Application to Extend the area of the LESVOS PETRIFIED FOREST EUROPEAN and GLOBAL GEOPARK and the recognition of the LESVOS ISLAND GEOPARK for membership in the European Geoparks Network

LESVOS – GREECE 2011

Extended Lesvos island Geopark Application

Contents A. Identification of the Area...... 3 1. Name of the proposed Geopark ...... 3 2. Surface area, physical and human geography characteristics of the proposed Geopark .. 3 3. Organization in charge and management structure (description, function and organigram) of the proposed Lesvos Geopark ………………………………………………………………….. 10 4. Application contact person (name, position, tel./fax, e-mail) ……………………………………….. 13

B – Geological Heritage ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 14 1. Location of the proposed Lesvos Geopark (please include a geographical map and the geographic coordinates longitude and latitude coordinates) ……………………………………………. 14 2. General geological description of the proposed Lesvos Geopark ………………………………….. 14 3. Listing and description of the geological sites within the proposed Lesvos Geopark …….. 22 4 Details on the interest of these sites in terms of their international, national, regional or local value (for example scientific, educational, aesthetic) …………………………………………… 24

C. Geoconservation ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 26 1. Current or potential pressure on the proposed Lesvos Geopark …………………………………… 26 2. Current status in terms of protection of geological sites within the proposed Lesvos Geopark ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 28 3. Data on the management and maintenance of these sites …………………………………………… 30 4. Listing and description of non-geological sites and how they are integrated into the proposed Geopark ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 33

D. Economic Activity & Business Plan (including detailed financial information) …………… 36 1. Economic activity in the proposed Lesvos Geopark ………………………………………………………. 36 2. Existing and planned facilities for the proposed Lesvos Geopark (e.g. geo-education, geo-tourism, tourism infrastructure etc) ………………………………………………………………………….. 37 3. Analysis of geotourism potential of the proposed Lesvos Geopark ………………………………. 44 4. Overview and policies for the sustainable development of: - geo-tourism and economy - geo-education - geo-heritage ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 44 5. Policies for, and examples of, community empowerment (involvement and consultation) in the proposed Lesvos Geopark …………………………………………………………………. 48 6. Policies for, and examples of, public and stakeholder awareness in the proposed Lesvos Geopark ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 49

E. Interest and arguments for joining the EGN/GGN ……………………………………………………… 50

2 A. Identification of the Area 1. Name of the proposed Geopark The applicant area’s name is “Lesvos Geopark” and the present application is for the extension of the Lesvos Petrified Forest European and Global Geopark. Lesvos island is the third largest Greek island, and the seventh largest in the Mediterranean. Lesvos Island is well known for the Petrified Forest, its geodiversity and biodiversity, its protected areas that cover the largest part of the island presenting a variety of birds and wildflowers, the ancient olive groves and rare pine forests, the hot springs, its antiquities, the medieval castles, traditional villages and culture. Lesvos has an excellent network of trails, unique specimens of industrial architecture, monasteries and churches . The island is the birthplace of famous people of art and literature like the phi losopher Theophrastus, the singer and guitar-player Arion, the famous poet Sappho and Alkaeo, the musician and founder of the guitar Terpandros, the philosopher Pittako, the painter George Jakobidis and the Nobel Prize winner poet Odysseas Elitis.

2. Surface area, physical and human geography characteristics of the proposed Geopark The island of Lesvos is located in the NE Aegean Sea. It is situated close to the coast of Asia Minor with an area of 1.636 km2 and 370 km of coastline and a population of 90.463 inhabitants. The sea enters deeply into the southern portion of the island and forms two enchanting bays with narrow entrances, namely the Kalloni and Gera gulfs. Small coves and fishing harbors ornament its shores and the headlands that are formed along the coast are most picturesque. Olive and pine trees cover mountains and plains on the central and eastern part of the island while a wide variety of aromatic and medical herbs are also present. 11 million olive trees produce more than 20.000 tons of olives per year. Mytilini is the capital town of the island and the administrative center of Lesvos Municipality and the Region of North Aegean, the seat of the General Secretary of the Aegean & Naval Policy and of the University of the Aegean. It is the commercial and cultural center of the island and has a population of 37,881 inhabitants (2001 census). Mytilini is largely built on the ancient town. It spreads amphitheatrically around the harbour with extension to the north and west highs. On the north of Mytilini the Venetian castle crowns a magnificent pine wood which reaches down to the shore. It is one of the largest mediaeval castles in the Eastern Mediterranean. Places of special interest are the Ancient Theatre with marvellous acoustics, the Archaeological Museum, the Byzantine Museum, Theophilos Museum, Teriade Museum of modern art and some of the monumental churches, having both impressive architectural features and ecclesiastical articles. On the Northern edge of the island stands the Mythimna Municipal Unit (2,375 inhabitants) which is the centre of the tourist development. Its capital is the picturesque town of Mythimna (Molyvos) which has been declared a settlement subject to preservation. Its castle crowns it from Byzantine times and makes it even more charming. Other Municipal Units of the Island are Kalloni with 8,073 inhabitants, Polichnitos with 5,163 inhabitants, Plomari with 6,385 inhabitants, Agiasos with 2,581 inhabitants, Agia Paraskevi with 2,454 inhabitants, Petra with 3,721 inhabitants, Mantamados with 3,024 inhabitants, Loutropoli Thermis 3,481 inhabitants, Evergetoulas with 3,242 inhabitants, Gera with 6,945

3 inhabitants. On the extreme Western edge of the island lies the Eressos-Antissa Municipal Unit with 5,111 inhabitants (2001 census). The villages of this area are of incomparable wild beauty, where appear large accumulations of fossilised tree trunks comprising the well known «Petrified Forest of Lesvos». The Natural History Museum of Lesvos' Petrified Forest is located in Sigri village since 1994, in order to undertake scientific research on the natural monument, as well as the preservation and promotion of the Petrified Forest. The local economy is based on the agricultural production with an emphasis on olive oil production (of exceptionally high quality), cattle-raising (mainly dairy products) and fishing. Distillery is developed and its main product is the world famous ouzo. Many of the island’s inhabitants are professionally engaged in agricultural tourism. The climate is mild Mediterranean, the mean annual temperature is 18 °C (64°F), and the mean annual rainfall is 750 mm (29 in). Its exceptional sunshine makes it one of the sunniest islands in the Aegean. Snow is extremely rare as are temperatures below freezing.

The Petrified Forest protected area On the western part of Lesvos Island, remains of fossil plants appear within volcanic rocks. The fossils comprise the well-known «Lesvos Petrified Forest», which covers an area of 15,000 ha. Within this area, several unique palaeo-botanical sites showing high concentrations of fossilised tree-trunks have been discovered. The region of the Petrified Forest is characterized by impressive volcanic geotopes, result of the intense volcanic activity of the past. This region could be characterized as a window on the geohistoric development of the Aegean over the past 20 million years. Scientists researching and studying the Petrified Forest speak enthusiastically of the rarity and great scientific value of the monument and repeatedly emphasize the uniqueness of the site. There are many reasons for this. The Petrified Forest constitutes an entire forest ecosystem that was fossilised on site because of intense volcanic activity. Lesvos Petrified Forest The large number of fossilised trunks that have remained standing upright, with their root system fully developed, confirms that the trees were fossilised in their original position, thus this is an autochthonous fossilised forest. The fossilised trees and the parts of the plants have been preserved in excellent c onditions up to the present. The age of the forest and the great variety of fossilised plant species that have been found contribute to its great scientific value, whereas the composition of the fossilised

4 flora is a particularly important guide to the climatic conditions, the environment and the geological conditions at that period. The systematic paleobotanical study of the petrified tree trunks and fossilised leaves enables the determination of the genus and species of the plants that made up the forest of Lesvos 20 million years ago. At the area of Gavathas, in northwestern Lesvos, findings of the oldest known land mammal in Greece, Prodeinotherium bavaricum (first appearance of the family in Europe) have been recovered. At the Petrified Forest, we can gather information regarding the plant species which constituted the island’s flora, the climatic and geological conditions that prevailed in the Aegean area 20 millions years ago. In other words, the Petrified Forest constitutes a unique ‘’testimonial’’ of the geological history of the Aegean basin over the past 20 million years.

Map of Lesvos isl. with the Lesvos Petrified Forest Geopark (yellow) and protected areas

The Paleofauna of Vatera The Natural History Collection of Vrisa houses the fossils that were collected in Vrisa and some characteristic rocks, animals and plants of Lesvos. The Collection was founded in September of 1999 and it is housed in the building of the old school of Vrisa. Some of the samples of Collection are exposed, in order to give a general impression of the natural history of the region. The core of this exposition is the fossils of animals, which lived in Lesvos 2 million years ago.

5 NATURA 2000 protected areas In the eastern part of Lesvos a rather moist climate prevails, in comparison with the rest of the island. The slopes of Mt. Olympus and the Amalis peninsula dominate the morphology, while in between them is the tectonic basin of the Gulf of Gera with impressive steep cliffs on its eastern side. Plants at lower elevations are typical of Mediterranean maquis plants, characteristically consisting of evergreen bushes (2-2.5 meters in height) with tough leathery leaves adapted to the Mediterranean climatic conditions. These plants include olives, wild pear etc. At higher elevations on the slopes of Mt. Olympus, the flora changes to plants which have adapted to the more damp and cold climatic conditions. Myrtle, laurel, maple etc. grow here, as well as cultivated tree crops rarely found on Greek islands such as the chestnut groves of Agiassos and cherry, apple and pear orchards. A large part of the eastern side of the island is covered by olive groves which blanket the hills and slopes, supported by impressive dry stonewall terraces. From a distance the border between the silver grey leaves of the olives and the dark green maquis plants and pines is quite noticeable. This ecosystem sustains a wealth of birds, reptiles, insects and mammals. The Gulf of Yera with the Dipi Marsh and Mt. Olympus make up one of the three regions of the island which are part of a network of natural conservation called “NATURA 2000”. In the central part of the island, and especially around the Gulf of Kalloni, the climate becomes drier and there are plains with wheat, hay and vegetable fields. This region contains the largest gulf of the island, the Gulf of Kalloni. To the east and north of the Gulf of Kalloni, there are large mature pine forests which coincide with the borders of the ophiolitic remnants of the oceanic crust of Tethys. In the coastal area around the gulf there are 17 natural and artificial wetlands such as the salt flats which consist of a very important system that hosts significant numbers of water birds, both migratory and non-migratory, of international interest. The area is inundated every spring by birdwatchers from all over the world. The Gulf of Kalloni is one of three regions of the island which are part of a network of natural conservation called “NATURA 2000”. In the western part of the island, where the Petrified Forest is located, the climatic conditions change and become drier, the rocks are volcanic and the mountain slopes of Mt. Ordymnos dominate the morphology of the area. The flora in this part of the island is typical of Mediterranean frigana plants. The dominant plants are small round and thorny bushes between the craggy rocks. Thorny burnet, euphorbia sp., prickly broom, and greater knapweed constitute a continuous and thick layer of plants, which together with the rocks is virtually impassable for a hiker. For the frigana micro-environment, spring and early summer brings the blooming of a wide variety of plants such as orchids, the thirty different types of which impress the observer with eccentric shades of color. In amongst these plants there are also many fruit and insect-eating, as well as predatory, birds, rabbits, mice, turtles, impressive lizards, snakes and many more organisms which are well-hidden in between the plants and rocks. Later in the summer, a wide variety of prickly herbaceous plants and well-known thistles bloom. The oak forests are also impressive in this region. Their acorns, once used for trade, supported the economic life of the island at one point. This area is also criss-crossed by seasonal streams with flowering plants growing on their banks. In spring, blooming oleanders and rhododendrons and light up the region with their pink and yellow blossoms. This area is one of three areas of the island which are part of a network of natural conservation called “NATURA 2000”.

6 Biodiversity The island of Lesvos is a richly endowed land. Its natural beauties, its climate and its fertile soil have given birth to people with a profound sense of beauty and harmony, from the depths of antiquity right up to the present. It is not by chance that even during mythological times Lesvos was known for its flourishing arts. Lesvos island can be divided into four main physiographical provinces: a. The south -eastern part where the Olympus mountain range, reaching a maximum height of 967 m, dominates. b. The Kalloni Gulf grabben. c. The central mountainous region, including the chain of the main volcanic centres; this region starts west of Kalloni Gulf and extends to the northern shores of the island, hosting also the highest peak of the island, Lepetymnos (968 m). d. The hilly western part which is composed of pyroclastic rocks, and is characterised by irregular peaks that reach heights of 600 m. The East coast of Lesvos Isl. is separated from the West coast of Asia Minor by the Mytilini strait. Olive and pine trees cover mountains and plains on the central and eastern part of the island while a wide variety of aromatic and medical herbs are also present. Forests of pine and some oak occupy 20%, and the remainder is scrub, grassland andurban. Flora The main feature of the forest flora of Lesvos is the close association of various vegetation types with the island’s geological structure. The geological makeup of Lesvos divides the island to the following regions with their corresponding vegetation: a) Lime region (eastern Lesvos, Chamali, Pigi, Ippeios, Karini), where olive trees represent the dominant species (Olea europaea, b) Schist region (southeastern Lesvos, Agiassos, Gera, Plomari) with oak (Quercus sp.) and chestnut trees (Castanea sativa), c) Ophiolithic region (central Lesvos, west of Olympos) with Mediterranean pines (Pinus brutia) and d) Volcanic region (central, northern and western Lesvos) with oak Olive trees common at eastern Lesvos (Quercus pubescens, Quercus aegilops), yellow azalea (Rododendron luteum), black pines (Pinus nigra) and Sarcopoterium spinosum

and Centaurea spinosa shrubs. The Herbaceous vegetation of the island is also impressive. Two anemone species (Anemone coronaria & A. pavonina) and daisy species (Anthemis chia & A. arvensis), red (Papaver rhoeas) and orange poppies (P. Levigatum), as well as asphodels (Asphodelus microcarpus), the typical plants of the Elysian Fields of ancient Greeks, bloom over extensive areas and create a multicolor display. The Lesbian Alyssum (Alyssum lesbiacum) seems to be the only endemic species on the island, while Phododendron luteum (yellow azalea) and Haplophyllum megalanthum (orchid species) are plants of the Orient, which, in the Greek territory, glow only on Lesvos. Other species, such as Royal fern (Osmunda regalis), False hemp (Datisca cannabina), Komper’s orchid (Comperia comperiana), small carnation (Dianthus anatolicus),

7 chickweed (Elatine aslinastrum), Corydalis integra, a type of buttercup (Raunculus isthmicus) and a type of campion (Silene urvillei), are very rare in other parts of Greece. It is worth mentioning Colchicum Automnale, a bulbous plant that flowers with the first autumn breeze, on the island. Its flower is perfect; it has both male reproductive organs, six stamens and female ones, three carpels. All parts of the plant are poisonous’ they contain an active poison called colchicines. According to mythology, Medea daughter of the king of Colchis, kelled her own children with its poison, and so gave it its name. Finally, dozens of rare and quite elusive orchid species are a fascinating part of Lesbian flora, while there is a vast variety of toadstools and mushrooms, mainly in the district of Achladeri. Fauna The island’s fauna is just as rich as its flora combining animal species of both the Orient and the West. Among the carnivores encountered in the olive groves are the fox (Vulpes vulpres), the ferret (Martes foina) and the weasel (Mustela nivalis). The most important mammal of Lesvos is the squirrel (Sciurus anomalus) or galia as the natives call it, which lives in the Asia Minor shores and nowhere else in Europe but on Lesvos. Other species present on the island include the otter, the hedgehod (erinaceus concolor) and the hare (Lepus capensis). On Lesvos, we also encounter the amphibian Greek March frog, the European tree frog, the Eastern spadefoot and the green toad. Many reptiles also live on the island, the Greek tortoise (Testudo graeca) Balkan terrapin (Mauremys revulata) , European pond terrapin (Emys orbicularis), Agama stelio, Balkan green lizard (Lacerta trilineata), Balkan wall lizard (Podarcis taureca) armoured glass snake (Phiosaurus apodus), Mediterranean house gecko (Hemidactylus turcicus), Caspian Whipsnake (Coluber jugularis), Balkan whip snake (Coluber gemonensis), Dahl’s Whipesnake (Coluber najadum), coastal viper (Viperea xanthina), dice snake (Natrix tesselata), European ratsnake (Elaphe situla), four-lined snake (Elaphe quatuorlineata), caat snake (Telescopus fallax), sand boa (Eryx jaculus), worm snake (Typhlops Vermicularis), Montpellier Snake (Malpolon monspessulanus). An ideal place for bird watching, Lesvos is the island with the richest avifauna in the Aegean. Due to the wide variety of habitats and its location half way in the migration routes of Eastern Mediterranean, more than 300 species of birds pass, winter or nest on the island. Important regions for bird watching are Olympos, Kalloni, the Bay of Gera, Prinovouni, Akrasia, around Vatera, Lepetymnos, Agiassos, Sigri, Eressos, Petra, Skala in Polychnitos, Agra, Potamia et. al. Sitta Krueperi is one of the rarest species, which has chosen to live only in the pinewoods of the regions of Olympos, Achladeri and Akrasio in the whole of Europe. Cinereous Bunting (Emberiza cineracea) can be traced in Eressos, Olympos and Agra. Other rare species nesting on the island are Ruppell’s Warbler, the olive-tree Warbler, the Olivaceous Warbler, the Pied Wheatear, the Rufous Bush Robin, the Masked Shrike, the Sombre Tit, the Rock Nuthatch, the Cretzschmar’s Bunting, the Long-legged Buzzard, the Accipiter, the Alectoris chukar. The Ruddy Shelduck (Tadorna ferruginea) is rare in Greece and nests in the area of Achladeri. Also on the island we find a few pairs of Black Storks (Ciconia nigra). In Lesvos there are also White Storks (Ciconia ciconia). Rare aquatic birds nest in the Bay of Kalloni, such as the Black-winged Stilt, the pied avocet, the Stone Curlew, the Little Bittern, the king fisher, the Collared Pratincole, the Marsh harrier, the Common Tern, the Little Tern, etc. As for more ordinary birds, Lesvos hosts blackbirds, thrushes and starlings in the olive groves, as well as robins, Chaffinches, skylarks, wrens, woodpeckers, Blackcaps and, in the summer, Wheatears. More rarely one might

8 encounter the Sardinian Warbler (Sylvia melonocerhala) exclusively in the olive groves, the Sylvia olivetorum and in recent years the wren. The Hoopoe nest in olive trees cavities, while in dry branches we come across the small Dunnock (Prunellamodularis). During the winter the wood cock and two species of thrush, the Fieldfare and the Redwing, visit the island, whereas the Eurasian Eagle Owl is giving way to the Long-eared Owl. An impressive group of insects with a diverse variety of species that inhabit Lesvos are the dragonflies (order Odanata). The research is still in progress but 45 different species have already been spotted on the island. These dragonflies seem to be members of the prehistoric family of giant dragonflies, the first insects to become avian. Finally, it is worth mentioning that more than 530 species of bees live on Lesvos. The list is constantly growing as research progresses. This impressive variety of bees is, of course, related to the huge range of plant and habitat variety of the island. Wetlands These are ideal locations for watching and photographing birds and they attract more and more enthusiasts from around the world. In the wetland of Kalloni Bay the sea has no waves or spoondrift. Sea water is trapped in salt pans. This environment swarming with life is chosen by birds, and bird watchers can not but follow in spring and autumn months, the coexistence of man and beast has reached the point where flamingos with their long legs and impressive pink plumage are not bothered by human presence. The wetland has been included in Natura 2000 network, and includes, besides the bay marine habitat, a large number of terrestrial wetlands: the saltpans of Kalloni and Wetland of Kalloni Polichnitos, the stream beds of Tsiknias, Vouvari, Mylopotamos, Ennia Kamares, Potamia, the lagoon of Messa, etc. In the eastern part of the island, at the junction of Mytilini-Kalloni and Mytilini-Gera roads, the river Evergetoulas and the marsh of Dipio create another impressive wetland called Dipio -Larso. Wild geese and ducks, herons and other birds searching for food end up in the mouths of the rivers Almyropotamos and Vourkos in the wetland of Vatera. The clay soil and the shallow waters of the area foster the development of various plant and animal species close to the shore. Thermal springs Geological changes endowed Lesvos with numerous hot springs, which influenced life on the island. The first settlements in prehistoric times were created near such “miraculous” waters, which provide today’s traveler with a unique therapeutic experience. The Hot Springs of Thermi are not only therapeutic, but they boast a brilliant history. They are worth a visit, even if you are not interested in a therapeutic bath, just so that you can explore the region’s past. The area flourished during the Hellenistic period, and the Romans used the baths in their daily lives. Places like ancient temples, parts of which were used in later constructions, domed buildings, created under the Ottoman rule by pashas who adored Lesvos, Sarlitza Palace Hotel, designed by French architects and the place Venizelos stayed at, all

9 whisper secrets of History! Modern spa facilities housed in a renovated building with individual baths; are located right next to Sarlitza Palace. The water temperature is 49.9 o C, and the spring is characterized as a ferrous hot spring. The Gulf of Gera Hot Springs are just a few kilometers form Mytilene. In the past, carts and boats used to wait at the calm waters’ jetty and bring over people from the capital for their hot baths. The temperature of the water is 39.7o C and the spring is characterized as rich in sodium chloride. The common bath with its view of the sea, as well as the stone and marble faucets are also impressive. Eftalou hot springs are situated on the northern coast of Lesvos, very close to Mythimna. The se springs, well up through andesitic tuffs and conglomerates. The temperature of the water is 46.5o C and, the radiation lever 14.7 MACHE; this makes Eftalou hot springs the most radioactive springs on Lesvos. The building where the baths are situated was built in the 17th century and with its curved dome and small sky light windows provides a magical experience. The four baths in the renovated building situated next to this one constitute a more modern version of a health spa. Polichnitos hot springs are some of the warmest hot springs in Europe, with temperatures ranging between 62o C and 86o C. They are located 1km southeast form the town of Polichnitos and offer two swimming pools and modern facilities. The waters are good for the treatment of rheumatism

and arthropathies. Lisvori hot springs, hidden inside olive groves, spout Polichnitos hot springs, one of the warmest up through volcanic conglomerates and volcanic hot springs in Europe tuffs. The water temperature is 69o C and its chemical components are similar to those of Policnitos hot springs. There are two swimming pools, one of which has been in use since the Ottoman times.

3. Organization in charge and management structure (description, function and organigram) of the proposed Lesvos Geopark The organizations being in charge of the application and the management of Lesvos Geopark are the Municipality of Lesvos, the University of Aegean and the Natural History Museum of the Lesvos Petrified Forest which is also in charge for the “Lesvos Petrified Forest – European and Global Geopark”, founding member of the EGN and member of GGN since 2004. The cooperation of these organizations is based on the Agreement for the establishment of the Lesvos Geopark, which was signed on 18.10.2011 with main aim the extension of the limits of the existing Lesvos Petrified Forest – European and Global Geopark to include the entire surface of Lesvos island.

10 The Municipality of Lesvos is responsible for the local development. The University of the Aegean is providing scientific advice on any issue dealing with the geodiversity and biodiversity management and sustainable economic development in the area of the Lesvos Geopark. The Natural History Museum of the Lesvos Petrified Forest is responsible for the management of the Lesvos Geopark. The Geopark’s applicant parties have extensive experience of cooperating in environmental and tourism projects. The Natural History Museum of the Lesvos Petrified Forest European and Global Geopark founding member of the European Geoparks Network and member of the Global Geoparks Network of UNESCO.

LESVOS GEOPARK ORGANIZATIONAL MODEL

ESTABLISHMENT AGREEMENT Municipality of Lesvos University of Aegean Natural History Museum of the LPF

Scientific Steering Coordination Committee Committee Committee

Nomination by the Nomination by the institutions institutions Lesvos Geopark M.A. Management and Action Plan

Organizational Model of the Lesvos Geopark

Coordination Committee The Lesvos Geopark’s Coordination Committee consists of representatives nominated by the different organisations, which contribute to the activities of the Lesvos Geopark :  Lesvos Municipality  Region of North Aegean  Decentralised Administration of the Aegean / Forest Authority of Lesvos  University of the Aegean  University of Athens – Dept. of Geology and Geoenvironment  Natural History Museum of the Lesvos Petrified Forest  Ephorate of Antiquities of Lesvos  Museums and Cultural Organizations

11  ETAL SA (LEADER Local Action Group)  Chamber of Lesvos  Geotechnical Chamber of Aegean

Steering Committee The Lesvos Geopark’s Steering Committee comprises of the Mayor of Lesvos and one representative of the Municipality of Mytilini, one representative of the University of Aegean and a representative of the Natural History Museum of the Lesvos Petrified Forest. In addition, experts from different fields could attend meetings of the Steering Group when necessary. Scientific Committee The Geopark Scientific Committee consists of scientists nominated by the different organisations, which participate in the Lesvos Geopark Coordination Committee. The Geopark Scientific Committee meets twice per year and is responsible to provide advise on any issue dealing with the Lesvos geopark outlined in the Organisational chart. Funding The Geopark’s operational funds are based on the contribution of the participating organisations which are responsible to secure the appropriate budget for its activities. Personnel The Lesvos Geopark’s personnel consists of individuals employed by the Municipality of Lesvos, the Natural History Museum of the Lesvos Petrified Forest and the University of the Aegean and the contribution of all participating organizations in the Lesvos geopark Coordination Committee.

Natural History Museum of the Lesvos Petrified Forest The Museum is a legal non-profit entity that belongs to the Greek state and is overseen by the Minister of Culture (N. 2260/1994). The aim of the Museum is the study, research, promotion, exhibition, maintenance, protection and any suitable usage of the Petrified Forest of Lesvos, as stated by paragraph 2 of article 2 of N.2260/94. More specific aims of the Museum, as determined by the Administrative Council, are: o the research and promotion of elements that are part of the geohistoric development of the region in which Petrified Forest was developed, as well as the comparative study of modern and fossilized ecosystems, in order to increase awareness of the value and importance of the Petrified Forest o the presentation, promotion and projection of the fossilized finds through exhibitions o the management, protection and promotion of the Petrified Forest o the protection of geodiversity and biodiversity, biotopes and geotopes, landscapes and more generally the natural environment o environmental education. o the cultural and economic growth of the region The legislative framework that determines the operation of Museum includes: o LAW 2260/94, (OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE HELLENIC REPUBLIC 204/A/5-12-1994) [ARTICLE 2]: Foundation of the Natural History Museum of the Lesvos Petrified Forest o P.D. 183/95, (OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE HELLENIC REPUBLIC 96/A/30-5-1995): Operation regulations of the Natural History Museum of the Lesvos Petrified Forest

12 The Museum is managed by a seven member Administrative Council and the Director. The Museum employs staff and collaborators for a variety of different functions. Structure of the Museum Organisation:  Department of Research, Study and Validation  Department of Exhibitions, Publications, and Educational Programs  Department of Administration, Support and Finances  Technical Service The scientific actions of the Museum include: 1. Research The Museum is active in the following research areas: Palaeobotanical – Paleontology, Geological structure and geodynamic development of the Aegean, Natural environment – Modern ecosystems, Geotopes, geodiversity and Geoconservation, Promotion of natural and cultural heritage, Methodologies in the preservation of fossils and biological samples 2. Mapping An important research activity of the Museum involves the mapping of fossil -bearing locations, on which is based the impressive picture of the vegetation zones, palaeomorphology and plant variety of the Petrified Forest. 3. Excavations Systematic excavations in the Petrified Forest began in 1997 and continue today. The excavations have brought to light important discoveries, which already have been presented i n the scientific community and have been published in established international and Greek scientific magazines. The objective of excavation research, is the collection of new elements that concern the composition of fossilized ecosystem. 4. Conservation Particular care is applied in the conservation and aesthetic restoration of fossils. The fully equipped and functional Conservation laboratory is housed in the Museum. Systematic interventions for the conservation of plant fossils are carried out in the op en-air spaces of the Petrified Forest with the application of special pioneering techniques. The occurrence and conservation of new and existing discoveries enrich the exhibitions of the Museum.

4. Application contact person (name, position, tel./fax, e-mail) Dimitris Vounatsos, Mayor of Lesvos El. Venizelou 11-17, 81100 Mytilene, Greece

Dr. Nickolas Zouros Assoc Prof University of Aegean Director of the Natural History Museum of the Lesvos Petrified Forest 8th November 17, 81100 Mytilini, Greece Phone: +030 22510 47033, Fax: +030 22510 47033, E-mail: [email protected]

This application is uploaded at the internet address: http://www.petrifieforest.gr/Lesvos_Geopark_Application.pdf

13 B. Geological Heritage 1. Location of the proposed Lesvos Geopark The island of Lesvos is located in the NE Aegean Sea. During Cenozoic, Lesvos took its present impressive shape which the Nobel prize poet Elytis likened to the leaf of a plane tree. On the extreme Western edge of the island on an area of incomparable wild beauty, appear large accumulations of fossilised tree trunks comprising the well known «Petrified Forest of Lesvos», The glossiness and the chromatic variety of the petrified pieces is fascinating. On Megalonisi, the island which protects the bay of Sigri, lie some marvellous trunks of petrified trees. The protected area of the Petrified Forest (15.000 ha) declared as Protected Natural Monument, is a founder member of the European Geoparks Network (2000) and is included in the Global Geoparks Network in 2004. The new application includes the already recognized Lesvos Petrified Forest Geopark and the remaining 148.000 ha of the total surface of the island.

2. General geological description of the proposed Lesvos Geopark Lesvos island belongs to the Pelagonian geotectonic zone of Greece which represents fragment of the Cimmerian Continent (Mountrakis 1983; 1992). The geology of Lesvos has been described by Hecht (1971; 1974; 1975), Pe-Piper (1978), Katsikatsos et al. (1982, 1986). Hecht (1971;1974) presented the geological map of the island (1: 50.000 scale). Chemical analyses of the volcanic rocks have been carried out by Georgalas (1949), Borsi et. al. (1972), Pe-Piper (1978; 1980; 1984) and Pe-Piper and Piper (1980; 1989; 1997).

Geological Map of Lesvos Island

14 According to the published data the geological structure of Lesvos Island comprises the following rock-units.  An autochthonous unit of Permo-Triassic age, including schists, quartzites, metasandstones, phyllites with intercalation of marbles and crystalline carbonates. These rocks are widely extended on the Southeast part of the island, while in the Northwest part they have a rather small extension.  The allochthonous units that represent remnants of an ophiolitic sequence, comprising basic and ultrabasic rocks and associated deep-sea fine-grained sediments, as well as metamorphic rocks, amphibolites and amphibole schists, metabasites and metasediments, parts of the sole, overthrusted the metamorphic basement. These alpine and pre-alpine rocks were later covered by Tertiary volcanic rocks and Neogene marine and lacustrine deposits, as well as Quaternary deposits. The Neogene volcanic rocks, dominate the Central and Western part of the island. The Metamorphic basement The autochthonous unit, according to Katsikatsos et al. (1982,1986), is a series of formations ranging from Neopaleozoic to Upper Triassic age. It has no strati-graphic unconformities and it consists entirely of metaclastic rocks, crystalline limestones and dolomites. It is characterised by a very low grade metamorphism. These rocks dominate on the Southeast part of the island, where the visible thickness, in places, is more than 1.000 m. In the Northwest part of the Island they have relatively small extension (areas of Sigri, Gavathas, Eressos) and they are exposed under the postalpine volcanic rocks and lacustrine deposits. The metamorphic rocks consist of schists (mainly micaceous, sericitic and chlo-ritic) alternating with metasandstones (mainly arkoses), and quartzites as well as lenses and intercalations of crystalline limestones and dolomites. Generally the extension and the thickness of the carbonate rocks are always limited, except in the upper parts of certain areas, where the carbonates dominate.

In these rocks and in several localities and different stratigraphic horizons, a rich fauna of Carboniferous-Permian age was found (Hecht 1972; 1974; 1975, Katsikatsos et al. 1982) consisting of foraminifers, algae, lamellinbranches, gastropods, echinoderms, crinoids and corals. Mountain Olympos - Metamorphic rocks The Triassic formations represent the upwards normal transition of the Neopaleozoic formations and they are found only in the Southeast part of Lesvos. They consist mainly of schists and metasandstones. Within these formations very thick intercalations of crystalline carbonates usually occur, where fossils of Megalodon have been found by Katsikatsos (Migiros 1994). They are characterised by the presence of breccia and big carbonate blocks, mainly within their upper horizons.

15 The Ophiolitic sequence Basic and ultrabasic rocks, associated deep-sea sediments, as well as basic metamorphic rocks, overthrust the metamorphic basement. All these rocks have an allochthonous origin, they are remnants of an ophiolitic sequence and represent fragments of the Neo -Tethyan oceanic lithosphere, which were emplaced on the Pelagonian margin during Mesozoic (Mountrakis et al. 1992). According to Katsikatsos et al. (1982; 1986), the allochthonous rocks are divided into two tectonic nappes. The lower nappe, comprising Triassic volcano-sedimentary formations and the upper one, comprising ophiolitic rocks. The lower nappe, occupies a large area in the Southeast part of the island and its thickness exceeds, in places, 1.000 m. It consists of various types of metabasites, which usually dominate in the upper parts, and metasediments. At the base of the lower tectonic nappe, crystalline limestones and dolomites appear forming lenses and intercalations with schists of various mineralogical composition (chlorite, mica, sericite, e.t.c.) and conglomerates. Characteristic fossils of Lower-Middle Triassic age have been found in the carbonate rocks (Katsikatsos et al. 1982). The volcano-sedimentary rocks suffered initially a low grade metamorphism in the pumpellyite- actinolite-chlorite zone (Katsikatsos et al. 1982). But in some places the presence of glaucophane, provides a high-pressure metamorphism. The upper ophiolitic nappe occupies a large area in the Southeast part of Lesvos. Geophysical data indicate that in the central part of the island (Kalloni gulf) the ophiolites are continuous at depth below the Neogene volcanic rocks. The ophiolitic rocks overthrust, in their larger part, the volcano-sedimentary formations and can be divided into two parts, which are in tectonic relation, an upper part which mainly consists of ultramafic rocks (peridotite, pyroxen- peridotite, and olivinite) and a lower part consisting of metamorphic basic ophiolitic rocks. Ultramafic rocks, of various degrees of serpentinization, are intersected by veins of pyroxenites and gabbros. Their thickness exceeds in places 1.000 m. Metamorphic basic ophiolitic rocks, mainly amphibolites and amphibolitic schists, are always tectonically intercalated with the ophiolitic rocks and the underlying volcanosedimentary formations. Their thickness reaches, in places 300 m. Both these rock - groups which belong to the ophiolitic tectonic nappe have suffered at least one very low grade metamorphism in the pumpellyite-actinolite-chlo-rite zone, similar to the one that suffered the volcano-sedimentary nappe (Katsikatsos et.al. 1986; Katagas & Panagos, 1979). The Postalpine volcanics Neogene volcanic rocks dominate the Central and Western part of the island. Lesvos is part of a belt of late Oligocene to middle Miocene calc-alcaline to shoshonitic volcanism of the Northern and Central Aegean Sea and Western Anatolia. In the central part of the island there is a series of stratovolcanoes, of basalt, andesite, dacite and rhyolite, termed the main volcanic chain, which extends in a SW-NE direction and includes a probable caldera complex near Vatoussa (Pe-Piper 1978; 1980). The Oligocene-Miocene volcanic rocks of Lesvos are shoshonitic, with only minor interbedded calc-alkaline andesites. There was minor earlier (21.5 M.a.) and later (16.5 M.a.) calc-alkaline volcanism. Several volcanic formations can be distinguished:

16  The Eressos Formation is the oldest igneous formation, composed by porphyritic andesites interbedded with agglomerate and volcaniclastic rocks, dated at 21.5 M.a., by Pe-Piper & Piper (1993). These lavas are 3 to 4 M.a., older than the main volcanic sequence of Lesvos.  The Skoutaros Formation is a normally magnetised sequence of andesite and basalt flow approximately synchronous with Sigri pyroclastics and Polychnitos ingnimbrite. In the upper part of the formation pyroxene andesite lavas interbedded with hornblende - biotite dacite lavas and felsic pyroclastic rocks of Sigri pyroclastic Formation.  The Sigri pyroclastics, thickest in the west of the island, are connected with the development of the Petrified forest and are overlain by several sheets of the Polichnitos ignimbrite. The Kapi rhyolite domes are of approximately the same age, of about 17.0 M.a.  The Polychnitos ignimbrites occur in correlable units 5-30 m thick. Each unit has an upward decrease in size of lithic tephra, often poor welding at the base. Commonly an abundance of glass lenticules or obsidian are present near the base, and good columnar jointing exists at the top of the unit. They are believed to be cooling units. The ignimbrites thin out against both metamorphic basement highs, and the main volcanic chain (where they interbed with volcani-clastic conglomerate).  The Skalochorion Formation lay in- between the lower Skoutaros Formation and the upper Sykaminea lavas, composed by reversely magnetised intermediate lavas and contain feldspar megacrysts, commonly associated with mafic xenoliths.  The Sykaminea Formation dominates in central Lesvos and comprise a reversely magnetised stratovolcanic sequence of andesites, dacites and rare rhyolitic pyroclastics, dated at 17.3 M.a. (Pe-Piper 1980).  The Mytilene Formation, was defined by Panagia Gorgona - Volcanic rocks Pe-Piper (1978; 1980) as local basalt flows that Prager (1966) claimed to overlay Pontian marls. New radiometric data indicate that the Mytilene formation is part of the main sequence of the volcanic activity in Lesvos, dated at 16.8 M.a. (Pe-Piper & Piper 1993), (Borsi, et al. 1972.).  Mesotopos dykes, dated by Pe-Piper (1978) at 16.2 M.a., are widespread in western Lesvos. Volcanic equivalents are rare or absent. The impressive in volume and time duration (21.5-16.2 M.a.) volcanic activity in the area left a large number of active surface thermal manifestations and include hydrothermal alterations. The numerous hot springs, various geothermal fields, etc., should be connected mainly to the

recent active tectonic activity.

17 The Neogene marine and lacustrine deposits A long period of erosion, with deposition of Pliocene marine and lacustrine deposits, preceded the local basaltic andesitic activity of Eastern Lesvos. The Pliocene deposits consist of white marly limestones, partly concretionary and oolithic, intercalated with sandstones, conglomerates, whitish marls and clays containing several shell beds. The total thickness of these sediments is more than 60 meters. Neogene sediments are overline by Pleistocene and Holocene talus and continental deposits, composed by cemented and unconsolidated conglomerates, gravels, grey and red clays and sands. The Petrified Forest of Lesvos Western Lesvos, exposes large accumulations of fossilised tree trunks comprising the Petrified Forest of Lesvos. Isolated plant-fossils have been found in many other places of the island, including the area of Mythimna and Polichnitos (Velitzelos and Zouros 1997). The formation of the Petrified Forest is directly related to the intense volcanic activity in Lesvos island during late Oligocene - middle Miocene. In particular, it is related to the volcanic ash and pyroclastic materials erupting during the various episodes-phases. These materials covered entirely the vegetation of the area with a great quantity of fine, mainly volcanic, material. The rapid covering of tree trunks, branches, and leaves lead to isolation from atmospheric conditions. Along with the volcanic activity, hot reach in SiO2 solutions penetrated and impregnated the volcanic materials that covered completely the tree trunks. Thus the major fossilisation process started with a molecule by molecule exchange of the organic plant by inorganic materials. In the case of the Petrified Forest of Lesvos, the Lesvos was perfect due to favourable conditions. Therefore morphological characteristics of the tree trunks such as the annual rings, barkers, as well as the internal structure of the wood, are all preserved in excellent condition. From the orientation of the trees we can presume also the direction of movement of the pyroclastic flow units (from E to W). The study of the fossil tree trunks, leaves and seeds gives useful data about the Palaeoflora, the climate and the relative age of the Petrified Forest in Lower Miocene. In addition to the large number of fossilised leaves, the genus or the species of the trees, can also be determined from the micro-analysis of the internal structure of the fossil wood. The erect trunks, the roots and branches of many trees, give evidence that the fossilisation took place in situ. Despite the fact that the systematic study of the Petrified Forest has not yet been completed, the classification of the fossils allows certain conclusions to be drawn. All of the genera and species determined belong to higher plant groups: Angiospermae and Gymnospermae. Complete development of the flora was achieved in the presence of Angiosperms, the most evolved plants. From phytogeographical point of view the above mentioned plants can be distinguished into two main groups. The first group contains subtropical plants like Laurus (laurel), Cinnamomum (cinnamon), whose related species are actually developed in the forests of South -Eastern Asia. The second group includes plants which prefer mild temperatures like Alnus (alder), Carpinus (hornbill), Populus (poplar), Querqus (oak), Pinus (pine), Taxodioxylon gypsaceum (sequoia), etc. Related vegetation flourishes today in the warm continental zones of South -Eastern Asia and North America (Velitzelos 1988; 1993, Velitzelos & Gregor 1990, Suss & Velitzelos 1994).

18 A comparison of the stratigraphic expanse of the plant fossils with other Euro pean flora and with the Palaeoflora of Greece leads to the conclusion that the Palaeoflora of Lesvos developed during Lower Miocene, under subtropical or warm temperate seasonal climatic conditions. The high proportion of upright petrified tree trunks, with well preserved roots in the fossilised soil, allows us to infer that the petrified forest of Lesvos island represents a complete autochthonous (fossilised in situ) ecosystem. The Fossilised Forest was developed during the time period from the end of the Late Oligocene to Lower - Middle Miocene (ca. 20-15 million years before present), in contrast to most well known fossilised forests on Earth, which developed in earlier geological periods. According to recent data, the composition of the fossil flora is characterised by a high proportion of angiosperms (flowering plants) and gym-nosperms (conifers), and a low proportion of Pteridophytes (ferns). The silicified tree trunks and their organs - especially the wood - are very well preserved. Furthermore, fossilised leaves, cones and seeds provide the raw data for important scientific studies. Taxonomic study of the flora shows that they do not grow today in the Mediterranean, but only in tropical to subtropical regions such as Asia and Central America. (Velitzelos 1988; 1993). All of the above mentioned criteria certify that the Petrified Forest of Lesvos represent an important stage of the earth's evolutionary processes. It is considered a unique natural geological monument offering rare scientific data as no other analogous monument from this time period and stage of plant development exists. The Greek State recognised the exceptional palaeontological and geological value of this unique natural monument. In order to protect the Petrified Forest and ensure its proper management, five terrestrial and marine areas with fossil accumulations, as well as all the isolated fossils were declared as Protected Natural Monument with a special Presidential Decree (443 /1985). The need for further research and protection of the fossils led to the establish ment of the Natural History Museum of Lesvos' Petrified Forest in 1994. Its scope is to undertake scientific research on the Petrified Forest as well as to preserve and to promote this monument. In addition the Museum will organise special environmental education programs in order to cultivate a widespread sense of respect to the Earth's Heritage and the Natural monuments, among young students. Further research in the Petrified Forest will provide new data concerning the volcanology, stratigraphy, palaeoecology, palaeontology, palaeoclimatology and palaeogeography of the Southeast Mediterranean, at the Cross-roads of Europe and Asia.

The Paleofauna of Vatera The Natural History Collection of Vrisa houses the fossils that were collected in Vrisa and some characteristic rocks, animals and plants of Lesvos. The Collection was founded in September of 1999. It is part of the Museum of Paleontology and Geology of the University of Athens and it is housed in the building of the old school of Vrisa. Some of the samples of the Collection are exposed, in order to give a general impression of the natural history of the region. The core of this exposition are Paleofauna of Vatera

19 the fossils of animals, which lived in Lesvos 2 million years ago. At that time, the fauna of Vatera was pretty different from the fauna of today. On the open plains, the ungulate herbivores (gazelles, antelopes and wild oxen, horses) and mammoths were grazing, being stalked by sabre-toothed cats. In the woods, deer, rhinoceroses, mastodonts, raccoon dogs and wild cats lived. This forest was not very dense. Giant macaques were found at the forest edge. Either in the open or in the forest, tortoises walked around, a small one and a giant one, as big as a car. Along the river, badgers and possibly otters made a living. High in the sky, eagles were circling. They are extinct since long, and their story is told only by their fossils. At the same time, two million years ago, the same animal species were found also in the rest of Europe and in Asia as well. The fauna of Vatera is part of that large ecosystem, ranging from Spain and France in the West to China in the Far East. The geological period of this fauna is the end of the Late Pliocene (MN 17). It is the time of the gradual transition from the warmer Pliocene period to the colder Pleistocene period. The Pleistocene species are very similar to the species of today, but those of the Pliocene are rather different. The climate of Lesvos two million years ago was warm and relatively dry. The landscape of Vatera was mainly an open- canopy woodland, as indicated by the presence of antelopes, gazelles, giraffes, rhinos and horses. But there may have been also a more closed woodland, where the deer and wild ox roamed. Typical forest dwellers (pigs, tiny ruminants) are missing; these habitats were not available around Vatera. The climate, the landscape and the fauna of Vatera two million years ago was similar to the subtropical open woodlands and savannas of Africa and India of today. (www.vrissa.geol.uoa.gr)

Neotectonics From the geological, neotectonic, seismotectonic and geophysical point of view North Aegean and its surroundings have attracted the attention in the last decade.

The northern section of the Gulf of Gera is dominated by the steep slope of the Larsos fault

20 The 300-km long North Aegean Trough (NAT), with a maximum depth around 1900 m, is well defined by the 400-m isobath. It extends from the narrow Saros Trough to the east, as a continuation of the North Anatolian Fault through the Mar mara Sea, as far as the Sporades basin in the west. The trough is controlled by en echelon faults, which show normal character as it is derived from the seismic profiles (Biju-Duval, et al. 1972; Lalechos & Savoyar 1979; Brooks & Ferentinos 1980; Lyberis 1985; Roussos & Lyssimachou 1988) and there is also evidence for important dextral strike-slip movement. Lesvos island laying in the North - East Aegean area has a key role in understanding the geodynamics of the area.

Map of active Faults of Lesvos Island

Major geological faults can be observed at many places in Lesvos. These have caused cracks in the rock such as those in the area of the Gulf of Gera and created the valley along which the River Evergetoula flows. They are also responsible for the existence of warm springs in the area. The faults are also responsible for the impressively steep incline near to Larsos, into which the channel for the Roman aqueduct of Lesvos has been carved. In the region of the Gulf of Kalloni there is a large fault zone which was the cause of a powerful earthquake in 230 BC. This quake is linked to the destruction of the ancient city of Pyra, the ruins and ancient port of which are now beneath the sea in the Gulf of Kalloni. The same fault zone also appears to be linked to the most powerful earthquake to have taken place in Lesvos’s more recent history. The quake took place in 1867 with its epicentre in the Agia Paraskevi region. It registered 6.8 on the Richter scale and caused massive damage. Many geological faults can be seen along the whole length of the road as far as Sigri.

21 3. Listing and description of geological sites within the proposed Lesvos Geopark

GEOSITE ASSESSMENT Petrified Forest Parks International significance 1. Petrified Forest Park (Main Park) Scientific Value (S) 2. Sigri Petrified Forest Park Educational Value (E) 3. Plaka Petrified Forest Park Aesthetic Value (A) Tourism attraction(TA) 4. Chamandroula Petrified Forest Park International significance (I) 5. Skamiouda Petrified Forest Park Scientific Value (S) 6. Nisiopi Petrified Forest Park Educational Value (E) Aesthetic Value (A) Tourism potential (T) Fossil sites (plant fossil sites) National significance 7. Antissa Scientific Value (S) 8. Gavathas Educational Value (E) 9. Mesotopos 10. Eresos 11. Vatousa 12. Rougada 13. Lapsarna 14. Agra 15. Sarakina Fossil sites (plant fossil sites) National Significance 16. Mythimna Scientific Value (S) Educational Value (E) Aesthetic Value (A) Tourism potential (T) Fossil sites (mammal fossil sites) International significance (I) 17. Vatera vertebrate fossil sites Scientific Value (S) Educational Value (E) Fossil sites (mammal fossil sites) International significance (I) 18. Gavathas Dinotherium fossil site Scientific Value (S) 19. Lapsarna micromammal site Educational Value (E)

Volcanic sites National significance 20. Vatousa Caldera Scientific Value (S) 21. Agra Caldera Educational Value (E) 22. Anemotia Volcano Aesthetic Value (A) 23. Lepetymnos Volcano Tourism potential (T) 24. Mesotopos Volcano 25. Petra Volcanic Neck 26. Pithariou Dome 27. Ipsilou Dome - Columnar Lavas 28. Eresos Dome 29. Mythimna Dome – Castle Columnar Lavas 30. Eresos Laccolith 31. Pelopi Columnar Lavas 32. Alifada Dyke 33. Filia Dyke 34. Eresos Dyke 35. Avlaki Dyke (Petra)

22 36. Volcanic Structure of Panagia Gorgona (Skala Sikamineas) 37. Achladeri Ignimbrite 38. Skamiouda Ignimbrite 39. Parakila Volcanic Rocks Alteration Structures 40. Vatoussa Spheroidal Erosional landforms 41. Pterounda Volcanic Conglomerate 42. Voulgaris Volcanic Conglomerate 43. Panagia Islet Columnar Lavas (Tokmakia) Regional significance 44. Mparmpalias Islet Ignimbrite Scientific Value (S) Educational Value (E) Thermal Springs Regional significance 45. Polichnitos Scientific Value (S) 46. Lisvori Educational Value (E) 47. Argenos Tourism Attraction (TA) 48. Eftalou 49. Thermi 50. Gera – Therma Thermal Springs Regional significance 51. Panagia Krifti Scientific Value (S) Educational Value (E) Tourism potential (T) Ancient Quarries – Mines Regional significance 52. Moria Ancient Quarry Scientific Value (S) 53. Mine galleries of Northern Lesvos Educational Value (E) 54. Polichnitos Magnesite Mines Tourism potential (T) 55. Ancient quarries of Skala Loutron 56. Lignite Mine galleries (Lapsarna) 57. S. Lesvos Ancient Mines (Tarti, Τsaf) 58. Eressos Ancient quarry Caves & Karstic structures Regional significance 59. Alifada Cave Scientific Value (S) 60. Agios Vartholomaios Taxiarhis Cave Educational Value (E) 61. Mihos Cave Tourism potential (T) Caves & Karstic structures Regional significance 62. Antissa Cave Scientific Value (S) 63. Panagia Krifti (Plomari) Educational Value (E) 64. Asomatos Cave Tourism potential (T) Waterfall - Gorge Local significance 65. Pessa Waterfall Educational Value (E) 66. Mankatsa Waterfall Mantamados Tourism potential (T) 67. Eresos Waterfall 68. Voulgaris Gorge (Vatousa) 69. Tsiknia Gorge Erosional Structures Regional significance 70. Candles Volcanic Erosional Structures Scientific Value (S) 71. “Dragon’s Jump” Volcanic Erosional Educational Value (E) Structure (Napi) 72. Lapsarna Erosional Structures – Orfikia 73. Fikiotrypa 74. Sigri Tafoni

23 River delta Local significance 75. Evergetoula Delta Educational Value (E) 76. Kalloni Wetlands – Tsiknias Delta Tourism potential (T) Springs Local significance 77. Agiasos Water Springs Educational Value (E) Tourism potential (T) Tectonic Structures Regional significance 78. Larsos Fault – Gera Gulf Fault Scientific Value (S) 79. Agia Paraskevi Fault Educational Value (E) 80. Amali Faults 81. Olympos Tectonic Window 82. Nisiopi Graben 83. Lambou Miloi Nappe 84. Ancient Pyrra Fault 85. Taxiarhis Tectonic Structures 86. Antissa Fault Interesting Geological – Geomorphological Local significance Structures Scientific Value (S) 87. Ophiolite – Ampeliko Educational Value (E) 88. Ophiolite - Amali 89. Gera Schists 90. Plomari beach-rock formation 91. Megali Limni ANNEX I

4. Details on the interest of these sites in terms of their international, national, regional or local value (for example scientific, educational, aesthetic). Eighty two Geosites have scientific importance. Nineteen geosites have significant paleontological value; the most notable are the Petrified Forest Park at Bali Alonia, the Plaka Park, Sigri Park and the Nissiopi Park declared as Natural Monuments. Thirty one of them are Geosites with valuable geomorphologic features. Specially, they are remarkable the domes of Pitharion (Eresos-Mesotopos road), the dome of Ipsilou and the Geras fault scarp as well as the Lepetymnos – Mirivili peak and the Olympos peak due to their geological views. Twenty two sites have also cultural interest, due to their significance for cultural and religious reasons. Fifty seven geosites can be used for education and geotourism. The Petrified Forest Fossil sites have been declared natural monuments since 1985.

The Lesvos Volcanic Centres In Lesvos, eruptions resulted in immense volcanic structures all through the central and western part of the island. There are impressive volcanic chambers, large dykes, volcanic necks and numerous exit points of volcanic material. Major craters are located in central Lesvos in the regions of Vatoussa, Agra and Lepetymnos. Today, the traditional village of Vatoussa and the villages of Pterounta and Chidira are located in an impressive volcanic crater. It is a huge crater with diameter of 6 kilometres which was the result of intense volcanic activity in the area 21.5 to 16.5 million years ago. The Petrified Forest of Lesvos and a variety of geosites in Lesvos

24 island are the results of volcanic activity in the northern Aegean region 20 million years ago. Miocene volcanic activity has created impressive geomorphic forms and a large number of natural resources such as extensive geothermal fields and thermal springs, ores and minerals. The traces of volcanic activity represent a unique natural treasure for Greece, one which we should capitalise on for developmental, educational and scientific purposes. Pelopi Columnar Lavas

The Lesvos Faults Major geological faults can be observed at many places in Lesvos. These have caused cracks in the rocks such as those in the area of the Gulf of Gera and created the valley along which the River Evergetoulas flows. They are also responsible for the existence of warm springs in the area. The faults are also responsible for the impressively steep incline near to Larsos, into which the channel for the Roman aqueduct of Lesvos has been carved. In the region of the Gulf of Kalloni there is a large fault zone which was the cause of a powerful earthquake in 230 BC. The same fault zone also appears to be linked to the most powerful earthquake to have taken place in Lesvos more recent history. The quake took place in 1867 with its epicentre in the Agia Paraskevi region. It registered 6.8 on the Richter scale and caused massive damage. Many geological faults can be seen along the whole island.

Agia Paraskevi fault

25 C. Geoconservation

1. Current or potential pressure on the proposed Lesvos Geopark

GEOSITE CHARGE CAPACITY (C.C.) AND ACCESSIBILITY (Acc.) Petrified Forest Parks C.C. : Medium 1. Petrified Forest Park (Main Park) Acc. : Very good accessibility, by road, entrance fee 2. Sigri Petrified Forest Park (Government or Museum property) 3. Plaka Petrified Forest Park 4. Chamandroula Petrified Forest Park C.C. : Medium 5. Skamiouda Petrified Forest Park Acc. : Limited accessibility, works in progress 6. Nisiopi Petrified Forest Park Fossil sites (plant fossil sites) C.C. : Medium 7. Antissa Acc. : Limited accessibility – private property 8. Gavathas 9. Mesotopos 10. Eresos 11. Vatousa 12. Rougada 13. Lapsarna 14. Agra 15. Sarakina Fossil sites (plant fossil sites) C.C. : Medium 16. Mythimna Acc. : Good accessibility by trail – private property Fossil sites (mammal fossil sites) C.C. : Medium 17. Vatera vertebrate fossil sites

Fossil sites (mammal fossil sites) C.C.: Medium 18. Gavathas Dinotherium fossil site Acc. : Good accessibility by road – private property Volcanic sites C.C.: High. 19. Vatousa Caldera No environmental impact. 20. Agra Caldera Open sites. 21. Anemotia Volcano 22. Lepetymnos Volcano Acc. : Very good accessibility, by road, 23. Mesotopos Volcano 24. Petra Volcanic Neck 25. Pithariou Dome 26. Ipsilou Dome - Columnar Lavas 27. Eresos Dome 28. Mythimna Dome – Castle Columnar Lavas 29. Eresos Laccolith 30. Pelopi Columnar Lavas 31. Alifada Dyke 32. Filia Dyke 33. Eresos Dyke 34. Avlaki Dyke (Petra) 35. Volcanic Structure of Panagia Gorgona (Skala Sikamineas) 36. Achladeri Ignimbrite 37. Skamiouda Ignimbrite 38. Parakila Volcanic Rocks Alteration Structures

26 39. Vatoussa Spheroidal Erosional landforms 40. Pterounda Volcanic Conglomerate 41. Voulgaris Volcanic Conglomerate 42. Panagia Islet Columnar Lavas (Tokmakia) C.C. : High 43. Mparmpalias Islet Ignimbrite Acc. : Accessibility by boat Thermal Springs C.C. : High 44. Polichnitos Acc. : Very good accessibility, by road, 45. Lisvori 46. Argenos 47. Eftalou 48. Thermi 49. Gera – Therma Thermal Springs C.C. : Medium 50. Panagia Krifti Acc. : Accessibility by boat or trail Ancient Quarries – Mines C.C. : High 51. Moria Ancient Quarry Acc. : Good accessibility, by road or trail 52. Mine galleries of Northern Lesvos 53. Polichnitos Magnesite Mines 54. Ancient quarries of Skala Loutron 55. Lignite Mine galleries (Lapsarna) 56. S. Lesvos Ancient Mines (Tarti, Τsaf) 57. Eressos Ancient quarry Caves & Karstic structures C.C. : Limited 58. Alifada Cave Acc. : By permission only 59. Agios Vartholomaios Taxiarhis Cave 60. Mihos Cave Caves & Karstic structures C.C. : High 61. Antissa Cave Acc. : Accessibility by trail or boat 62. Panagia Krifti (Plomari) 63. Asomatos Cave Waterfall - Gorge C.C. : High 64. Pessa Waterfall Acc. : Good accessibility, by trail 65. Mankatsa Waterfall Mantamados 66. Eresos Waterfall 67. Voulgaris Gorge (Vatousa) 68. Tsiknia Gorge Erosional Structures C.C. : High 69. Candles Volcanic Erosional Structures Acc. : Good accessibility, by road 70. “Dragon’s Jump” Volcanic Erosional Structure (Napi) 71. Lapsarna Erosional Structures – Orfikia 72. Fikiotrypa 73. Sigri Tafoni River delta C.C. : High 74. Evergetoula Delta Acc. : Good accessibility, by road 75. Kalloni Wetlands – Tsiknias Delta Springs C.C. : High 76. Agiasos Water Springs Acc. : Good accessibility, by road Tectonic Structures C.C. : High 77. Larsos Fault – Gera Gulf Fault Acc. : Good accessibility, by road 78. Agia Paraskevi Fault 79. Amali Faults

27 80. Olympos Tectonic Window 81. Nisiopi Graben 82. Lambou Miloi Nappe 83. Ancient Pyrra Fault 84. Taxiarhis Tectonic Structures 85. Antissa Fault Interesting Geological – Geomorphological Structures C.C. : High 86. Ophiolite – Ampeliko Acc. : Good accessibility, by road 87. Ophiolite - Amali 88. Gera Schists 89. Plomari beach-rock formation 90. Megali Limni ANNEX II

2. Current status in terms of protection of geological sites within the proposed Lesvos Geopark Petrified Forest protection status The Law 3937/2011 on the Preservation of Biodiversity, which renewed the law 1650 / 1986 on the Environmental Protection, includes explicit innovations regarding the geological heritage and geodiversity protection, the interpretation of the physical, geological and biological characteristics and the categories of the protected areas. Recognizing the great environmental, geological and palaeontological value of the Petrified Forest of Lesvos, the Greek State has initiated a series of actions for its protection. The first Ministerial decision of the Minister of Culture was published on 31 January 1958 characterizing the Petrified Forest of Lesvos as a specially protected region. The expropriation of two regions of 500 acres each (at Bali Alonia and Hamandroula), containing a large number of fossilized trunks, occurred in 1965 with the decision of the Minister of Agriculture. In 1985, on the proposal of the Ministry of Agriculture, the "Petrified Forest" is declared a Protected Natural Monument (PD 443/85). With this decree, one marine and four land sections are protected. These sections cover a large area of 150.000 acres in the regions of Sigri, Antissa and Eressos, the marine section around the islet of Nisiopi or Megal onisi and four land regions as well as individual appearances of fossilized trunks. Under this law, excavation, embankment, sampling of ground and geological sublayers and other actions that could cause the deterioration and alteration of the geological shape of the landscape, as well as the cutting, collection, destruction or transport of fossils, is strictly prohibited. In 1996 the Forest Police Provision regulates areas of the Petrified Forest declared Protected Natural Monuments.

NATURA 2000 protected areas By Law 2742/99 and 3044/02, the institutional framework for the protection of natural regions of European Importance through the "Natura 2000 Network" is created, following the E.U. directive (92/43/EC). In these regions, the maintenance of natural ecosites as well as wild fauna and flora is promoted. The area is more specifically divided into regions containing types of ecosites

28 identified in E.U directives, which should be maintained or, potentially, re -established to a satisfactory level of maintenance, ecosites of priority, as well as types of flora and fauna. The Petrified Forest is included among the regions that constitute the National List of the Natura 2000 Network, as “Western Peninsula Lesvos - Petrified Forest” (code GR 4110003). In the central part of the island, the area around the Gulf of Kalloni, belongs to the Natura 2000 network. To the east and north of the Gulf of Kalloni, there are large mature pine forests which coincide with the borders of the ophiolitic remnants of the oceanic crust of Tethys. In the coastal area around the gulf there are 17 natural and artificial wetlands such as the salt flats which consist of a very important system that hosts significant numbers of water birds, both migratory and non-migratory, of international interest. The Gulf of Yera with the Dipi Marsh and Mt. Olympus at the eastern part of Lesvos island make up another protected area of the NATURA 2000 network. An area of 34.000 Hectares in the region has been characterized as an Area of Special Protection for Birds (Special Protected Area) according to the No. 4 Directive on Birds (79/409/EC). The proposed region has the code "GR134: South-western Peninsula-Petrified Forest of Lesvos "and it follows along the western seashores of the island and its north to south border follows the imaginary line that links the settlements of Lapsarna, Ligeri, the Perivoli Monastery, Vatoussa, Revma, the heights of Mitero Mountain Area of Special Protection for Birds and Parakila. Six locations in the region have been characterized as wildlife refuges by the Forestry Department of the Ministry of Rural Development and Food.

Region Extent (ha) Skamniouda, Antissa 600 Petrified Forest, Sigri 800 Deep valley - Kelemia, Antissa 400 Nisiopi or Megalonisi of Sigri 80 Mesoros - Agra 600 Maliontas - Tavari Hrousos, Mesotopo 900

In 1997, the Official Newspaper of the European Communities (l240/19 -9-1997) published the Convention on the protection of the Mediterranean from pollution, namely the Convention of Barcelona, with which the coastal area of the Petrified Forest is protected.

29 3. Data on the management and maintenance of these sites

GEOSITE MANAGEMENT Petrified Forest Parks Improvement of the viewpoint, signposting and 1. Petrified Forest Park (Main Park) interpretation. 2. Sigri Petrified Forest Park Educational and tourist use. 3. Plaka Petrified Forest Park 4. Chamandroula Petrified Forest Park Improvement of the viewpoint, signposting and 5. Skamiouda Petrified Forest Park interpretation. 6. Nisiopi Petrified Forest Park Educational and tourist use. Fossil sites (plant fossil sites) Building recreational areas and signposting. 7. Antissa Educational and tourist use. 8. Gavathas 9. Mesotopos 10. Eresos 11. Vatousa 12. Rougada 13. Lapsarna 14. Agra 15. Sarakina Fossil sites (plant fossil sites) Building recreational areas and signposting. 16. Mythimna Educational and tourist use. Fossil sites (mammal fossil sites) Educational and tourist use. 17. Vatera vertebrate fossil sites

Fossil sites (mammal fossil sites) Educational and tourist use. 18. Gavathas Dinotherium fossil site

Volcanic sites Building viewpoint. 19. Vatousa Caldera Signposting on the access to the paths. Interpretation panels. 20. Agra Caldera Educational and tourist use. 21. Anemotia Volcano 22. Lepetymnos Volcano 23. Mesotopos Volcano 24. Petra Volcanic Neck 25. Pithariou Dome 26. Ipsilou Dome - Columnar Lavas 27. Eresos Dome 28. Mythimna Dome – Castle Columnar Lavas 29. Eresos Laccolith 30. Pelopi Columnar Lavas 31. Alifada Dyke 32. Filia Dyke 33. Eresos Dyke 34. Avlaki Dyke (Petra) 35. Volcanic Structure of Panagia Gorgona (Skala Sikamineas) 36. Achladeri Ignimbrite 37. Skamiouda Ignimbrite 38. Parakila Volcanic Rocks Alteration Structures 39. Vatoussa Spheroidal Erosional landforms

30 40. Pterounda Volcanic Conglomerate 41. Voulgaris Volcanic Conglomerate 42. Panagia Islet Columnar Lavas (Tokmakia) 43. Mparmpalias Islet Ignimbrite Thermal Springs Improvement of the viewpoint, signposting and 44. Polichnitos interpretation. 45. Lisvori Educational and tourist use. 46. Argenos 47. Eftalou 48. Thermi 49. Gera – Therma Thermal Springs Building recreational areas and signposting. 50. Panagia Krifti Educational and tourist use. Possibility for climbing. Ancient Quarries – Mines Building recreational areas and signposting. 51. Moria Ancient Quarry Educational and tourist use. 52. Mine galleries of Northern Lesvos 53. Polichnitos Magnesite Mines 54. Ancient quarries of Skala Loutron 55. Lignite Mine galleries (Lapsarna) 56. S. Lesvos Ancient Mines (Tarti, Τsaf) 57. Eressos Ancient quarry Caves & Karstic structures Restricted area 58. Alifada Cave 59. Agios Vartholomaios Taxiarhis Cave 60. Mihos Cave Caves & Karstic structures Building recreational areas and signposting. 61. Antissa Cave Educational and tourist use. 62. Panagia Krifti (Plomari) 63. Asomatos Cave Waterfall - Gorge Building recreational areas and signposting. 64. Pessa Waterfall Educational and tourist use. 65. Mankatsa Waterfall Mantamados 66. Eresos Waterfall 67. Voulgaris Gorge (Vatousa) 68. Tsiknia Gorge

Erosional Structures Building recreational areas and signposting. 69. Candles Volcanic Erosional Structures Educational and tourist use. 70. “Dragon’s Jump” Volcanic Erosional Structure (Napi) 71. Lapsarna Erosional Structures – Orfikia 72. Fikiotrypa 73. Sigri Tafoni River delta Building recreational areas and signposting. 74. Evergetoula Delta Educational and tourist use. 75. Kalloni Wetlands – Tsiknias Delta Springs Building recreational areas and signposting. 76. Agiasos Water Springs Educational and tourist use.

Tectonic Structures Building recreational areas and signposting. 77. Larsos Fault – Gera Gulf Fault Educational and tourist use.

31 78. Agia Paraskevi Fault 79. Amali Faults 80. Olympos Tectonic Window 81. Nisiopi Graben 82. Lambou Miloi Nappe 83. Ancient Pyrra Fault 84. Taxiarhis Tectonic Structures 85. Antissa Fault

Interesting Geological – Geomorphological Building recreational areas and signposting. Structures Educational and tourist use. 86. Ophiolite – Ampeliko 87. Ophiolite - Amali 88. Gera Schists 89. Plomari beach-rock formation 90. Megali Limni

The extended proposed Lesvos Petrified Forest Geopark includes the whole island. Taking into account the results achieved by the Lesvos Petrified Forest Geopark so far, the Municipality of Lesvos, the University of the Aegean and the Natural History Museum of the Lesvos Petrified Forest agreed that the extension of the Lesvos Petrified forest Geopark is necessary in order to cover the whole island. The Natural History Museum of the Lesvos Petrified Forest is a non-profit organisation that defines the management structure of the Lesvos Petrified Forest Geopark. Its seven-member board encompasses representatives of the central government (Ministries of Culture and Forestry), the local authorities of Eressos-Antissa - Sigri, Universities (Universities of Athens and the Aegean) and the local community. Its scientific, technical and administrative staff includes 8 permanent and 25 temporary employees. Systematic scientific research and excavations have been carried out over the last decade by the Natural History Museum in order to gain a better understanding of the geological evolution of the island and the origin of the Petrified Forest. The main components of the operation of the extended Lesvos Geopark, remain those which characterized the operation of the Lesvos Petrified Forest Geopark and include scientific research, creation of the geosite inventory, protection, interpretation and promotion of geosites, conservation of fossils, creation of visiting parks and establishment of a network of walking trails linking sites of interest with ecotourism infrastructures, development of environmental education programmes on geosites, organisation of scientific and cultural events and promotion of monumental geosites. The Lesvos Geopark’s management plan is under elaboration from the organizations which agreed to establish the Lesvos Geopark. The main tool for the operation of the Lesvos geopark remains the existing management plan of the Lesvos Petrified Forest Geopark. The Lesvos Geopark’s management plan, linking geoconservation and promotion of geosites, natural and cultural heritage with the development of geotourism, includes nine components: _ Geosite identification and assessment _ Enhancing the natural and cultural heritage _ Geosite protection and geoconservation _ Geopark infrastructure and land management

32 _ Geotouristic and promotional activities _ Educational activities and tools _ Supporting local business – sustaining local communities _ Implementation, monitoring and review It is noteworthy that the Lesvos Petrified Forest Geopark has realized up to today several actions also outside the actual geopark’s borders in order to promote geotourism and alternative tourism in general, such as designing and realizing walking trails on the eastern and central part of the island, promoting geotourism in the entrance gates of the island (harbor, airport), producing information material for the whole island. This led to close collaboration with the Municipal Units (ex – Municipalities) and the Region (ex- Prefecture of Lesvos) as well as with important scientific, educational and development partners such as the University of the Aegean, the Ephorate of antiquities, the Environmental education center of Evergetoulas, the Local Development Company of Lesvos Island, women’s agrotouristic cooperatives outside the actual geopark, local producers etc.

4. Listing and description of non-geological sites and how they are integrated into the proposed Lesvos Geopark

MONUMENTS & ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES OF LESVOS OPEN TO THE PUBLIC

SITES and MONUMENTS of PREHISTORIC, CLASSICAL and ROMAN PERIOD Prehistoric settlement of Thermi Messon Basilica (Agia Paraskevi) Theatre of Mytillini Roman aqueduct at Moria Klopedi (Agia Paraskevi) Ancient Pyrra (Achladeri)

Roman aqueduct at Moria

SITES and MONUMENTS OF THE BYZANTINE PERIOD Castle of Mytillini Castle of Mythimna Fortress of Sigri Acropolis (Vigla) of Eressos Vareltzidaina Mansion (Petra) Basilica of Chalinados (Agia Paraskevi) Basilica of Agios Andreas (Skala Eressos) Katholikon of the Taxiarches monastery (Kato Tritos) Basilica of Ypsilometopo Castle of Mytillini

33 Churches & Monasteries Monastery of the Koimisi tis Theotokou at Damandri (Polichnitos) Monastery of Pammegiston Taxiarchon (Mantamados) Monastery of Perivoli (Antissa) Monastery of Taxiarches Leimonos (Dafia) Monastery of Ypsilou (Sigri) Church of Agios Stefanos (Mantamados)

Church of the Metamorfosi Sotira Christou at Basilica of Chalinados (Agia Paraskevi) Papiana (Kalloni) Church of the Koimisi tis Theotokou at Agiassos Church of the Koimisi Theotokou at Petra Church of Agios Athanasios (Mytillini) Church of Agios Ioannis (Kerami) Church of Panagia Troulloti (Ano Pyrgoi Thermi) Church of Agios Therapon (Mytillini)

MONUMENTS OF THE OTHOMAN PERIOD Valide Djami (Mytillini)

Yeni Djami (Mytillini) Church of Agios Therapon (Mytillini) Tsarsi Hamam (Mytillini)

MONUMENTS OF THE MODERN ERA City Hall of Mytilene Lesvos Prefecture Building Mytilini’s Boarding School for Girls Residence of Bournazon (Mytilini) First Gymnasium of Mytilini School at Agia Paraskevi Windmill of Perama, Gera Windmill of Thermi Mesagros Bakery

Multi-Cultural Centre at Polichnitos Church of the Koimisi Theotokou (Petra) Multi-Cultural Centre at Mantamados Volcanic neck

34 MUSEUMS & COLLECTIONS

THEMATIC MUSEUMS & COLLECTIONS Natural History Museum of the Lesvos Petrified Forest (Sigri) Vrisa Natural History Collection Environmental Information Centre of Kalloni Museum of Industrial Olive Oil Production in Lesvos (Agia Paraskevi) Vrana Olive – Press Museum (Papados) Barbayannis Ouzo Museum (Plomari) Soap Factory Museum of Plomari - Multi-

Cultural Centre Cultural Center of Vatousa Vrisa Natural History Collection

Rema Environmental Center

ARCHAEOLOGICAL MUSEUMS & COLLECTIONS Old Archaeological Museum of Mytilini New Archaeological Museum of Mytilini Archaeological Collection of Eressos Archaeological - Folklore Collection of Napi Museum of the Castle of Mytilini Ecclesiastical and Byzantine Museum of Mytilini Ecclesiastical Museum of the Monastery of Taxiarches Leimonos (Dafia) Ecclesiastical Museum of the Monastery of Digital Art Museum of George Jakobides Ypsilou (Sigri)

ART MUSEUMS Digital Art Museum of George Jakobides (Chidira) Theofilos Museum (Varia) Tériade Museum (Varia) Municipal Art Gallery of Mytilini

Tériade Museum ANNEX III

35 D. Economic Activity & Business Plan (including detailed financial information) 1. Economic activity in the proposed Lesvos Geopark The economy of Lesvos is based on its own productive resources. The primary and tertiary sectors are the main economic activities and the gross product per capita is approximately 69,1% of the Greek relevant indicator. The primary sector includes agriculture and more specifically the production of olive oil, livestock, farming including the production of grain, vegetables, fruit and fishery (various fish and shellfish). With eleven million olive trees Lesvos is considered as one of the main territories in olive oil production. Noteworthy is also the sheep and goat farming, where mainly the people of the central and western part of the island are occupied as there are large areas of pasture. The economy of the island also revolves around the processing of agricultural products, mainly oil, cheese, cured, ouzo, wines, etc., as well as the tourist product, for which great efforts are being made for its development. Lately emphasis is given on production of organic olive oil and wine from organically grown fields. Lesvos is also the home of ouzo because of the extensive involvement of residents in the distillery industry and several famous brands of ouzo come from the island. Thus on the island of Lesvos have been developed a series of businesses especially in the food and drink branch, quite dynamic at a national level. Lesvos produces 1% of the national GDP and 2.1% of the total national agricultural production. In 2001 agriculture accounted for 15% of the GDP of the island. It is the sixth largest producer of olive oil in Greece, producing 6% of the total production. Characteristic of the local economy is the fact that today, the Municipality of Lesvos can show a dynamic development on several sectors of the economy. The modernization of transport and densification of ferry and air services, combined with the reduced VAT rate and the incentives of the laws for development make the municipality of Lesvos an area for investment opportunities. Equally important is the tourism sector. The increasing number of tourists in recent decades has significantly affected the island's economy especially in the area of the Petrified Forest in western Lesvos and significant recreational areas such as Kalloni, Eressos, Mythimna, Petra, Vatera, Plomari. Tourism, which made its debut in the early '80s, is limited either to small family businesses or to small hotels resulting in the prevention of the destruction of flora and fauna and the preservation of the architectural character of the island. Currently are developed alternative forms of tourism such as bird watching, ecotourism and Geotourism, diving tourism, thermal tourism, gastronomy tourism, religious tourism etc. Lesvos is now characterized as one of the most renowned gourmet destinations revival of traditional local recipes from the Agrotouristic Women Cooperatives, a form of productive agricultural cooperatives with major contribution to local development. Women's cooperatives are characterized by substantial potential on the one hand and by serious drawbacks on the other. The economic performance of the cooperatives is satisfactory, while the use of local resources and 'know how' contribute to the development of the island.

36 2. Existing and planned facilities for the proposed Lesvos Geopark (e.g. geo-education, geo- tourism, tourism infrastructure etc) Museums and Info centers Natural History Museum of the Lesvos Petrified Forest (Sigri) Vrisa Natural History Collection Environmental Information Centre of Kalloni Rema Environmental Center Geopark Information Center in Mytilene Hiking Lesvos can be justifiably considered a hiker’s paradise. Its abundant natural beauty spots, scattered cultural monuments, spectacular views over the Aegean Sea and the shores of Asia Minor, but mainly a network of signposted trails make Lesvos an ideal destination for hikers. Information boards, observation towers and kiosks for hikers to rest, complement the signposting of the trails and enrich the island’s routes. There are routes of ecological interest to follow, or routes through th e agricultural landscapes and the geological sites as well as cultural routes through traditional customs. There are treks of different difficulty levels which can satisfy even the most experienced hikers. (The material on the trails of Lesvos was drawn from the publication co-funded by the Lesvos Local Program LEADER+ ETAL S.A.) The name of the municipality is stated next to the name of the trail . Profitis Ilias – Ano Kampos (MU of Mantamados). The trail starts from the church of Prophitis Elias at the top of Lepetymnos, on the plateau of Ano Kampos, at an altitude of 756m. it s an easy trail through oak trees. The first 1600m are downhill, but then there is a steady slightly uphill route. The radient between the lowest and the highest point of the tra il is about 230m, and hikers can choose where they would like to start from. Pelopi – Ano Kampos (MU of Mantamados). The trail is about 2.65Km long; it starts at the hamlet of Pelopi and ends at the plateau of Ano Kampos, at an altitude of 756m. it’s an uphilltrail along the bed of the Ligona stream, ending after 1.7Km at Monoplatonos location. It then goes up a steep slope with low vegetation to the plateau of Ano Kampos. The gradient between the lowest and the highest point of the trail is about 369m., and it is advisable to follow the downhill route. Lepetymnos – Sykaminia (MU of Mithimna). From the main road, a short distance from the hamlet of Lepetymnos, starts a 3.15Km trail ending at the hamlet of Sykaminia. It is a very easy, paved trail with dense vegetation, descending for the first 1600m and then following a smooth uphill course. The gradient between the lowest and the highest point of the trail is about 137m and hikers can choose where they would like to start from. Krita – Sykaminia (MU of Mithimna). Krita spring, at an altitude of 505m, constitutes the starting poin of this trail, which, after a course of 2.5Km, ends at the hamlet of Sykaminia. The trail starts following a downhill course on a rural road along the bed of a stream, and af ter 700m it goes uphill through low vegetation and olive groves. The trail is very steep before the hamlet of Sykaminia. The gradient between the lowest and the highest point of the trail is about 213m., and due to the view and terrain toughness it is advisable to follow the downhill route.

37 Petri – valley and springs of Ligona (MU of Petra). The trail is approximately 2.4Km long, and starts at the hamlet of Petri, at an altitude of 214m, where the view over Petra and Molyvos is quite impressive, especially in the afternoon. For the first 1,600m., the trail follows a smooth slightly uphill course to the north through low vegetation, until it finally reaches an altitude of 250m. This location affords an excellent view over Ligona valley, scattered with water mill ruins; the mills were active when the river was filled with of water. Then the trail goes downhill along the cobblestone road used in the past by the millers, and comes to the bed of the river at 162m above sea level. From this point on, hiking is uphill through dense plane trees to the springs of the River Ligona, at an altitude of 264m. The gradient between the lowest and the highest point of the trail is only 100m., and there is only one direction, the one from Petri to the springs of Ligona River. Sigri – Eressos (MU of Eressos-Antissa). The trail starts at the geological park, next to the Natural History Museum of Sigri village’ it follows a 14,2km dirt road and, after passing through Plaka Geological Park, ends at the hamlet of Eressos. It is a bare trail which, nevertheless, offers hikers variety, since uphill and downhill segments alternate affording spectacular views, especially at the highest point at 198m, 10,6km from Sigri. The gradient between the lowest and the highest point of the trail is about 170m, and hikers can follow the trail in either direction. Tsichliontas – Petrified Forest Park (MU of Eressos-Antissa). The Petrified Forest Park is connected to the Valley of the Tsichliontas River through a 2,75Km footpath. The gradi ent between the lowest and the highest point of the trail is about 220m. It is advisable to start from the Valley of the Tsichliontas River towards the Petrified Forest Park, following a steady uphill course. Potamia – Parakoila (MUof Kalloni). From the turn off point to Vatoussa and Pterounta, 3Km from the hamlet of Anemotia, starts the trail which follows a dirt road and ends after 12,6km at the hamlet of Parakoila. At first the course goes uphill through interesting geological formations, and crosses the only black pinewood forest on the island. After 4,45km, it reaches its highest point at 619m., where hikers can enjoy the view over Potamia valley and the Bay of Kalloni. The trail goes on downhill through dense pine vegetation and, after deviating for 4,25km from the dirt road, it reaches a small park with a resting area. The church of “Zoodochos Pigi” is also found there. From this point on, the trail follows the dirt road once again, through olive groves, and reaches the hamlet of Parakoila after 3,9Km. The gradient between the lowest and the highest point of the trail is about 593m. Thermes Piges (hotsprings)-Damandrios Monastrery – Thermes Piges (MU of Polychnitos). The trail is about 8Km long and begins at Thermes Piges, just outside the hamlet of Polichnitos. It follows a circular course and comes back to its starting point. If you follow the reverse course, the trail starts at a cobblestone path, slightly uphill. After 3,6km, it reaches its highest point at 260m, at the location of St. George’s church. Going downhill to the north through olive trees, hikers reach Damandrios Monastery, built in the 12 th century with excellent wall paintings. From then on, following the public road, hikers continue downhill through olive groves and fields, to end up again at Thermes Piges, where they started from, for a relaxing thermal bath after the hike. The gradient between the lowest and the highest point of the trail that can be followed in either direction any time of the year.

38 Kato Chorio – Kournela (MU of Plomari). The trail starts at the hamlet of Kato Chorio and ends at the hamlet of Kournela after 5,6Km. It is a trail of varying difficulty through vegetation: it goes uphill for 3,3km, reaching its highest point at 545m, at the church of St . Irini; then the course continues steadily downhill through oak trees to reach the hamlet of Kournela. The gradient between the lowest and the highest point of the trail is about 385m. Kato Chorio – Plomari (MU of Plomari). The trail is 1.5km long and connects the hamlet of Kato Chorio to Plomari. It is versatile with uphill and downhill segments, passing through rich vegetation. It is ideal for hikers seeking a nice walk in the countryside any time of the year. The gradient between the lowest and the highest point of the trail is only 100m, and hikers can choose where they would like to start from. Plakados – Paliokastro (MU of Gera). The trail begins from the hamlet of Plakados and, after a 3km course through olive groves, ands at Paliokastro hilltop, at an altitude of 400m. The first section of the trail (1.7km) to Skarlatos fountain is level, but the remaining rocky section to the Paliokastro hilltop is very steep. The course affords an impressive view over the bay of Gera, especially along the second section, but hikers need to be really fit. The gradient between the lowest and the highest point of the trail is 365m. Paliokastro – Palaiokipos (MU of Gera). This trail is about 2.8km long; it starts at Paliokastro hilltop at 400m above sea level and ends at the hamlet of Paliokipos. This trail basically continues from where the previous one ends. This one follows smoother slopes, passing through olive groves, but it is still demanding and hikers need to be fit, especially for the uphill part of the course. The gradient between the lowest and the highest point of the trail is 325m. It is advisable to begin at the hamlet of Plakados in the direction of Paliokastro hilltop and end at the hamlet of Paliokipos. Olympos peak – Agiassos (MU of Agiassos). The trail starts at the rocky peak of Olympos with a magnificent view over chestnut woods. The course is 4.2km long and, after passing the fountain of Kadis, it ends at the traditional hamlet of Agiassos. It is a steep trail through dense vegetation of olive, oak, chestnut, walnut and pine trees, which is rare for the Greek islands. It requires top physical fitness, especially for the uphill part. The gradient between the lowest and the highest point of the trail is 550m. Agiassos – Asomatos (MU of Agiassos). This trail is 3.25km long and connects the hamlet of Agiassos to the one of Asomatos. The first section (1.5km) is rather level compared to the remaining section, near the hamlet of Asomatos, which is steep. The course runs through dense vegetation of oak, pine and olive trees, and requires top physical fitness, especially for the steeper part. The gradient between the lowest and the highest point of the trail is 217m., but the streams and the cobblestone sections make the experience a ver y pleasant one. Asomatos – Agioi Anargyroi (MU of Evargetoula). From the hamlet of Asomatos, follow a 1.3km cobblestone footpath to the spectacular location of Agioi Anargyroi. This trail goes trough dense vegetation of plane, poplar and cypress trees next to streams of running water. The first 750m follow a steep downhill course, which then becomes level. The gradient between the lowest and the highest point of the trail is 179m. It is advisable to start from Asomatos and follow the route to Agioi Anargyroi. Agios Ioannis Theologos – Kato Tritos (MU of Evergetoula). The trail is about 1.3km long; it starts at the hill of Agios Ioannis Theologos, at an altitude of 218m, affording an excellent view over the bay of Gera, and it reaches the hamlet of Kato Tritos. It follows a downhill course

39 along the bed of a stream, passing through dense vegetation of plane and olive trees. After 520m, the footpath joins the dirt road near Foussa cave. The gradient between the lowest and the highest point of the trail is 145m. Agia Marina – Provasma (MU of Mytilini). The trail is about 1.8km long; it starts after the field of Agia Marina and ends at Provasma location, in the mountain massif of Amali. The first part is not very attractive, but soon gets interesting and crosses over a wooden bridge. For the next 15 minutes, hikers follow a rather steady course through pine trees, before arriving at a resting area. From the point on, and for about 10 minutes, the trail goes uphill’ it is not very steep, and reaches a little bridge at an altitude of 226m. Then the trail becomes steep, narrow, and demanding; only fit hikers should attempt it. Going uphill is rather hard for about 40 minutes, but ends at a location affording a spectacular view, at an altitude of 37 3m. Hikers will be compensated by the resting cabin. The gradient between the lowest and the highest point of the trail is 215m. Komi – Tayros Plateau (MU of Thermi). The trail begins at the hamlet of Komi and, after a hike of 5.25km., it ends at the remote plateau of Tavros, at an altitude of 320m. the trail goes uphill through a pinewood, but also passes through arid and rocky areas, and provides the hiker with points affording exceptional views. At a distance of 3.2km for the plateau of Komi, the h iker arrives to the junction that leads to Agios Charalambos. The maximum gradient of the trail is 210m. Pigi – Paliohori (MU of Thermi). The trail is about 2km long; it starts from the hamlet of Pigi and ends at Paliohori. It is a paved trail of exceptional natural beauty with lush vegetation and altitude variations, at times passing through a dry river bed. Maximum gradient is just 80m. It is ideal for hikers seeking a nice walk in the countryside and one can choose where they would like to start from. Trail to lero Klopedis (MU of Agia Paraskevi). The dependency of the Holy Monastery of Taxiarches is one of two starting points of the 2.75km trail which meets the trail from Agia Paraskevi on the way to Kremasti (suspended) bridge. The trail passes through the archeological site of Klopedi, situated next to Taxiarchis Church, with its aeolic pillar capitals, and continues towards Prini bridge. The trail follows a rural road and it is easy for any hiker, since maximum gradient is just 66m. ANNEX IV

Bird watching An ideal place for bird watching, Lesvos is the island with the richest avifauna in the Aegean. Due to the wide variety of habitats and its location half way in the migration routes of Eastern Mediterranean, more than 300 species of birds pass, winter or nest on the island. Important regions for bird watching are Olympos, Kalloni, the Bay of Gera, Prinovouni, Akrasia, around Vatera, Lepetymnos, Agiassos, Sigri, Eressos, Petra, Skala in Polychnitos, Agra, Potamia et. al. Krueper’s Nuthatch (Sitta Krueperi) is one of the rarest species, which has chosen to live only in the pinewoods of the region of Olympos, Achladeri and Akrasio in the whole of Europe. Cinereous Bunting (Emberiza cineracea) can be traced in Eressos, Olympos and Agra. Other rare species nesting on the island are Ruppell’s Warbler, the olive-tree Warbler, the Olivaceous Warbler, the Pied Wheatear, the Rufous Bush Robin, the Masked Shrike, the Sombre Tit, the

40 Rock Nuthatch, the Cretzschmar’s Bunting, the Long-legged Buzzard, the Accipiter, the Alectoris chukar. The Ruddy Shelduck (Tadorna ferruginea) is rare in Greece and nests in the area of Achladeri. Also on the island we find a few pairs of Black Storks (Ciconia nigra). In Lesvos there are also White Storks (Ciconia ciconia). Rare aquatic birds nest in the Bay of Kalloni, such as the Black-winged Stilt, the pied avocet, the Stone Curlew, the Little Bittern, the king fisher, the Collared Pratincole, the Marsh harrier, the Common Tern, the Little Tern, etc. Mountain biking Apart from being a paradise for hikers, Lesvos is also suitable for mountain biking. Among the best known routes is the one that follows the Sedountas river in Plomari. By pedalling toward rocky Agiassos, bikers enjoy nature through a beautiful, yet quite d ifficult course. Horse riding In the south part of the island, departing from the hamlet of Milies next to village of Plagia, one can enjoy nature on horseback. Using the old trails islanders once used, visitors have the option of one or two hour rides riding native horse breeds. Dense olive groves, water springs and ruins of old stone houses are features of a unique way of getting to know the inland of Plomari. Diving Apart from all available activities on the main land, Lesvos is also suitable for sea activities. The diving center, open throughout the year and based at two different locations, provides the opportunity to discover the beauty of the seabed. In the east part of Lesvos, at Charamida, one of the bases of the diving center, the small islands of Agios Vassilios and Mesinia are an ideal site for diving, as well as the location of Tartios, with its crystal-clear waters; the shipwreck in the location of Vatera is an open invitation for exploration. In the northeast of the island, at Tokmakia, the second base of the center, in Petra, a group of islands and reefs rich in biodiversity and morphology of the seabed, are an ideal site for experience divers alike. An equally appropriate environment can be found at the islets across Petra.

Geo-education - Programs for Students and Universities Educational activities in Lesvos Geopark support the development of educational geo -tourism. Environmental education programmes organized for elementary and high school students at the Petrified Forest cover a broad range of activities such as geosite recognition, fossil excavation and conservation, nature observation, bird-watching etc. School visits are organized during spring and autumn, outside the main tourist period, thus contributing to the local economy. Educational activities for local schools help raise the awareness of the local inhabitants as to the importance of our natural monuments and the conservation of the Earth’s heritage. Extended educational programmes, with schools coming from other parts of Greece and abroad, introduce young students to the “secrets” of scientific research and geoconservation through a variety of activities. A variety of educational tools have been created for the needs of the environmental education programmes (museum-kits, an educational CD-Rom, booklets, student booklets) for all levels of education. The two museum kits focus on plant fossils and volcanic rocks. The Lesvos Geopark also supports university field camps dedicated to various scientific disciplines (geomorphology, geology, paleontology, geography, vulcanology, environmental

41 science, museology, conservation etc.). Several universities from various European countries and the USA have organized visits and educational activities using the Geopark infrastructures. ANNEX V

A school class visiting the Petrified Forest Park. More than 3.000 school children participate every year in educational programs organized by the Lesvos Petrified Forest Geopark

Professional Training The Vocational Training Center of the Natural History Museum of the Lesvos Petrified Forest (VTC - NHMLPF) founded in December 2000 is accommodated in the Museum ’s building in Sigri, Lesvos. The VTC was founded for the promotion of Geoconservation, Geotourism, Protected areas management and Local development and reducing the unemployment of young people in Lesvos. The centre helps trainees acquire the necessary skills for participation in the activities for the promotion and valorisation of the Petrified Forest and, more generally, for the involvement in the actions for the protection of natural regions implemented by local institutions. Volunteerism The Geopark in collaboration with the Friends of the Petrified Forest Association organises voluntary work programs with the participation of volunteers from Greece and many other European Countries (through Life Long Learning Programms) in the following sectors: 1. Documentation of Collections (expertise: Geology - Paleontology) 2. Mapping and Field scientific research 3. Environmental education programs 4. Protection and guarding of fossil bearing locations 5. Communication and promotion

42 Agro-tourism Festival The Geopark has organised the Agro-tourism Festival with particular success over the last few years on its grounds. The festival serves to promote local products, the natural wealth and the cultural traditions of Lesvos to visitors. The first festival was organised in 2000 and it has since become a tradition in the region as it is repeated every year championing local products and services. The main objective of the Agro-tourism Festival is for islanders as well as tourists to experience the pure products of the Lesvian soil. The festival also aims to promote products of Agro - touristic Cooperatives, products of biological agriculture, standard rural products as well as traditional products of the island. Simultaneously local traditions are displayed as local groups provide entertainment throughout the festival. The Agro-tourism Festival has provided the spark for the promotion and the dev elopment of the growth of agro-tourism, a sector in which Lesvos was found to be avant-garde with the foundation of the first Agro-touristic Women’s Cooperative in the `80s. In the frames of the Agro-tourism Festival, each year a special small fair day is organized in the Museum in which each cooperative or producer presents their products, handmade crafts, local traditional items and treats for visitors. At the same time each year an impressive series of supporting and parallel events is organised. Evenings of live music, dancing shows and theatrical works take place in the outdoor amphitheatre of the Museum. In the temporary exhibition area, local painters, sculptors, jewelers, and potters etc display their works of art. Festivals and celebrations Just like everywhere else in Greece, festivals have always played a prevalent role in the social, cultural and economic life of Lesvos. Some of them are more local, while others last longer, attract bigger crowds and go far beyond a strictly local character. Until 1922, these festivals mainly attracted crowds of visitors from the Christian communities of Asia Minor, such as those of Smyrna and Aivalik. Typical examples are the Festival of the Virgin in Agiassos, and that of Taxiarchis in Mantamados. Thousands of pilgrims flock on foot on the Eve of the celebration’ the atmosphere is well worth experiencing. After the 1950s, a second series of customs emerged in the history of Lesvos; these are associated with the “horse culture” and gradually gained more and more attention. Riders decorate their horses in particularly good taste, while they compete with each other in showing off tricks and dancing. At many festivals they hold horse races with participants form every part of the island. Grand festivals, beyond the local level, are focal points of interest in the social and economic life of the island today. These include the Festival of the Virgin Mary in Agiassos on August 15, the Festival of Taxiarchis on the third Sunday after Easter Sunday at Mantama do, the Festival of Agios Haralambos or “Bull” feast at Agia Paraskevi. At these two festivals there is a ritualistic slaughtering of a bull, when the kisketsi is offered; this is a festive dish made with meat, ground chick peas and wheat, as well as the festival of Agios Ignatios at the Monastery of Leimonos in the district of Kalloni. Besides old traditional festivals that echo the history of the island, there are numerous other well-established events, many of which are associated with select island products. These is Ouzo Festival and Lesvos Summer held in Mytilene, Sardine Festival at the Quay of Kalloni,

43 Cherry Festival and Chestnut Festival in Agiassos, the Vatioussian August in Vatoussa, Veniameineia Festival in Plomari and a plethora of culinary festivals introduce the products of Lesvos and become an excuse for traditional flavors to come back to life and for outstanding celebrations to take place. Finally a special note should be made to the carnivalesque custom of Koudounatoi at Mesotopos. The three Sundays of Carnival, the Koudounatoi, men wearing bucolic bells and placing pumpkins on their heads, decorated with rooster of turkey feathers go around the village and are treated in houses and coffee houses. ANNEX VI

Publications There are a lot of publications, leaflets and tourism field guides for geo-tourism activities in the petrified forest parks. There are also field guides for bird watching and trekking. ANNEX VII

3. Analysis of geotourism potential of the proposed Lesvos Geopark The proposed Lesvos Geopark has a long tradition on geotourism due to the activities of the existing Lesvos Petrified Forest Geopark. Although the official borders of the existing geopark are restricted in the Western Peninsula of Lesvos, the activities always aimed to the development of geotourism in the entire island. Thus the planning and implementation of activities such as design and realization of trekking trails with emphasis on geotourism, study and promotion of geosites, realization of temporary exhibitions with geotouristical interest and realization of events included the whole island. As the island has great geodiversity, the creation of the Lesvos geopark will further these activities. Moreover on the island exist many enterprises whose activities are closely connected with geotourism such as horse riding, agrotouristic activities connected with the olive oil production, fishing, scuba diving etc. The network of museums, hotels and tour operators created enables the close collaboration of the stakeholders in promoting geotourism. The existing facilities and infrastructure allows the promoting of geotourism in connection with other forms of tourism. Lesvos proposed geopark is well known for its exceptional thermal springs that are exploited in a very soft, almost primitive way allowing visitors to actually recognize and understand the origin of the hot water and its connection with the volcanic activity. The castles built mainly on impressive geological structures, archaeological sites influenced by active tectonics and submerged underwater, still visible evidence of destructive earthquakes, very well known, especially among birdwatchers, wetlands affected and created due to active faults, a roman adequate exploiting the active fault system for the transportation of water are only some examples showing the enormous geotourism potential the proposed Lesvos Geopark.

4. Overview and policies for the sustainable development of: Lesvos Geopark Management Plan The Geopark’s management plan is the main tool for the operation of the Lesvos Geopark. The management plan, linking geoconservation and promotion of geosites, natural and cultural heritage with the development of geotourism, includes nine components:

44 . Geosite identification and assessment . Enhancing the natural and cultural heritage . Geosite protection and geoconservation . Geopark infrastructure and land management . Geotouristic and promotional activities . Educational activities and tools . Supporting local business . Implementation, monitoring and review . International cooperation and EU funding During the last seven years the Lesvos Geopark has been following the provisions of its management plan and has implemented a range of activities aimed at the further improvement of its infrastructure, services, activities and promotion. The results of the implementation of the management plan have been a significant increase in the number of visitors, the enrichment of its offer and services to visitors, and improvement of its operations. The main activities implemented during this period are presented below.

Geosite identification and assessment A research study and field survey on Lesvos, carried out by the Natural History Museum of the Lesvos Petrified Forest and the Department of Geography of the University of the Aegean, has resulted in a better understanding of the geological evolution of the island and the origin of the petrified forest. A number of geosites was identified, mapped and assessed (Zouros 2005, 2007). A new geosite map of the Lesvos was published. Apart from the fossil sites, geosites within the volcanic terrains of Lesvos Petrified Forest Geopark include the volcanic geosites, active and evolving geomorphological landforms, including tectonically active fault scarps, geothermal fields, karst and caves, and coastal and fluvial landforms. All geosites are included in the Lesvos geosite database and are accessible from the visitors through internet.

Enhancing the natural and cultural heritage A second component of the Geopark’s management plan is the identification of the different natural and cultural resources of the Lesvos Geopark, including flora and fauna (especially birds), wetlands, archaeological monuments like the Acropolis of Eressos and Ancient Antissa, Early Christian basilicas, Byzantine monasteries, Venetian castles, picturesque villages and rural architecture, drystone constructions and impressive landscapes. All these elements of interest were linked in Geopark presentation and benefit from a unified system for protection and promotion. Several biological or cultural aspects of the Petrified Forest protected area were identified and studied in collaboration with the University of the Aegean, research institutes and other scientists (i.e. birds, plants, wetlands, coastal and marine ecosystems, drystone constructions and agricultural landscape). The results of this research have been used for management, educational and promotional purposes. Special field guides were also published (i.e. Bird watching in the Lesvos Petrified Forest - 2006, About rocks, plants, animals – the natural characteristics of western Lesvos - 2004).

45 Geosite protection and geoconservation The Geopark applies certain management measures for the protection and conservation of the inventory of geosites present in the territory. These measures comprise: 1) regular maintenance (fencing, cleaning) and custodial services to protect geosites from abuse and vandalism; 2) geosite monitoring with necessary measures and protective installations against weathering and erosion; 3) treatment of vulnerable geosites with annual conservation and protective measures (preparation, sealing). A conservation team was formed and an equipped laboratory for fossil conservation was organized. These conservators treat dozens of petrified trees thr ough the use of innovative techniques and treatment methods in their efforts to face several challenges such as weather conditions (unstable temperatures and relative humidity can deteriorate the fossils exposed to the open air), as well as unaware visitors. The most fragile fossils are covered by shelters that protect them from the rain. Stone walls also protect the fossils from the water runoff while the fossil sites themselves are angled for proper drainage. In some cases, stone walls have been constructed to stabilise the ground and prevent natural erosion. These walls along with wooden fences also serve to protect the fossils from unaware visitors. Geosite interpretation panels provide information to Geopark visitors on the importance of the geological and geomorphological processes on the evolution of the region. Thus local people can also learn that certain “rocks” represent remnants of outstanding phenomena and processes that demonstrate the geological history of their own terrain. In this way particu lar rock formations gain a new identity for the people and at the same time become objects to be respected and protected.

Geopark infrastructure The Geopark has developed a range of tourist infrastructures to serve its visitors. The Natural History Museum of the Lesvos Petrified Forest in Sigri village is at the core of these infrastructures. This state-of-the-art museum has become a key factor in attracting visitors to this part of the island. Museum exhibitions present the evolution of plant life on ea rth, the flora of the Petrified Forest with fossil remains of over 40 different species found and identified in the broader area of western Lesvos, as well as the volcanic activity related to the formation of the Petrified Forest and the evolution of the Aegean area. Within the Petrified Forest’s protected area, the main fossil sites are fenced and safeguarded, and five visiting parks have been established, attracting thousands of visitors each year. These include the Petrified Forest Park, the Sigri Park, the Plaka Park, the Nisiopi Park and the Skamiouda Park. Several other areas will become visiting parks during the next years, as the Museum has already begun the necessary procedures. Another main infrastructure is the “Lava Paths” that lead visitors down the ancient paths of the pyroclastic flows from the main volcanoes to the Petrified Forest. Equipped with information panels that explain the various geosites, these footpaths link the existing visiting parks, wetlands, sites of natural beauty and ecological value, as well as cultural monuments (the Sigri castle, the Ypsilou monastery, the Eressos acropolis), picturesque villages and other sites of interest throughout the Geopark. Along the main roads crossing the Lesvos Geopark area,

46 informative panels and road signs direct visitors towards the Petrified Forest and demarcate the borders of the protected area. Walking trails start from different points along the main road. The Geopark has also established two information centres to inform visitors about the geotouristic and educational activities in Lesvos. The first centre in Mytilene, the capital of the island, includes a small exhibition centre. The second information centre operates in the village of Eressos during the summer. There is also an information point in the Odysseas Elytis Airport of Mytilene.

Geotouristic and promotional activities A broad range of activities accomplish the task of attracting and informing visitors. Lectures and multimedia presentations at the Museum are used to familiarise visitors with the geological processes related to the creation of the Petrified Forest, the diversity of fossil plants, and the geological evolution and natural heritage of the Aegean. Guided tours in the Petrified Forest parks, thematic guided walks, guided trekking and various recreation activities in the vicinity of geosites help raise public awareness about the values of geosites.

Guided tours at the Petrified Forest Park

Furthermore, a series of scientific and cultural events is organized and hos ted every year in the Petrified Forest to attract the attention of the broader public to this unique natural monument. The range of events includes scientific lectures, slide projections, documentary films, natural science oriented temporary exhibitions, book presentations, painting – sculpture - photo and video-art exhibitions, music and dance events, theatrical plays and happenings. Through these events the Geopark draws large audiences of people who may have low or no interest in natural heritage, thus creating new opportunities for sensitisation.

47 The Geopark also organizes several thematic events to celebrate special events or international days (i.e. Museums International Day, Day of Monuments, Day of the Earth, Day of the Environment, European Heritage days, European Geoparks Week, Earth Fest - summer festival). Temporary exhibitions on the Lesvos Petrified Forest circulating through the larger cities and museums in Greece and abroad contribute significantly to the promotional work of the Lesvos Petrified Forest Geopark. International and national scientific conferences and meetings are also hosted in the Museum’s conference centre. Such events bring scientists from all over the world to the Geopark, helping to raise the Petrified Forest’s profile in the academic community and to promote the use of its existing infrastructure for the hosting of other academic and educational activities (i.e. research groups, educational visits, student field work). As a result, several universities have started to organize student visits and field work in the Geopark. The promotion of the Geopark occurs through print and television media. New excavation findings have attracted the attention of local and national media to this exceptional natural monument. A number of articles in national newspapers and magazines as well as radio and TV programmes have referred to the Petrified Forest, the new excavation findings and the importance of the monument. Research results have been presented in numerous scientific meetings in Greece and abroad, and several multimedia presentations on the Lesvos Petrified Forest have been organized in Athens, Thessaloniki, Crete and in the main towns of Lesvos. The Geopark has also produced a series of informative scientific and popular publications for visitors such as coffee-table books, field guides, magazines, conference proceedings, brochures, leaflets, posters etc.

Implementation, monitoring and review To protect vulnerable geosites, the Lesvos Geopark has developed a geosite monitoring system which includes custodial services to prevent abuse and vandalism, and intermittent monitoring which provides all the necessary measures and protective installations against weathering and erosion. The monitoring system is based on the creation of a sophisticated geosite database which contains a complete descriptive record of the geosite and all conservation measures applied. The basic elements of this database are geosite location, identification, classification, description, age, land ownership, cleaning and conservation measures. Monitoring and review of Geopark operation and services takes place regularly and takes into account geopark management with a focus on geotouristic, educational and promotional activities as well as improvements to infrastructure and services.

5. Policies for, and examples of, community empowerment (involvement and consultation) in the proposed Lesvos Geopark An important component of the Lesvos Geopark management plan is the support of the local economy. The Geopark has created links with local tourist enterprises, restaurants and small hotels in order to provide the necessary infrastructure to meet the needs of the increasing number of park visitors. The majority of visits to the Geopark occur during the summer period (July – September), but the aim is to extend the visiting period to the spring and autumn seasons.

48 In the village of Sigri, the number of “Bed and Breakfast” accommodations has doubled over the last few years in order to meet the increasing demand. More important ly, visitors have increased the duration of their visit to the Geopark area. As a result the majority of the new enterprises established in western Lesvos are connected with the activities of the Lesvos Geopark.

6. Policies for, and examples of, public and stakeholder awareness in the proposed Lesvos Geopark The Geopark supports the making of local handicrafts such as the production of fossil casts and souvenirs by local enterprises. These items are on sale in the Museum shop along with a variety of other locally made products. Lesvos has a long tradition in pottery and wood carving and the Geopark promotes these products to its visitors. The Lesvos Geopark collaborates closely with women’s agrotouristic cooperatives and local organic food producers to offer its visitors the opportunity to taste and buy local food products (pasta, organic olive oil, wine, ouzo, liquors, traditional sweets and marmalades etc). The catering for all Geopark events (conferences, meetings etc.) is supplied by the women’s cooperatives using the local traditional recipes. Their products are also sold in the Museum snack-bar. Every summer the Geopark organizes an Agrotouristic festival (attended by 28.000 visitors in 2007), which promotes quality local products, food and drinks prepared by the women’s cooperatives. The Agrotouristic festival includes a variety of presentations, events and happenings as well as an exhibition fair of local products.The event brings local producers and potential customers together. In this way Geopark visitors experience not only the rich natural heritage of the area and sites of high ecological and aesthetic value, but also the culture, tradition, and local production of the region. The Women’s agrotouristic cooperative found that this festival provided them with an excellent opportunity to promote their products and their success lead to the creation of similar cooperatives in other villages The Lesvos Geopark contributes significantly to territorial development by directly and indirectly creating new jobs. Since 1995 people have been finding employment within its activities, such as the 25 seasonal positions (8 months per year) and 8 permanent positions. This has to be added to the 5 existing positions in the Petrified Forest Park. But what is even more important for the employment in the area is the number of other employment opportunities which have been created in tourist enterprises, small hotels, guest houses, restaurants and other activities connected with the increase of tourist flow in the Geopa rk area. Several other local artisans, such as makers of handicrafts and ceramic fossil casts, carpenters, and blacksmiths, are permanent collaborators with the Geopark.

49 E. Interest and arguments for joining the EGN/GGN The proposed Lesvos Geopark addresses the strong need for effective management of important geosites and sustainable development through the development of geotourism which enhances the value of the Earth heritage, its landscapes and geological formations, key witnesses to the history of life. The proposed Lesvos Geopark integrates the range of resources found in its broader region, including the existing geological tourist attractions, the various interpreted geosites, unique landscapes, wetlands, sites of natural beauty and ecological value, as well as cultural monuments, picturesque villages, traditional gastronomy and local products. A broad range of activities combine the main components for the operation of the Lesvos Geopark, including scientific research, the creation of the geosite inventory and map, the protection, interpretation and promotion of geosites, the conservation of fossils, the creation of visiting parks, the establishment of a network of walking trails linking geosites to ecotourism infrastructures, the development of environmental education programmes on geosites, the organisation of scientific and cultural events, and the promotion of monumental geosites. The results of the already recognized Lesvos Petrified Forest Geopark prove the potential of the proposed Lesvos Geopark to become a powerful tool for sustainable rural development through geotourism in Lesvos island. The positive results of Lesvos Geopark operation on geotourism development have been already recognized. Lesvos Geopark won the SKAL International Ecotourism Award 2008 in the category “general countryside”. SKAL International is the largest organization of travel and tourism professionals in the world. In 2009 Lesvos Island was declared as European Destination of Excellence EDEN by the European Commission Greek Ministry of Tourism Development due to the operation and activities of the Lesvos Petrified Forest geopark. After 10 years of the Lesvos Petrified Forest Geopark in EGN / GGN we believe that the holistic approach of all local resources on Lesvos island and Lesvos recognition as EGN/GGN member will provide the essential motivation for promoting sustainable local development for the benefit of the local society.

Birtwatching at the proposed Lesvos Geopark

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