DOCSLIB.ORG

Trakų Gynybinės Architektūros Bruožai

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Trakų Gynybinės Architektūros Bruožai TRAKØ GYNYBINËS ARCHITEKTÛROS BRUOÞAI GIEDRË FILIPAVIÈIENË UAB Projektavimo ir restauravimo institutas Trakai ádomûs daugeliui Lietuvos pilieèiø tiek vartotojams, technokratams, tiek ir ro- mantikams. Vilioja gamtos groþis, galimybë pabëgti nuo miesto ðurmulio, sàlytis su istorija, mitu, paslaptis ið amþiø glûdumos, kurià gali pajusti prisilietæs prie pilies sienø. Lankytojus, besidominèius senove ir kultûros istorija, Trakai domina kaip vienas ið ga- lingiausiø Lietuvos Didþiosios Kunigaikðtystës gynybinës architektûros kompleksø. Unika- lios gamtinës sàlygos eþerai, pelkynai, aukðtos kalvos apylinkëse, buvo puiki vieta gyny- bai XIIIXIV a. XVXVI a., kai prie piliø pradëjo augti prekybos centrai, Vilnius, miestas prie upiø, patogiø prekybai, nukonkuravo miestà prie eþerø. Tai, kad Lietuvos didysis kuni- gaikðtis Gediminas 1323 m. Kunigaikðtystës sostinæ perkëlë á Vilniø, nulëmë nepakitusios Trakø piliø aplinkos iðlikimà. Èia intensyviai augantis miestas neuþgoþë piliø komplekso, kaip tai ávyko Vilniuje, Kaune, Klaipëdoje. Iki mûsø dienø atsekami beveik visi sudëtingos viduramþiø gynybinës sistemos elementai. Pagal architekto St. Mikulionio daugiameèius tyrimus, Trakai turëjo du gynybinës siste- mos þiedus iðorinæ ir vidinæ gynybines sistemas. Iðorinæ gynybinæ sistemà sudarë piliakal- niai ir totoriø gyvenvietës apylinkëse. Apsaugoti buvo visi keliai, vedantys á Trakus. Ðiaurës pusëje kelià saugojo Braþuolës piliakalnis, rytø pusëje Varnikø piliakalnis ir pelkynai, pietuose Senøjø Trakø piliavietë. Ið vakarø pusës Trakus supo klampios pel- kës, uþaugæ eþerëliai, todël gynybiniø árengi- niø èia nebuvo. Labai svarbus gynybinës sis- temos elementas buvo totoriø gyvenvietës. Ðiaurinëje Galvës eþero pakrantëje esanèiame iðkyðulyje yra Totoriðkiø kaimas, istoriniuose ðaltiniuose minima, kad totoriai gyveno Uþut- rakyje. Trakø miesto pietinëje pusëje taip pat buvusi totoriø gyvenvietë, dar ir ðiandien èia gyvena nemaþai totoriø ðeimø. Svarbiausius vidinës gynybinës sistemos ele- mentus Salos ir Pusiasalio pilis papildë baþ- Pusiasalio pilis. Fotografavo R. Kraujalis 1999 nyèios ir cerkvës, totoriø ir karaimø gyvenamos m., nuotrauka ið Trakø istorinio nacionalinio parko direkcijos rinkiniø dalys mieste. Ðios tautos pasiþymëjo ypatingu ka- ringumu ir iðtikimybe Didþiajam Kunigaikðèiui. 106 Karaimai gyveno ir iki ðiol gyvena ðiaurinëje pusiasalio dalyje, vadinamoje Maþuoju miestu arba karaimø dalimi. Tai buvo tarpinë gynybos linija, sauganti Pu- siasalio pilá ir Didþiojo kunigaikðèio rezi- dencijà Salos pilyje. Gamtinës sàlygos lëmë savità piliø plano bei erdvinæ struk- tûrà. Trakø Pusiasalio pilis pastatyta iðky- ðulyje, ásiterpusiame tarp Galvës ir Bernar- dinø eþerø. Iðkyðulá nuo miesto skyrë gi- lus griovys fosa, uþpildyta vandeniu. Tai dviejø kiemø gynybinis kompleksas, su fo- somis ir pylimais uþimantis maþdaug 4 ha plotà. Priekinëje, pietinëje, pilies dalyje, pagal turimus tyrimø duomenis, yra buvæ septyni bokðtai. Visi jie keturkampio pla- no, mûryti ið lauko rieduliø ir plytø. Stam- biausi trys bokðtai formavo pilies pietinæ iðklotinæ nuo miesto pusës. Jø plano gaba- ritai 15×15 m. Geriausiai iðlikæs pilies piet- ryèiø bokðtas, buvæs, spëjama, penkiø aukðtø. Ðiaurës rytø iðklotinës bokðtai ma- þesni, plane 10×10 m. Priekinæ pilies dalá nuo ðiaurinës skiria antrasis gynybinis grio- vys. Èia dominuoja kalva, vadinama Au- kø kalnu, apjuosta gynybinës sienos ir tri- jø bokðteliø griuvësiais. Archeologiniø ty- rimø duomenimis, Aukø kalno virðutinëje aikðtelëje iðliko Kunigaikðèio rezidenci- niø rûmø rûsiai. Trakø salos pilis tai unikali reziden- cinio tipo pilis, stovinti vienoje ið Galvës eþero salø. Pilies salos plotas 2,15 ha. Ði sala suformuota, pilies statybos metu sujungus tris nedideles saleles. Architektûrinëje kompozicijoje domi- nuoja penkiø aukðtø Kunigaikðèiø rûmø Gotikiniu riðimu mûrytos Pusiasalio pilies Ðiaurës vakarø bokðto sienos fragmentas. Fotografavo donþonas. Rûmus sudaro du trijø aukðtø G. Filipavièienë 1999 m., nuotrauka ið G. Filpavièienës korpusai ir kiemelis tarp jø. Prieðpilyje yra rinkiniø 107 keturi gynybiniai bokðtai. Trys ið jø apva- lûs, ketvirtasis ávaþiavimo vartø bokðtas keturkampio plano. Prieðpilyje prie gy- nybiniø sienø priglausti kariuomenei ir ûki- nëms reikmëms skirti korpusai. Vakarinis korpusas dviaukðtis, kiti vienaaukðèiai. Salos pilies rûmø architektûroje akivaiz- dþiai atsekama gotikiniø kryþiuoèiø piliø átaka. Kada buvo pradëtos statyti Trakø pi- lys, kokia buvo jø statybos raida tai klau- simai, á kuriuos bandoma atsakyti jau nuo XIX a. vidurio. Ilgametis Trakø piliø tyrinëtojas archi- tektas Stanislovas Mikulionis nesiryþo da- tuoti Trakø piliø statybos etapø, bet atliko labai daug tyrimø, paliko gausybæ straips- niø ir publikacijø. Mes neturime galimy- bës taip plaèiai tyrinëti, taèiau galime ana- lizuoti mums paliktà medþiagà, bandyti perþvelgti, kaip raðytiniø ðaltiniø duome- nys galëtø bûti siejami su atskirais piliø sta- tybos etapais. Trakai raðytiniuose ðaltiniuose minimi jau XIV amþiaus pradþioje. Lietuvos Met- raðèio legendinëje dalyje raðoma, kad di- dysis kunigaikðtis Gediminas ið Kerna- vës perkëlë savo sostinæ á Trakus (cit. ,,Lie- tuvos gynybiniai átvirtinimai, p. 22). Nuo 1316 metø Gedimino sostinë buvo Trakuo- se. Naujoje Sostinëje statoma nauja pilis. Pa- bandykime ásivaizduoti, kad tai buvo Senø- jø Trakø pilis. Apie ðià pilá kol kas þinoma labai maþai. Iki mûsø dienø iðliko piliavie- të, apsupta giliu gynybiniu grioviu. Pilies pastatai jau XV a. buvo apleisti ir perduoti Profiliuotos durø angos Salos pilies Kunigaikðèiø rûmø benediktinø vienuolynui. Dabar buvusiø gy- donþone. Fotografavo G. Filipavièienë 1999 m., nuotrauka ið G. Filpavièienës rinkiniø nybiniø statiniø vietoje stovi vienuolynas ir neogotikinë baþnyèia. 19941995 m. dak- taro A. Kuncevièiaus vykdytø kasinëjimø metu atkastos pilies sienos, uþfiksuota mûro techni- ka lauko akmenø mûras, ið iðorës apdailintas plytomis, plytø riðimas baltiðkasis, t. y. mûryta 108 klojant dvi ilgines plytas, po jø vienà trumpi- næ, dvi ilgines ir t.t. Tai seniausias plytø riðimo bûdas Lietuvoje. Gana daug baltiðkojo mûro fragmentø ap- tikta Vilniaus þemutinëje pilyje. Medininkø, Lydos piliø gynybinës sienos mûrytos ávedant juostas ið plytø, riðtø baltiðkuoju bûdu, taèiau uþ keliø kilometrø nuo Senøjø Trakø esanèio- se Naujøjø Trakø pilyse baltiðkojo plytø riði- mo nerasta, nors jos tyrinëtos kur kas nuodug- niau nei Senøjø Trakø pilis. Seniausi Trakø Pusiasalio pilies mûrø Salos pilies Kunigaikðèiø rûmø sienos mûro fragmentai lauko rieduliø mûras, tarpai ne- fragmentas. Fotografavo G. Filipavièienë 1999 m., tvarkingai kyliuoti skaldyto akmens kyliais ir smulkiais plytgaliukais. Bokðtø kampai, sienø dalys prie durø ir langø, jø angokraðèiai mûry- ti plytomis, plytø riðimas gotikinis, t. y. mûry- ta klojant vienà ilginæ plytà, vienà trumpinæ, po to vël vienà ilginæ, vienà trumpinæ ir t.t. Sa- los pilyje ankstyviausi mûro fragmentai, iðlikæ rûmø rytinio korpuso sienø þemutinëje dalyje, taip pat mûryti gotikiniu bûdu. Statant Kunigaikðèiø rûmus, mûryta ta pa- èia mûro technika, kaip ir pusiasalio pilyje. Nei antþeminëje pilies dalyje, nei archeologiniø ty- rimø metu atkastose sienose baltiðkojo plytø Salos pilies Kunigaikðèiø rûmø menë. Fotografavo riðimo neaptikta. V. Neliubinas 2001 m., nuotrauka ið Trakø istorijos Statybos bûdø analizë patvirtina teiginá, muziejaus rinkiniø kad kunigaikðèio Gedimino valdomos Lietu- vos sostinë á Vilniø persikëlë tiesiai ið Senøjø Trakø, o Naujøjø Trakø piliø statyba turëtø bûti siejama su Lietuvos didþiojo kunigaikðèio Kæstuèio vardu. Analogiðus faktus randame ,,Lietuvos Metraðtyje: ,,...didysis kunigaikðtis Gediminas prieð mirdamas (1341) apdalijo visus savo sûnus <...> du sûnus paliko didþiaisiais kunigaikðèiais: Jaunutá savo sostinëje Vilniuje, o Kæstutá Trakuose bei visoje Þemaièiø þemëje. Toliau Metraðtyje pasakojama, kaip jodinëjanèiam kunigaikðèiui Kæstuèiui ,,uþ mylios nuo Trakø < > labai patiko vietovë tarp eþerø, ir jis ten apsigyveno ir ákûrë miestà, pramindamas já Naujaisiais Trakais, o savo sostinæ ið senøjø Trakø perkëlë á naujuosius. O jo sûnus Vytautas gimë Senuosiuose Trakuose... (cit. ,,Lietu- vos gynybiniai átvirtinimai, p. 22). Perþvelkime kai kuriuos istorinius faktus, minimus kryþiuoèiø kronikose, siejamus su Trakø pilimis (5, 6): 109 1375 kryþiuoèiai pirmà kartà puola Trakø pilá; 1377 kryþiuoèiai puola naujàjà Trakø pilá, derybos tarp kryþiuoèiø marðalo Gotfrido fon Lindeno ir kunigaikðèio Kæstuèio vyko ant tilto-plausto; 1383 kryþiuoèiai surengë didelá Trakø puolimà drauge su Vytautu. ,,Magistras su savaisiais vienoje pusëje, Vytautas kitoje pritraukia bombardas ir viso- kiais sviediniais aiþo ir verèia dulkëmis mûrà, kaip kad sutrinamas liepos lapas (Vygandas Marburgietis, cit. ið ,,Lietuvos gynybiniai átvirtinimai, p. 23). Ðioje citatoje tiksliai fiksuota, kad 1383 m. Trakø Pusiasalio pilis jau buvo mûrinë, ir tai, kad ji buvo sugriauta. 1962 m. ir 1996 m. pusiasalio pilyje archeologiniø tyrimø metu buvo atkastos nugriauto- jo ðiaurinio bokðto sienos liekanos. Ðá bokðtà architektas Stanislovas Mikulionis savo tyrimø medþiagoje priskiria ankstyviausiam pusiasalio pilies statybos etapui. Fiksuota, kad bokðtas buvo sudegintas. Sienos mûrytos ið lauko akmenø, mûro ðerdyje smulkûs plytgaliukai ir akmenø lauþas. Baltiðkojo plytø riðimo neaptikta. Remiantis ðiais faktais galima spëti, kad pirmasis mûrinës pusiasalio pilies statybos eta- pas nutrûko bûtent po XIV a. devinto deðimtmeèio ávykiø didþiojo kunigaikðèio Kæstuèio mirties 1382 m.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Mapping Exercise: How Could Creative Industries Foster Innovation in Tourism in the Northern Dimension Area? Country Report - Lithuania
    Framework Contract Beneficiaries 2013 - EuropeAid/132633/C/SER/MULTI Lot 9: Culture, Education, Employment and Social RfS 2015/369412/1 Mapping exercise: How could creative industries foster innovation in tourism in the northern dimension area? Country Report -Lithuania 19 December 2016 Team: Terry Sandell Lila Skarveli This project is funded by A project implemented by The European Union the PROMAN Consortium Mapping exercise: How could creative industries foster innovation in tourism in the northern dimension area? Country Report - Lithuania DISCLAIMERS This report has been prepared with the financial assistance of the European Commission. The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of PROMAN and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the European Union. This report has been discussed with the international expert concerned in relation to the input work plan agreed with the Client, the expert’s terms of reference and to ensure it contains relevant issues and recommendations, which have been discussed in a debriefing session with the Client. This document has been prepared for the titled project or named part thereof and should not be relied on or used for any other project without an independent check being carried out as to its suitability and prior written authority of the Framework Contract Management (PROMAN) being obtained. PROMAN accepts no responsibility or liability for the consequences of this document being used for a purpose other than the purpose for which it was commissioned. Any person using or relying on the document for such other purposes agrees, and will by such use and reliance be taken to confirm his agreement to indemnify PROMAN for all loss and damage resulting therefrom.
    [Show full text]
  • Archaeological Heritage in Lithuania After the 1990S: Defining, Protecting, Interpreting 161
    Archaeological Heritage in Lithuania after the 1990s: Defining, Protecting, Interpreting 161 Archaeological Heritage in Lithuania after the 1990s: Defining, Protecting, Interpreting Justina Poškienė Abstract The paper seeks to present developments in the state system of archaeological heritage protection in Lithu- ania after the 1990s. National legislation was essentially modified twice: in 1994 and in 2004. As- pects of defining (inventarisation, assessment and listing in the national Register of Cultural Properties), protecting (requirements for archaeological heritage protection, regulations on archaeological excavations’ procedures) and the interpreting of archaeological heritage (preservation of archaeological remains in situ) are under consideration. Keywords: archaeological heritage, assessment, archaeological excavations, in situ. Santrauka Straipsnyje pristatomas Lietuvos archeologinis paveldas bei apžvelgiama valstybinė archeologinio paveldo apsaugos sistema po 1990 metų. Teisinis paveldo apsaugos reglamentavimas iš esmės keitėsi 1994 ir 2004 metais. Straipsnyje aptariami šie archeologinio paveldo apsaugos aspektai: apskaita (archeologinio paveldo vertinimas, įrašymas į Kultūros vertybių registrą, archeologinių objektų paveldosauginis statusas), ap- sauga (reikalavimai archeologiniams tyrimams, ardomųjų archeologinių tyrimų apimtys, archeologinių tyrimų kontrolės sistema) ir archeologinio paveldo interpretacija (archeologinio paveldo apsauga in situ). Recent_developments_FINAL.indd 161 9.1.2017 12:41:33 162 Justina Poškienė
    [Show full text]
  • THE TREASURY of SACRAL HERITAGE of TRAKAI REGION 1 2 TRAKAI BASILICA of the VISITATION of the BLESSED VIRGIN MARY GPS: 54°38’34”N 24°56’03”E Address: Birutės Str
    THE TREASURY OF SACRAL HERITAGE OF TRAKAI REGION 1 2 TRAKAI BASILICA OF THE VISITATION OF THE BLESSED VIRGIN MARY GPS: 54°38’34”N 24°56’03”E Address: Birutės str. 5, Trakai town, Trakai eldership, Trakai district municipality On the map E2 The Basilica of the Visitation of the Blessed Virgin the 17th century people began applying votes to Mary stands in Trakai peninsula surrounded by the image as thanks for graces received. It is es- lakes. This church that equals Trakai Island Castle timated that today there are over 400 votes! This in terms of size and grandeur, was consecrated as first gold crowned painting was given the title a basilica in 2017 (there are 8 basilicas in Lithuania Protector of the Sick. Interestingly, the painting is altogether). revered by Catholic, Orthodox, and Muslim com- munities alike. Special criteria of Domus Ecclesiae, a decree of Divine Worship and Liturgy, were used in the pro- The church founded by Grand Duke Vytautas in cess of granting the very honourable title of basil- the 15th century has an irregular shaped form ica. The criteria are applied both for the building with harmoniously intertwined gothic and ba- itself and the living Church – for those who pray roque features. Fresco fragments in the walls of there. The exclusive historical importance of the the church recall the Byzantine-era style. church for the region and the country were ac- The Basilica is a treasure trove of sacred and fine knowledged, as was the solemnity of the building art – there are easel paintings, memorial monu- and religious community’s dissemination of faith ments, various relics, wine glasses, 18th-century and love.
    [Show full text]
  • Trakai History Museum, Exhibition of Liturgical Art
    Newsletter No.5 For everyone interested in improving the accessibility of cultural heritage and tourism development Trakai History Museum, Exhibition of Liturgical Art Trakai History Museum was founded in 1948, in a natural scenery spot and the most famous complex of Lithuanian defensive architecture - in Island and Peninsula Castles. More than 290 thousand exhibits have been collected over 60 years of museum’s activities. The administration of the museum is located in the territory of Trakai Peninsula Castle, in the renovated building of former Dominican monastery. The first Dominican monks came to Trakai in the 17th century as some land in the territory of Trakai Peninsula Castle was granted to them. In 1799, the construction of the church was started. The construction was not finished due to the turmoil in the country and the church was abandoned until 1820. When L. Glovickis became the prior of the monastery, the naves of the church were rebuilt: the southern - into the monastery with cells, the northern - into the chapel. In 1822, the chapel was consecrated in the name of Saint Archangel Michael. In 1823 a monastery with eleven cells, a sacristy, a dining room and a kitchen was opened. There was a school near the monastery. Trakai Dominican monastery was closed after the 1863-1864 uprising. During the Soviet era the building was given to the KGB and militia and it was used for the imprisonment of political prisoners. In 1986, the architectural complex of Trakai Peninsula Castle and Dominican monastery was transferred to Trakai History Museum. Trakai History Museum, Exhibition of Liturgical Art Address: Kestucio str.
    [Show full text]
  • Part 3 Anyksciai Ignalina Trakai Zarasai Kaunas Vilnius
    Lithuania Catalogue of health resorts and SPA Centres Refreshment for everyone! Anykščiai Anykščiai 062 063 Bicycle paths Anykščiai – Puntukas (5 km). The beautiful countryside as well as the abundance of objects of cultural heritage are the main points of attraction on this route. Anykščiai – Niūronys (6 km). This bicycle path crosses Anykščiai Regional Park Concert Halls Chamber Arts Centre in Anykščiai Chapel Vilniaus St. 36, Anykščiai Phone: + 370 381 54 432 Anykščių Culture Centre A. Baranausko Ave. 2, Anykščiai Phone: + 370 381 52 096 www.anyksciu-k-c.lt/ Parks Anykščiai Regional Park The total area in the Anykščiai Regional Park is 15 459 ha. 1 natural reserve, 4 landscape, 4 geomorphological, 3 botanical, 1 swamp, 1 urban, and 1 landscape architectural reserves have been established in Anykščiai Regional Park in order to pre- serve its natural and cultural value. www.anyksciuparkas.lt Anykščiai: The Dream of Poets and Romantics The Forest of Anykščiai. The legendary Stone of Puntukas rises in the place made famous by the poem “The Forest of In Anykščiai, you will be charmed by the blue eyes of lakes, Anykščiai” (“Anykščių Šilelis”) written by Antanas Baranauskas. and refreshed by the fresh air of Anykščiai Forest. It is no wonder water reservoirs, that this town is called the cradle of Lithuanian literature, being Troškūnai Arboretum. Here you will find many works of folk the birthplace of three giants of Lithuanian literature: Antanas forests, artists installed in the midst of vegetation. Baranauskas, Antanas Žukauskas-Vienuolis, and Jonas Biliūnas. fresh air. www.amu.lt Other writers, poets, artists, and scientists grew up in their shadow.
    [Show full text]
  • HISTORIOGRAPHY, SEARCH for DEFINITIONS, RESEARCH MODEL Vytautas Volungevičius
    LITHUANIAN historical STUDIES 17 2012 ISSN 1392-2343 PP. 1–38 THE CASTLE IN THE GRAND DUCHY OF LITHUANIA: HISTORIOGRAPHY, SEARCH FOR DEFINITIONS, RESEARCH MODEL Vytautas Volungevičius ABSTRACT This article aims to reinterpret the castle in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, at the same time as evaluating the state of historiography and trends in terminology used in historical sources. Historiographical problems are defined from a comparative perspective. The author empha- sises interpretational issues which refer to the word ‘castle’ in different languages used in different sources. The newly formulated definition of the castle as a changing historical phenomenon expands the concept of the castle. This signifies that the castle was not a static subject. The castle is therefore perceived as an integral part of the historical social reality. This idea is based on certain material and socio-political assumptions. In theory, the castle is understood as an object of structures and social history, research into which should embrace different aspects of social reality: judicial, military-defensive, political-representational, economic- household. The proposed quaternary model of the research (1. The castle and its internal structure; 2. The castle and its external structure; 3. The particularity of the castles of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania; 4. The disper- sion of castles in the territory of the state) presupposes the multi-layered perspective of the phenomenon of the castle, which guides from fact to process, from object to structure. The article states that the castle as a long time phenomenon cannot be perceived and interpreted separately from simultaneous socio-political circumstances which were formed by the local society.
    [Show full text]
  • Lithuanian State Department of Tourism Under the Ministry of Economy
    EN Cultural holidays in Lithuanian State Department of Tourism under The Ministry of Economy Gedimino Ave 38, LT-01104 Vilnius, Lithuania Lithuania Tel. + 370 706 64 976, fax: +370 706 64 988, e-mail: [email protected] www.tourism.lt www.Lithuania.travel Published by PLC “VIP Viešosios informacijos partneriai“ Cover photos: photographer Monika Požerskytė. Pictures by M. Požerskytė, R. Anusauskas, K. Kantautas, M. Kaminskas, N. Skrudupaitė, K. Stalnionytė, K. Driskius, V. Kirilovas, D. Vitkauskaitė, V. Aukštaitis, A. Žygavičius, L. Ciūnys, L. Medelis, A. Žebrauskas, R. Eitkevičius, L. Druknerytė, Ž. Biržietytė, G. Lukoševičius. Copywriters: Aušrinė Šėmienė, Kristina Stalnionytė. Editors: Mark Richard Fearon, Jeffrey Clarke. Design and Publishing PLC KOPA Travel round cultural sites Not for sale. Tourismus-Informations zentren in Litauen Alytus TIC Kaunas Region TIC Pasvalys TIC Samogitia TIC Rotušės Sq 14A, LT-62141 Alytus Laisvės Sq 36, LT-44240 Kaunas P. Avižonio St 6, LT-39149 Pasvalys Turgaus Sq 21/Sinagogos 2A Tel. +370 315 52010 Tel. +370 37 323 436 Tel. +370 451 34096 LT-87122 Telšiai E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Tel. +370 444 53010 www.alytus-tourism.lt www.kaunastic.lt www.pasvaliomuziejus.lt E-mail: [email protected] BELARUS www.telsiaitic.lt 34 - 35 Anykščiai TIC TIC by JSC “Mūsų odisėja“ Culture and Tourism Department Gegužės St 1, LT-29106 Anykščiai M. Valančiaus St 19, LT-44275 Kaunas of the Administration of the Šiauliai District TBIC LATVIA Tel. +370 381 59177 Tel. +370 37 207879 Skuodas District Municipality J. Basanavičiaus St 7, 81156 Kuršėnai E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Gedimino St 1, LT-98124 Skuodas Tel.
    [Show full text]
  • Seniausieji Lietuvos Šachmatai
    LIETUVOS ARCHEOLOGIJA. 2008. T. 34, p. 59-104. ISSN 0207-8694 SENIAUSIEJI LIETUVOS ŠACHMATAI POVILAS BLAŽEVIČIUS Remiantis archeologiniais radiniais straipsnyje tyrinėjamas šachmatų atsiradimas bei raida dabar­ tinės Lietuvos teritorijoje XIV-XVIII a. Analizuojamos skirtingų formų šachmatų figūros lyginamos su kitų Europos šalių archeologiniais radiniais. Taip mėginama atsekti galimus arealus, sąlygojusius figū­ rėlių pavidalo bei viso šachmatų žaidimo raidą Lietuvoje. Stengiamasi išskirti ir tik aptariamajam regionui būdingas šachmatų formas. Archeologijos duomenis papildant prieinama istoriografine ir iko­ nografine medžiaga, stengiamasi įvertinti žaidimo statusą bei populiarumą viduramžių ir naujųjų laikų Lietuvos visuomenėje. Reikšminiai žodžiai: šachmatai, stalo žaidimai, pramogos. The work analyses the introduction and evolution of chess in the territoiy of present-day Lithuania during the 14th-18th centuries on the basis of archaeological finds. These chess pieces have different shapes compared to similar finds in other European countries. This helps to trace the possible range of their occurrence, which influenced the shape of the figurines and the evolution of chess in Lithuania. An attempt is made to single out the chess shapes characteristic only to the region in question. The archaeological information is complemented with the available historiographical and iconographic information in order to assess the status and popularity of the game in Lithuania during the Medieval and Early Modern Period. Keywords: chess, board games, entertainment. ĮVADAS dimo dinamiškumo ir kone beribės kombinacijų daugybės šachmatai išpopuliarėjo visame pasau­ Lietuvos muziejų fonduose sukaupta nemaža lyje. Iš pat pradžių jis buvo laikomas intelektua­ archeologinių artefaktų, vienaip ar kitaip susiju­ liausiu matematiniu žaidimu ir gerbiamas ne tik sių su žaidimais ir pramogomis, kolekcija. Deja, intelektualų, bet ir plačiosios visuomenės.
    [Show full text]
  • THE CASTLE in the GRAND DUCHY of LITHUANIA: HISTORIOGRAPHY, SEARCH for DEFINITIONS, RESEARCH MODEL Vytautas Volungevičius
    LITHUANIAN historical STUDIES 17 2012 ISSN 1392-2343 PP. 1–38 THE CASTLE IN THE GRAND DUCHY OF LITHUANIA: HISTORIOGRAPHY, SEARCH FOR DEFINITIONS, RESEARCH MODEL Vytautas Volungevičius ABSTRACT This article aims to reinterpret the castle in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, at the same time as evaluating the state of historiography and trends in terminology used in historical sources. Historiographical problems are defined from a comparative perspective. The author empha- sises interpretational issues which refer to the word ‘castle’ in different languages used in different sources. The newly formulated definition of the castle as a changing historical phenomenon expands the concept of the castle. This signifies that the castle was not a static subject. The castle is therefore perceived as an integral part of the historical social reality. This idea is based on certain material and socio-political assumptions. In theory, the castle is understood as an object of structures and social history, research into which should embrace different aspects of social reality: judicial, military-defensive, political-representational, economic- household. The proposed quaternary model of the research (1. The castle and its internal structure; 2. The castle and its external structure; 3. The particularity of the castles of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania; 4. The disper- sion of castles in the territory of the state) presupposes the multi-layered perspective of the phenomenon of the castle, which guides from fact to process, from object to structure. The article states that the castle as a long time phenomenon cannot be perceived and interpreted separately from simultaneous socio-political circumstances which were formed by the local society.
    [Show full text]
  • Cycling Holiday to Lithuania
    Book with confidence CCyycclliinngg tthhee BBaallttiicc SSttaatteess ESTONIA, LATVIA, LITHUANIA - TRIP CODE CBS CYCLING Why book this trip? Explore the Baltic States by bicycle on this guided route through Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia. Cycle through national parks, coastal scenes and medieval towns; past feudal castles and picturesque fishing villages. Three Baltic capitals - Explore Vilnius, Riga and Tallinn Coastal scenery - Discover Lahemaa and Curonian Spit National Parks Trakai Castle - Cycle around the Historical National Park 21/09/2021 00:03:28 INCLU DED TRIP STA FF TRA NSPO RT A CCO MMO DATIO N CYCLING G RO U P SIZE: MEA LS Explore Tour Bus 8 nights G RA DE: 10 - 16 Breakfast: 8 Leader / Cycle Bicycle comfortable hotel Easy guide Boat Driver(s) Itinerary Itineraries on some departure dates may differ, please select the itinerary that you wish to explore. DAY 1 - Join tour Vilnius, Lithuania We start the trip in Vilnius, our base for two nights. Vilnius is known for its old town of beautiful Baroque architecture, declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1994. It has a strong historical Jewish influence and Napoleon named it 'the Jerusalem of the North' as he was passing through in 1812. In the year 2009, Vilnius was the European Capital of Culture, together with the Austrian city of Linz. The Leader plans to meet you in the hotel reception at 7.00pm for the welcome meeting and for those that wish, there is the chance to go out for dinner. If you would like to receive a complimentary airport transfer today, you'll need to arrive into Vilnius Airport (VNO), which is a 20-30 minute drive from the hotel.
    [Show full text]
  • Trakų Pusiasalio Pilies Restauravimo Darbai: XX Amžiaus Patirtis
    Trakų pusiasalio pilies restauravimo darbai: XX amžiaus patirtis Giedrė Filipavičienė Vilniaus dailės akademija Maironio g. 6, LT-01124 Vilnius [email protected] Straipsnyje analizuojami 1953–2004 m. Trakų pusiasalio pilyje vyk- dyti restauravimo darbai. Jiems vadovavo tie patys architektai, kurie prižiū- rėjo Salos pilies atstatymo darbus, dirbo tie patys mūrininkai, buvo naudo- jamos tos pačios medžiagos. Šio rašinio autorė pati vadovavo paskutiniam restauravimo darbų etapui, todėl straipsnyje yra daug autentiškos, „iš pirmų lūpų“ perteiktos informacijos, kuri nefiksuota jokiuose dokumentuose. Iš archyvuose išlikusių projektų ir apmatavimų brėžinių, nuotrau- kų galima atsekti, kaip atrodė pilies statiniai prieš restauravimą, kokie buvo darbų etapai. Apžvelgiant pilies statinių būklę, įvertinamos tuo metu atliktų darbų sėkmės ir nesėkmės. Reikšminiai žodžiai: Trakų pusiasalio pilis, architektūros paveldas, restauravimas. 435 Trakų pusiasalio pilis iš tiesų gerai pažįstama tik nedaugeliui Lietuvos istorija ir kultūros paveldu besidominčių žmonių. Šis gynybinis kompleksas vis lieka šešėlyje, nes greta yra vienas gausiausiai lankomų Lietuvos turistinių objektų – Salos pilis. Jos statinių restauravimo meto- dikos aptariamos jau kelių paveldosaugos specialistų kartų moksliniuose darbuose, o Pusiasalio pilis vis tarsi „pamirštama“. Todėl šiuo straipsniu ir norima užpildyti žinių spragas apie Pusiasalio pilies restauravimo1 dar- bus. Remiantis archyvuose išlikusių šiuos darbus prižiūrėjusių architektų parengtais brėžiniais, ataskaitomis,
    [Show full text]
  • Travel Around Lithuania Together with Us!
    Travel around Lithuania together with us! Klaipėda Šiauliai Utena Taurage Kaunas Vilnius Marijompolė www.bajoruuzeiga.lt E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] Telephone: (+370 5) 240 3957, (+370) 67299332 UAB “ЕТVA Travel” specializes in arrangement of tours around Lithuania. Our company provides its services as a host and provides comfortable stay in Lithuania for both tourist groups and individuals. We collaborate with waterparks, SPA centres, holiday homes, sanatoriums, museums, etc. Our experienced guides who speak Russian, Polish English and other languages, will accompany guests throughout the entire route. We suggest strolling the narrow winding streets of Vilnius, seeing the monuments of medieval architecture, relaxing at a SPA centre, taking horse riding lessons, sitting by a fi re on the lakeside and going up in the sky in a hot-air balloon, visiting Trakai, Kaunas, Palanga, Nida, Druskininkai, Kernavė and other lovely and cozy towns – see Lithuania from the inside, have a good rest and learn a lot of new and interesting things. We guarantee European standard of service. “ЕТVA Travel” provides the following services: - welcoming of guests; - transfer from railway station to hotel and back; - hotel booking and accommodation; - any type of catering; - services of guides and interpreters; - tour programmes; - transportation services; - arrangement of seminars, conferences, banquets and any other events (conference rooms, banquet halls, saunas, swimming pools, etc at your service); - booking of theatre, museum, concert, etc tickets. Tour prices depend on the number of guests and time of arrival. We will quickly calculate the budget of any chosen itinerary or offer the best option for your means.
    [Show full text]