/ framework across 4 mu- or the means to Regular and consis- nicipalities find/collect the tent water resources data are avail- data accessible by 5 IWRM monitoring able local stakeholders community networks in place Willingness by government and local stake- holders to learn from and adopt M&E ap- proaches

32

The Essence of Lesvos — Managing Water Resources in Lesvos, Greece

7. Conclusions and Recom- mendations

It is apparent that there is growing concern about social and economic well-being of citizens of Les- vos, where natural resources such as water are a criti- cal input into these systems. This report demon- strates that the present situation of water manage- ment within the Lesvos Island is unsustainable al- though the water supply exceeds the demand. The quality of freshwater naturally occurring in Lesvos is generally good, but in future is threatened by in- creasing water demand, decreasing water use effi- ciency, enlarging economy, climate change and poor water governance. While the many institutions at the local and national level have a fair ability to manage water resources, its capacity and leadership is far stretched. The chal- lenge is one of managing water resources within the growing sectors of the local economy, yet leaving clean and safe water for both locals and the environ- ment. This can be managed should contemporary approaches of IWRM, EBM and WUE is extended to citizens and institutionalised amongst the multi- sectors of the island as well as its decision making bodies. The report strongly recommends that initia- tives centre on demonstrating applications of water- shed management, WUE and water safety, wastewa- ter and sanitation management and water resources assessment and protection. It is vital that these initia- tives are coupled with policy and institutional re- form, and capacity building. Overall these initiatives require long-term monitoring linked to feedback of information to different stakeholders. In essence the Ministry of Environment, Planning and Public Works should assist in coordinating networks of IWRM with local leadership provided by municipal authorities. Above all, local stakeholders are the first to face lo- cal problems and are in a better position to create more local solutions. Decision makers should learn from the stakeholders and apply these lessons to de- velop long-term capacity of local institutions and civil society for water resources management.

33

The Essence of Lesvos — Managing Water Resources in Lesvos, Greece

Reference List Global Water Partnership (GWP). 2005. Monitoring and evaluation indicators for IWRM strategies and plans. Pretoria: Global Water Partnership (GWP). Bidoglio, G., Zaldívar, J.M. and Bouraoui, F. 2003. Inte- URL http://www.gwpforum.org/gwp/library/ grated management approaches and the pilot river Tec_brief_3_Monitoring.pdf [consulted 11 June basin initiative. Paper presented in the Interna- 2009]. tional Conference on Southern European Coastal ______. 2006. Taking an integrated ap- Lagoons: The Influence of River Basin-Coastal proach to water use efficiency. Pretoria: Global Zone interactions. URL: http:// Water Partnership (GWP). URL: http:// www.dittyproject.org/ARTICLE/ www.gwpforum.org/gwp/library/ Proceedings_Conference.pdf [consulted on 12 Tec_brief_4_Water_efficiency.pdf [consulted 9 June 2009]. June 2009]. Briassoulis, H. and Kallis, G. 2004. Integration of EU Halvadakis, C. P. 2009. Lesvos Island: a simplified model. water and development policies: vision or plausi- MESPOM Ecosystem Management Course 2009. ble expectation? Paper presented in the 2004 Ber- Dept. of Environmental Sciences, University of lin Conference on the Human Dimensions of Aegean, Mytilene. Global Environmental Change. Available at: http://web.fu-berlin.de/ffu/akumwelt/bc2004/ Intergovernmental Pancel on Climate Change (IPCC). download/kallis_briassoulis_f.pdf [consulted on 2008. Climate Change and Water. Geneva: IPCC. 12 June 2009]. Kallis, G. and Nijkamp, P. 2000. Evolution of EU Water Carlsson, L. and Berkes, F. 2005. Co-management: con- Policy: a critical assessment and a hopeful per- cepts and methodological implications. Journal of spective. Journal of Environmental Law and Pol- Environmental Management 75: 65-76. icy 11(3): 245-261. Central Water Agency (CWA) 2008. Greece URL: Kallis, G. and Butlerd, D. 2001. The EU water framework www.emwis-gr.org [Consulted June 3, 2009]. directive: measures and implications. Water Pol- icy 3: 125-142. Chandra, A., Kmetova, E., Marchington, E., Milicevic, M., Stylianidou, S. and Wisesa, N. 2009. Frogs and Karavitis, C.A and Kerkides, P. 2002. Estimation of the beyond: anuran environmental monitoring exer- water resources potential in the island system of cise and long-term monitoring plan development the Aegean Archipelago, Greece. Water Interna- for the Toreki Pond wetland. Budapest: Depart- tional 27 (2): 243-254. ment of Environmental Sciences, Central Euro- Kizos, T. and Koulouri, M. 2005. Economy, demographic pean University. (Unpublished) changes and morphological transformation of the European Union (EU). 2000. Directive 2000/60/EC of the agri-cultural landscape of Lesvos, Greece. Human European Parliament and of the Council estab- Ecology Review. 12 (2): 183-192. lishing a framework for Community action in the Kotoulas, D. 1996. Courses of hydrology and hydraulic. field of water policy. Official Journal L 327: 1-73. Thessaloniki (in Greek). Sofios, S., Arabatzis, G. F. X. Browne, Inc. n.d. Ten Towns Great Swamp Water- and Baltas, E. 2008. Policy for management of shed Management Committee. URL: http:// water resources in Greece. Environmentalist 28: www.tentowns.org/10t/docs_etc/wtshdmgt.pdf 185-194. [Consulted 10 June 2009]. Lazarou, A. 2007. The implementation of Water Frame- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations work Directive (WFD) in Greece. URL: http:// (FAO). 2006. World agriculture: towards www.chi.civil.ntua.gr/el/announcements/ 2030/2050. Interim report. Rome: FAO. hydrocare_athens_1819jan2007/ presentation_lazarou.pdf [consulted June 4, Gaganis, P. 2009. Water infiltration and run-off. Ecosys- 2009]. tems Management. Department of Environment. University of Aegean, Mytilene. Duplicated. Margari, V. 2004. Late Pleistocene vegetational and envi- ronmental changes on Lesvos Island, Greece. Gikas, P. and Tchobanoglous, G. 2001. Sustainable use of PhD thesis, University of Cambridge. water in the Aegean Islands. Journal of Environ- mental Management 90: 2601–2611.

34

The Essence of Lesvos — Managing Water Resources in Lesvos, Greece

Mascle, J. and Martin, L. 1990. Shallow structure and Sofios, S., Arabatzis, G. and Baltas, E. Policy for manage- recent evolution of the Aegean Sea: a synthesis ment of water resources in Greece, 2008. Envi- based on continuous reflection profiles. Marine ronmentalist 28:185–194. Ecology. 94: 271-299. Spiros, M. 2009. Water resources of Lesvos: evaluation Ministry of Development (MD). 2003. National manage- and management proposals. Mytilene: Depart- ment of water resources programme plan. Athens: ment of Environment. Ministry of Development. Tsagarakis, K.P., Paranychianakis, N.V. and Angelakis, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey (MFAT). 2009. A.N. 2003. Aqualibrium. European water man- Istambul Water Guide. This paper was prepared agement between regulation and competition. through a series of Preparatory Committee Meet- Country Report: Greece. European Commission: ings (PrepComs) of the 5th World Water Forum. 149-164. Available at: http:// Tsakiris, G., Cavadias, G., Pangalou, D. and Nanou, A. newsletter.worldwaterforum5.org/vol8/ 2003. Greece. URL: http:// volume8_files/IstanbulWaterGuide_Final_05-03- www.iamz.ciheam.org/options/om_b51/PDFs/ 09.pdf [consulted on 12 June 2009]. CHAP%2003-Tsakiris.pdf [Consulted June 10, Moss, T. 2003. Regional governance and the EU Water 2009]. Framework Directive: institutional fit, scale and Tsiourtis, N. 2002. Greece- water resources planning and interplay. In Regional Sustainable Development climate change adaptation. Gland: IUCN Centre in Europe. The challenge of multi-level co- for Mediterranean Cooperation, International operative governance. Lafferty, ed. Naro- Union for Conservation of Nature. URL: http:// doslawsky, W. and M., 181-206. Oslo: ProSus. hydrogis.geology.upatras.gr/HYD/ Mylopoulos, Y. and Kolokytha, E. 2005. Hydrodiplomacy, WATER_RESOURCES_GREECE.PDF a new perspective on shared water resources in [consulted on 9 June 2009]. Greece. Thessaloniki: Faculty of Civil Engineer- United Nations Development Programme. 2004. Imple- ing, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki. menting sustainable integrated water resource and Paraskevas, P.A., Giokas, D.L., Kolokythas, G., Haralam- wastewater management in the Pacific Island bopoulos, D. and Stathelli, A. 2001. Wastewater Countries. Suva: UNDP Fiji Multi-country office. management in the island of Lesvos, Greece. 7th ______. 2005. Integrated water resources International Conference on Environmental Sci- management plan – training manual and opera- ence and Technology Ermoupolis, Syros island, tional guide. Pretoria: Capacity Building for Greece – Sept. 2001. IWRM Network, United Nations Development Polemio, M. and D. Casarano, 2004: Rainfall and Drought Programme (UNDP). in Southern Italy (1821–2001). UNESCO/IAHS/ ______. 2008a Capacity Building Practice IWHA, Pub. 286. Note. New York: UNDP Rudd, M.A. 2004. An institutional framework for design- ______. 2008b Implementing sustainable ing and monitoring ecosystem-based fisheries water resources and wastewater management in management policy experiments. Ecological Eco- Pacific Island Countries. Suva: United Nations nomics 48: 109– 124. Development Programme (UNDP), United Na- Sadoff, C.W. and Muller, M. 2007. Better water resources tions Environment Programme (UNEP), Pacific management – greater resilience today, more Island Applied Geosciences Commission effective adaptation tomorrow. Pretoria: Global (SOPAC). Water Partnership United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). 2004. Safarikas, N., Paranychianakis, N.V., Kotselidou, O. and Integrated Water Resources Management – Angelakis, A.N. 2006. Drinking water policy in Greece. Contribution to the Governing Council the frame of the Directive 2000/60/EC with em- Meeting of UNEP at Ministerial level (Jeju, Korea, phasis on drinking water prices. Water Science March 2004), in view of the 12th Session of the and Technology: Water Supply. Vol 5 No 6: 243 – UN CSD (New York, April 2004). Available at: 250. http://www.unep.org/GC/GCSS-VIII/ GreeceIWRM.doc [consulted on 12 June 2009]

35

The Essence of Lesvos — Managing Water Resources in Lesvos, Greece

______. 2009. Water in a changing world. The United Nations World Water Development Report 3. Paris: UNESCO. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Or- ganization (UNESCO). 2006. Water: a shared responsibility. The United Nations World Water Development Report 2. Paris: UNESCO. ______. 2009. Water in a changing world. The United Nations World Water Development Report 3. Paris: UNESCO. van Hofwegen, P. J. M. 2004. Capacity-building for water and irrigation sector management with application in Indonesia. Capacity Development in Irrigation and Drainage Issues, Challenges and the Way Ahead. (FAO Water Reports, 26), Rome, FAO. Winter, T.C., Harvey, J.W., Franke, O.L. and Alley, W.M. 1998. Ground Water and Surface Water – A Sin- gle Resource. U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1139. Denver, Colorado: USGS. World Wildlife Fund for Nature (WWF). 2007. Drought in the Mediterranean region- WWF policy proposals. Rome: WWF Mediterranean Programme Office, World Wildlife Fund for Nature. Zikos, D. and Bithas, K. 2006. The Case of “Weak Water” Governance Model: Athens – Greece. URL: http://www.zikos.eu/516-372.pdf [Consulted June 12, 2009].

Personal communications: Gaganis, Petros. 2009. Assistant Professor, Department of Environment. University of Aegean, Greece.

36

The Essence of Lesvos — Managing Water Resources in Lesvos, Greece

Annex 1. Questionnaire

Questionnaire

Objectives: 1.) To Investigate existing approaches that are relevant water management in Lesvos; 2.) To listen to local stakeholders as they understand their water needs the best; 3.) To understand what is working in the community and what else is happening.

Industry/Organisation Type/Sector:______

Person Interviewed & Position:______

What are your current practices in water management? Why are you doing this (or what do you want to achieve)?

What are your organizational concerns/challenges regarding water issues?

Who do you think should be responsible for water issues on the island? Why do you think they should be responsible?

What do you think makes water resources management in Lesvos better than other islands in Aegean and Greece?

How can the government help your organisation to enhance understanding of (industrial) processes in relation to the hy- drological/water resources system; in particular with reference your (organisation) participation?

How can your organisation contribute towards water management in Mythilini/Lesvos?

Annex 2. Hydrologic mass balance

Lesvos Island Hydrologic mass balance according to the type of Aquifer (mm)

Effective Type of Aquifer Runoff (mm) Infiltration (mm) Precipitation Evapotransportation 603 mm 375 mm (62%) Porous Sedimentary 91.2 (40%) 136.8 (60%) Carstic - Limestone 11.4 (5%) 216.6 (95%) Usable: 38% Other 193.0 (85%) 34.5 (15%) Source:Ministry of Development-Department Natural Resources 37

The Essence of Lesvos — Managing Water Resources in Lesvos, Greece

Water use (m3/yr) use Water Eq. Seasonal Population Seasonal Eq.

Permanent Population Permanent Population Equivalent Estimate Equivalent Population

250 90000 8212500 8212500 90000 250 250 4400 401500 250 4400

2,660 2,628 2,628 2,660 32 6,104 5,530 5,530 6,104 574 3,336 3,402 66 8,194 8,543 349 3,809 3,974 165 3,210 3,295 85 2,433 3,108 675 2,641 2,587 2,587 2,641 54 6,985 7,192 207 5,624 5,288 5,288 5,624 336 4,455 3,749 3,749 4,455 706 6,698 7,143 445 36,910 36,196 36,196 36,910 714 95,051 90,643 90,643 95,051 4,408 rocessed data by Waste Management Laboratory) Laboratory) Management Waste data by rocessed

Litre/day per capita Litre/day per Equivalent Population Equivalent

Lesvos Total Lesvos Agiasos 2006 Municipalities Agia Paraskevi Evergetoula Kalloni Thermis Loutropoli Mantamados Mythimna Mytilini Gera Eresou-Antissis Petra Resident Type Resident Plomari Polichnitos Seasonal (Tourists) Seasonal Permanent Equivalent Population/Municipality (2006) Population/Municipality Equivalent Source: National Statistical Service of Greece (p National Statistical Serviceof Greece Source: Annex 3. Domestic/household and tourism water use in Lesvos. 38

The Essence of Lesvos — Managing Water Resources in Lesvos, Greece

Annual water use (m3/yr) water Annual

Area cover (ha) Area cover

lopment: Facts and Figures - A Challenge for Agriculture" for A Challenge - Facts andlopment: Figures

2431.18 17183260 Estimated Water use per type (m3/ per Water use Estimated * ha*yr) gation water use in Lesvos

agriculture/envir/report/en/) agriculture/envir/report/en/) lture, Environment, Deve Rural

Total Potaoes 6000 285.96 1715760 1221120 181850 1442875 0 285.96 36.37 271.36 169.75 61296.71 Type Agriculture Arable land crops garden other and Vegetables raisins) and (grapes Vines 5000 Arboriculture Potaoes 6000 Maize 4500 Clover 8500 0 Grazelands Olive Trees New Olive Trees 4000 2000 5000 154.64 117.5 1395.6 618560 2000 0 235000 6978000 2395.0475 47900.95 4790095 0 * by Dept. of Environment Environment of Dept. by * You can also consult: "Agricu available at (http://ec.europa.eu/ Estimated Water Use in Agriculture Annex 4. Agriculture irri Annex 4.

39

The Essence of Lesvos — Managing Water Resources in Lesvos, Greece

Annex 5. Agriculture animal farming and husbandry water use in Lesvos

Number Number of bovine animals Number of of pigs Municipalities 2001 sheep 2001 Number of goats 2001 2001 Island of Lesvos 7,061 302,780 44,693 3,916 Agia Paraskevi 1,084 41,396 7,772 460 Agiasos 25 5,576 1,500 60 Gera 315 8,043 3,868 588 Eresou-Antissis 131 63,925 4,171 132 Evergetoula 74 5,006 1,011 143 Kalloni 764 65,071 9,401 209

Loutropoli Thermis 131 13,402 3,302 270 Mantamados 3,400 36,434 3,464 554 Mythimna 168 14,172 866 24 Mytilini 188 10,144 1,971 381 Petra 617 19,602 3,716 663 Plomari 48 8,990 2,101 165 Polichnitos 116 11,019 1,550 267

Source: National Statistical Service of Greece

Estimated Water Use in Animal Husbandry*

Type of Animal l/day per capita Animal popn Annual Water Use (m3/yr) Cattle 45 7,061 317745 Goat 10 44,693 446930 Sheep 8.5 302,780 2573630 Pig 12 3,916 46992

Source: Χοιροτροφία, εκτροφή μονογαστρικών τεύχος Α, Ν.Κ. κατσαούνης- Α.Β. Σπαής, Εκδόσεις σύγχρονη παιδεία, Θεσσαλονίκη 1998, σελ 188 Γιδοτροφία, Δ. Ζυγογιάννης, Ν. Κατσαούνης, Α΄ έκδοση, Θεσσαλονίκη 1992, εκδοτικός οίκος Aδελφοί Kυριακίση Ο.Ε., σελίδες 141-142 Προβατοτροφία, εκτροφή μηρυκαστικών τεύχος Α, Δημήτριος ζυγογιάννης, Εκδόσεις σύχρονη παιδεία, Θεσσαλονίκη 1999, σελ 229, 24-241, 337-338 Βοοτροφία, Ν. Κατσαούνης, εκδόσεις σύγχρονη παιδεία, Θεσσαλονίκη 2000, σελ. 329,

40

The Essence of Lesvos — Managing Water Resources in Lesvos, Greece

Annex 6. Olive oil, milk processing and slaughterhouse industries water use in Lesvos

Olive Po- Olive Oil Production Years Olive Fruit Olive Oil % % mace

84 - 85* 46,593 12,155 26.09 23,126 49.63

85 - 86 70,201 17,077 24.33 33,529 47.76

86 - 87 36,658 9,653 26.33 16,785 45.79

87 - 88 38,654 10,038 25.97 15,526 40.17

88 - 89 26,497 6,426 24.25 9,998 37.73

89 - 90 44,321 12,709 28.68 19,352 43.66

90 - 91 6,492 1,597 24.59 2,871 44.22

91 - 92 64,676 17,097 26.43 31,575 48.82

92 - 93 30,029 7,655 25.49 15,143 50.43

93 - 94 17,451 4,432 25.40 6,712 38.46

94 - 95 99,990 22,990 22.99 45,096 45.10

95 - 96 30,844 8,456 27.42 NA NA

96 - 97 113,631 32,384 28.50 NA NA

97 - 98 22,265 5,422 24.35 NA NA

98 - 99 146,665 38,127 26.00 NA NA

99 - 00 17,446 4,147 23.77 8,623 49.43

00 - 01 107,011 26,485 24.75 50,412 47.11 01 - 02 2,530 NA NA NA 02 - 03 29,402 NA NA NA

03 - 04 23,074 5,987 25.95 NA NA

04 - 05 12,053 NA NA NA * Olive Oil production Period Begins in October and ends in March

41

The Essence of Lesvos — Managing Water Resources in Lesvos, Greece

Annex 6 continued. Olive oil, milk processing and slaughterhouse indus- tries water use in Lesvos

Sheep milk Goat milk proc- Name of Unit Municipalities/communities processed (kg) essed (kg) Agricultural co-operative of Mantamados 700,000 15,000 Mantamados/Mantamados Mystakellis I. 360,000 90,000 Mantamados/Mantamados Doukas E. 560,000 40,000 Mantamados/Mantamados Terra Aiolika 512,000 168,000 Polichnitos/Achladeri Zouros H. 60,000 - Polichnitos/Polichnitos Planis G. 50,000 - Polichnitos/Polichnitos Koukoulas C. 100,000 8,000 Polichnitos/Polichnitos Chademenos P. 120,000 50,000 Polichnitos/Lisvori Tyrokomiki Geras 80,000 20,000 Gera/Skopelos Patsikas S. 850,000 150,000 Tastanis M. & D. 450,000 100,000 Kalloni/Agra Sachtouris V. 700,000 50,000 Petra/Stipsi Vournazos N. 110,000 16,000 Eressos-Antissa/Mesotopos Livestock Co-operative of Eresos 800,000 30,000 Eressos-Antissa/Eressos Thymelis Ε. 3,000,000 260,000 Eressos-Antissa/Antissa Koutsoktonis C. 250,000 - Mythimna/Argenos Santziliotis D. 1,500,000 500,000 Loutropoli Thermis Skordos. D. 400,000 100,000 Loutropoli Thermis/ Neon Kidonion LESVIGAL 7,000,000 2,000,000 Eressou-Antissis/Vatoussa Galaktokomiki Lesvou 2,125,000 375,000 Eressos-Antissa/Hidira Kolios 4,300,000 1,600,000 Mantamados/Klio Lesvos Island 24,027,000 5,572,000 Production of selected livestock products 1991 (kg) Island Municipalities Meat Lesvos 3983581 Agia Paraskevi 319277 Agiasos 60857 Gera 378210 Eresou-Antissis 555465 Evergetoula 57252 Kalloni 495869 Loutropoli Thermis 88115 Mantamados 471329 Mythimna 153505 Mytilini 974115 Petra 193680 Plomari 63507 Polichnitos 172400 Estimated water use Annual Water Use (m3/ Industry Type Amount Processed (tn) (m3/tn) yr) Olive Mills 0.8-1 52361 41888-52361 Milk Processing Units 2.5 29599 73997

Slaughterhouses 5.4 3983 21511 Sources: National Statistical Service of Greece; Waste Management Laboratory 42

The Essence of Lesvos — Managing Water Resources in Lesvos, Greece

Annex 7. List of stakeholders involved (or potentially interested) in water man- agement in Lesvos

Level Stakeholders Interest Central Water Agency of the Hellenic The main body for management of water resources Ministry for Environment, Physical working through local prefecture offices; supervises

Planning and Public Works Regional Water Directorates National Water Committee The overall policy-making for water protection and management; monitoring and control of the implemen-

tation and approval of national programs for the pro- tection and management of the water potential in Greece (i.e. National Strategy for Water Resources);

integration of national institutional framework in ac- cordance with EU WFD National Water Council Ensures an active public involvement and participa-

tion. It includes representatives of different stake- holders (political parties represented in the Parliament, prefecture representatives, municipal unions and com-

panies, unions of workers, scientific organizations and National two non-governmental organizations) Ministry of Agriculture Rural development, measures and actions aiming to

fulfill water needs for agriculture Ministry of Health and its Regional Monitoring of drinking water quality Laboratories for Public Health. Ministry of Interior, Public admini- Municipalities are supervised by this Ministry stration and Decentralization Regional Water Directorate (Aegean Co-ordinate water policy activities and implement spe- Islands) cific Programmes of Measures and Action Plans (such

as River Basin Management Plan) for achieving the environmental objectives of the WFD within the boundaries of the water region

Regional Water Council Ensures an active public involvement and participation Local Prefecture of Mytilene (Lesvos), of- Functional management of water resources: determine fice of water resources terms for the protection of water resources; licenses for construction of water works and permissions of water use, permits for wells

13 Municipalities of Lesvos Drinking water supply and water sanitation, setting of water supply prices Municipal companies for water sup- Water supply, treatment of water, water control ply and sewerage Regional Laboratories for Public Monitoring of drinking water quality Health Wastewater treatment plants Treatment of wastewater Farmers, industries, hotels, citizens Water use and discharge of waste water NGOs, various educational and sci- Protection of natural resources, education, awareness entific institutions and universities programs and campaigns Consultants, scientists, advisers, spe- Consultation and information support, improvement of cialists water management Local media Provide information and public awareness.

The table is compiled by using different sources: Tsakiris et al. 2003, Tsagarakis et al. 2003, CWA 2008, 43

The Essence of Lesvos — Managing Water Resources in Lesvos, Greece

is implemented; Industry-EPOM/Distilleries Un- (1/06/09) ion of Mythelini of a rate at is treated Liquid waste 2.5 tons/yr; Recycling of solid standards related to waste; All ISO env. management is connected to waste- The industry water treatment and sampling of water is done monthly; there is installation ofmachines that uses less water; Companyis trying to EU legislations adapt to Many Disposal of organic wastes; legislations drawn by the Govt. is not practical and overall there is that absence of legislation control, is This practical. creates morebu- law as seen Govt is and reaucracy enforcers only- they send only inspectors only Company Responsibility - French Parent Company Currentlythere is no assistance Need companies; the Govt. to from to organise seminarsto encourage businesses anddemand less; More on legislations and EU information legislation requirements spe- certified, a for Need changes; and cialised body or organisationfor issues. water role on advisory Can assist in demonstration and transfer of technology, knowledge and best practices

70% of Mythelini and 2 2 and Mythelini 70% of to are connected villages wastewater plant and cleaned; is 97% of water wastewater sludge is dumped on landscape; and diluted Ammonia is nitrogen phosphorous & is removed from waste- water has no sludge Dewatered use and the company do doesn’t know what to with it; treatedwater is dumped into the sea Municipal Water Au- Waste-Wastewater/ Sewage Treatment Plant,(29/05/09) Mythelini thority facility is run by the water authority Mythelini of Alternate use of the sludge and reuse of water treated perceptions on water and wastewater man-

Seawater is used to coolcylinder lines and head (ata rate is the wastewater 5500m3/hr) and of is into sea which back discharged 2-3degress higher then normal loop sys- closed of (part seawater tem); 1 Geothermal plant is in operationthe middle in of the is- land; Wastewater is checked by the Govt., Movement of the power station envi- No specific Mythilene; from lot a is There problem; ronmental envi- improve the to of investment ronmental conditions; Power sta- tionis close to municipality of Mythelini; Manpower problem is anissue - onlyone personin- charge of all waterissues ofthe plant. Municipalcouncil and the power station Energy-The Power Stationof Lesvos (29/05/09) None mentioned mentioned None and the None mentioned None mentioned as no environ- mental problems are claimed by Manager the Power Station

Wastewater from olive mill is not treated and discharged di- rectly into streams and creeks (high COD& BOD); there is of in line water some treatment tanks; 1 ton of olivefruit processing produces 1 ton of wastewater; Large amount of wateris used for washing and processing; is very water for plant treatment costly; small mill set-ups versus larger setups guarantee quality for of oil but makes it difficult implementation policy Prefecture and municipal coun- in responsibility take cil should water treating Industry- Olive PressFac- tory, Cop. Of(28/05/09) Molivos The millscan provide technol- as required ogy and equipment Scientific application to remove remove to application Scientific polyphenols; Government to research for olive mill invest in to willing treatment, wastewater mills and allow solutions apply to participate;

Questionnaire analysis of Lesvos sectoral Questionnaire analysis of Lesvos sectoral

1 Current practices in water 1 Current practices in water management 2 Organizational concerns/ challenges 3 Responsibility for water issues Sector/Key questions 5 Required assistance for water management partnership 6 Organisational opportunities Annex 8. agement 44

The Essence of Lesvos — Managing Water Resources in Lesvos, Greece

Annex 9. Water pricing in different municipalities

45