Albert J. Beveridge's congressional report on Arizona Territory in 1902

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Albert J. Beveridge's congressional report on Arizona Territory in 1902

Underhill, Karen Jean, M.A. The University of Arizona, 1990

Coi^ight ©1990 1^ Underhill, Karen Jean. All rights reserved.

UMI 300N.ZeebRd. Ann Arbor, MI 48106

ALBERT J. BEVERIDGE'S CONGRESSIONAL REPORT ON

ARIZONA TERRITORY IN 1902

edited by

Karen Jean Underbill

/<•

Copyright ® Karen Jean Underbill 1990

A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the

DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of

MASTER OF ARTS

In the Graduate Csllege

THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA

19 9 0 2

STATEMENT BY AUTHOR

This thesis has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at the University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library.

Brief quotations from this thesis are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgement of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the copyright holder.

SIGNED

APPROVAL BY THESIS DIRECTOR

This thesis has been approved on the date shown below:

Harwood P. Hinton M^te Professor of History PREFACE

During my first year of graduate school, my advisor

Dr. Harwood P. Hinton suggested that the testimony taken by

Indiana Senator Albert J. Beveridge during a rushed investigation of Arizona, New Mexico, and Oklahoma's fitness for statehood in November of 1902 might contain valuable information about Arizona. He was right. The I hearings held in four Arizona towns by a subcommittee of the Senate Committee on Territories (Senate Document 36. 57

Congress, 2 Session, Serial 4420) provide a unique view of the territory's economic, social, and political milieu at the turn of the century.

Much has been written about the Southwest's struggle for statehood at the congressional level. Very little research exists which focuses on conditions in Arizona during this time period. The useful information is scattered throughout numerous popular and obscure works.

Annotating and analyzing the hearings allowed me not only to explore 1902 Arizona in depth but also to combine my

eclectic interests in ethnic, environmental, urban,

twentieth century, and western history. Early on I learned from Beveridge's correspondence 4 that he came to Arizona determined to deny its admission to the Union. The negative evidence he collected mirrored

Eastern hostility to Democratic, sparsely-settled western territories, such as Arizona, and their Hispanic populations, desert environment, and "uncivilized"

inhabitants. Arizona in 1902 was a rough and tumble

"mining camp" in some respects, exemplified by a high homicide rate, but quite civilized in others with competent judges, dedicated educators, and industrious miners, ranchers, and lumbermen. My goal has been to enable the reader to answer the question: Did Arizona deserve statehood in 1902? This work is divided into two parts. The introduction to the hearings identifies the document, provides

perspective, and analyzes and evaluates the investigation.

The document has been annotated from a myriad of primary

and secondary sources—books, articles, reports, government

documents, city ordinances, articles of incorporation, etc.

Gathering material for the annotations proved to be an

invaluable library experience. The greatest disappointment

in my research has been my failure to locate the Arizona

photographs taken by the Beveridge party of so-called

Mexican loafers and inebriated Indians in Phoenix to

supplement Senate Document 36. I am indebted to many individuals for their continued 5 support of my graduate work over the years. Dr. Hinton deserves special recognition for his patience, guidance, and standards of excellence. Special consideration goes to

Dr. Juan C^rcia and Mr. Edwin Ferdon, Jr. for serving on my committee. I would like to thank the staff of the Arizona

Historical Society, in particular Pierce Chamberlain, and my family, especially my mother Anne Underbill and my grandmother Elizabeth Carter, for their confidence in my abilities and their prodding. Lastly, I dedicate this thesis to my two-year old daughter Alyssa, who delighted in rearranging my notes. 6

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT 7

1. PART ONE. THE BEVERIDGE REPORT OF 1902: AN 2\NALYSIS ... 8

2. PART TWO. "NEW STATEHOOD BILL" SENATE DOCUMENT 3 6 72

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 308 7

ABSTRACT

From November 10 to November 24, 1902, a four-member subcommittee of the Senate Committee on Territories, led by

Indiana Republican Albert J. Beveridge, investigated the fitness of Arizona, New Mexico, and Oklahoma for statehood.

This thesis focuses on the brief hearings conducted in four

Arizona towns—Prescott, Phoenix, Tucson, and Bisbee. The hearings provided a wealth of information about the economic, social, and political character of Arizona

Territory at the turn of the century. Over 300 annotations illuminate the people, places, events, and industries mentioned in the hearings. Sectionalism, party politics, and personal biases influenced the type of evidence collected. The investigation and resultant document (Senate Document 36. 57 Congress, 2 Session, Serial 4420) generated a political tempest which delayed admission for a decade. 8

PART ONE 9

THE BEVERIDGE REPORT OF 1902: AN ANALYSIS

On November 10, 1902, a subcommittee of the Senate

Committee on Territories left Chicago aboard a private car to investigate the fitness of New Mexico, Arizona, and

Oklahoma for statehood. The four-man group, led by Albert

J. Beveridge, included fellow Republicans Henry E. Burnham of New Hampshire, William P. Dillingham of Vermont, and Populist Henry Heitfeld of Idaho who joined the party at

Trinidad, Colorado. Their flying trip through the

Southwest began in Las Vegas, New Mexico and ended twelve days later in Guthrie, Oklahoma. For three days, the senators conducted hearings in several Arizona towns.

Sectionalism, party politics, and private feuds influenced the nature of the information they gathered. The resultant

document and majority report presented a negative image of

Arizona and delayed admission of the territory for nearly a decade.^

iiijjew Statehood Bill; Hearing Before the Subcommittee of the Committee on Territories on House bill 12543 . . .," Senate Document rSDI 36. 57 Congress, 2 Session (Serial 4420), p. 1. In October, 1903, Representative W. R. Hearst (D) investigated Arizona, as did Representative James A. 10

In 1900 both the Republican and Democratic platforms

had promised the early admission of New Mexico, Arizona,

and Oklahoma into the Union. Accordingly, Delegates Marcus Aurelius Smith of Arizona, Bernard S. Rodey of New Mexico,

and Dennis T. Flynn of Oklahoma joined forces in the Fifty-

seventh Congress to fight for House of Representatives bill

12543 which authorized their constituents to draft

constitutions and seek statehood. On April 1, 1902,

Representative William S. Knox, Chairman of the House

Committee on Territories, reported the omnibus measure favorably. A month later, Jesse Overstreet of Indiana,

invited the wrath of Arizonans when he introduced an

amendment to combine New Mexico and Arizona into the single

state of Montezuma. The House, however, overwhelmingly

rejected the proposition, 106 noes to 28 ayes. On May 9 the lower chamber passed the original bill after brief debate.^

Tawney (R) in October, 1905. Both men returned with favor­ able reports. See Tucson Citizen. October 17, 1903, and J. H. McClintock, Arizona: Prehistoric. Aboriginal. Pioneer. Modern, 3 volumes (Chicago, The S. J. Clarke Publishing Co., 1916), vol. 2, p. 363.

^Congressional Record. 57 Cong., 1 Sess., vol. 35, pp. 5224-5228. Robert W. Larson, New Mexico^s Quest for Statehood. 1846-1912 (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1968), pp. 205-207. 11

Congress in 1902 was predominantly Republican. The

House of Representatives consisted of 201 Republicans, 151

Democrats, and five unaffiliated members. Fifty-five

Republican senators served in the upper house, compared with thirty-one Democrats, one Silver Republican, and one

Fusionist (a blend of Populist and Democrat). Congress had not granted statehood to a territory since Utah's admission in 1896.^

When the omnibus statehood bill reached the Senate on

May 12, 1902 Pennsylvania Republican Matthew S. Quay, a member of the Committee on Territories, pressed for immediate action. Beveridge, appointed Chairman of the

Senate committee in 1901, postponed committee discussion of the measure for six weeks. On June 23 a disgruntled Quay presented a motion to send the bill to the full Senate and prevent the committee from further consideration of it.

Quay reminded the congressmen of the Republican platform pledge and cited precedents for his actions. His motion forced Beveridge to agree to report the bill on December 3,

1902 and make it unfinished business, meaning it would have to be discussed daily, as of December 10. On June 27

Beveridge announced his intention to tour the Southwest

^A. J. Halford, ed.. Congressional Directory (Washington, D. C.; Government Printing Office, 1902), p. 134. 12 with a subcommittee.*

Beveridge took a personal interest in the omnibus measure for several reasons. He possessed a passion for fact finding, as evidenced by his trip in 1899 to investigate possibile self-government for the Philippines.

Conditioned by the spirit of muckraking, Beveridge suspected that Quay desired statehood to enhance the fortunes of his political cronies, particularly William

"Bull" Andrews of New Mexico. Beveridge firmly believed that statehood for the three territories at that time would be inappropriate. He feared that the new states would send

Democrats to Congress, although New Mexico and Oklahoma had returned Republicans to office in the last election. In the Senate, Quay had admitted that he had advised Arizonans to remain Democratic to ensure that party's continued support of the bill. Beveridge expressed concern over increasing the power of sparsely-settled Western states.

Finally, Beveridge knew that an inspection tour would command more respect from intransigent senators, although, he quipped to friend John C. Spooner, upon some the argument against statehood would have "no more weight than

*Cona. Record. 57 Cong., 1 Sess., vol. 35, pp. 7197- 7200, 7357. water on a duck's back."®

A temperamental man of medium height with penetrating blue-grey eyes, Albert J. Beveridge (Indiana Senator from

1899-1911) was recognized for his oratorical ability, sartorial taste, and capacity for hard work. In Congress he was a Progressive, championing pure food, child-labor, and other reform legislation. Philosophically, Beveridge also embraced imperialism and a belief in Anglo-Saxon supremacy.®

^Albert J. Beveridge to Albert Shaw, November 3, 1902; to John C. Spooner, October 12, 1902, Albert J. Beveridge Papers, Library of Congress, Washington, D. C. Los Angeles Times. December 17, 1902; Arizona Republican (Phoenix), December 10, 1902; Tucson Citizen. December 11, 1902; Washington Post. November 28, 1902. "New Statehood Bill," Senate Report rSRI 2206. 57 Cong., 2 Sess. (Serial 4410), p. 20. "What Makes a Territory Fit for Statehood?" The Literarv Digest. December 20, 1902, p. 829; John Braeman, "Albert J. Beveridge and Statehood for the Southwest, 1902- 1912," Arizona and the West FAWI. vol. 10 (winter, 1968), pp. 316-317; Larson, New Mexico's Quest, pp. 208-209; Charles Edgar Maddox, "The Statehood Policy of Albert J. Beveridge, 1901-1911" (M.A. thesis. University of New Mexico, 1938), pp. 116-117. Arizona and Oklahoma sent Democrats to Washington after their admission, while New Mexico remained staunchly Republican. Cong. Record. 60 Cong., 1 Sess., vol. 42, Part 5, Index, pp. 5, 7-9. Ibid.. 62 Cong., 2 Sess., vol. 48, Part 13, Index, pp. 5, 7-9.

®Frank A. Munsey, "Impressions by the Way," Munsev's Magazine, vol 24 (December, 1900), p. 461; "Biographical Directory of the American Congress, 1774-1971," SD 92-8. 92 Cong., 1 Sess. (Serial 12,938), p. 588; John Braeman, Albert J. Beveridge (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1971), pp. 2, 82; Claude G. Bowers, Beveridge and the Progressive Era (Cambridge, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin Co., 14

The other senators on the tour lacked Beveridge's charisica. A reporter for the Phoenix Arizona Gazette described two of the committee members as typical New

Englanders. William P. Dillingham, a lawyer and former governor of Vermont, had been elected to the Senate in

1900. Henry E. Burnham, a graduate of Dartmouth in 1865, advanced from county goverment and the New Hampshire legislature to the upper house. Idaho Senator Henry

Heitfeld later stated that while Dillingham and Burnham enjoyed the trip, he felt that neither was much interested in the outcome.^

Unlike Beveridge, Heitfeld promoted the omnibus bill.

The rotund stock raiser exuded good will toward Arizona.

Heitfeld had capitalized on the fusion of Populists and

Democrats to secure a spot in the Senate in 1897.

Republican subcommittee members Knute Nelson of Minnesota

1932), p. 158. After several unsuccessful campaigns as a Progessive candidate, Beveridge devoted the remainder of his life to literary pursuits.

^Owen Wister to Beveridge, December 4, 1902, Beveridge Papers; Arizona Gazette (Phoenix), November 18, 1902; Arizona Republican. November 17, 1902; "Biographical Directory," SD 92-8. 92 Cong., 1 Sess., pp. 674, 862; Maddox, "Statehood Policy," p. 49. Burnham resumed his law practice in 1913 after two terms in the Senate. and Thomas R. Bard of California, along with Democrat

William B. Bate of Tennessee, failed to accompany the investigators. Beveridge did not invite the three remaining members of the Senate Committee on Territories—

Quay, Republican John Kean of New Jersey, or Democrat

Thomas M. Patterson of Colorado—to serve on the subcommittee.^

In October, while preparing to debate H. R. 12543,

Beveridge asked several friends in the press, including Albert Shaw of the Review of Reviews and Dr. Lyman Abbott of the Outlook. to support the committee if it decided against admission. The editors agreed. The Senator also requested Shaw to supply the names of professors who would testify about conditions in the Southwest and specifically about "the truth concerning the soil, its aridity, the impossibility of further population till irrigation."

Beveridge wished to know what these specialists would discuss before he summoned them. The Senator even

^Arizona Gazette. November 18, 1902; Arizona Republican. November 17, 1902; "Biographical Directory," SD 92-8. 92 Cong., 1 Sess., pp. 552, 562, 1100, 1464; Halford, ed., Congressional Directorv. p. 157. Heitfeld abandoned Congress in 1903 to pursue local interests. Beveridge requested background information on Senator Patterson and learned he was a "blatent [sic] demagogue." John R. Bonnell to Beveridge, May 12, 1902, Beveridge Papers. 16 suggested that Shaw contact Western enthusiast and author

Owen Wister and artist Frederick Remington for comment.

Wister said he had little knowledge of the Southwest since

1895 and advised the senators to travel by day to avoid train robberies. Beveridge still claimed impartiality, although he had admitted privately his inclination to reject statehood for Arizona and New Mexico. Ultimately, the committee called only one specialist, Frederick H.

Newell, hydrographer for the United States Geological

Survey, to testify.®

* * * *

On Wednesday, November 12, 1902, Beveridge's committee arrived in Las Vegas, New Mexico, by train amid the blare of a brass band. Their route through New Mexico would include stops at the Castaneda Hotel in Las Vegas, the

Palace Hotel in Santa Fe (November 13), and the Alvarado

Hotel in Albuquergue (November 14 and 15). Later, on

Saturday, November 15, Beveridge told his secretary, Thomas

^Beveridge to Lyman Abbott, November 10, 1902; to Albert Shaw, January 10 and October 19, 1902, Beveridge Papers. Bowers, Beveridge. p. 194; La Moine Langston, "Arizona's Fight for statehood in the Fifty-seventh Congress" (M.A. thesis. University of New Mexico, 1939), pp. 33-34; Larson, New Mexico's Quest, p. 210. Newell's testimony is in "New Statehood Bill, " SD 36. 57 Cong., 2 Sess., pp. 173-185. 17

Shipp, to change the party's itinerary so that they would visit northern Arizona first and bypass the mines on the

orginally scheduled route.

In Arizona the senators intended to hold hearings to

obtain testimony of "witnesses of all kinds and classes."

They would stop at the Burke Hotel in Prescott (Monday,

November 17), the Adams Hotel in Phoenix (November 18), the Orndorff Hotel in Tucson (November 19), and at the

Copper Queen Hotel in Bisbee the evening of the nineteenth.

Beveridge arranged the itinerary to allow for guided and

random inspections in these towns, particularly schools,

businesses, and courts.

On returning east the Beveridge committee planned to

hold hearings at Las Cruces, New Mexico (Thursday, November

20), then proceed to El Paso, Texas that evening, and to

Carlsbad, New Mexico on November 21. The Oklahoma sessions

were to be held on the train near Woodward (Saturday,

November 22), the Lee Hotel in Oklahoma City (Monday,

November 24), and the Hotel Royal in Guthrie later that

afternoon. The senators hoped to depart for Chicago on the

^°Beveridge to George H. Lorimer, November 10. 1902, Beveridge Papers. Bisbee Review. November 16, 1902; Journal-Miner (Prescott), November 13, 1902. "New Statehood Bill," SD 36. 57 Cong., 2 Sess., pp. 1, 24, 45, 74, 121, 132, 162, 170. 18 afternoon of Noveinber 24.^^

Traveling with the party as a support group were

Thomas R. Shipp, private secretary to Beveridge and the committee; S. C. Hinshaw, messenger; Richard R. C. Simon,

Spanish interpreter; and Albert D. Ogborn, stenographer as well as Associated Press representative. Dr. Leopold G.

Rothschild, a comical friend of the Indianan, tagged along in an unofficial capacity. From the start, Beveridge made the tour a serious undertaking and insisted that the members work long, grueling hours.

During their hearings in New Mexico, the senators deviated from the usual method of collecting information.

Instead of soliciting voluntary statements from those present, they sought evidence in closed sessions.

Beveridge called preselected witnesses, an average of twenty per day, who were sworn in and asked to comment on specific questions. (Each witness received $3.00 pay per day.) Arizona delegate Marcus A. Smith complained that

^^"New Statehood Bill," SD 36. 57 Cong., 2 Sess., pp. 96, 109, 113. The committee did follow this schedule and presented Congress with 205 pages of testimony.

^^Beveridge to Lorimer, November 10, 1902, Beveridge Papers. Arizona Republican. November 18, 1902. 19 the hearings were "a secret star-chambered proceeding from first to last." The committee also collected printed evidence, such as jury lists and financial statements of local banks. Two stenographers typed the testimony each night in a special room on the train.

By November 15 the senators had completed their hearings in New Mexico and headed west to Arizona. On the train they discussed statehood for the Southwest and speculated about what they might find in Arizona Territory. In 1902 Congress had no regular territorial policy. The

Constitution allowed Congress to admit new states into the

Union without specifying conditions for admission. The

Northwest Ordinance of 1787 provided some guidance, although in 1800 after dividing the Northwest Territory

Congress abandoned the requirement that a territory obtain a population of 60,000 before admission. Three states—

California, Oregon, and Kansas—had entered the Union

^^Bisbee Review. November 15, 1902; Arizona Republican, November 21, 1902. Cong. Record. 57 Cong., 2 Sess., vol. 36, Part 3 Appendix, p. 153; "New Statehood Bill, " SD 36. 57 Cong., 2 Sess., pp. 1-120; "Senate Manual," SD 227. 57 Cong., 2 Sess. (Serial 4438), pp. 310- 311. Maddox, "Statehood Policy," p. 50. 20

without enabling acts.^*

The senators were aware that most residents of the

Southwest equated territorial status with subserviency and

inferiority. The people viewed government by appointed

officials, often corrupt and unfamiliar with the territory,

as a despotism. The territorial system empowered Congress

to veto territorial legislation, tax without

representation, and limit territorial indebtedness. With

their delegates denied a vote in Congress, Southwesterners felt their collective voice had been "muffled to a

whisper.

To Arizonans, the Harrison Act of 1886 exemplified the

burden of territorial government and the omnipotence of

Congress. Passed largely in response to the spendthrift

Thirteenth Arizona Legislature, the act sought to restrict

territorial indebtedness to 1% of a territory's assessed

^^Jack Ericson Eblen, The First and Second United States Empires: Governors and Territorial Government. 1784- 1912 (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1968), pp. 6-7, 226-229; Howard R. Lamar, The Far Southwest. 1846- 1912: A Territorial History (New Haven; Yale University Press, 1966), p. 504.

^®Stephen A. Fazio, "Marcus A. Smith, Arizona Politician" (M.A. thesis. University of Arizona, 1968), p. 98; "What Makes a Territory Fit for Statehood?" p. 830. 21 taxable wealth or 4% of county and municipal property. In reality, the act thwarted economic expansion by eliminating territorial railroad bond subsidies and curtailing Eastern investment. Statehood provided the ultimate means of escaping these limitations.^^

In 1902 Oklahoma, Arizona, and New Mexico were the only remaining territories in the continental United

States. In a flurry of activity from 1889 to 1890,

Congress transformed five territories into six states—

Washington, Montana, South Dakota, North Dakota, Idaho, and

Wyoming. In 1896 Utah gained statehood. Convinced that

Congress had acted hastily, Albert Beveridge had questioned the population of these states at the time of their admission. Only Idaho (population 84,385 in 1890) and

Wyoming (population 60,705 in 1890) had fewer inhabitants than Arizona's 1900 census figure of 122,931."

No other territories had been denied statehood for as

^®William H. Lyon, "Arizona Territory and the Harrison Act of 1886," M/ vol. 26 (Autumn, 1984), pp. 209, 216.

"severidge, notes, n.d.. Box 137, Beveridge Papers. New Statehood Bill," SR 2206. 57 Cong., 2 Sess., p. 20; Twelfth Census of the United States. 1900. 10 vols. (Washington, D. C.: United States Census Office, 1901), vol. 1, p. xviii. Bowers, Beveridge, p. 182; Eblen, First and Second Empires, p. 6. 22 long as New Mexico and Arizona. The United States acquired

New Mexico in 1848 as part of the Mexican Cession. The

Compromise of 1850 gave New Mexico territorial government.

In 1863, Congress separated Arizona Territory from New Mexico as a defense against Confederate claims. The youngster of the group, Oklahoma received territorial status in 1890.^®

The residents of these territories, particularly

Arizonans, had sought admission for years. In 1889 the

Fifteenth Arizona Legislature passed Public Act Number 59

(never presented to Congress or implemented) which authorized a constitutional convention. Arizona held a constitutional convention in 1891, drafted a constitution, and petitioned Congress. In 1892 as an extension of tha

1891 convention, Delgate Marcus A. Smith introduced a statehood bill for Arizona which cleared the House, but died in the Senate. In 1893 the second Arizona statehood convention memorialized Congress to grant admission and sent former governor Nathan 0. Murphy, a Republican, to

Washington in an unsuccessful attempt to lobby Congress.

Throughout the 1890's statehood for the Southwest floundered in the senate over the issue of free coinage of

^®Lamar, Far Southwest, pp. 3-5. 23 silver."

Statehood for these territories then became embroiled in several national debates—the imperial approach to backward areas, conservation of public land and resources, and Progressivism. The Spanish-American War had aroused nativist reactions to the Spanish heritage in New Mexico and Arizona, and the concept that some territories, such as the Philippines, might never be fit for self-government gained popularity. When Theodore Roosevelt became president in 1901, the country began to question the western attitude that natural resources were unlimited. Finally, the Republican Party felt the first effects of a split between insurgent. Progressive members and conservatives. In 1902 liberal Republicans suspected that admission for southwestern territories was a conservative

Republican and Democratic plot.^°

Statehood was not a complicated process from 1850 to

1896, the heyday for Western territories. Congressmen

^Braeman, Albert J. Severidae. p. 82; Jay J. Wagoner, Arizona Territorv 1863-1912; A Political Historv (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1970), pp. 249, 288-290, 303- 306, 318.

^°Lamar, Far Southwest, pp. 486-490. 24 accepted the premise that new states added strength to the union. Positive responses to three basic questions seemed sufficient to justify admission: Do the people of a territory want statehood? Is the population sufficient in number and character? Does the territory possess satisfactory taxable wealth to support a state government?

Capturing thfe spirit of his era, Illinois Congressman

William H. Springer in 1889 stated, " . . . it is the duty of Congress to convert this public domain into states as fast as population and conditions will justify.

Beveridge's views on statehood differed radically from his predecessors. He believed that admission involved a reciprocal relationship between the welfare of the United

States and the desires of a prospective territory.

Statehood was a reward, rather than incentive, for hard work. He bristled at the injustice of giving statehood to a quantity of land rather than to a quantity and quality of people. Because statehood could not be rescinded, the process required extreme caution. Senator Henry E. Burnham of New Hampshire, a member of Beveridge's subcommittee, shared these sentiments and joined in supporting the idea

^^"Admission of the State of Utah," House Report 4156. 50 Cong., 2 Sess. (Serial 2675), p. 1; "New Statehood Bill," SR 2206. 57 Cong., 2 Sess., Part 2, p. 3. 25

Of delaying the admission of New Mexico and Arizona.

Beveridge's wish to move slowly on statehood played a part in his decision to visit the Southwest. He wrote to the editor of the Saturdav Evening Post. George H. Lorimer:

"I believe that this is the first time a committee ever attempted to investigate the facts before reporting on the admission of territories. Heretofore we have slashed them in whether or not [the territories deserve statehood]." Beveridge's trip was in fact the first investigation of its kind. Several years earlier, Connecticut Senator Orville

H. Piatt had suggested a similar fact-finding tour of

Arizona, New Mexico, Utah, and Oklahoma. Congress had authorized expenses to be paid out of the Senate contingent fund, but the trip never took place.

4r

In 1902 as his train entered Arizona, Beveridge reviewed printed statistics on the territory. Arizona was

^%enry Burnham to Beveridge, August 14, 1902, Beveridge Papers; Maddox, "Statehood Policy," p. 117; "New Statehood Bill," SR 2206. 57 Cong., 2 Sess., Part 1, pp. 20-22, 26, 31.

^^Beveridge to Lorimer, November 10, 1902; Senate Miscellaneous Document 34. 53 Cong., Special Session (Serial 3142), p. 1. 26 the sixth largest political division in the nation, with

113,000 square miles of land. The 1900 census listed the

population as 122,931, an increase of 104.9% from 1890.

Governor Alexander 0. Brodie, in his 1902 annual report,

would guage the population to be 140,000! In 1900 the

foreign element was 19.7%, one half of which was Mexican.

Both North Dakota and Montana had a higher percentage of

foreign-born residents. Arizonans lived in cities as

diverse as company-run Bisbee, Midwestern-style Prescott,

agricultural Phoenix, and Spanish Tucson. On Mondays,

parents sent 19,203 children to school in 275 districts,

and on weekends 53,826 of the inhabitants, ranging from

Catholics to Dunkards, attended 135 churches.^*

Although economically dependent on the whims of

California and the East, Arizona's future seemed bright.

Governor Brodie contended that the total taxable wealth in

1902, estimated at $39,083,177.57, could easily support a

state government. Arizonans grumbled because the mining

companies enjoyed a low rate of taxation, but this

flourishing industry enabled others to thrive. The

^^Twelfth Census. Part 1, vol. 1, pp. xviii, civ, 4; "Annual Report of the Governor of Arizona, 1902," House Document THDI 5. 57 Cong., 2 Sess. (Serial 4461), pp. 203- 208, 262-276. Lamar, Far Southwest, p. 484. 27 copper, gold, and silver mines employed 8,282 workers. On the other hand, livestock raising and agricultural production had been curtailed by a five year drought.

Despite lean years, ranchers shipped out 111,429 head of cattle in 1902, while farmers along the Salt, Gila, and

Santa Cruz valleys struggled to avoid bankruptcy. Brodie

noted with pride the increase in railroad construction and

expansion of the lumber market to distant points.^®

The Beveridge committee reached the railroad junction

at Ash Fork on November 16. That afternoon, the distinguished visitors changed trains and rolled into Prescott, a city of 3,559. Here local citizens greeted them and provided an escort to the Burke Hotel. For two

hours on the seventeenth, the committee held hearings at

the hotel, questioning five local census enumerators, one

judge, and the city clerk.

The enumerators declared that their districts were 80%

American. Only one had found Spanish necessary. Another

^^Twelfth Census, vol. 5, p. 226; "Annual Report, 1902," HP 5. 57 Cong., 2 Sess., pp. 208-209, 222, 235-49, 252-253, 287-293.

^^Journal-Miner. November 17, 1902. Twelfth Census. Part 1, vol. 1, p. 64. 28 said the rough terrain had limited the accuracy of his count. Former Arizona Governor Frederick A. Tritle, who supervised the territorial census, reported that many citizens had left the area because of the summer heat and were not envunerated. Judge Richard E. Sloan informed the

Beveridge party that the courts never used an interpreter for jurors and that the docket of murder cases was clear.

E. B. Moden, the Prescott city clerk, described the license system for saloons and dance halls, which stayed open on

Sundays. Moden added that the city health officer examined the prostitutes twice a week and fined those who showed signs of venereal disease. On that note the committee concluded the hearing.

Refusing to comment on the admission issue, the senators boarded a train at 11:00 a.m. in Prescott for

Phoenix. The party stopped briefly at the Congress Gold

Mine, where Superintendent W. F. Staunton showed them the reduction plant, stamp mill, and main shaft. Staunton, who accompanied the group to Bisbee, later wrote that he found the investigation futile. While on the train, Beveridge "dozed most of the time, with his hat over his eyes and

^^"New Statehood Bill," SD 36. 57 Cong., 2 Sess., pp. 121-131. 29 back to the window."• 28

Most of the Arizona newspapers predicted a favorable outcome for the statehood bill in Congress. Republican editors praised Beveridge's decision to visit Arizona and attacked the Washington correspondents who referred to the trip as a cruel farce. Two less exuberant reporters, however, admitted that if the men came in search of ammunition to destroy the bill, they would find it.^'

A few members of the Arizona press harbored reservations. Usually Democratic, they warned the public that many senators wanted to protect the Republican majority in Congress and the balance of power between the small states and large ones. The East dreaded the possible political union of the South and West, as envisioned by

Populist William Jennings Bryan. Several editors accused

^®W. F. Staunton, "Memoirs of William Field Staunton, II," William Field Staunton Papers, Special Collections, University of Arizona Library, Tucson. Bisbee Review. November 18, 1902; Arizona Republican. November 18, 21, 1902; Journal-Miner. November 17, 1902.

^^Bisbee Review. November 15, 1902; Arizona Gazette. November 9, 1902; Arizona Republican. November 10, 1902; Tombstone Prospector. November 13, 1902; Arizona Star (Tucson), November 13, 1902. The Los Anaeles Times and the San Francisco Chronicle concurred with the Arizona papers. 30

Beveridge of open hostility toward Arizona Territory.^®

The statehood issue had stimulated a press debate in

November during the election of a delegate to Congress.

Arizona journalists tried to turn the debate to their party's advantage. Democrats claimed a vote for John F.

Wilson would ensure admission, while the election of

Republican Robert E. Morrison for delegate could alienate

Democratic senators. Arizona Delegate Mark Smith, who did not run due to poor health, quipped that "if a republican

[sic] is elected in Arizona, you saw my leg off, and then ask me to win a race." In response, Republicans reasoned that the Democrats in the Senate would approve the omnibus measure. Therefore, citizens should appeal to the dominant party by supporting Republican Morrison. Wilson defeated

Morrison by 500 votes.

^^Albuquerque Democrat, quoted in the Bisbee Review. November 12, 1902; Journal-Miner. November 17, 1902; Tucson Citizen. November 13, 1902; Weekly Sentinel (Yuma), November 12, 1902. The Sentinel and the Journal-Miner. both Republican newspapers, questioned Beveridge's intentions.

^^Bisbee Review. November 11, 1902; Coconino Sun (Flagstaff), November 1, 1902; Mohave County Miner (Kingman), November 15, 1902; Arizona Gazette. November 2, 1902; Arizona Republican. November 3, 1902; Tucson Citizen. November 3, 1902; Arizona Star (Tucson), November 20, 1902. Langston, "Arizona's Fight," pp. 30-32. 31

On Monday evening, November 17, the train from

Prescott pulled into the Phoenix depot. Mayor Walter

Talbot, businessman Dwight B. Heard, and other prominent

individuals welcomed the travelers and escorted them to the

Adams Hotel. The next morning the senators, each

accompanied by three residents, toured Phoenix. They

visited the court building, capitol, ostrich farm, Adams

Ranch, and the Indian School—then went to the Center

Street School to observe the noon recess for 1,500 spirited students. That afternoon Beveridge sent a photographer to

scour the Barrio-Libre and photograph Mexican loafers and

inebriated Indians.

During the committee hearings in Phoenix, Benjamin A.

Fowler, a territorial legislator, provided supplemental

testimony. He argued that the committee should consider

the character and ability of the people of Arizona as the

basis for statehood, not the physical and economic

developments alone. For example, he estimated illiteracy

at only four per cent. Judge Joseph H. Kibbey also

^^Arizona Gazette. November 18, 19, 1902; Arizona Republican. November 18-20, 1902; George H. Kelly, Legislative History. Arizona. 1864-1912 (Phoenix: Manufacturing Stationers, Inc., 1926), p. 292. The author has been unable to locate any of the photographs taken on the trip. testified. He wished to eradicate, through admission, the

Eastern notion that territorial status implied crudity.

While satisfied with the legal system in Arizona, he

objected to congressional interference in provincial

conflicts. As the hearings progressed, Beveridge seemed

preoccupied with the 1900 census. He queried two

entunerators, and they admitted that because of the regular

summer migration from Phoenix to cooler climes, they

doubtless missed at least 105 in a town of 5,544. Other

witnesses fielded questions on the Mexican population,

railroads, and aridity. Governor Brodie recited much of

his annual report for 1902. As the session concluded, the

senators learned from former Mayor John C. Adams that a

recent election under a local-option law had failed to

eliminate Phoenix saloons.

The Phoenix Board of Trade arranged a formal reception

for the Beveridge party that evening at the Adams Hotel.

Previously, Beveridge had declined offers of entertainment.

In a room adorned with flowers and evergreens, impeccably

dressed Phoenicians mingled with guests and tried to

^^"New Statehood Bill," SD 36. 57 Cong., 2 Sess., pp. 132-162. Twelfth Census. Part 1, vol. 1, p. 64. Often accused of excessive drinking, Beveridge tried to rise above the battle over prohibition. Braeman, Albert J. Beveridge. pp. 149-150, 188. 33 enhance the image of the territory. The senators remained overnight in Phoenix, then departed by train the next morning with Delegate Mark Smith, Governor Brodie, and W.

F. Staunton for Tucson.

By now the whirlwind tour had aroused the ire of

Arizona journalists. A satiric jingle in the Flagstaff

Coconino Sun ran;

Out in the West, the wild wild West,

the private car of the Senators flew,

And the farther they went the thicker

the dust On the polished pane of the window

grew.

"I'll brush it off," said the Porter man.

Said the Dignified Senators, "Nay, let

it be.

If the glass were clear and the glass

were clean.

There are many things which we might see."^®

^^Arizona Republican. November 12, 17, 19,1902.

^^Coconino Sun. November 25, 1902. Verses by Harrison Conrard. O A

Smith later quipped that the Beveridge committee "could have spent more time than it did in Arizona and New Mexico and passed Jules Verne's celebrated traveler on his eighty- day trip around the globe if they had all left Washington the same minute." Editors also chided Beveridge for wasting time by seeking facts available in official publications. Some Democratic papers branded the senators' outlook as prejudiced.^®

Shortly before 11:00 a.m. Wednesday, November 19,

Beveridge's party rolled into Tucson. The train arrived three hours late, so the Chamber of Commerce abandoned its scheduled itinerary. On a brief tour of Tucson, a town of

7,531, the senators watched the cadets' drill at the

University of Arizona, inspected residential and business areas, and saw the Carnegie Library. During lunchtime,

Beveridge held a hearing at the Orndorff Hotel.

Once again the Indiana senator found pieces to fit his

^^Bisbee Review. November 21, 1902; Douglas Dispatch. November 22, 1902; Arizona Republican. November 17, 18, 20, 1902; Tombstone Prospector. December 1, 1902; Tucson Citizen. December 4, 1902. Cona. Record. 57 Cong., 2 Sess., vol. 36, Part 3, Appendix, p. 153.

^^Arizona Gazette. November 20, 1902; Tucson Citizen. November 19, 1902. 35 jigsaw-puzzle image of Arizona Territory. He learned that two out of the three census enumerators had districts which contained many Mexicans. Court interpreter Thomas Hughes

Jr. and Judge George R. Davis explained the use of Spanish in the courts and the nature of civil and criminal cases.

President Frank Yale Adams and Superintendent William Angus described educational progress at the University and in the local public schools. City Clerk James Flynn stated that saloons and gambling houses operated night and day in

Tucson; bank president Merrill P. Freeman touched on interest rates and territorial wealth. As they left the

Orndorff Hotel, the interviewees complained that the inquisitors had posed questions of a negative character.^®

The most memorable event of the hearings occurred in

Tucson when the effusive Democrat Louis C. Hughes testified. He hated Delegate Smith for causing his removal as governor in 1896. Hughes suggested that the omnibus bill be amended. The officers of the local Arizona

Pioneers Historical Society offered three changes. They rejected H. R. 12543 as a gerrymander and demanded: the proposed number of delegates to the state constitutional convention be increased; a reapportionment according to the

^®"New Statehood Bill," SD 36. 57 Cong., 2 Sess., pp. 162-170. Tucson Citizen. November 19, 1902. 36

Census of 1900 be made; and more time be allowed between each phase of the statehood process. Republican Levi H.

Manning, prominent businessman and member of the Tucson

Chamber of Commerce, dismissed Hughes, long time editor of the Arizona Daily Star, as a "pestiferous little creature."

Republican and Democratic papers alike shared this sentiment and predicted that such amendments would kill the measure as it ran the congressional gauntlet. When Smith discovered that Hughes would travel to Bisbee with the 9 A Beveridge committee, he refused to reboard the train.

The senators reached Bisbee at 6:30 p.m. on November

19. Although it was after sundown, carriages rushed them to visit the Consolidated Copper Queen Mining Company offices and smelter. The brevity of the tour bordered on the ridiculous. When his driver paused for an instant,

Beveridge jumped to his feet and yelled; "Get a move on you. We want to see this town and we've got fifteen

minutes to do it in." The committee interviewed Walter

^^Arizona Gazette. November 20, 1902; Arizona Republican. November 21, 1902; Journal-Miner. November 20, 1902; Tombstone Prospector. November 29, 1902; Tucson Citizen. November 19-22, 1902. "New Statehood Bill," ^ 36. 57 Cong., 2 Sess., pp. 166-167. Fazio, "Marcus A. Smith," p. 76. The Tucson Arizona Star ran several editorials on the subject. See November 15-16, 18-19, 23, 26, 1902. 37

Douglas, superintendent of the Copper Queen, who verified that with a population of 9,000, the Bisbee "camp" was the largest town in Arizona. He also commented on the decline of Tombstone. Douglas supplied Beveridge with evidence which supported his theory that statehood was promoted by politicians who stood to profit from admission. For example, Richard Penrose, the brother of Pennsylvania

Senator Boies Penrose, a protege of Quay, owned part of the

Commonwealth mines at Pearce. Earlier, the group had learned that Democratic Senator William Clark of Montana, a

Arizona statehood advocate, held the controlling interest in the United Verde Mine to the north at Jerome.40

At 8:30 p.m. Beveridge and his entourage boarded a train and rode through the night to Douglas. Accepting the invitation of Judge R. 0. Johnson, Beveridge's friend, they took a lamplight ride through town and purchased stock in

Johnson's Atlas Exploration and Mining Company. Ordering all the tamales they could carry, the committee reboarded the train and moved on to New Mexico. Following their itinerary, the party sped across Texas to Oklahoma. They

*°Bisbee Review. November 20, 1902; Arizona Republican. November 20, 1902; Arizona Star. November 20, 1902; "New Statehood Bill," SD 36. 57 Cong., 2 Sess., pp. 125, 170-172. 38 terminated their hearings in Guthrie, then headed for

Chicago.

The Beveridge party reached Chicago exhausted and ill

from their frenetic pace. They had covered 4,884 miles,

examined 142 witnesses—86 in New Mexico, 31 in Arizona,

and 25 in Oklahoma—and recorded 205 pages of testimony.

The committee spent the most time, five out of twelve days,

in New Mexico. Clearly, the primary focus of the trip was

New Mexico and to a lesser degree Arizona. By comparison,

Oklahoma received only a passing glance.

* * * *

Beveridge's selection of witnesses revealed his

strategy. In New Mexico, he summoned twenty-one census

enumerators, six judges, ten justices of the peace, one

lawyer, four court enumerators, five court clerks, a court

reporter, and two tax collectors. He also interviewed four

postmasters, six newspaper publishers, five businessmen,

fourteen school officials, the U.S. Marshal, a sheriff, and

^^Bisbee Review. November 22, 1902; Douglas Dispatch. November 22, 1902; "New Statehood Bill," SD 36. 57 Cong., 2 Sess., pp. 187-225; Arizona Star. November 20, 1902.

^^Beveridge to Shaw, November 29, 1902 and Beveridge, Itinerary, p. 3, Box 137, Beveridge Papers; "New Statehood Bill," SD 36. 57 Cong., 2 Sess., pp. 1-225. 39 a mayor. Two other witnesses came to the proceedings voluntarily. Five of those who testified, three school teachers and two census enumuerators, were women. No other women presented evidence during the hearings. Eight witnesses required the services of Richard R. C. Simon, the committee's official interpreter.*^

In Arizona, the senators followed the same pattern.

They interviewed ten census enxmerators, one judge, a court interpreter, one city clerk, two city tax collectors, three newspaper publishers, four businessmen, one banker, three school administrators, and the U. S. Marshal. Judges

Joseph H. Kibbey and George R. Davis, Governor Brodie, and retired businessman Benjamin Fowler gave voluntary statements. Only newspaper editor Pedro Garcia de la Lama testified through Simon. Of the witnesses in Arizona, twelve were Republicans, one was a Democrat, and one a

Populist. All of these men supported statehood.**

In contrast to Arizona and New Mexico, Oklahoma's list of witnesses included only two census entimerators, one

*^"New Statehood Bill," SD 36. 57 Cong., 2 Sess., pp. 1-120.

**Ibid.. pp. 121-172. 40 farmer, one newspaper publisher, five businessmen, six lawyers, two mayors, the governor, a U. S. Commissioner, a

banker, and five with unidentified professions. Twenty- three of these witnesses appeared voluntarily in a forum much more like a public hearing. Five of those who spoke to the committee resided in Indian Territory; none were of

Indian descent.^®

The nature of Beveridge's questions, particularly in

New Mexico, reflected his plan to collect negative

evidence. The committee repeatedly asked New Mexicans

about the Mexican character of the population, the use of the Spanish language in schools, courts, and towns, the

level of education, the accuracy of the 1900 census, and the proportion of crimss committed by Mexicans as opposed to Anglos. From day one, Beveridge took the lead in

interviewing witnesses. Senator Heitfeld, who supported

statehood for the Southwest, did little cross-examination

and posed questions on only nineteen occasions.*®

In Arizona, ten of the thirty-one who testified

responded to queries about the census, the prevalence of

"ibidi, pp. 187-225.

*®Ibid.. pp. 1-120. 41

Spanish, and the ethnic and racial characteristics of the population. Five individuals discussed the courts, the make-up of juries, and the need for interpreters. Three testified about the circulation of Spanish language newspapers. By request, industrialist Frank Murphy spoke in detail about Arizona's railroad industry. Aside from an emphasis on saloon and gambling licenses, the remaining questions concerned a variety of subjects from irrigation, crime, education and the university to banking.*^

Because Beveridge allowed the witnesses to make general statements in Oklahoma, he rarely interjected. The few questions he asked, directed to eighteen of the witnesses, concerned the willingness of residents to combine Oklahoma and Indian Territory into a single state.

Interestingly, several Oklahoma businessmen complained about the possibility of being saddled with Indian

Territory. Only six who appeared before the committee addressed the accuracy of the census, seven described the occupations of the people, two touched upon educational opportunities, seven commented on conditions in the Indian

Territory, and four lauded the assessed value of property

^^Ibid.. pp. 121-172. 42 and taxable wealth.*®

According to Beveridge's biographer, John Braeman, the

Indianan's political beliefs represented the paradoxes of

Progressivisa. These contradictory beliefs were evident in some of the c[uestions the senator asked in the three territories. Beveridge, at once a nativist and imperialist, sought information about Hispanics and Native

Americans. His distrust of Hispanics extended to Mormons.

Influenced by the Temperance Movement but a drinker himself, Beveridge collected evidence to show the wide- open aspect of saloons and gambling. He admired powerful businessmen and individualism in 1902 but embraced federalism. He pursued the details of Penrose, Andrews, and Clark's ownership of Southwestern mines and/or railroads as examples of self-interest and corruption in the statehood fight. A firm believer in self-reliance, he subtly questioned witnesses about western control of irrigation but came to support federal reclamation in the

West. Beveridge, a nascent Progressive in 1902, did not inquire about child labor—he later sponsored the first national child labor law—woman's suffrage, or the residents' feelings about initiative, referendum, recall,

*°Ibid.. pp. 187-225. 43 and direct election of senators.*®

The responses and statements of the Arizona witnesses provided a unique snapshot of the territory's social, political, and economic milieu in 1902. For instance, the discussion of the Twelfth Census addressed not only population size, ethnic mix, literacy, and occupations but also Eastern indifference to the Southwest. In June of

1900, 138 enumerators and 35 assistants in 91 districts conducted the Arizona portion of the census. Despite rugged terrain and a scattered population, only Graham County was granted an additional thirty days to complete the count. Territorial census supervisor Tritle appointed the local enumerators, with the exception of those assigned to the Indian reservations. The Commissioner of Indian

Affairs recommended these officials. The federal census office employed 32 interpreters for the Arizona reservations. The number of Spanish language interpreters is unknown, although at least three enumerators found

Spanish interpretation necessary. The census takers subpoenaed by Beveridge had an average age of 44, and their occupations ranged from lawyer to mailing clerk. Most

"ibidjLf PP- 125, 127, 134, 150-155, 168, 172, 195; Braeman, Beveridge, pp. 1-2 44 received $6.00 per day; others received three cents a head or a rate of "C," perhaps representing the three-cents-a- head figure. In some districts, the pay failed to compensate for the expense of canvassing mountainous areas.

Arizona's population in 1902 probably exceeded the

122,933 reported in the recent federal census. Forbidden to record those not home, several enumerators claimed they had missed numerous residents because of the annual summer migration from southern Arizona to cooler climates. Fowler estimated the 1902 population at 150,000. With the Phoenix Board of Trade, he had complained to federal Census

Director William R. Merriam about the injustice of administering Arizona's census in June. Also Bisbee, with a population of 9,000, was not included in the census due to its unincorporated status (incorporated in 1902). Many of the enumerators, however, defended the accuracy of their

® "New Statehood Bill," SD 36. 57 Cong., 2 Sess., pp. 122-123, 128, 130, 163; 1900 Census Enumeration District Descriptions Alabama. Arizona. Alaska. Arkansas . . .. 10 vols. (Washington, D. C.: United States Census Office, 1901) also filmed as microfilm T-1210, roll 1, p. 11; Tab Lewis, Civil Reference Branch National Archives, to Karen Underbill, February 8, 1990, author's files. 45 totals to Beveridge's satisfaction.®^

The Arizona witnesses painted a picture of a relatively homogeneous, civilized society. This contrasted with the popular image of the territory being an incompatible mix of ethnic and cultural groups. They described the populace as containing "mostly American"

Anglo men, emphasized that Spanish was never needed to interpret the arguments of counsel in court, and took pride in the fact that the Revised Statutes of Arizona. 1901 required jurors to "understand the English Language." (In

1900 27,468 Arizonans over age ten could not speak

English.) The witnesses said little about the 14,172

Mexican-born Arizonans, clustered in the south, the 26,480

Native Americans (most of whom lived on reservations),

1,848 African-americans, and 1,700 Asians. Despite

Fowler's assertion that most of the native-born in the territory came from the East, a full two-thirds hailed from west of the Mississippi River. Eighty-four percent of the population lived in county areas or in towns with less than

2,500 inhabitants, compared with forty percent

®^"New Statehood Bill," SD 36. 57 Cong., 2 Sess., pp. 129, 135, 146-147, 163, 171. 46 nationwide.®^

Whether rural or urban, Arizona's school system seemed adequate. The 122 grammar schools, 320 primary schools, and two high schools (in Phoenix) served, according to

Superintendent of Public Instruction Nelson G. Layton,

19,203 children out of a school age population of 25,259— a 76% enrollment rate. (School was compulsory to age 14.) The Twelfth Census reported an attendance rate of just

44.1%. In 1902 the territory supported two normal schools, one in Flagstaff (founded in 1899) and one in Tempe (1885).

The University of Arizona in Tucson, also established in 1885 and opened in 1891, registered 219 students, including four graduate students, in 1901-1902 and operated an

Agricultural Experiment Station with three branches. While many Arizonans believed the illiteracy rate to range between 2% and 8%, officially 29% of the population over age ten could not read or write any language. Perhaps the fact that the Territorial Legislature granted no

^^Abstract of the Twelfth Census of the United States. 1900 (Washington, D. C.: Government Printing Office, 1904), pp. 38-48, 58-63, 76; "New Statehood Bill," SD 36. 57 Cong., 2 Sess., pp. 122, 127, 133-134, 148, 164. 47 appropriation in 1902 for library needs is telling.®^

Several witnesses used church nenbership to illustrate the civilized character of Arizona. Nearly half the residents attended services in one of 135 churches. Of that total (53,826), the majority belonged to the Catholic

Church (40,000). The next largest group, the Mormons,

claimed 7,033 members, most of whom lived in Maricopa,

Graham, and Apache Counties. Those testifying assured the

committee that Mormons, "a thrifty class of people," posed

no political threat. Mormon church leaders had encouraged their flock to become bipartisan to avoid

disenfranchisement.

While half of Arizona sat in church on Sunday, the

other half could indulge in vice. Saloons operated seven

®^Secretary of the Territory, Public Offices, and Officers-Governors, "Library Report of Governor Alexander 0. Brodie, 1902," Department of Library, Archives, and Public Records, Phoenix. Abstract of Twelfth Census, pp. 65, 70-71; "New Statehood Bill," SD 36. 57 Cong., 2 Sess., pp. 132, 158, 160, 164; Superintendent of Public Instruction, Biennial Report of the Superintendent of Public Instruction (Phoenix: Arizona Department of Education, 1902), p. 5.

^^"Annual Report, 1902," HD 5. 57 Cong., 2 Sess., pp. 262-276; Edward Leo Lyman, "Elimination of the Mormon Issue from Arizona Politics, 1889-1894," vol. 24 (Autumn, 1982), p. 205; "New Statehood Bill," SD 36. 57 Cong., 2 Sess., pp. 133, 148. 48 days a week, twenty-four hours a day. In June of 1902 the

Temperance Movement, not yet at full strength, mustered enough votes in a local option election to enact prohibition in Maricopa County (not Phoenix). Judge Edward

Kent later declared the election fraudulent. Gambling, reputedly conducted "on the square", knew few restrictions.

Regarding prostitution, Prescott City Ordinance 126 required prostitutes to be certified. Failure to comply carried a fine of up to $100. At the opposite extreme, a 1901 Phoenix ordinance forced female "singers" out of bawdyhouses. Licenses for saloons, dance halls, and gambling generated considerable revenue for municipal governments—$6,000 a quarter in Prescott, approximately

$25,000 a year in Phoenix, and $17,000 a year in Tucson.®®

The hearings also proved Arizona to be a somewhat wild and woolly place. A pedestrian in Phoenix, unlike

Bostonians, was virtually safe from robbery as were homeowners from burglary. Drunkeness resulted in little crime. Supposedly, Arizonans could "hold their own" when

®®"Licenses Collected by the Sheriff, 1899-1904," pp. 72-86, Pima County Collection, Arizona Historical Society, Tucson; Abstract of Twelfth Census, p. 32; "New Statehood Bill," SD 36. 57 Cong., 2 Sess., pp. 131, 150, 161-162; Nancy Tisdale, "The Prohibition Crusade in Arizona" (M.A. thesis. University of Arizona, 1965), pp. 63-64. 49 drinking. However, Arizona had the highest rate of homicide by gunshot wound per capita of any state or territory. Witnesses claimed that Mexicans committed "a considerable proportion" of all felonies. The mix of inmates at the Yuma Territorial Prison, with "123 Americans and 132 Mexicans," reflected what was probably unequal justice.®®

The testimony contained a wealth of inforaation about

Arizona's economy. The taxable wealth (over $39,000,000), sale of bonds such as those for the St. Louis World's Fair, and resources of the territorial banks (nearly $1,500,000 in deposits) pointed to a sound economy. However, mining companies escaped the high rate of territorial taxation due to a low valuation. The Harrison Act of 1886 retarded economic growth by limiting indebtedness. The fight surrounding the validity of the Pima County Railroad bonds, issued to construct the Arizona Narrow Guage Railroad from

Tucson to Globe, jeopardized Arizona's credit standing.

(The bonds were declared void in 1892 by the U.S. Supreme

Court which reversed its decision and validated the bonds in 1899 and 1902.) Easterners feared statehood for Arizona

®®"Annual Report, 1902," HP 5. 57 Cong., 2 Sess., p. 279; "New Statehood Bill," pp. 127-128, 133, 144, 166. 50 would mean repudiation of these bonds by a new legislature.

In 1902 Arizona's economy was based in large part on mining, agriculture, and stockraising. Of the four economic "C's" taught to students of Arizona history— copper, cattle, citrus, and cotton—the latter two provided little profit at the turn of the century. Mining generated the greatest revenue, $11,197,375 in 1900, and made growth possible for other industries. Yavapai County alone had

674 patented mines. Of all the various minerals and metals, copper was king. Arizona ranked as the third largest producer in the nation. Significant copper mines included: the Copper Queen and Calumet and Arizona at

Bisbee; the United Verde at Jerome; the Arizona Copper

Company and Detroit Copper Company at Clifton and Morenci respectively; and the Old Dominion at Globe.

While not as financially lucrative, over 74 gold and silver mines produced a combined product value of approximately $3,000,000. Silver, the least profitable of

®^Howard A. Hubbard, A Chapter in Early Transportation History: The Arizona Narrow Guaae Railwav Company (Tucson: University of Arizona, Social Sciences Bulletin 6, 1934), pp. 8-22, 39-60; "New Statehood Bill," SD 36. 57 Cong., 2 Sess., pp. 144, 159-160, 170; Report of the Governor of Arizona. 1902 (Washington, D. C.; Government Printing Office, 1902), p. 21. the three, had dropped from $1.29 per ounce to 78 cents after demonitization in 1893. Gold mines, such as the

Fortuna and King of Arizona in Yvima County, the

Commonwealth at Pearce, the Octave, Vulture, and Congress mines near Wickenburg, and Crown King in the Bradshaw

Mountains, captured the attention of the committee.®®

Tombstone's boom and bust (1878-1886) illustrated the uncertainty of mining and added ammunition to Beveridge's arsenal. Once a prosperous town of 6,000, Tombstone dwindled to 600 in 1900 as flooding plagued the mines. In

1902, the Tombstone Consolidated Mining Company resucitated the area by installing pumps to remove the water at the 475 foot level. Initially profitable, the venture failed as the amount of water proved to be unlimited rather than static.®'

Arizonans touted agriculture as a growing industry in

1902. The 5,800 farms (a 307% increase from 1890) had a

®®Abstract of Twelfth Census, p. 429; Charles H. Dunning, Rock to Riches (Phoenix: Southwest Publishing Co., 1959), p. 305; "New Statehood Bill," SD 36. 57 Cong., 2 Sess., pp. 121, 123, 125-127, 130, 151-157, 171-172.

®'Kevin Britz, "The Arizona Mining Career of William F. Staunton, 1883-1931" (M.A. thesis. University of Arizona, 1985), pp. 93-129; Dunning, Rock to Riches, pp. 141-142; "New Statehood Bill," SD 36. 57 Cong., 2 Sess., pp. 136-137, 172; Twelfth Census, vol. 1, p. 64. 52 property value of nearly $30,000,000 and a product value of close to $7,000,000. The product value per acre ($3.19) was higher than that of Oklahoma ($2.38). But in 1902 the territory was in the fifth year of a drought. Farmers irrigated just 185,396 acres, and the cost of irrigtion exceeded the value of crops twofold. Although alfalfa remained the" most important crop, 93 farms cultivated fruit ranging from oranges to cherries to dates from newly- introduced date palms. Maricopa, Graham, and Pinal were the principal agricultural counties.®®

The success of agriculture depended on irrigation, which in turn hinged upon the ability to impound and regulate water. From the hearings, the Beveridge committee learned that water came from various rivers: the Salt and

Verde, both with drainage areas over 6,000 square miles; the Gila; the Colorado at Yuma; the Agua Fria; and the

Santa Cruz. Over 200 miles of canals cut across the Salt

River Valley near Phoenix. These included the Arizona,

Grand, and Maricopa canals on the north side of the river and the Chandler Canal on the south. Twenty-five canals on the Gila, such as the Montezuma, San Carlos, and Central,

^^Abstract of Twelfth Census, pp. 225-227, 236-237, 279, 296; "New Statehood Bill," SD 36. 57 Cong., 2 Sess., pp. 123-124, 155-156. 53 benefited 30,000 acres owned by white ranchers at the expense of the Pina and Maricopa Indians. The Yuma Valley

Land and Water Company supplied water to 40,000 acres.

Arizonans pinned their hopes for expansion of irrigation on the Reclamation Act, enacted in June of 1902.

This legislation provided for construction of reservoirs and dams through receipts from public land sales. Governor

Brodie speculated that ten million acres could be irrigated with proper storage and control. Planned projects included

Roosevelt Dam, surveyed by Arthur Powell Davis in the Tonto

Basin (dedicated in 1911); the San Carlos Reservoir on the

Gila (Coolidge Dam completed in 1928); and a diversion dam on the Colorado above Yuma (Laguna Dam operational by

1909). By 1914, Roosevelt Dam irrigated 240,000 acres, half of the original estimate. As with many western states and territories, irrigation litigation clogged the courts.

In 1892 Judge Joseph H. Kibbey authored the Doctrine of

Prior Appropriation concerning first water rights. In

1902, the Hurlev v. Abbott case, intended to adjudicate water rights to the Salt River, was pending in Judge Edward

®^"New statehood Bill," SD 36. 57 Cong., 2 Sess., pp. 121-125, 136-139, 149-152, 157-158; Report Of the Governor of Arizona. 1901 (Washington, D. C.: Government Printing Office, 1901), pp. 124-125, 132-136. 54

Kent's court.

Hydrographer Frederick H. Newell, who testified before the full senate conmittee in Washington, D. C. on December

4, 1902, reiterated that agriculture in Arizona was impossible without irrigation. He played up the severity of the drought, pointing out that a third of the cultivated land in Maricopa County lay fallow. Newell felt a storage system would be problematical and declined to predict what

impact it would have. He stressed that less than 1% of the

land was irrigated. Questioned by Senator Thomas Patterson

of Colorado, Newell admitted that less than 1% of Wyoming

and little more than 2% of Colorado was being irrigated.

Patterson, furious with Newell's slanted testimony, moved that the committee allow Delgates Smith and Rodey to cross-

examine Newell—then reluctantly dropped the matter.®^

Like farming, stockraising required reliable water

^^"Annual Report, 1902," HP 5. 57 Cong., 2 Sess., p. 222; "New Statehood Bill," SD 36. 57 Cong., 2 Sess., pp. 121-125, 136-139, 149-152, 157-158; Edward H. Peplow, Jr., ed.. The Taming of the Salt (Phoenix: Salt River Project, 1979), pp. 85, 104. See also Earl A. Zarbin, Roosevelt Dam: A History to 1911 (Phoenix: Salt River Project, 1984).

®^"New Statehood Bill," SD 36. 57 Cong., 2 Sess., pp. 173-185. 55 sources. Stock could not graze beyond five miles of a water hole and survive. In 1900, livestock was Arizona's second largest industry, although the paper value of all animals ($15,545,687) outweighed mine products

($11,197,375). Ranchers worked 750,000 head of cattle in

Pima, Cochise, and Graham counties. Sheepherders, including some Basque French, watched over 924,761 animals in Apache, Coconino, and Yavapai counties. Despite a heavy calf crop in 1902, the drought caused an overall decrease in cattle. Yet the value of cattle ($11,367,466) exceeded that of Idaho cattle ($8,389,954). The sheep industry improved in 1902 as the result of new territorial sanitation legislation which imposed the same safeguards— inspections and quarantines—on sheep that had been devised for cattle.®^

Railroads served as the backbone of the Arizona economy. Most were owned and controlled by Eastern

Republicans who stood to gain from statehood through bond sales. In 1902 the Arizona railroad industry, with a total of 1,644 miles of track, experienced substantial growth.

^^Abstract of Twelfth Census, pp. 252-254; "Annual Report, 1902/' HP 5. 57 Cong., 2 Sess., pp. 235-243; "New Statehood Bill," SD 36. 57 Cong., 2 Sess., pp. 121, 155- 156. 56

The main arteries consisted of two transcontinental roads-

-the Southern Pacific, which entered Arizona at Yuma in

1877 and the Santa Fe, built across Northern Arizona during

1881 to 1883 by the Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe Railway.

Numerous branches supplemented the main lines. These included the Santa Fe, Prescott and Phoenix (Ash Fork to

Phoenix), the Phoenix and Eastern (Phoenix to Winkleman) intended to reach Benson, and the El Paso and Southwestern

[EP &SW] covering several hundred miles in southern

Arizona. Frank Murphy and others built smaller lines to reach the rich mining districts—the Prescott and Eastern to the Bradshaw Mining District, the Tombstone and Fairbank

Limited (part of the EP & SW), and the narrow guage Arizona and New Mexico Railway from Lordsburg, New Mexico to Clifton.®®

Taken as a whole, the 205 pages of testimony proved reasonably accurate. The errors involved stenographic mistakes, exaggeration, and fallible human memory. For instance, Albert Ogborn inaccurately recorded a reference to the Glach Mine, probably the Cash Mine, and the Valley

Verde Smelter, most likely the Val Verde Smelter. Fowler,

""Annual Report, 1902," HP 5. 57 Cong., 2 Sess., pp. 228-232; "New Statehood Bill," SD 36. 57 Cong., 2 Sess., pp. 150-155. chamber of commerce all the way, epitomized the art of exaggeration. He claimed that 90% of parents of school- age children in Phoenix were born east of the Mississippi

River and that the future Roosevelt Dam would impound

6,800,000 acre-feet! Only 33% of Arizonans came from the

East. When finished, Roosevelt Dam impounded 1,300,000 acre-feet. As for memory, Brodie slipped when he located the reform school for boys and girls at Tucson rather than

Benson. The census enumerators did a fair job of recalling their counts, with the exception of Joseph E. Stovall, who was lucky to remember his name.®®

strong sentiments emerged during the hearings that

Beveridge probably did not intend. Repeatedly, Arizonans emphasized their desire for statehood. Even Tucsonan L. C.

Hughes and the Arizona Pioneers Historical Society, who proposed three amendments to the omnibus bill, desired statehood as soon as was expedient. Subtle and not-so- subtle bitterness toward territorial status and congressional interference permeated the statements of

Governor Brodie and Judge Kibbey. Kibbey, an Arizonan since 1888, resented the appointment of officials from

®®"New Statehood Bill," SD 36. 57 Cong., 2 Sess., pp. 135, 137, 146-147, 151, 156, 158. 58 outside the territory, the lack of legal precedents, and the constantly changing court. Twenty-seven of the thirty- five Arizona Supreme Court Judges appointed from 1863 to

1902 came from outside Arizona. The cosmopolitan nature of

Phoenix and Tucson also surprised Beveridge. He later wrote: "I was impressed . . . with the splendid character of many of the people I met, particularly at Phoenix. But that is an oasis in the desert."®^

Beveridge and his committee did not pursue information about the extensive lumber industry and to a lesser extent the cattle industry. In 1902, 10,000 square miles of Ponderosa Pine forests blanketed Northern Arizona, much of which was contained in the San Francisco and Prescott reserves. One of the the largest lumber companies, the

Arizona Lumber and Timber Company, owned by Michael and

Timothy Riordan, operated night and day at Flagstaff in ten-hour shifts. The Saginaw and Manistee Lumber Company at Williams was building numerous logging railroads, such

Beveridge to N. L. Agrew, December 6, 1902, Beveridge Papers; "New Statehood Bill," SD 36. 57 Cong., 2 Sess., pp. 140-145, 155-160, 166-168. John S. Goff, Arizona Territorial Officials; The Supreme Court Justices. 1863-1912 (Cave Creek, Arizona: Black Mountain Press, 1975). 59

as the Saginaw Southern (1898)

Beveridge also ignored obvious growth patterns. For

instance, Arizona by 1907 would be the leading copper

producer in the nation. The impending reclamation projects

promised increased agricultural productivity. By 1910, the

value of farm property would triple to $75,123,970. The

steady influx of settlers swelled the population to 204,354

in 1910 (a 66.2% increase). Conservatively, domestic

animals were worth ten million more in 1910. The

Thirteenth Census skewed the livestock value, for it was

taken in April before the calving season. Finally, the quality of Arizona schools doubtless contributed to a

decline by 1910 in illiteracy to an official figure of 20.9%.®®

* * 1e ic

The last act of the investigation was played out in the East. From Indianapolis, Senator Beveridge,

unimpressed by what he had seen, wrote Editor Shaw of the

®®"Annual Report, 1902" HP 5. 57 Cong., 2 Sess., p. 233; "New Statehood Bill," SD 36. 57 Cong., 2 Sess., pp. 123, 132, 156.

^^Abstract of the Thirteenth Census of the United States. 1910 (Washington, D. c.: Government Printing Office, Supplement for Arizona, 1913), pp. 568, 581, 593, 599; Dunning, Rock to Riches, p. 159. 60

Review of Reviews that Arizona was nothing but a "mining camp." When rximors circulated that the majority of the

Beveridge committee would reject statehood for Arizona and

New Mexico, the local and national press reacted in various ways. Most journalists expected that the bill would pass, even with an adverse report. Well aware that partisan considerations affected the outcome. Quay claimed to have the support of all the Democrats and fifteen Republicans in the Senate, enough to ensure victory. But one dissenting editor predicted that a negative statement by Beveridge would seriously reduce the territory's chances. Tucsonan

L. C. Hughes doubted that the upper house would allow three admissions through one act. Some reporters scoffed at

Democratic attempts to enlist Republicans to lobby in

Washington. These journalists threatened to blame

"braggadocio" Delegate Smith if H, R. 12543 met defeat.

All meiabers of the press anticipated a prolonged, acrimonious fight.

'^Beveridge to Shaw, November 29, 1902, Beveridge Papers; Bisbee Review. December 2, 1902; Coconino Sun. November 29, 1902; Los Anaeles Times. December 1, 1902; New York Times. November 30, 1902; Arizona Gazette. November 30, December 7, 1902; Arizona Republican. November 24, 30, 1902; Tucson Citizen. December 2, 1902; Arizona Star. November 26, 1902; Washington Post. December 1, 1902; Sentinel. December 10, 1902. 61

Theodore Roosevelt, distressed by the Spanish element in the Southwest, ignored statehood in his annual message to Congress. On December 3 Knute Nelson of Minnesota, under Beveridge's direction, presented a substitute bill that united Indian Territory and Oklahoma as a single state and postponed the admission of Arizona and New Mexico indefinitely. Within fifteen minutes, the Committee on

Territories voted six to five to report the new measure to the full Senate. Californian Thomas R. Bard, who held the balance of power, antagonized Arizonans by siding with

Beveridge. He believed that Arizona had "reached the height of its development for the present." Local newspapers retaliated with scathing editorials.

On December 10, 1902, Beveridge submitted his report on the omnibus bill, which embodied the recommendations of the substitute bill. In the document, he discussed the requisites for statehood and where the three territories stood. Believing that citizens in sparsely settled Western

^^Mohave County Miner. December 13, 20, 1902; Los Angeles Times. December 4, 1902; Arizona Gazette. December 6, 1902; Arizona Republican. December 6, 1902; Tucson Citizen. December 2, 1902; Arizona Star. December 4, 1902. Wagoner, Arizona Territory, pp. 411-412; Westergaard Waldeman, "Senator Bard and the Arizona/New Mexico Statehood Controversy," Historical Society of Southern California Annual Publications, vol. 11 (1919), Part 2, pp. 9-17. 62 states might gain control of the Senate, Beveridge cited

Arizona's scant population. He proposed that if the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 pemitted a territory to enter the union with 60,000 inhabitants, when the residents of the United States nvimbered 4,000,000, then proportionately the Fifty-seventh Congress should demand 1,153,000 for a new state. As an alternative to the sliding scale, the senator suggested that the population be equivalent to

Kcuss's unit of represse^tatio^: 194,182, or to the average of the preexisting states, 1,650,000. Because his investigation had proved the 1900 census correct, Arizona, with 122,931, failed on all counts.

Beveridge also objected to the lack of educational progress in Arizona, the moral character of the people, and the need for resource development. He ranked the school system as fair, yet stressed that illiteracy was twenty- nine percent. Anglos predominated in the territory, but the group's small size restricted their influence on the masses. As "Little James" observed in the Phoenix

Republican. Beveridge "sez Arizony's all Rite fer culcher.

72„New statehood Bill," SR 2206. 57 Cong., 2 Sess., Part 1, pp. 3-4, 15. In 1800 Congress abandoned the 60,000 population clause of the Northwest Ordinance. Eblen, First and Second Empires, p. 229. 63

What they is of it, but they ain't enuff of it to go roun'." Although Congress had approved the Newlands

Reclamation Act in 1902, the arid conditions disturbed the senators. Beveridge cited the collapse of Tombstone to prove the instability of mining ventures. Responding to claims that territorial status retarded growth, he noted that Oklahoma had prospered without statehood.'^

Beveridge injected his statehood views into the senate report. Regarding Arizona and New Mexico, he concluded that if Congress made a mistake by denying self-government, it could easily remedy the situation in the future.

However, premature passage of an enabling act would plague the country for years to come.'*

In opposition to their own committee. Senators Matthew

Quay and William Bate delivered separate reports which endorsed H. R. 12543. Quay marshaled numerous facts to show that Arizona and New Mexico wanted statehood, had adequate populations, and possessed satisfactory taxable

'^Arizona Republican. December 14, 1902; "New Statehood Bill," SR 2206. 57 Cong., 2 Sess., Part 1, pp. 12-21.

'*"New Statehood Bill," SR 2206. 57 Cong., 2 Sess., Part 1, pp. 1, 20, 22, 31. 64 wealth. Both Bate and Quay charged the majority of

Beveridge's committee with violating the Republican Party pledge of early admission.'®

Arizonans viewed Beveridge's biased report as an insult. The once laudatory press indicted the senator for inflaming Eastern antagonism toward statehood. Less virulent journalists lamented the investigation's probable effect on business in Arizona. Although the Beveridge committee justified postponement in terms of population and wealth, the papers pointed out that less qualified states had entered the union. Tucsonan L. C. Hughes surmised that misrepresentation was an improvement over neglect. Arizona

Territory promptly sent a delegation, led by former governor Nathan O. Murphy, to aid Delegate Smith in

Washington.'®

After the holiday recess, committee member Matthew

Quay, confident of his support, demanded a vote on the original measure. He vowed to block appropriation bills

'^Ibid.. Part 2, pp. 1-21, Part 3, pp. 1-10.

'^Arizona Gazette. December 2, 11, 1902; Arizona Republican. December 4, 16, 21, 1902; Tombstone Prospector. December 15, 1902; Tucson Citizen. December 17, 1902; Arizona Star. December 16, 1902. 65 until the Senate took action. To buy time, Beveridge and other Republicans, such as Henry Cabot Lodge and Nelson

Aldrich, resorted to filibustering and astute parliamentary tactics. At times the maneuvering seemed comical.

Noirwegian Knute Nelson, during a protracted speech on New

Mexico's colonial history, amused the listeners with his pronunciation of Spanish words. As the session neared the end, Beveridge in a melodramatic move secluded himself on the third floor of forester and conservationist Gifford

Pinchot's house for one week. On March 3, 1903, the omnibus bill died, along with Arizona's hopes for statehood.

The lasting value of the Beveridge tour was the information the senators gathered about Arizona in 1902.

The testimony offered an almost comprehensive treatment, though superficial at times, of the social, economic, and political character of the territory. The evidence belied

^^Arizona Gazette. December 20, 1902; Tucson Citizen. December 1, 1902; Washington Post. January 8, 1903. Cong. Record. 57 Cong., 2 Sess., vol. 36, p. 3008; Bowers, Beveridge, pp. 200-201. Beveridge had anticipated a filibuster of the omnibus bill. Beveridge to Nelson Aldrich, November 3, 1902, Beveridge Papers. For a complete discussion of the Senate debate, see Beatrice Arline Cottrell, "Senate Action on the Omnibus Statehood Bill of 1902" (M.A. thesis. University of New Mexico, 1938), pp. 17-68. 66 many of the commonly held assumptions about Arizona, its people, wealth, resources, and industries. Intentional or not, Beveridge covered a tremendous amount of ground, physically and intellectually. A modern historian on a fact-finding mission might not have fared better.

* * * *

The method and content of the hearings conducted in

Arizona reflected political concerns at the congressional level. Republicans, indifferent to conditions in the territory, feared an increase in Democratic strength, although Arizonans tried to persuade them that the territory could become a Republican state. Republicans controled the mines and railroads and would sponsor their own politicians. Beveridge believed that Arizona was

"hopelessly Democratic—and in addition to that [had] been frightfully gerrymandered so that if Republicans [carried] it by ten thousand, [congress] would still loose two United

States Senators." He did approve of admitting Democratic

Oklahoma. The controversy ignited by the Beveridge trip laid the foundation for a partisan split over joint statehood with New Mexico in 1904-1906.^®

'®Beveridge to J. M. Buckley, December 5, 1902; C. P. Morton to Beveridge, June 3, 1902, Beveridge Papers. Howard R. Lamar, "The Reluctant Admission: The Struggle to Admit Arizona and New Mexico to the Union," in Robert G. Ferris, ed., The American West; An Appraisal (Santa Fe: 67

Several Republican senators complained that only big business and political schemers such as Quay, Penrose, and

Clark would profit from H. R. 12543. Beveridge found that power and wealth did not always jibe with the common good, a discovery that pushed him toward Progressivism. In anger he wrote to his friend Shaw: "I don't want anyone to ever again tell me about the high moral tone of wealthy men when their pocketbook is touched." Admission, however, usually evolved from a politician's dream to a popular movement.^'

Beveridge's tour of Arizona hinted at the split in the

Republican Party between emerging Progressives and mainstream Republicans. Interested in reform, some

Progressives found gambling, unregulated saloons, and

Mormon polygamy distasteful. The hearings revealed a shift, spearheaded by Beveridge, in Congress's statehood policy from viewing the admission of new states as an asset to considering admission a potential liability. The Indianan joined those Progressives who labeled statehood for the Southwest a Democratic and conservative Republican

Museum of New Mexico Press, 1968), p. 164.

'^Beveridge to Shaw, December 7, 1905, Beveridge Papers. Bowers, Beveridge. p. 233. 68 plot.®°

The Beveridge investigation clearly mirrored Eastern hostility toward Arizona's advancement. New Englanders stereotyped Arizonans as unrefined settlers prone to

indulge in vice. Easterners opposed any enlargement of

Western power which might endanger monopolies and high tariffs. Like Beveridge, they objected to giving equal weight in the upper house to sagebrush senators from a

mining camp state with a population of 1.1 persons per

square mile. The major eastern newspapers shared this fear. Only the Washington Post endorsed statehood for

Arizona.®^

Easterners still conceived of Arizona as part of the

"Great American Desert" and resented the possibility of paying taxes to finance Western irrigation projects. In tune with the nascent conservation movement, they blamed

Westerners for wasteful practices and for threatening once

limitless natural resources. Some imagined that the same

powerful business interests and politicians who stood to

®°Lamar, Far Southwest, pp. 486-490; Maddox, "Statehood Policy," p. 117.

®^Bowers, Beveridge, p. 198. 69

profit from statehood would thwart Gifford Pinchot's conservation plans for the West.®^

Lastly, the investigation showed that nativism had

induced apprehension toward the Mexican community. In Beveridge's words: "In 6 years we will be controlled by a

balance of power held by Senators and Congressmen from

these Spanish peopled and Spanish speaking and thinly

populated and desert-like territories." Most of the

country thought of Arizona as an inconsonant mix of

cultures and people. Like Beveridge, many congressmen

adopted an imperial approach to "backward" areas, such as

the Philippines, and extended the definition of "backward"

to include the Southwest—an area which might never be

equipped for self-government. fi3

For three days in November of 1902, Beveridge's

subcommittee had rushed through four major cities in

Arizona, holding brief hearings on the social, economic,

and political makeup of the territory. Influenced by his party affiliation, Eastern attitudes, and personal policy,

®^Bisbee Review. December 2, 1902. Braeman, Albert J. Beveridge, p. 97.

®^Beveridge to John C. Shaffer, October 31, 1902, Beveridge Papers. Lamar, Far Southest. pp. 5, 486-490. 70

Beveridge searched for evidence to substantiate preconceived.arguments against statehood. Observing conditions through a Pullman window, the senators ignored the extensive Ivimber, cattle, and mining industries and focused on the territory's negative aspects. The nature of the visit and Beveridge's prejudiced report provided

Arizonans with a means to gauge their position in the nation. The inevitable result of the hearings, so bitter to Arizonans, was a ten-year delay in their admission to the Union.

* * * ie

The "New Statehood Bill" (Senate Document 36. 57

Congress, 2 Session, Serial 4420) was prepared in response to House Resolution 12543 which permitted the people of

Arizona, New Mexico, and Oklahoma to draft constitutions and be admitted to the Union. Part Two of this thesis includes a typescript of the testimony taken in Prescott,

Phoenix, Tucson, and Bisbee, Arizona for the "New Statehood

Bill." The original government document consists of 316 pages divided as follows: pages 1-120, New Mexico testimony; pages 121-172, Arizona testimony, and pages 187-

225, Oklahoma testimony. U.S. Geological Hydrographer

Frederick H. Newell's testimony, pages 173-185 with two oversize maps of irrigated areas in Arizona and New Mexico, 71 was not reproduced for this thesis, as very little pertained to Arizona. Also not reproduced for Part Two are

Exhibits I and J (Page 294): Arizona school statistics from 1885 to 1902 and a statehood petition from the Empire

State Society of Arizona. The original document contains fourteen exhibits found on pages 226-308; ten concern New

Mexico and two relate to Oklahoma. The remainder of the document, pages 309-316, consists of an index of witnesses and subjects. PART TWO 73

57TH Congress, SENATE Document 2d Session. No. 36.

NEW STATEHOOD BILL.

HEARINGS BEFORE THE SUBCOMMITTEE OF THE COMMITTEE ON TERRITORIES ON HOUSE BILL 12543, TO ENABLE THE PEOPLE OF OKLAHOMA, ARIZONA, AND NEW MEXICO TO FORM CONSTITUTIONS AND STATE GOVERN­ MENTS AND BE ADMITTED INTO THE UNION ON AN EQUAL FOOTING WITH THE ORIGINAL STATES.

December 10, 1902. Submitted by Mr. Beveridge and ordered to be printed.

WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1902 74

NEW STATEHOOD BILL

TERRITORY OF ARIZONA

PRESCOTT,^ ARIZ., Monday. November 17, 1902

At the Burke Hotel,^ at the above-named place and date, the committee began the hearing of testimony in Arizona

Territory at the hour of 9 o'clock a. m.

HENRY HARTIN^ called, and first having been duly sworn, testified as follows:

By the CHAIRMAN:

Q. You may state your name to the committee.—A. Henry

Hartin. Q. How old are you, Mr. Hartin?—A. Twenty-three years old. Q. Are you a native of this Territory?—A. Yes, sir; I have always lived at Prescott.

Q. What was your census district?—A. Why, I do not remember the number of it now.

Q. Was it in town here?—A. No, sir; it was in the country. Q. How far from here?—A. It run from here down to Agua 75

Fria; down through the Black Hills.^

Q. Can you remember, in a rough way, what the total area and population of your district was?—A. No, sir; I can not. Q. You took an oath, did you, before entering upon your duties as census enumerator, to faithfully and honestly enumerate the people of your district?—A. Yes, sir. Q. Did you do that?—A. Yes, sir.

CENSUS ACCURATE.

Q. Your census was accurate, was it?—A. Yes, sir.

OCCUPATION OF PEOPLE.

Q. What was the nature of the occupation of the people out in the country districts which you enumerated?—A. Why, mining and stock raising, and a little agriculture.®

Q. Where was the agriculture carried on?—A. Down on the

Verde about the head of the Verde Valley,® along the river.

Q. They worked the valley along the river?—A. Yes, sir.

Q. Have you been pretty well over the Territory?—A. No, sir; I have been pretty well over Yavapai County, but not over the Territory.

Q. How far was the irrigation' taken from the river in the Verde Valley, of which you spoke?—A. Not at all; it 76 was just along the bed of the river.

By Senator HEITFELD;

Q. How wide is the valley?—A. It was not quite a

quarter of a mile; it was not, at the widest place, a quarter of a mile wide.

Q. What is the stock business principally, cattle or sheep?—A. Cattle, and quite a few sheep.

NATURE OF POPULATION.

Q. What is the nature of the population, American or

Mexican?—A. Mostly Americans.®

Q. Any Mexicans?—A. There are a few Mexicans, and some

Basque French.'

And further the witness saith not.

J. J. SANDERS,called as a witness, and first having

been duly sworn, testified as follows:

By the CHAIRMAN:

Q. You may state your name to the committee.—A. J. J.

Sanders. Q. And your age?—A. Forty-two years. Q. Are you a native of this Territory?—A. No, sir.

Q. How long have you lived here?—A. I have been here 77 about six years and a half.

Q. What was your census districtthat is, were was it located?—A. It was in the southeastern part of Yavapai

County. Q. I suppose you do not remember, in the rough, the number of people in your district?—A. It was somewhere in the neighborhood of 1,100.^^

Q. Before you entered upon your duties as eniomerator you took an oath to honestly, faithfully, and accurately enumerate the people in your district?—A. Yes, sir.

CENSUS ACCURATE.

Q. Did you do so?—A. As far as I was able.

Q. Of course, you did it as far as you were able. Your census report was accurate, to the best of your ability, was it?—A. Yes, sir. Q. What was the occupation of the people in your district?—A. Miners, prospectors, and stock raisers.

Q. What was the character of the population—as to whether it was American or Mexican, as they are called down here?—A. Largely American. I had very few Mexicans.

Q. Was there any other nationality?—A. There were a few

Indians: about 20 Indians."

By Senator HEITFELD: 78

Q. Do you think that the census in complete? There are some statements around that the census does not do the Territory justice. Do you think the census is complete?—

A. No, sir; I do not.

DIFFICULTY IN TAKING CENSUS.

Q. As far as your district is concerned?—A. As to my district and others, we could not get over the whole country. I worked twenty-eight days of the thirty days in

June from ten to eighteen hours, and I was played out, and

I could not reach all points. There was some few that I could not reach in the mountains—prospectors out in the hills.

By Senator DILLINGHAM:

Q. Did you so report to the Government?—A. Well, I reported to the supervisor, verbally.

By the CHAIRMAN:

Q. Take your own district.—A. It was about 40 miles long and about 10 miles wide, in the mountain country, and it was rough.

By Senator HEITFELD; 79

Q. Did the enumerators get in any extra time? Were the enumerators in this Territory given any extra time?—A.

Well, I believe they did give them thirty days extra time down in Graham County. We were allowed overtime for all we worked over ten hours a day, but we were not allowed any extra time.^^ Graham County had to get extra time to get

over the County.

By Senator DILLINGHAM

Q. I understand that those few whom you missed were

prospectors?—A. Yes, sir. And further the witness saith not.

Judge RICHARD E. SLOAN, called by the committee as a witness, testified as follows:

By the CHAIRMAN:

Q. Judge, please state your name to the committee.—A.

Richard E. Sloan.

Q. And your official position is what?—A. Associate

justice of the supreme court of Arizona and judge of the

fourth judicial district.

Q. How long have you lived in the Territory?—A. I have

lived in the Territory since 1884, and in this district 80 since 1894. Q. Have you been in the Territory outside of the cities very much?—A. I have been all over the Territory, in every part of it, and have held court in nearly every county in the Territory.

MINING, AGRICULTURE, AND STOCK RAISING.

Q. What would you state to the committee of the character of the industries of the Territory, from your observation?-

-A. The industries may be divided into three, practically- -the mining, the agricultural, and the stock raising. The mining industry^® is the prominent one, and especially in this district. The cattle and sheep industry is improving, but much less so than the mining, except in the counties of

Apache, Navajo, and Coconino. These counties are sheep growing, except in Coconino County, where the lumber industry^^ amounts to considerable. Practically the whole country is covered by the two forest reservations,^® however, and in the future the lumber industry will be confined to rather narrow limits. The county of Yavapai is largely dependent upon the mines for its industries.^' By mining, or the industries connected with the mines, I mean the extraction of ores and the treatment of ores, milling and smelting. In the country south of us, in Maricopa 81

County, that is largely agricultural.^® That is the county of which Phoenix^^ is the county seat, and the capital of the Territory. You will perhaps acquaint yourselves with the conditions there when you are there.

By Senator DILLINGHAM:

Q. I think you had better state them, if you please.—A.

The Salt River Valley is a magnificent empire in

possibility. As you will note as you go through it, nature

laid it out for irrigation. It does not require any

preparation in order that the water may be distributed

economically over the land.

WATER SUPPLY.

We have had for a series of years a remarkable shortage of

water, and for that reason the farmers have not prospered

as they did in former years. The amount of land that can

be utilized is practically unlimited. The water

necessarily is limited.The rainfall is not such as to

afford sufficient water for all the land in the Salt River

Valley. However, there are possibilities for the storage

of water which will be completed. If those works which are

now contemplated are completed, that will add many

thousands of acres to cultivation. 82

By the CHAIIOIAN:

Q. That has reference to the before Congress with

reference to an irrigation system?—A. Yes, sir. However,

there are some private enterprises contemplated, and one or two of them are partially completed that will add

practically to the water supply. I have reference more

particularly to what is called the Agua Fria dam^* and the

water-storage proposition there. But the great proposition

is the one which the Government may construct, or I trust

will construct, at the point known as the Tonto Basin.

That is on the Upper Salt River.

Q. That is the one in which Mr. [Dwight B.] Heard^® is

the engineering expert down there, and is interested in his

official capacity, is it not?—A. Yes, sir. I do not know

whether he has any official capacity, except that he is

water commissioner. The examination of this site and the

report was made by Mr. [Arthur Powell] Davis,who is in

the Government service. Q. In the Geological Survey?^®—A. Yes, sir.

Q. Will you proceed with your statement?—A. He [Davis]

has reported, as I understand it, favorable, and has given

an estimate of the probable cost, which shows it to be a

reasonable proposition from an economical standpoint, and 83

SO that the Government of the United States may construct the reservoir within the terms of the bill, and so that the consumers of water may utilize the water. There is some mining^' in Maricopa County, and some properties that are valuable, but the development is practically in its infancy. To the south and east of Maricopa is Penal

[Pinal] County, which has most of the same features as

Maricopa County. It has an abundance of very fine land, some of which has been put under cultivation,^® but they have no water storage there. There is an available water storage site on the Gila some distance above the town of

Florence.That has been surveyed, and estimates made of the probable cost of that by the Government, and the people there are hoping that the Government will construct a reservoir^^ in the Gila, so as to bring in cultivation the land in that county, particularly in the hope of providing water for the Pima Indians, whose reservation is along the

Gila River. Q. Their reservation, the committee understands, depends almost on that?—A. Yes, sir.

WATER AND PIMA INDIANS.

Q. They are in a process of extinction without it?—A.

Yes, sir; they are almost in a destitute condition,I 84 understand. I was at one time familiar with those Indians.

I lived in that county at one time. They were then in a fairly prosperous condition, for there was water for their lands. They grew wheat and the ordinary vegetables, such as pumpkins and corn and squashes; but wheat was their principal product. That is not possible now, inasmuch as practically all of the surface water flowing in the Gila has been diverted in Graham County,^* so that the Gila, for much of the year, is dry. Our water storage is absolutely essential, not only for the preservation of the farming interests in Pinal County, but for the preservation of the

Indians. There is some mining in Pinal County. The famous

Silver King mine,^® which was operated in an early day, and from which there was extracted in the neighborhood of

$9,000,000 is situated in that county. It is not now worked on account of the low price of silver and the fact that the rich ores have been taken from the mine.

Q. Who are the owners of that mine?—A. It is a company,^® and I am not able to tell you who the leading stockholders now are. The principal office of the company is in San Francisco.

Q. Take the mines of the Territory, without reference to their value on account of their metal, but with reference to their possible output, what is the proportion of gold. 85 silver, and copper mines?—A. The value in dollars I presume is what you mean?

Q. No, sir; that is not what I mean. I mean in bulk output; that is to say, are the larger proportion of the mines in output gold, or silver, or copper? What is the proportion—I mean to say, what is the proportion of the mineral wealth of the Territory, not in dollars, as it might fluctuate from time to time, but in the product of the metal?—A. Of course copper is the principal product of our mines.

PRODUCTION OF COPPER.

We rank, as I remember it, next to Michigan now in production of copper. Montana is first, Michigan second, and Arizona third.

Q. What is the greatest of the copper mines down here?—A. I think the Copper Queen,at Bisbee, is the largest. The production of copper is increasing in Arizona more than in Michigan or Montana. Q. Is the Copper Queen Senator [William] Clark's mine?^®-

-A. No, sir; it is not; that is the Phelps, Dodge & Co. mine. The next is the United Verde,which is in this county, and which is the Clark property. The United Verde mine is perhaps the most profitable mine in the Territory, 86 inasmuch as the percentage of precious metals exceeds that of any other copper mine in the Territory.

Q. As a by-product?—A. Yes, sir; it carries gold and silver. Its production, as I remember it, was something in the neighborhood of 40,000,000 pounds of copper last year.

The ranking, after the United Verde—I should say that the

Arizona Copper Company's*^ mines at Bisbee [Clifton] rank next. Q. Who are the chief owners of that?—A. It is owned by a Scotch company. Mr. [James] Colquohoun^^ is the general manager. Phelps, Dodge & Co. have properties at Bisbee which are very productive. There is another company, the

Shannon Copper Company mines,a new company which

promises to be a large producer. In addition to these

mines, we have the Old Dominion, at Globe, and the Black

Warrior,and some other properties which produce much

property.

Q. Without going into the details of the mines, can you

pass, in a general way, to the silver and gold?—A. Now,

copper is the principal product, both in quality and value,

of course.

PRODUCTION OF GOLD.

Q. Next give us the production of the gold mines.—A. 87

The production of the gold mines in the last year practically, as near as can be ascertained, was between $3,000,000 and $4,000,000.^® There were but one or two silver properties that were worked for their silver alone.

Silver was a by-product, and so gold and copper are the metals which are mined by the properties operated. The silver is a by-product except in one or two properties in Mojave County*®. That is the county which lies to the northwest of this county, over toward the Colorado River, and is essentially a mountain region. There are very valuable gold discoveries*^ there—new discoveries, practically. I should say that the value of copper would be fifteen, the value of gold would be four, the value of silver would be one and half. Q. The silver mines are such, where the silver is not produced as a by-product of the other mines, but the essentially silver mines are not worked on account of the fact that its low price*® makes it not profitable?—A.

Yes, sir.

PRODUCTION OF SILVER.

Q. What is your judgement as to the silver-producing area in the Territory as a mining proposition?—A. It is comparatively limited as compared to copper and gold 88

Q. Is there any prospecting for silver down there now?—

A. There is little or none. Q. The prospecting is chiefly for gold?—A. Yes, sir; and copper.

By Senator DILLINGHAM:

Q. I did not understand your statement as to the proportions.—A. I mean to say this: That in proportion of 15 to 4 would be the proportion of copper to gold. In other words, if you had fifteen millions in silver. I did not mention Yuma County, which is in the southwestern portion of the Territory, and there are some very valuable gold mines, notably the Fortuna, King of Arizona,*' and some others, representing a large production of gold.

About Yuma there is considerable irrigation. The water is taken from the Colorado River and applied to the land lying in the bottoms and adjacent to the river—on both sides of the river, the California side and the Arizona side—and

very large irrigation works®® are contemplated, and will

perhaps be put in operation in a comparatively short time.

The land is very fertile. The climate is hot, to be sure,

but it is healthful, and the works are such as bring in a

good class of people, and there is no reason to believe that farming will not be quite an industry in Yuma County.

In Pima County®^ the stock interest is quite large as well 89 as the mining, and in Cochise County, which is the extreme southeastern county of the State, that is perhaps the greatest mining section of the Southwest. We have Tombstone, Pierce [Pearce], Bisbee,®^ and other districts that are producing very largely both in copper, gold, and silver, and on the border new towns have sprung up as the result of the development of the copper mines®^ in Cochise and Sonora. We have Douglas and Nico [Naco]. The town of

Douglas is not over two years old, but the vote was six or seven hundred this year. That is the smelting point for the Bisbee mines and some of the mines in Sonora, owned by Phelps, Dodge & Co.®^

NO COAL MINED.

By Senator HEITFELD:

Q. Is there any coal mining in this Territory?—A. There is no coal mined in this Territory. There is said to be some coal in Graham County that has not been developed.

There is said to be a great deal of coal in Apache County, in the Navajo Reservation, which is a part of the Gallup coal fields.®® That is not available, and has never been opened, outside of those two places I know of no coal in the Territory. 90

By the CHAIRMAN: Q. In your trial of causes in the Territorial, or Federal courts, either, throughout the Territory, I assume that you have not had occasion very often to have recourse to an interpreter in your courts?—A. Except in cases where we have had Mexican witnesses. In the trial of criminal causes we frequently have need for a Spanish interpreter.

Q. To interpret the testimony of witnesses to the jury and to the court?—A. Yes, sir.

KNOWLEDGE OF ENGLISH REQUIRED OF JURORS.

Q. And the arguments of counsel?—A. Never, sir; never.

The statute of the Territory forbids the acceptance of any man as a juror who does not understand the English language.

Q. So that dispenses with an interpreter save where a native or Spanish-speaking witness testifies?—A. Yes, sir; or where the defendant who is put upon trial who is incapable of understanding or speaking the English language.

Q. If there is anything you would like to speak further about, we would be glad to hear it.—A. In the first place, our statutes make it very easy for the best citizens to get excused from our juries. The exemption statutes®' 91 are very liberal, and our statutes as the qualifications of jurors are liberal; so that among our best citizens many avoid jury duty; yet, notwithstanding that, I can say that the average of our juries is fully up to what you would find in the Middle States. I am not familiar with juries in the far East, but in Ohio and Indiana, and in that section, but so far as intelligence is concerned, and the disposition to do what is right.

THE LIQUOR BUSINESS AND CRIME.

Q. The committee observed the nature of the amusements on the streets here [Prescott]. Do any crimes come before your courts that grow out of this state of affairs?—A.

Well, of course, we do have a good deal of crime that grows, necessarily, out of what is ordinarily termed the liquor business, the liquor traffic; as you will find it in the States, and wherever there is free access to whiskey; but there is comparatively little crime in the town—this

CO place [Prescott] and Jerome, for instance, the larger towns. It is astonishing how little there is in the way of crime of a serious nature. Drunkenness is not as frequent as you would expect. Nearly every man drinks, but it is not, as a rule, drinking that you would find in many sections of the country where you have habitual 92 drunkenness. Men seem to be capable of drinking more here, and holding their own; while there is some crime that is connected with drinking and drinking results, assaults and crimes of that nature. There are no crimes against property, but crimes against the person. I can say, however, that in this district at this time there are no pending cases of murder, which is unusual, to be sure, but it happens to be the case. There are a good many cases which have been tried during the last two or three months of assault with intent to commit murder, assault with deadly weapon, and aggravated assault, but no murders.®'

And further the witness saith not. F. A. Tritle,®° called as a witness by the committee, first having been duly sworn, testified as follows;

By the CHAIRMAN;

Q. Please state your name and age to the committee.—A.

F. A. Tritle; I will be 70 in next August.

Q. How long have you lived in the Territory?—A. I came down here in 1880. Q. You were supervisor of the census for the Territory?-

-A. Yes, sir.

Q. Do you remember about how many enumerators you had under you?—A. Well, about 100.®^

Q. You appointed those enumerators, did you not?—A. 93

Yes, sir; except those that were connected with the Indian

Department; they were suggested by the Commission.®^

Q. You had a pretty thorough knowledge of the Territory?-

-A. Yes, sir; I was governor here [1881-1885] prior to that time, and knew more about it in that way than I did in connection with the census. I did not go about the

Territory any, as far as the census was concerned.

Q. You did not need to; you knew it?—A. Well, the people that were appointed did that. Q. You, in common with all of the enumerators, took the oath—the customary oath to take the census accurately?-

-A. Yes, sir.

Q. That was done, was it?—A. Yes, sir; that is to the extent possible. You know, as a matter of course, that

Arizona covers a great deal of ground, and the area is great, and necessarily some were missed that we would not come in contact with; but they were supposed to take them

all, and the presumption is that they did it as

successfully as it could be done in a country like this.

THE CENSUS SUBSTANTIALLY CORRECT.

By Senator DILLINGHAM: Q. I understand you to say that the result of the census was substantially correct?—A. Yes, sir. 94

By the CHAIRMAN:

Q. Of course the census records will show at Washington, but how many interpreters®^ did you use?—A. I could not tell you that now. The returns were made that I made, too, and that shows; the data that they got gives everything of that sort. Q. The people to whom you refer as having been possibly omitted were prospectors, and the like?—A. Yes, sir; possibly not a very great many here now. As a matter of course, take this area, a country that is not densely populated, and you would miss some persons that were out through the country, but substantially the census would be presumed to be correct. It was done in the summer.

LEAVE THE TERRITORY DURING THE HEATED TERM.

There is this to be said with regard to the heated portion, the extraordinarily heated portion of the

Territory, that a good many people during the summer were absent, and during the time that the census was taken, possibly; so that there might be a few more people than the census would show.

Q. Absent where?—A. Well, they would go off to where it was cooler.

Q. You mean outside of the Territory?—A. Yes, sir. For 95 instance, you take this country when you get down south in the summer, it would be extremely warm.

Q. That would be people of permanent homes, and sufficient means to go outside of the Territory?—A. Yes, sir. Q. And your enximerators had the data to take those?—A.

No, sir; they would not be taken.

Q. If a man was absent and had sufficient means and substance to go away from his home in the heated term, and had his home, or ranch, wouldn't there be anybody there?—

A. He would have to answer for himself; and if he was outside of the Territory at the time the enimerator went to his place, he would not be on the roll.

Q. How many would you say there were of them?—A. I would not have any idea of that.

Q. It would be limited, would it?—A. Yes, sir; although some of the sections claim there was a good many people absent.®* You will come in contact with them when you get to Phoenix, and those places that were hot, and they claim they had a good many more people than were returned.

And further the witness saith not.

JXJLIUS N. RODENBERG,®® called as a witness by the committee and first having been duly sworn, testified as follows: 96

By the CHAIRMAN:

Q. You may state your name to the committee.—A. Julius

N. Rodenberg Q. And your age?—A. I was born in 1849—that makes 53.

Q. How long have you lived in the Territory?—A. Since

1870. Q. You were a census enumerator?—A. Yes, sir.

Q. Where was your district located?—A. From Prospect®® down to the line of the county.

Q. You took an oath, did you not, to take your enumeration and to take it accurately and faithfully?—A.

Yes, sir. Q. Did you do so?—A. I tried to do so, as near as I could, but it was such a large district and mixed population.

POPULATION 80 PER CENT WHITE.

Q. What was the nature of the population?—A. Eighty percent white,and the others natives and Indians.

Q. The natives came under you?—A. Yes, sir.

Q. Did you use an interpreter in taking their enumeration?—A. No, sir; I did not need it. I talk four or five languages, and among them Spanish.

Q. In taking the census of the natives you used the 97

Spanish language?—A. Yes, sir. Q. What was the nature of the occupations of the people

in your district, your census district?—A. In the valleys all fanning and stock raising, and in the mines, such as Octave and Congress, principally mining.®®

And further the witness saith not.

WILLIAM S. MARTS [Marks],®® called as a witness and first

having been duly sworn, testified as follows:

By Senator DILLINGHAM: Q. You may state your name to the committee.—A. William

S. Marts [Marks].

Q. You reside here?—A. Yes, sir.

Q. You were a census eniimerator?—A. Yes, sir.

Q. What territory did your district cover?—A. I took

everything south of this street [Gurley].

Q. In this city?—A. Yes, sir.

Q. Do you remember about the number of people in your

district?—A. Well, about, I think—I think something like

two thousand or more; I remember my pay check was sixty-

two or sixty-three dollars, at 3 cents a head.^°

Q. Did you make an accurate report and a thorough

enumeration?—A. Yes, sir; I never skipped a man, woman,

or child that I could find. 98

Q. This was a city population?^^—^A. Yes, sir.

By Senator HEITFELD;

Q. ffliat was the nature of the population, American or

Mexican?—A. Well, I ran up against white people,

Mexicans, and Chinamen, and I should judge that—well,

about four-fifths of them were white and the balance about

equally divided between Mexicans and Chinese.

And further the witness saith not:

E. B. MODEN,'^ called as a witness and first having been

duly sworn, testified as follows:

By the CHAIRMAN;

Q. You may state your name to the committee.—A. E. B.

Moden. Q, You are the city clerk here?—A. Yes, sir.

LICENSE SYSTEM FOR DRINKING HOUSES, DANCE HALLS, AND RESORTS.

Q. The committee wants to inquire of you as the license

system with respect to the drinking houses and dance halls

and other resorts here, as to the character of it and how

much it is per month?—A. Do you want it separate?

Q. Yes, sir; just state it in the briefest possible form. 99 separately.—A. Well, we have other licenses besides dance halls and saloons. Q. Well, go ahead and give the whole thing.—A. It is about $6,000 a quarter.

Q. You mean for the whole thing. For each place, say, how is it?—A. For a saloon it is $20 a quarter, three months. The total license collected in the city for one quarter—the licenses are collected quarterly, and that is about the amount, $6,000.'^

Q. Now, go ahead and analyze it as to what they were for.—A. Well, saloons, $20 a quarter; games of chance,

$15; general merchants, stores, their license is according to their gross receipts; some pay $20 a quarter, some pay

$12, some $6; $6 is the lowest. The dance halls are $10 a night. Restaurants are $6 a night; hotels and restaurants,

$10.''^

Q. What do you mean by hotels and restaurants?—A. That is where the hotel has a restaurant with the hotel.

Refreshment business, such as soda water fountains and ice cream parlors, are $6 a quarter.

Q. Are there any other licenses with the liquor business?—A. County licenses.

Q. I am not speaking of that, but the occupations, the business.—A. No, sir. 100

Q. What do dance halls include?—A. Just the dancing in the hall.

By Senator HEITFELD: Q. I was told last evening that the games paid a dollar a day for each game.—A. They pay a dollar and a half; they pay a dollar to the county and 50 cents to the city.

NO SUNDAY CLOSING.

By the CHAIRMAN: Q. Yesterday being Sunday, and it being right here on the

open street, the cononittee could not help but observe that the saloons, games of chance, and dance halls were running.

Your law^® permits that on Sunday as well as any other day?—A. Yes, sir.

Q. Is there any other form of license? Is nothing else

licensed?—A. Well, in fact, all businesses are licensed.

Q. What is the fact as to the ordinance here concerning

any other form of what is known as vice outside of

drinking?—A. In regard to the women particularly, there

is none that I know of. There is a regulation requiring an

examination by physicians.'® They are examined twice a

week by the city physician—the city health officer,

rather. Q. And in case of failure to observe that regulation they 101 are fined, are they?—A. Yes, sir; there is a fine^^ attached to it. Q. The city derives it revenue from that business in that way, does it?—A. Yes, sir.

And further the witness saith not.

And here, at the hour of 11 o'clock a. m., the committee arose to proceed to Phoenix to hear further testimony at that city.

ADAMS HOTEL,

Phoenix. Ariz.. Tuesday. November 18. 1902—2 p. m.

BENJAMIN A. FOWLER,^' selected as one of the persons to make a statement to the committee on behalf of the admission of Arizona Territory as a State, appeared before the committee and first having been duly sworn made the following statement:

By the CHAIRMAN:

Q. Please state your name to the committee.—A. My name is Benjamin A. Fowler.

The CHAIRMAN. The committee will be glad to hear you with reference to this Territory, its resources, people, etc., with respect to this question of statehood.

Mr. FOWLER. At a very late hour last night I was 102 requested to appear before the committee to represent the

people here in a general way. It is a pleasure as well as

an honor. In thinking the matter over I have thought that

you were loaded down with statistics of all kinds. You

have the reports of the governors of the Territory, the

present governor, and his predecessor. You have had other

printed matter, and you have heard Hon. Mark Smith®® dilate

upon Arizona and its greatness and resources, and I have thought that it was not as much statistics as other things that you want to hear from me.

I am not an old resident here. Judge [Joseph] Kibbey®^

has been here fifteen years. He has been on the United

States bench and practicing law here for that length of time. Now, my residence here has covered a period of four

years. I came, originally, from New England, not far from

our friend Senator [Henry Eben] Burnham and our friend

Senator [William P.] Dillingham,®^ but perhaps I would look

at the question here a little different from one who is

native born. I have thought, for instance, that you would

not care to have us go into the area of the Territory very

much, although it is an interesting point to keep in mind

in that connection that we could put some twelve New

Hampshires in area, or Vemnonts, or one hundred Rhode

Islands and have room left.®^ 103

AREA NOT A BASIS FOR STATEHOOD.

It is not the area that should be the basis of statehood.

I might tell you that we have the largest pine forests®^ in the United States, as was remarked to the chairman this morning. We have thought and we think that we have the finest granite®® in the United States.

By the CHAIRMAN: Q. Where does that forest track lie?—A. Over to the northwest.

Q. What railroad does it touch?—A. Neither one.

Q. Where is it?—A. It is between the Santa Fe on the north and the Southern Pacific on the south. There is a

little branch®® at Williams that runs down into it.

Q. How far is it [forest] from the railroad?—A. The railroad on the north is very near the edge of it. The railroad on the south I should say is within 50 miles or

100 miles—50 miles certainly. The statistics I did not think worth while to bring with me, but there are a few

others that I think it would be well to bring out. For

instance, the fact of the development of this Territory.

Now, that is very great. The development of this Territory

strikes the Eastern man as simply wonderful. 104

CAPITAL AND IMMIGRATION COMING.

It does not impress a stranger so much as it does after he has lived here a while. The amount of capital that is coming in here, the railroads being built, the development of the mining country is the greatest that has ever been in this district. And the immigration in this Territory is steady.®' It is an immigration of a better class of people than originally came from year to year. Perhaps that is because the people in the East are getting better and better, and these people that are coming down here are making a class of citizens that are of a very high type.

Now, in that connection, I may speak of another thing that is interesting, and that is as you have seen here, and to a stranger from the East I have heard it repeated over and over again—the fact of having such modern conveniences, electric railroads and street cars,®® the safety of life and property here. It is beyond the ordinary understanding of an Easterner. I think I remarked about a retired manufacturer from the East who came here to see his daughter, and I think his wife made him promise not to go out of the hotel after night and not to leave the important streets in the daytime. He says, "I have been here two months, and I go out at all times, day and night, and I have not seen a single brawl, and as for drunkenness, it is 105 very rare, of course." And the fact is that this city

[Phoenix] has but two night policemen, at a time when it would seem that they needed more, in view of the fact that the saloons are open all the time. As a fact, I feel that

I am safer in the suburbs of this city than I would be in the suburbs of New York or Boston,®' and I lived there most of my life. People have lived here for years and never locked their houses. Now, in that connection, I might speak of the number of churches that there are in the

Territory. That is an index to the character of the people and the number of church members.

CHURCH MEMBERSHIP.

Now, about one-half of the entire population of the

Territory are church members.

By the CHAIRMAN: Q. Can you give the denominations roughly?—A. Yes, sir.

There are about 70,000 altogether, church members, and about 40,000 of these are Catholics, and about 7,000 are

Mormons, and the rest divided among the other denominations.Then there is another point that interests the Easterner, and that is the interest of the citizens here in education. Now, you have had an opportunity to-day to see, for instance, our school 106 buildings here in Phoenix.'^ I have been a member of school boards in the East, and a teacher for quite a number of years in my younger years, and I think I can testify honestly as to the character of the schools here. The buildings are very convenient; our people have no desire to save in expense whatever in the construction of buildings and in the purchase of any apparatus needed in the school work.

ILLITERACY.

In that respect and along that line I may speak of the percentage of illiteracy here®^ as agreeably low. I do not know that there are any reliable statistics, but the best statistics that I can get an idea at was by reliable authorities as low as 2 per cent and as high as 8 per cent, and I think 4 per cent would be a fair per cent of illiteracy in Arizona. That is accounted for by several things. One is that the foreign element'^ in Arizona is small. Another is that the influx of people from the East are, in nearly all cases that have come down under my notice, there is not an exception but that they are educated people of more than average education.

You would be surprised to go out in the country here and into the mining districts and see the number of college men 107 and university men; the people scattered over here. I remember particularly I was out to a mining property and I saw a young man reclining under the shade near the windlass. He was working the windlass and while they were filling the bucket at the bottom of the shaft he was reading, and I said: "Young man, what have you there?" and he held up a book in the original Greek. I think I have said enough on that subject. I might give you illustration and illustration on that line. Our teachers are nearly all Easterners. The principal of our schools, the superintendent of our schools are men of mental life from the East.

CHARACTER AND INTELLIGENCE OF PEOPLE.

Then there is another reason for the high grade of character and intelligence of our people here, and that is the climate. It brings to our country a great many people who have either come out here for their health or have come here for the winter and enjoyed the climate and they located here.®* We have a great many citizens who came out here as invalids and have recovered their health and appear among the most active and influential of our business men.

That accounts in a large degree for the high grade of intelligence and the low grade of illiteracy. Now, as to 108 the population, we have a very small negro population. We have a very small Mexican population. In this county

[Maricopa] there are 25,000 [people], and I think the

Mexican population is about 1,000.'®

By the CHAIRMAN:

Q. In what portion of the State is the Mexican population?—A. It would be in the southern—the nearer you get to Mexico the more Mexicans.

Q. The committee thought they saw a large number of Mexicans at the Congress Mines®® yesterday.—A. Yes, sir.

Now I come to the question of population. The census, as you know, gives us about 122,000, and we feel that the census worked against us in two different ways, and I think the grounds that are taken by the people are very just. I stand as one who wants to give this committee absolutely exact facts. I think if Arizona is not worthy of statehood she ought not to have it, and if she has not the men and women here she is not worthy of statehood. It is not green grass and fat cattle that make a State. They are elements, but what makes a State are men of intelligence and ability and men of character. That is what made New England; that is what made the United States, and what is going to make it here in Arizona. 109

"THE NEW ENGLAND TYPE."

I used to talk in addresses of what we called the New

England type and that it went out into the Middle West.

And it is here. You have seen it here this morning in the school children. You saw a few negro children and a few

Mexicans, but the great bulk of them were of American parentage. I was very glad indeed to have the committee arrange the ride in such a way that you could see them, and

I stated to the chairman in my judgment 90 per cent'^ of those children were from parents who came from east of

Kansas City, and in talking to a business man at noon he said, "You might have gone further and said that 90 per cent of the parents came from east of the Mississippi

River," and it is that current of New England blood that came down into the Territory and made it what it is. You know that the governor in his report®® claims that the

population is over 140,000. I have stated in Washington that it was over 150,000. It has been said in Washington that it was over 175,000.

POPULATION 150,000.

My idea is that the population to-day is very close to

150,000. You may ask. Why did the [1900] census give us

only 122,000: and I may say. Why did Phoenix only show 110

5,500? You have only to know of the 2,200 school children'' and the voting population of over 2,000 to find out for yourselves whether there is a question of the population of 5,500. The hot season began here in Hay and the people began to migrate to their summer homes in the mountains, at the seashore in the East, and the census being begun in June, many of our families were gone. I was never taken. One of the cashiers of the banks was not enumerated. We were both here, and I do not know why we were missed.

By the CHAIRMAN:

Q. What do you think the population is here [Phoenix]?—

A. Ten thousand. Q. Do you think there were 5,000 people away from home that summer?—A. No, sir. I brought the matter up in the

[Phoenix] board of trade, of which I was director, and am now, and we took the matter up and wrote to the Director of the Census and he wrote that it was too late for him to do anything, but that we could take the census for ourselves if we want to and compare it with theirs. That was in July or August [1900] and it would be too late to make any census that would be a good and fair basis for a comparison, and so we gave it up. We all knew that the statement of the Census Bureau would go out to the public Ill

and Phoenix would get her 5,500 and that we could not follow that statement all over the world, and so we let it go. There is another explanation of the small population

of Arizona, and that is the enumeration was at so much per

head.

POPULATION IS SCATTERED.

In this country the population is scattered, and you get

out into the mountains and while there is a large'

population as a whole, they are far apart and many a time

it would cost an enumerator 75 cents or $1 to earn 4 or 5 cents,and it stands to reason, and we think it is very reasonable, that the enumeration of that rural population

was fixed up by the envunerators.

Q. Would it not be natural, Mr. Fowler, for a census

enumerator to get the names of everybody he possible could,

whether from them or somebody that knew about them, and

return them, thus not only swelling his compensation, but

giving the better account of his Territory than the

reverse? Is it not the usual and almost universal tendency to swell the returns rather than to diminish them?—A. I

should think it would be, naturally, yes, sir; but our

conditions are such that when you get out into the

mountains, the cattle regions, it is difficult and 112 expensive to get out into the different sections and report them. There are other reasons, perhaps, but that is enough, in our judgment, to make up for quite a little difference. In the meantime the Territory has been growing steadily. Take Phoenix, even in the drought^®^ which we have had in the last two years, and you gentlemen have seen what that has been.

GROWTH IN SPITE OF WANT OF WATER.

If we could have gone over there with you this morning we could have shown you orchard after orchard and ranch after ranch that is dying for want of water. In spite of that our country around here has been growing in population.

And the territory to the east of us, and the territory to the west of us, and the territory to the north of us has been steadily growing also, which would make up for the other 25,000, which, in my judgment, should be added to the population of the Territory. Now, there are one or two other items that I had in mind. These are rather desultory remarks I am making to you to-day. In speaking of the

American and foreign-born population, I was rather proud of what you saw in the court room,^°^ because that was the regular inspection that we have there. Now, the interpreter's salary in that court is less that $100 a 113

year, and there is not one case in ten in civil cases where witnesses are Mexican—there is not one case in ten where the interpreter is called in. It is upon such statements

as this quality of manhood and womanhood of this Territory that I should base all the hopes that I might have of you

granting Statehood to our people. I think that the

strongest basis—the strongest thing that I can bring forward for your consideration. I might go into the

material wealth, but you know that the material assessed

value of the Territory is $39,000,000 or $40,000,000.^°^

Little facts like one given to me by a railroad man a

little while ago concerning the freight, the freight and

passenger receipts at the little town of Benson^®* have

been as high as $160,000 a month. Take it in Bowie,the

freight and passenger receipts have been as high as $40,000

a month. Take it at Lordsburg [New Mexico], they have

usually 200 or 300 cars there.

By Senator DILLINGHAM:

Q. What is the traffic that yields such results as that?-

-A. The mining interests have been developed south of

Benson. We have a large district of mining interests from

Bisbee, being the center, and you have Tombstone.

HISTORY OF TOMBSTONE. 114

Tombstone, a while ago, was down to a half a hundred people, and beyond Tombstone to-day they are laying the rails^°® and Mr. [Eliphalet B.] Gage and Mr. Frank Murphy^®' are rehabilitating Tombstone.^®® It had one great fall, but it was practically abandoned for fifteen or sixteen years, and now it is a long story of how Mr. Gage found they were pumping all the water from the mines, and he tried to make an arrangement with all the other miners to go in with him and pump the water out, but they would not do it, and then came a great fire and burned his out and then the water flooded the other mines, and now this company has bought all of them in and they are to be worked in one interest. I should make some reference as to the business at the other points, although at Bowie you approach the Gila River country, which is one of the finest in the country. Over at Yuma they have another system of irrigation. Some of the finest land in all of the

United States is in Yuma and the water is being taken from the Colorado River. Perhaps you are acquainted with the report^^° of Mr. [Arthur Powell] Davis, the engineer of the geological survey, which has opened up a view for that country that sounds like an Arabian Nights' tale.

By the CHAIRMAN: 115

Q. What is the present actual development there in irrigation?—A. Very little from the Needles [California] dovm almost to Yuma, and the fact is it would take a very large amount of money to make that development to divert that water. Mr. Davis told me that something like a million acres of land could be irrigated over in that section^^^ and would be as soon as the works were put in.

Now, in connection with irrigation, I want to say just a word with reference to the irrigation in this [Salt River] valley. This, as you know, was supposed to be occupied by a prehistoric race.

A PREHISTORIC RACE.

It was supposed that long ago there was 300,000 or 400,000 people in this valley, but that prehistoric canals were laid on engineering lines is a fact, and some of the canals to-day lie along the lines of those old prehistoric canals.

We have in this valley one of the largest irrigation systems in the United States. We have here over 200 miles of canals.One of the canals that we did not drive up to is 50 miles long. We have over 900 miles of laterals here and thousands of miles of ditches. The water is taken from the head of the Arizona Canal^^^ and then runs across on the other [south] side on Dr. Chendes [Dr. Chandler] 116

Canal,on the other side of the river, and the balance comes down into the Maricopa Land Grant River Canal.

Q. Below the dam^^® the river is now dry, is it not?—A.

No, sir; not below the dam. There is usually a stream trickling down and then it disappears altogether.

Q. So that a mile below it becomes dry?—A. Yes, sir.

You go out here and follow this avenue [Central] south to the river and you come to a dry bed, and in the great flood of 1891^^^ the water came up to the [Adams] hotel and was several miles wide.

PLAN FOR BUILDING A RESERVOIR,

Now, it is our hope and plan to interest the United States to the extent of constructing for us a reservoir [Roosevelt

Dam] about 60 miles north of east of here, a reservoir that will impound six times as much water as any other irrigation dam in existence. That is not the bill which a committee of Congress has reported favorably, but it is the enabling act authorizing this county to issue two and a quarter million bonds.This dam [Roosevelt] is only 200 feet acres [aross the] bottom and 700 feet long, but it gives us a reservoir pretty near 25 miles long.. The great

Wachuset[t]^^' dam only holds 200,000 acre-feet of water.

The Croton system^^° has cost six millions and is not 117

completed and it impounds only 800,000 acre-feet. For not

exceeding three millions there can be built up here a reservoir that will impound eight times as much.^^^ These,

engineers tell me, can be put into foundation walls in the

mountains and it is only 65 feet to the bed rock, but I did

not intend to go into that. I was drawn into that

incidentally", having given a great deal of my time to that

in the last few years and to bringing to us what seems near

at hand.^^^

The success of this valley depends absolutely upon

irrigation with the water that comes from the mountains.

If we have an insufficiency of rainfall or snowfall in the

mountains, we have an insufficiency of water down here.

We have sunshiny days like this, as the boys say, three

hundred and eighty-five days in the years, but it is

surprising the number of beautiful days, like this, we

have.

There is no other section that I have ever been where we

have as many beautiful days as we have here. We have over

three hundred days^^^ in the year when the sun shines like

it does to-day.

RAINFALL.

Down here everybody is happy when they see the clouds 118 coming and the rain comes, because we go along here for months and not a drop of rain falls. The volume of water, of course, depends on the snowfall. The Salt River has about 6,500 miles of watershed and the Verde, which is the principal tributary of the Salt River, has about 6,000 square miles of rainfall.

By Senator DILLINGHAM:

Q. Have you any means of knowledge about the annual influx of people into the Territory?—A. I do not know of any statistics that I could refer to. My judgment has been made up from observation and from correspondence, and in coming in contact as I have in a business way and a political way—well, I have not gone into politics here at all aside from the fact that I was in the legislature two years ago^^® and had a somewhat extended acquaintance throughout the Territory, and I made it a special point to inquire about the increase of population in the different sections of the Territory, and have done so by correspondence since, and I base my judgment upon that data. That would not be what you would call strictly mathematical and reliable data like the census.

By the CHAIRMAN:

Q. The number of acres actually under irrigation is 119 what?—A. I want first to emphasize to the committee the fact that when you talk about 275,000 acres of land on the canals,that all of that land practically, there may be a little—there may be 250,000 acres—that tcikes out some blocks that have been abandoned, but all of that 250,000 acres has been operated. The water has been over it. This last year we did not irrigate in this valley exceeding

90,000 acres.Over 90,000, I told you, to 100,000 acres. In fact, Mr. Heard thinks it was even less than that on account of the drought. I have 280 acres of land I did not put any water at all on, because I did not have it.

I have avoided, gentlemen, a number of things that I would have said to you individually, because they were personal references. I feel delicate about going into the matter of making personal references.

PROPORTION OF RANCH ACTUALLY IRRIGATED.

In the case in which I was talking to the chairman about my ranch of 340 acres, there are 280 acres that I have not put any water on for three years, and 140 acres, about that, out of which I have had water enough to cultivate about 40 acres, although I have spread out over more territory than that. I had quite a considerable acreage of oranges and grapes,but I wanted to save them, but I 120 lost them in spite of everything I could do.

Q. I understand that the reason you did not put more than this 40 acres under water was because of lack of water?—

A. Yes, sir; I did not put more than 40 acres under water because I lacked the water, but I was paying for 160 acres of water. The contracts are worded that the waters are to be furnished provided it is in the river. I have covered the ground that it seems to me wise for me to develop, leaving a number of other subjects for Judge Kibbey. As I say, I have been here for four years, nearly, not quite. I came in contact in a somewhat extended way with the citizenship of this Territory and it is a great pleasure to me to testify before this committee to the high order of intelligence, character, and ability that we have in this

Territory, and I keep emphasizing that point, because as I have said to my associates in this community, that if we do not have a true basis for statehood we do not deserve statehood.

There is flowing through the veins of the people here the same blood that flows through the veins of the people of the East. There is the same patriotic impulses here that you find in the East. I believe that the first blood shed in Cuba in the Spanish war was that of an Arizona boy,^^® and Arizona, if I remember right, had a larger per capita 121 representation in the Army during the war with Spain than any State in the Union. You will never call on Arizona that the call will not be met with a response that will carry pride to the heart of all our people all over the country.

PEOPLE FROM EVERY STATE IN ARIZONA.

We have people here from every State in the Union. The 131 president of the New York society told me this noon they had 100 members in their society here, and the societies of other States have more than that, some of them. We feel that we have been in a degree disfranchised. We are pretty

near the United States. We had the right of franchise in the East. We were born, some of us, in the shadow of

Bunker Hill. Our ancestors fought there for their rights,

for the right of no taxation without representation. It is

in the hands of this committee to say whether we are

qualified to have that right or not. For one, I am content

to leave it in your hands, having made a personal

examination and investigation of the subject down here,

which I think was as wise a move as this committee could

have decided upon. I am sorry that I did not have a little

more notice of this in order that I might have made a

little preparation. 122

CHARACTER OF JUDICIARY.

By the CHAIRMAN:

Q. The committee would like to know your opinion of the judiciary of the Territory, as to their capacity and purity.—A. The judiciary of this Territory stands high, gentlemen. President [Theodore] Roosevelt said to me, there is one thing we are very sure of. Judge [Edward]

Kent,^^^ as you all know, was a Harvard man and a friend of the President, and Mr. [Henry Cabot] Lodge and Mr.

Roosevelt said to me, there is one thing that we are very sure of and that is that Mr. Kent will make an absolutely honest judge. There is no judge that has ever come into this Territory that has created a better impression and gained the absolute confidence of the people than Judge

Kent has. He first came in when there was irrigation litigation^^^ of a complicated nature, and I said to Mr.

Roosevelt, "I am afraid Mr. Judge Kent will tackle this irrigation question before he has been there very long, and

I am afraid that he can not decide them rightly. He has got to be there a long time before he can take them in and absorb them," and so far in all his rulings and decisions, he has in a remarkable manner enjoyed the confidence of the litigants and the people who have had no confidence in the judges for the Territory for the last twenty years, I am 123 very glad to testify to that.

Q. Is that generally true of the present judiciary?—A.

Yes, sir; I think so. I have only met Judge Kent casually.

I had reason to send in my letters of introduction to him from Senator Lodge, who is a friend of mine and gave me letters to him. Judge Sloan^^^ is another man who stands well in this community and is a very upright gentleman.

THE BENCH ABOVE SUSPICION.

I do not believe there is a member of the bench to-day in

Arizona of whom anyone would breathe a word of suspicion. That is my judgment as a common citizen, and they are regarded as excellent lawyers; but there are different grades. They are not all of the same grade. I want to say just this one word more regarding what we saw this morning.

That, so far as I can observe, you saw the every-day routine of the courtroom there. I have been in a number of times simply to judge for myself as to the way Judge Kent presided and the way court matters were handled, and I have been much impressed with the dignity of the court, with the fairness of the decisions of the court, and the mastery of the situation by the court. Judge Kent is not a man who will permit himself to be trifled with in any way. I may say the same of the other judge [Sloan] of whom you speak. 124

It is my aim and desire to help this committee in every way that I can, and I think it is the desire of the best element of citizens here in the Territory to simply present the facts to you as near as we can do so.

And further the witness saith not.

JOSEPH H. KIBBEY, first having been sworn, testified as follows:

By the CHAIRMAN: Q. State your name, age, and how long you have lived here in the Territory.—A. My name is Joseph H. Kibbey; I am a lawyer, and I have lived here since May, 1888. In this valley since 1893. In Pinal County from 1888 to 1893.

Q. You may make your statements as you desire.—A. I am tolerably well acquainted with the conditions in nearly every county, having visited them on many occasions.

During my earlier period in the Territory I was on the bench, holding court in nearly all the counties of the

Territory and have attended court in nearly all the counties since that time. I came from Indiana. I came here as the attorney for the promoter of the canal enterprise.I became tolerably well satisfied with the conditions here and have remained here ever since, and I am here for good I suppose. 125

I am, of course, anxious for statehood for a great many reasons. Too many reasons to state here. We think we are entitled to it because we think ourselves to be citizens of the United States, and although we can not say what State-

-and there is a sentiment connected with it that makes it desirable, not only a sentiment, but there is a sentiment that very materially affects our material progress. There seems to be a prevalent opinion among the people in the East that the very name of Territory is associated with the idea of crudity of all sorts. The courts, the schools, and the people themselves, individually and collectively, think it is unsafe both to persons and property; that it is not a good place to invest, or to rear or take children, and I know of no way of eradicating that idea unless we can bring people here and see it. Unless we can say we are not a

Territory but a State, and the notion of our Territorial conditions goes when we become a State. The people of the

East have a pretty correct notion, in a general way, of a new country.

THE PEOPLE COSMOPOLITAN.

The people here are cosmopolitan. They come from the

States.Nearly all of the varied interests are represented. It may be said, I think, generally, that the 126 energetic people come West. I will not say that they are the best, but they are energetic at any rate. They bring with them the habits and notions and prejudices from their old homes and apply them with their conditions in their new

homes. It is not necessary for me to refer to the theory

of the government of Territories under our organic act. It

is practically the same in all of the Territories and has

been practically the same for over a hundred years.

THE JUDICIAL SYSTEM.

We do not like our judicial system.137 When it• comes to

that, we like to avoid it if we can. We have no particular

objection to the personnel of the courts as they are

established. The judges are appointed by the President of

the United States, by and with the advice and consent of

the Senate, but the complaint does not arise from that.

They are from those appointed locally or those sent in from

the outside.

But the appellate jurisdiction is vested in the supreme

court, which is composed of all the judges, who are also

the trial judges. A case is tried in the lower courts, and

when it is appealed it comes for consideration to a court

composed of judges who sit in the trial courts. Of course,

not the same judge who sits in the trial of the case 127 originally sits in the hearing on appeal. In a court as small as ours, composed of so few judges, we find it unsatisfactory. There has been a complaint made by most of the members of the bar and most of the judges themselves.

Of course, it can be said that a man ought to be large enough or big enough to go on the bench and review a case that he had tried and do it honestly.

Q. I understood you to say that the particular judge who tried the case in the court below did not take part in the case on appeal?—A. No, sir; he does not. Up to ten years ago we had only three judges in the Territory, and the judge sat who tried the case, and they all sat; but the provision of the law now^^® is that the judge who tried the case below is disqualified from sitting on the court on appeal when he tried the case below. That was our complaint of the system until it was modified.

Q. You are not complaining of the system after it has been modified?—A. No, sir. I do not think it has been greatly improved, although that particular feature of it has been removed.

COURT PROCEEDINGS UP TO THE STANDARD.

Now, the court proceedings are up to the standard. I have had considerable experience in communities of this size in 128

Indiana up to 1888. I knew the judges. I knew some of the judges of the supreme court. The law has not come to that state of certainty here that it has back there. We are not governed by precedents in our own Territory as the States are in the older States. Court changes with each change of

Administration, and our judges come from different places and come from these different States with different ideas.

Q. Is it not the case that the judges usually change with each election in most of the States?—No, sir; the practice has been to change. Now, of course, there has been a constant change here.

Q. You talk about the changes here being with the changes of Administration. Is not that true of the States of the central West?—A. No, sir; if a party succeeds at one election, then it is one judge go in and the other judge go

out, and he is taken from your State and is familiar with the laws of your own State. Our judges have until very recently been sent in from the outside. They would come in

from California, or Texas, or Ohio, and they come with their ideas of their laws from those States.

Q. Judge Sloan has been here as long as you have, has he

not?—A. Yes, sir.

Q. The universal tendency now is to appoint judges

locally?—A. Yes, sir; there is an exception in the case 129

of Judge Kent. Q. What have you to say about the tendency of the court that we visited this morning?—A. I have been very well

pleased with Judge Kent, but that objection applied to

Judge Kent. Judge Kent was from Maine, originally, and

practiced law in New York and came to Colorado, and that

would not be bad at all if there was any permanence about

it.

NO DISPOSITION TO FOLLOW PRECEDENTS.

It seems to have been the result, whatever the reason for

it, [that] there is greater uncertainty and no disposition to establish and follow precedents. It is very unusual to

cite an Arizona decision. We would cite a Massachusetts

decision with as much certainty and a New York decision

with more certainty than we would cite an Arizona decision.

Some of our judges came from Massachusetts and other States that have laws radically different from those of Ohio and

Indiana. The weight of this is that because of the

unfamiliarity of the judges with the statutes of the Territory, that he would decide a case where the statutes

of the Territory were involved without a sufficient

knowledge of them. I would not quite mean that.

Q. What would you mean?—A. I would mean that wherever a 130

person receives his education in a certain system, that he would follow that system.

Q, What would you say was the system in any State? Do

you think there is any such great dissimilarity?—A. Yes, sir. For instance, we take our code^*° from the code of

Texas. It was a peculiar code, one of the briefest that any State has had. The Texas code was supplemented by a

long statement of rules, but in our codification of 1887 we

adopted that code, which was incomplete in itself, but we

did not adopt the rules, and we were left unsettled as to

what we should do. At that time our judges and a great

many of the bar^*^ came from California, and they came with

California notions of practice. California, it is true, is

supposed to be modeled after New York, but there is a very

decided difference there.

VAST EXTENT OF PUBLIC DOMAIN.

We have irrigation laws and mining laws and, probably,

land laws, and we have a vast extent of public domain that

is subject, or the use of it is subject, to appropriation

for a variety of purposes, and all of them are giving rise

to disputes and conflicts and questions as to origin of

rights and questions of right that do not arise in the

eastern States.142 131

Q. Is it not true that the decisions of Judge Kent have given extraordinary satisfaction on those very questions?-

-A. He has not passed on them very much yet. I have talked with Judge Kent about these things myself. He has pending before him now a very considerable litigation about our water rights and he told me he was bothered about these new conditions because of his lack of familiarity with these laws. We have no doubt that he will learn them and decide them right. If the National Administration should succeed itself and he succeeds himself, he will probably be satisfactory. Now, the proceedings in court have been carried on with as much decorvim as in the cities of the same size in the middle West. The juries are made up of an

Arizona population and that is characteristic of a new country. They average as to integrity, frank, and outspoken. They have pretty just ideas of what is justice. There is as little corruption among our juries and our judges as there is among the communities of the older States. Now, it has been seldom that Congress has legislated with our local affairs, although it has a right to do so. I can only recollect a few instances. Once with reference to some bonds. One set issued by Yavapai County and one set by Pima County.^** There was some dissatisfaction about that, but it was probably an unjust criticism. It is a matter of sentiment that we could have attended to this matter as well locally as it could have been attended to by a body who did not have any knowledge of them whatever. Q. What was that?—A. Involving the legality of some bonds.

Q. That was involving an issue of bonds above the statutory limit, was it not?—A. No, sir; it was in the matter of some railroad bonds. Yavapai County and Pima

County issued some bonds in aid of the construction of the railroad from Phoenix to Prescott. The road in Yavapai County was constructed, but the road in Pima County was never constructed, except ten miles of it. A train never ran over the track at all, except for construction purposes, about ten miles of it being built. Those bonds had been issued.

PIMA COUNTY BONDS.

It is said in Pima County—the bonds there were issued, and it was claimed that they had not been properly issued, and that Yavapai County bonds had been issued properly because they had got value received. These bonds were issued before or about the time by reason of the fact that there was a refunding act^^® passed by the Territorial 133 legislature. It was afterwards reviewed and adopted by

Congress with slight amendment. It was held under this act that we could have these bonds refunded under the provisions of the refunding act, and it was objected to by both of the counties. In the meantime the courts of this

Territory had passed upon the question of the right of a county to issue bonds in aid of a railroad, and the

Territorial supreme court held that they had been given the right to do it under the provisions of the organic act.

That case^^® went to the Supreme Court of the United States and was affirmed. In the meantime, after that a suit was brought on these bonds, and complete the land [Loan] commission and refund them, and in that case it was claimed that these bonds had been held invalid by the supreme court of the Territory, and they went there again, and they were again held invalid, and that case went to the Supreme Court of the United States, and while the case was pending there

Congress passed a law holding the bonds valid.

Q. Was that an act asked for by the Delegate of the

Territory?—A. Yes, sir. But we claimed in this Territory that the consideration had failed, and that the bonds were illegally issued. The funding act was passed in the

Territory in 1889 and revised by Congress, I think, in the same year. 134

Q. The act of Congress sustaining that refunding act was asked for by the Delegate in Congress, was it?—A. Yes, sir. Now these are some of the things that we are complaining of. They are largely matters of sentiment, it is true, but we think these things could have been managed as well locally as by Congress. Q. Well, Congress only did what your legislature did and what your representative asked.—A. Yes, sir; but we don't think Congress should have had any part in the matter at all.

CONSIDERABLE PROPORTION OF CRIMINALS ARE MEXICANS.

I attended courts in the various counties and we have had before us a variety of criminals. The proportion I have seen are above the average for intelligence. There is a considerable proportion of these taken up for crimes who are Mexicans,and their offenses are generally of a minor character—some of them cutting scrapes, assaults of various kinds, and some of them cattle stealing. There are a great many homicides. They are not confined to the

Mexicans. Possibly there are more of them among the mining camps among the whites than there are among the Mexicans.

The administration of justice and the enforcement of law have been, I feel, very fairly administered. 135

Now, as to our population, of course the statistics show what the census made it. This county [Maricopa] is practically an agricultural county, depending on agriculture for its development.^^® Our markets for it are chiefly local. We will probably raise some products that will be the subject of export. Surrounding us are mining counties. They are developing and will constantly develop. They are not only increasing the product, but the products of the Territory. Pinal County is also an agricultural county. Navajo County is a grazing county and so is

Graham, and Coconino is a mining and grazing county.

Mohave County is almost entirely a mining county. Yuma is a mining county, but will be in time a great agricultural county.^*'

WANT OF WATER RETARDS CULTIVATION OF LAND.

There are already propositions there to convert the

Colorado.^®® Pinal County is on the Gila and so is Pima.

None of the lands have been put into cultivation yet that can be, simply because we have not been able to put all the lands in cultivation for want of water.

And further the witness saith not.

C. T. WALTERS,called as a witness, and first having 136

been duly sworn, testified as follows:

By the CHAIRMAN: Q. You may state your name to the committee.—A. My name

is C. T. Walters.

Q. Was your census district inside of this city or outside of it?—A. In this city. Q. You took an oath before you began your enumeration to

eniunerate faithfully and accurately, did you?—A. Yes, sir.

Q. Did you do so?—A. Yes, sir.

Q. Do you regard your report as accurate?—A. As near so

as possibly it could be made.

CENSUS—FOUR OR FIVE PERSONS OUT OF 2,000 OVERLOOKED.

By Senator DILLINGHAM:

Q. What reason was there that it could not be made

accurate?—A. Well, the fact of the business is that I

could swear that it was accurate, but after the work was

done I discovered four or five people that I had

overlooked, or not that I had overlooked, but people that

they had failed to report to me that they were stopping

there. Q. How many did you enumerate?—A. It was very nearly

2,000; it lacked very little of 2,000. 137

Q. How many enumerators were there in the city?—A.

There were four. There were four wards in the city at that 153 time, and there were four enumerators appointed.

Q. It has been claimed that the enumeration did not include anywhere near what the population was, and we called you in here to find out whether that was so and if there was any considerable falling off of the population in your report from what it actually was; what the reason of it was.—^A. Well, at that time of year [June] there is always a falling off of our population. I found quite a number of vacant houses; quite a number that it was impossible for me to get any information as to the people who had resided there from the simple fact that there was no means of finding out.

ENUMERATOR'S OMISSIONS.

Q. It was people who had removed, was it?—A. Yes, sir.

I expect right at this time [November], if you go over the same district, I do not think you would find over two vacant houses to-day. There is a time of year that everybody who are in any kind of circumstances at all, they manage to get away for a few months.

Q. Those are the people who get away from the town for the summer to the mountains?—A. Yes, sir. 138

Q. Did you enumerate anybody that went away?—A. Yes, sir. I knew I was going to eniunerate that district, and when I knew of a family that was going away I went to them and got them before. Q. Weren't you well acquainted in the city?—A. Yes, sir. Q. Didn't you know what families had removed and were

going away, to your knowledge?—A. Well, I could not say that I could. I have lived here a great many years.

By the CHAIRMAN; Q. How many men would you say you missed in your district?—^A. I do not think I missed over five or six.

And further the witness saith not.

J. E. STOVALL,^®* called as witness and first having been duly sworn, testified as follows:

By the CHAIRMAN:

Q. You may state your name to the committee.—A. J. E.

Stovall is my name.

Q. How old are you?—A. Twenty-six years old.

Q. How long have you lived here?—A. Six years.

Q. You were a census enumerator?~A. Yes, sir.

Q. Where was your census district, in town or outside?—

A. In town, the Fourth Ward. 139

Q. Before you entered upon your duties as enumerator did you take an oath to faithfully, honestly, and accurately enumerate the people in your district?—A. I did.

Q. Did you do so?—A. I did.

Q. Did you regard the census, as you returned it, as accurate?—A. I did at that time; yes, sir.

COMPLAINTS AS TO CENSUS.

By Senator DILLINGHAM:

Q. Have you had any complaints made that it was not accurate?—A. Well, when we turned in our reports the [Phoenix] board of trade took up some action against us^®®-

-not exactly against us, but saying that we had not

enumerated—that is, that we had not turned in the full

amount from the simple reason that at the time of year, in

June, everybody that is able financially goes elsewhere for cooler places; and I know to my certain knowledge that in the Fourth Ward there were a number of the prominent

families that were not in town. Q. Did you enumerate them?—A. No, sir; because we had

explicit instructions to enumerate no one except what was

here.

Q. How many did you miss on account of that?—A. That

would be hard to say, because some of them were away and 140 some of them were here, perhaps. Perhaps they were in

Phoenix and we did not get hold of them, and the family was away. If I was to give you an estimate I could not do it on authority. Q. What do you mean by saying that the family was away?

That the husband was here and the family was away?—A. No.

Now, I know of one family especially, that he was here, and

I tried to catch him. She was a widow lady, and she and her daughter were out of town; they were over to

California. And at the same time one of the boys was here, and I tried to catch him, and I did not do it; and what are you going to do about it?

Q. What did you do about it?—A. Well, I could not catch him.

Q. Well, you made no return?—A. No, sir.

PERSONS MISSED BY AN ENUMERATOR.

Q. How many people would you say you missed in your district, if you can give a guess?—A. Well, I should say in the district at that time, I should say there was at least 100 people or more.

Q. That you missed?—A. Yes, sir; that were out of here at the time. Q. What was the total number that you took?—A. I do not 141 remember. Q. What is a rough guess—A. I do not know.^®®

Q. How are you able to make a rough guess of the people

you missed and you can not make a rough guess of the people

you took?—A. It would be a hard matter for me to say. I

have forgotten entirely the amount of people I took.

Q. You can make a rough estimate of the people you missed, but you can not make a rough guess of the people

you took. Do you recollect what pay you got?—A. Twenty-

five dollars. Q. How much did you get per head?^®^—A. Well, now, I do

not think I just exactly remember.

Q. What action did the board of trade take against you?-

-A. They did not take any special action, only when they

reported to Washington that the amount of the enumeration turned in was not correct. Q. They are not satisfied with your work?—A. Yes, sir;

because they knew there were people that were not here that

were not envimerated, and the superintendent-general of the

census^®® vnrote to each one of us, and he asked us if we

had made the census according to instructions sent out, and

we signed that and sent it back, and that was all there was

of it.

And further the witness saith not. 142

M. H. McCORD,^®' called as witness, testified as follows:

By the CHAIRMAN:

Q. Please state your name to the committee.—A. M. H.

McCord. Q. You are the United States marshal of the district of

Arizona?—A. Yes, sir.

Q. Have you some jury lists with you?—A. Yes, sir; it shows the expenses of the trial juries and the grand juries for one year.^®° It runs into two years, but it is for one year complete.

Q. I see here that the pay roll for trial jurors for the quarter ending June 30 was $331.05; for the quarter ending

March 31, for grand jury, was $350; and again, trial jurors for the quarter ending March 31, 1902, $460. These are fair samples, are they?—A. Yes, sir.

Q. How long have you lived in the Territory?—A. Pretty near ten years.

Q. Away from the water courses, aside from the mountain

country, the mining, what is the industry of the people?—

A. Well, stock raising, herding sheep and goats; that is

all the industry there is. Q. Where is the so-called native or Mexican population?-

-A. It is mostly in Pima County and Graham County; that is

in the eastern part of the Territory. 143

Q. How many natives—that is, Indians—would you say you have in the Territory?—A. Well, when I was governor [1897-98] I had a census made and we figured it 37,000.

MORMON CHURCH MEMBERSHIP.

Q. Where is the seven thousand Mormon Church membership^®^ located?—A. There is about 2,000 in this county [Maricopa] and east of here, and 3,000 in Graham

County, and 2,000 in Apache County. And further the witness saith not.

PEDRO GARCIA DE LA LAMA,"^ called as a witness, and first having been duly sworn, through the medium of the official interpreter of the committee,^®® testified as follows through the medi\m of the official interpreter of the committee:

By the CHAIRMAN: Q. You may state your name to the committee.—A. My name is Pedro Garcia de la Lama.

Q. Are you a native of the Territory?—A. No, sir;

Mexican. Q. When did you come here?—A. Six years ago.

CIRCULATION MEXICAN PAPER. 144

Q. You are the editor of El Progreso?"®—A. Yes, sir.

Q. What is the circulation of your paper?—A. Fifteen hundred; 700 in Arizona.

And further the witness saith not.

J. J. OTERO,"® called as a witness, and first having been duly sworn, testified as follows;

By the CHAIRMAN: Q. You may state your name to the committee.—A. My name is J. J. Otero. Q. How old are you?—A. I am 28.

Q. Are you a native of this Territory?—A. Yes, sir.

Q. What is your business?—A. The cattle business.

Q. Any other business?—A. The newspaper business.

Q. In connection with El Progreso?—A. Yes, sir.

Q. That paper is published in Phoenix?—A. Yes, sir.

Q. Do you remember what the circulation?—A. It is about

2,300, I believe. Q. And where does it go—all over the Territory?—A. All over the Territory, California, and New Mexico.

Q. How many go in the Territory?—A. I do not know

exactly; we have got about 700, I guess.

Q. Do you say you are a cattleman?—A. Yes, sir.

Q. Where is your ranch?—A. In the Tonto Basin."' 145

Q. How far from here is that?—A. Northeast from here; it is about 50 miles. Q. Are you on any stream of water?—A. On the Sycamore

[Creek].

PLENTY OF WATER IN RAINY SEASON.

Q. Is it possible to have a ranch away from a water stream?—A. Well, when it is the rainy season, we have plenty of water to irrigate and raise barley.

Q. Permanently speaking, can you have a ranch away from a water course?—A. Why, we depend upon the rain there; it is not on the hills. As far as water for the cattle, we get the water by springs and creeks—out of the springs and creeks.

Q. You are on a water course, as I understand it; you are on a stream?—A. Yes, sir; part of the time it is running and part of the year it is dry.

Q. You speak Spanish, do you?—A. I do.

Q. Do the people employed by you speak Spanish?—A. Yes; and English.

And further the witness saith not.

DWIGHT B. HEARD,called as a witness, and first having been duly sworn, testified as follows: 146

By the CHAIRMAN: Q. You may state your name to the committee.—A. Dwight

B. Heard. Q. And your age?—A. Thirty-three.

Q. And how long have you lived here?—A. Eight years in next March. Q. You are one of the water-storage commissioners?^'^—

A. Yes, sir.

Q. You are familiar with how much of this Territory?—A.

Why, I know this valley very thoroughly, and something of

Prescott, and something of Flagstaff,and something of

Tucson.

Q. In what portions of the Territory which you have named are there irrigation works actually in operation?—A. The principal irrigation in the Territory is in this valley and in the Upper Gila Valley. And there is also quite a small irrigated section just south of Tucson; and there is a splendid irrigated section in the Gila Valley, about 30,000 acres.

Q. How much would you say at the present time is actually under irrigation?—A. In the whole of the Territory?

ACTUAL IRRIGATION.

Q. Yes, sir, in the whole Territory.—A. About 185,000 147 • • 175 acres under actual cultivation.

Q. At the present time?—A. Yes, sir.

Q. The water for irrigation purposes comes from the Salt and Gila, or from any river where the irrigation is?—A.

Yes, sir; they bring some from the Colorado River; the

Salt, the Gila, and the Colorado are the irrigating streams; and the Verde also. Q. Will you state to the committee what the effect is when there is a drought, or lack of rain and snow fall?—

A. Well, the people are not able to raise the crops that they othejrwise would.

Q. On account of not being able to put the water on the fields?—A. There is plenty of water, but we are not now able to regulate it. Q. The storage and utilization of the waters depend upon regulating the stream, and a part of that is the bill which we have before the [Beveridge] committee?—A. Yes, sir, and under the general irrigation law.^^®

NATURAL RAINFALL WILL RAISE NOTHING.

Q. When there is no water—when you have water, I understand the soil to be extremely fertile?—A. Extremely so. The natural rainfall will raise nothing in this country. I can say to you that at one time I was a little 148

Skeptical on this question of statehood, but now I sincerely believe that Arizona is worthy of statehood. I want to put myself squarely on record on that question.

And further the witness saith not.

FRANK LUKE,^^^ called as a witness, and first having been duly sworn, testified as follows:

By the CHAIRMAN: Q. You may state your name to the committee.—A. Frank

Lvike is my name. Q. And what is your official position here?—A. City assessor and tax collector.

Q. Do you collect the license taxes here?—A. Yes, sir.

LICENSES.

Q. Will you state to the committee what the license taxes here are for?—A. Well, we have the merchants' tax, the

merchants' license, and the saloon license.

Q. And games of chance?—A. Gambling licenses also.

Q. What are the saloon and gambling licenses?—A. The

saloons are $50 a quarter, and the gambling license $20 a

month."®

Q. Does this license permit them to keep the saloons and

gambling places open on Sunday?—A. Yes, sir. 149

Q. That is under the Territorial statute?^"—A. Yes, sir. Q. What is the total revenue derived from this source?—

A. The total collection of last year was over $25,000— between $25,000 and $26,000. That takes in the merchants, the saloons, the gambling, and everything. I am also the tax collector, and we get a revenue from that source of about $33,000. Q. That is from what taxes?—A. The property taxes.

Q. Over $25,000 of revenue from the licenses and over

$43,000 from the property taxes?—A. Yes, sir.

And further the witness saith not.

F. M. MURPHY,called as a witness, and first having

been duly sworn, testified as follows:

By the CHAIRMAN: Q. Please state your name to the committee.—A. F. M.

Murphy.

Q. The committee would like to have from you a compact

statement, as compact as you can give to the committee, of the railroad situation in the Territory, actual and prospective, carefully discriminating between what is

actually completed, and what is really building and what is

in contemplation.—A. It would be better for me first to 150 speak of what I am intimately associated with, and have control of to a large extent. I am at this time extending what is called the Prescott and Southeastern [Prescott and

Eastern] road into the Bradshaw Mountain district.

Q. Where does that road come from?—A. That leaves the

Santa Fe, Prescott and Phoenix^®^ about 6 miles north of

Prescott, and runs east and south.

THE PRESCOTT AND SOUTHEASTERN RAILWAY.

Q. How far does it run east and south?—A. From the point that it leaves the Santa Fe, Prescott and Phoenix it is now completed about 26 miles. The first 8 or 10 miles, after passing through that point of rocks down there, it opens out into Lonesome Valley; and then, after traversing the valley a few miles, into the mountains; the mines are being developed in the mountains on both sides, and large and extensive operations are being conducted at this time.

And then after passing through this valley it swings out into the mountains, and the first place of importance that we encounter, commercially speaking is the Valley Verde

Smelting Company's plant.

Q. Is it completed there?—A. Yes, sir; that is there, and there is a custom smelter there that is proving a great success and a great element of assistance in the 151 development of that section, because it furnishes a ready market for local ores that can not stand the transportation to the smelters that are located at the different points in the east—Denver and El Paso, if you please. Prior to reaching that point, the station just before arriving there, the stage leaves for the Verde Valley, which is quite an extensive valley of a considerable irrigation; and passing through the Cherry Creek district,^®* a district of considerable importance, there are a number of mills going up there. Then, after leaving that point, for the next 10 miles I venture to say that you can easily see from the railroad where a dozen different mining companies^®® are in operation to-day; hoisting plants are in operation, and putting up mills, and getting into that condition where they are just reaching a producing stage. Some of them are producing very satisfactorily, and are on a dividend-paying basis to-day. Then at the bend, just about 6 or 8 miles from the smelter, I have just completed a branch road into what is known as the Big Bug district. It cost me

$250,000 to complete it.

OTHER LARGE INDUSTRAL OPERATIONS.

At that point the company^®^ that I am president of has erected a 20-stamp mill, and we are putting a tunnel 152 through the mountain 8,000 feet long, which will connect with another mining district^®® on the other side of the mountain. The mines on that side of the mountain, under existing conditions, have to transport their stuff 14 to 16 miles over rough roads to get their stuff to Prescott; and this gets it in touch with the railroad. We are nearly

2,000 feet on either side of the mountain, and working with air"compressors and machine drills on both sides of the mountain. Then, after having completed that branch road, I took up the extension of the Prescott and Eastern, and they will have it completed by January 1, 16 miles on the end of that, into the Bradshaw Mountain district.

FURTHER EXTENSION OF ROAD.

I am now about to complete contracts for the extension of that road^®® for another 11 miles of heavy mining work; well, we will have two or three switch backs in it, in order to get over the divide, to get into another rich mining district.

By Senator DILLINGHAM:

Q. How much is now actually completed and in operation, and how much in prospect?—A. About 39 miles will have been completed by the 1st of January, and the other 11 miles I expect to contract for right away. That will 153 complete that to the heart of a very large mining district.

By the CHAIRMAN:

Q. will you proceed, Mr. Murphy?—A. Now, I have authority from the Santa Fe^'° to put on engineers now any time; in fact, I could have done that any time for the last two months.

ANOTHER LINE.

I have a sort of a roaming commission to put them on wherever I think proper, to locate a line from a point on 4 A 4 our lines to a point on the Colorado River, 90 miles.

We have had our mining engineers in there and examined the entire country.

Q. Have you surveyed it?—A. Only by reconnoissance. I have been working at so many different places that I have not had time to get at it. I wanted to make use of some of the people that I have that I have entire confidence in. I have had that investigated by Prof. John A. Church,192 one of the best mining engineers in the country. Now, I have had Mr. [William] Drake, our chief engineer, to make a reconnoissance of it preliminary to a survey. That road is going to be completed, and I will have the engineers in there very soon. I have had a reconnoissance made for a 154 line running 22 miles north of Hot Springs.Two or 3 miles this side of there we come to a point where we go into the Hot Springs. There is another district^'® in there, and there are two or three hundred men in there.

And it is just a question of a little more extension of development work that is now going on to put the men in there and construct the road in there. I have a sort of a roaming privilege to put the men in there and build the roads that I think ought to be built. I am building^'® to

Pinal County from here [Phoenix], via Florence; that will supply all that country that will be available by the construction of the San Carlos irrigation canal.I am just now laying the rails out of here for 5 miles, and I have got two sets of pile drivers at work laying the approaches. We are almost up to them now. 1 want to complete the final location of the balance of the line. We made our preliminary survey. That took us two or three months, and then it took us six months to fix the location of the line finally. I succeeded in getting the right of way for 25 miles about three weeks ago, and I let the contract for 25 miles of this road, and that is under construction now, and we commenced grading about ten days ago. Q. That is in the course of construction?—A. Yes, sir; 155 and will be completed to a point—to Benson—supplying a very large mountain mining and agricultural country east of this point—east of Tempe and Mesa.198 The railroad construction that I have referred to now is something that is directly under my own supervision and is controlled by me, and I have authority to go ahead with it. I have authority to let additional contracts, and I am getting up additional rights of way at different points, and when I get it ready I will let the contracts. At a point on that road where it turns to go south this same Prof. John A.

Church, that we keep in the field to make reports to us in support of numerous examinations that I have had made by different people, giving us the detailed information of the districts and the possible traffic to be developed, he would make us a simplified statement, and he makes the statement to me that at some point on that road, about 100 miles from here, there will be the largest city^®® in

Arizona.

PROSPECT FOR A LARGE CITY.

That is his prediction. There is a very highly mineralized section [Globe] of country there that will be supplied by this railroad, and associated with that is probably one hundred and fifty or two hundred thousand 156 acres of as fine land as ever was that is only partially supplied with water.

Q. How far is that from the San Carlos Canal how much is there irrigated from the San Carlos Canal?—A. I do not suppose there is over 5,000 or 6,000 acres of that 150,000 that is being supplied right now. i . I 201 • Q. The rest depends upon the reservoir? —A. Yes, sir; largely. That was one of those enterprises when it was first started in Arizona, was like many other enterprises started in Arizona; they were gotten together and bonded and capital secured on the basis of the returns that they could figure out on the land before it was occupied, and a large part of those enterprises failed out there.

LIVE ENTERPRISES.

Now, that has been true in many cases in Arizona; but the changed conditions and the few years that have intervened have brought to bear on that intelligence, and capital [is] sufficient now, and they are taking all these things up and profiting by the mistakes made and putting them into live enterprises, and that is true here of many of the enterprises throughout the Territory. Now, speaking of the railroad situation, that covers pretty much what I have direct control of, so to speak. The Santa Fe runs through 157 the north part of the Territory from where it leaves the

New Mexican line to the Colorado River, which is the west line of the Territory. There is a railroad which leaves the Santa Fe running from Kingman up to Chloride.The development in there is very heavy now.

Q. What is this road that comes down from Ash Fork?—A.

That is the Santa Fe, Prescott and Phoenix. That is controlled by the Santa Fe, and I operate it for them.

Q. The road from here to Benson is what?—A. That is where I control the thing [Prescott and Eastern], where it extends to-day; just where it will fall later I am not prepared to say. The Southern Pacific^®^ goes through the lower or southern part of the Territory. Unfortunately for the Territory, neither of the transcontinental roads touch the rich mineral or agricultural part of the Territory. In the extreme southern part of the Territory the El Paso and

Southwestern^®^ has developed recently a system of roads there that covers several hundred miles.

Q. Does that pass through Bisbee?—A. Yes, sir; the road that you go over. They have also built a line from Douglas to Bisbee, and on down into Mexico, and their business comes out and Arizona gets the benefit of it. They have a line from Bisbee to Naco, and on into [Cananea] Mexico.

Their traffic comes out from Mexico, and they get the 158 benefit of it. The road that leaves Benson, paralleling the El Paso and Southwestern, and on to Nogales, branching off at Fairbanks [Fairbank], at Kogales it goes into

Mexico.

NOGALES, A THRIVING TOWN.

At Nogales there is a very thriving town; that will be a prosperous place. Eighteen miles out from Benson they have completed a grade for a road^°® to Tombstone. They are probably laying roads now. That is Phelps, Dodge & Co.'s property. The Southern Pacific have just completed a survey for a line crossing from Cochise,^®' which is a point in the neighborhood of 80 miles east from Benson, . going directly south, passing the Commonwealth mines,"208 which is the Penrose mine; that is. Senator [Boise]

Penrose's brother [Richard]. It will be suggested to you that all of these roads are going into this southern country that I am speaking of.

Q. Is that in course of construction?—A. They have just completed their surveys.

Q. How long is that branch?—A. Well, in the United

States I should suppose it would be about 100 miles long.

Q. And how long in Mexico?—A. Oh, three or four hundred miles, probably; but it brings traffic into the United 159

States, you know, and enriches that tier of counties all along the border.

OTHER NEW RAILROADS.

Then, the Arizona and New Mexican road, 209 that runs from

Lordsburg, on the Southern Pacific, to Clifton and

Morenci;^^® they have carried that down to connect with the

El Paso [and Southwestern], and that lets them into Deming

[New Mexico]. Q. Is that completed?—A. Yes, sir, and in operation.

Q. How long is it from Morenci to Deming [NM]?—A. I should judge about 100 miles; the map would show accurately, and I am not quite clear on the distances over in there. Then the El Paso and Southwestern system is also building its own line into El Paso [Texas], connecting up with all their lines at Bisbee and Douglass, and their line into Mexico,• and their line into• Naco. 211

Q. Their gathering in would be El Paso?—A. Yes, sir; although this line comes down and crosses the Southern

Pacific and transfers its business at present at Deming.

There are a number of other companies organized, but whether they are in the hands of people that are financially strong enough to put them through or not I do not know. They make a good deal of talk. There has been a 160 company organized to build a road from here [Phoenix] to

San Diego, Cal.,^^^ and I have not the slightest doubt but that will be constructed very soon after our road is constructed here.

Q. Would that parallel the Southern Pacific and Santa

Fe?—A. No, sir; neither one. This would go in through the middle of the Territory, and cross the Southern and go down to San Diego. It would give San Diego direct east and west connection, and this road that I am talking about would reach a very large development in about that time; and there is a large part of this valley 30 or 40 miles south of here that this would go through, and it would provide some of the miners that live right on it with an outlet. There are some mines^^^ there now. There is a very strong element associated with the construction of that prospective San Diego road, and I think it will bring results, and at no distant day, but not probably until after we get this system here.

Q. Is there any other road?—A. Well, there is a road from the Santa Fe, from Williams to the Grand Canyon.

And then there is the Clark road,^^® from Jerome, and it supplies a great number of mines, and also brings out the products from Verde Valley, so that it is a healthy enterprise and a paying road. I do not know of any 161 railroad construction that is in serious contemplation other than that right now.

And further the witness saith not.

Governor ALEXANDER 0. BRODIE appeared before the coiniaittee and testified as follows:

By the CHAIRMAN: Q. Governor Brodie, how long have you been acquainted with the Territory?—A. Thirty-two years.

Q. You have been all over it?—A. Yes, sir.

Q. The Territory divides itself industrially into the mining regions, the agricultural regions, and the grazing regions?—A. Yes, sir.

AGRICULTURAL REGIONS ALONG WATER COURSES.

Q. The agricultural regions are along the river courses?-

-A. Yes, sir; where they have water for irrigation.

Q. Agriculture away from the rivers is impossible, is it?—A. It is only in the high mountains, where they get summer rains, in about Flagstaff and Williams, and in those high mountains.

Q. Now, where are the grazing districts?^^^—A. The main grazing districts are Cochise, Graham, and Pima counties.

Q. Where does the stock get water there?—A. Out of the 162 different springs and water holes, streams, wells.

CATTLE WILL GRAZE WITHIN FIVE MILES OF WATER.

Q. Is grazing possible where there is no stream or water

holes?—A. Cattle will graze and you can successfully raise them where there is water within 5 miles. Q. So that the area of stock raising is confined to

within a distance of 5 miles of water?—A. Yes, sir. So that if there is water within 10 miles the cattle can graze

within the territory between. The northern portion of the

Territory is a grazing district for sheep218 —Apache,

Coconino, and down to Yavapai County; but in Yavapai County they have a good deal of cattle grazing, too. If you wish

me to I can give you a general description of the

Territory.

The CHAIRMAN. We should be very pleased to have you do

so, governor.

Governor BRODIE. It is a very large Territory, and the

resources are diversified by reason of the extent and

character of the country. In the high range of mountains

extending through we have the largest single belt of pine

timber^^' in the United States, in this Territory, that

extends from the Grand Canyon into New Mexico, in

southeastern portion, about 60 to 80 miles in width and 300 163 miles in length. The greater portions of it have been included in the forest reservations and in the Indian reservations. That country must depend entirely upon grazing for its success in the portions outside of the timber land. There is very little mining up that way; some little up about the Grand Canyon.220

YAVAPAI COUNTY A GRAZING, MINING AND AGRICULTURAL REGION.

Yavapai County is a grazing, mining, and agricultural region. You saw the Congress, and the Octave is 11 miles from there, and the Glach [Cash?]^^^ near that, and some in operation and some not. The mineral belt comes into that county from Mohave [County], in the northwest. There are very rich ores there to-day, and some have been worked out,^^^ but others have taken their places. This county

[Maricopa] is an agricultural county, although there are some mines in it about Wickenberg.^^^ The old Vulture mine^^^ back of Wickenberg—some nine millions have been taken out of that. They have about 135,000 acres actually under irrigation^^® here [Maricopa County] at the present time. The main crop is alfalfa, to feed stock brought down from the north or from the ranges. Yuma County, to the west of us, is a mining and agricultural county. The water for irrigation there comes from the Colorado River. About 164

50,000 acres iniaediately below the city of Yima is in irrigation^^® at the present time; some from pumping water and some from the river. They pump, in some instances, in order to get rid of the silt that flows down this stream.

That silt is very heavy, and, while it enriches the soil, it cakes upon it and makes it hard for cultivation. Pima

County, next east of here, is agriculture, mining, and stock raising, mainly.That is one of the old original three counties cut up. It is very rich. Tucson is a prosperous town about the size of this, perhaps larger, and is perhaps the third oldest town in the United States.

They irrigate there from the waters in the Santa Cruz.228

ABANDONED MINES.

Very few of their mines are now in operation, the reason being the fall of the price of copper and the cost of freight. Cochise County is the richest county, probably, and has been developed in the last two or three years in railroad building, mining, and cattle ranging. They have built there the El Paso and Southwestern Railroad back in these mining camps, giving them an outlet, and intend building other branches to that. These lines parallel the

Southern Pacific, and gradually run away from it and go through the different mining camps of the county. They 165

have the large Bisbee mines, which you will see, and the

Pierce [Commonwealth] mine,^^' the largest gold-producing

mine in the Territory; the Commonwealth, and the smaller

mines being opened up in the different parts of the county,

already producers. At Bisbee they have drilled and have found their copper ore body^^° for a distance of 6 miles

from the original discovery at the Copper Queen, showing that the ore body follows the vein for that distance; they

have a distance of from two to three hundred feet at one

end to eleven hundred feet at the other end. That is a

very valuable ore deposit. In Santa Cruz County, through this county and section they have the San Pedro

River [Santa Cruz] and branches, and they have found

artesian water^^^ along that, and are developing it. That

county is cut off from Pima County, and is on the Mexican

border, south of Pima County. That is a smaller county,

and on account of the town of Nogales, which is the main

town, and as a mining and agricultural section, has more 233 industries than they have in Cochise and Pima.

Graham County is a mining and agricultural county. In the

mountains they have the Clifton and Morenci mines and the

Shannon Copper Company.I suppose they are among the

largest copper mines in the world. They reduce there, and

make an immense profit on 5 per cent copper ore. The 166

Clifton Company is owned by a Scotch corporation, and I have understood in years past that they expended $7,000,000 before they got out a dollar, and that they could not hardly give away the stock at one time, and now you can not buy it. They handle immense quantities of ore, and consider themselves lucky if they get ore that makes 5 per cent. Phelps, Dodge & Co., of New York, own the Copper

Queen. Above there [south] they have fifty or sixty thousand acres of land in cultivation and under irrigation.

That is on the line running from Bowie, on the Southern

Pacific, running to Globe.

MORMON SETTLEMENTS.

That is a very prosperous and thrifty section of the

Territory. The main settlers there, however, are

Mormons.They are a very thrifty class of people and they have successfully raised all sorts of fruit.In that county they also find artesian water by boring. Gila

County is entirely a mining and agricultural county. Pinal

County is the same, except in the valley about Florence; they irrigate there to quite an extent. The Territory as a whole is in a thoroughly prosperous condition, and every year makes material advancement in the development of mines, in the development of the agricultural resources, 167 and in the development of the stock industry. These are the three main industries. In every county in the

Territory you will find a progressive class of people, energetic, patriotic, and thoroughly American.Our towns are growing rapidly. Within six months considerably over two hundred buildings have been erected in Tucson.

The town of Prescott has grown materially within the last year, and has been entirely reconstructed and many new buildings erected above the old ones replaced after the

[1900] fire."®

DROUGHT OF LAST FOUR YEARS MATERIALLY AFFECTED WATER SUPPLY.

Florence and Phoenix have been more at a standstill for the reason that the drought of the last four years has very materially affected the amount of water, the surface flow of the streams, and the general water supply.

EFFECT OF STORAGE DAM.

By Senator DILLINGHAM;

Q. Governor Brodie, what will the effect be if the storage dam^^° [Roosevelt Dam] is built which is under consideration, and of which we saw the model this morning?- 168

-A. Well, this reservoir would be filled in most any one flood. We have two rainy seasons, the summer and winter; the heaviest storms coming in the winter, generally in

January and February. In one of those storms the flood waters flowing down from the mountains would fill any reservoir that we could construct on any one of these streams, and particularly on this Salt River, which has so many branches and drains so large a country. The effect of that would be to increase the area to be irrigated. That one reservoir would irrigate 480,000 acres^^^ of land, by a conservative estimate. The natural flow of the stream would be allowed to go on its way down the stream, for the use of prior locations. The natural flow would not irrigate the amount of land that they have under cultivation in this valley.

By Senator HEITFELD:

Q. That dam would not in any way affect the natural flow of the stream?—A. Oh, no; it is to store and impound the flood waters, and I understand that their purpose is to make a canal around the lake, so that they can send the entire natural flow of the stream around. It is customary to measure the natural flow and let that much out, but in this case I understand that it is the intention to build a canal and let the natural flow go around. 242 169

PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS, SCHOOLS, CHURCHES.

I believe that I can consistently say that the public institutions in the Territory—the schools, the churches, the university, and the normal schools—are in excellent condition. I should say first, the public schools would compare favorably with those of almost any other division of the United States. We take a special pride in our public school system, inaugurated here in the early days under Governor [A.P.K.] Safford.^*^ It has been greatly builded up, until to-day we have schoolhouses in every district, and education is made compulsory up to a certain age.^^^ The normal schools are very progressive and thoroughly up to date, thoroughly equipped, and have a most excellent corps of professors. We have two normal schools,one at Flagstaff and one at Tempe.

The University of Arizona^^® at Tucson is a most creditable institution. It is kept up by appropriations by the General Government, to a certain extent. It is an agricultural college. They have an experimental station here in this valleyanother at Tempe, above there, where they are cultivating the date palm very successfully on alkali land. I understand—I believe— . 249 they have from the General Government $40,000 a year. 170 coming every two years, and that that is to be applied for specific purposes. The Territory, by appropriation during the different years, has built the buildings at the

Territorial university; and this last year they voted

$25,000 in bonds for the construction of a library and a museum.^®® Now, you will have an opportunity to see the university during your stay in Tucson. Last year we also constructed at Tucson [Benson] a reform school, for which was voted $25,000 in bonds. The building has been finished, but it will depend upon this coming legislature-

-the amount of money they appropriate for buildings and furnishings—to make it possible to utilize the school.

This is for the general purposes of a reform school.

TERRITORIAL PRISON.

Our Territorial prison^®^ is located at Yuma and is in good condition. It consists of a large wall around the grounds, with buildings inside—the cell rooms. The prisoners are utilized in the late years only on the repairs and additional work about the prison, in making adobes for sale, and in making excavations for new works about the prison. There is probably work there for them for the coming year. There are nearly three hundred prisoners in that penitentiary. The Territorial insane 171 asylvun^^^ is located here at Phoenix. It is only 3 miles out of town. It is a very creditable institution. The

Territory, not being wealthy, has to add to each institution as occasion demands, and from year to year, or from two years to two years,at the meetings of the legislature.

TERRITORIAL TAX RATE HIGH.

The rate of taxation in the Territory is excessively high as compared with the rate in the Eastern States and

Territories, for the reason that these public buildings have been constructed; bonds have been for aid to railroads, and have been voted for an exhibit at the

Oec World's Fair, or at the different world's fairs, and for other purposes; and I might not be far wrong in stating that the average rate in the different counties would reach perhaps $3.50 on the $100 valuation.^®®

By Senator DILLINGHAM; Q. What proportion do you get on personal property, and what on real estate?—A. The proportion of taxable property would be very hard for me to say, unless I went back to the auditor's office. There is a very small proportion; all real estate that is patented is taxed. 172

There is a very small proportion, perhaps, of personal property taxed; that is, considering stock and everything.

The reason for that is that it is hard to get an exact accounting of the cattle on the ranches.

By Senator BURNHAM: Q. How does the valuation for taxation compare with the true valuation of the property?—A. Well, the matter is left almost entirely in the hands of the owner of the property, who certifies on the return that he sends to the assessor. If the board of supervisors, sitting as a board of equalization, see[s] cause, they raise these assessments. I should judge that on the average the assessed valuation would be perhaps one-third up to one- half of the actual value of the property, except, perhaps, when they give returns on cattle, they value those at about

50 per cent of their value.

The people of the Territory, as a general thing, almost

unanimously believe that they are in a [sound] condition

financially and in every way [able] to carry on a State

government. They think they are entitled to admission to

statehood, for the reason that they are of the class that

they are; that they are able to carry on a government, and

that it will be beneficial as a whole to the people if they

are admitted as a State.They have a great desire in 173 this country, as in all others, to have a voice in the

selection of their officials; to have them responsible to the people for the places that they hold. They desire

particularly the stability that comes with a State

government; the stability in the laws of the State that

comes with a State government; and they desire particularly

that prosperity that comes from statehood, as has been

shown, I believe, with one exception,^®® in every new State

admitted in the last twenty-five years.

ASSESSMENT OF TAXABLE PROPERTY.

The assessment of the taxable property for this year

amounts to something over $39,000,000 [$39,083,117.57].^®'

There are mines in this Territory that if you were to offer

them $39,000,000 for them they would refuse it. Take the

Jerome property; they would not take $100,000,000 for it, I

think. They refused $60,000,000 for it some years ago.

The growth of this Territory, gentlemen, has been

magnificent within the last thirty-two years, since I have

known it.

When I first came here, thirty-two years ago [1870],

outside of the towns it was very seldom that within a

hundred miles you would meet a person or find a house

to-day the country is thoroughly settled from one end to 174 the other; the Indians are all at peace and on their reservations;^®^ and, taking it all in all, Arizona has

shovm as large strides as any other subdivision of the

United States, when you consider the difficulties that had to be encountered. I would like to say all the good that I

can for Arizona. I wish to say that I myself believe

personally that a State government in this Territory, if

adopted, could be carried on successfully; that it will be

for the benefit of the Territory financially and in every

other way, and will inure to the benefit of the people of the Territory, if they be admitted. You will have good

opportunity to see the class of inhabitants throughout

Arizona; your tour through it being almost in a circle will

give you a very fair idea of the class of population that

we have here.

Judge NELSON G. LAYTON,^®^ called as witness, and first

having been duly sworn, testified as follows:

By Senator DILLINGHAM;

Q. Please state your name to the committee.—A. Nelson

G. Layton.

Q. You reside in Phoenix?—A. Yes, sir.

Q. And your official position is what?—A.

Superintendent of public instruction for the Territory. 175

Q. How long have you held the position?—A. Since the

1st of July last.

CONDITION OF THE SCHOOLS.

By Senator HEITFELD: Q. We desire to ascertain the conditions of the schools of the districts, and so on, and the extent of them, and the nximber of children enrolled, and so on, and have called you before the committee to ask you to give us this information.—A. Well, now, I have a little report here, which is a part of my biennial report. 263 We have the number of children of school age, which is from 6 to 21 in this Territory; at this time the number is 25,259. The number of children enrolled in the public schools of the

Territory is 19,203. The average daily attendance last year was, in the public schools, 11,514. The whole number of school districts in the Territory is 275. The number of grammar schools is 122; the number of primary schools is

320. The whole number of male teachers is 118, of female teachers is 339, making a total of 457 teachers. The number of new districts organized during the year was 11; the number of new schoolhouses built was 19.

STATISTICS. 176

The number of volumes in the school libraries is 11,636.

The average number of days that schools were maintained in all of the school disteicts [sic] was 125 for the year.

The average salary paid to the male teachers was $85.51; the average salary paid to female teachers was $71.75.

That is per month, of course. The amount received from the

Territorial fund to be distributed among the districts was

$22,951; the amount received from the county taxes was

$195,609; the amount received from the special district taxes was $14,126; the amount received from poll taxes was

$23,942; the amount received from licenses, fines, and miscellaneous sources, $80,743.12; total receipts,

$530,648.64. The expenditures for last year were: Paid for teachers' salaries, $224,599.86; amount paid for

libraries, $357.55;^®^ amount paid for school apparatus,

$2,137.44; amount paid for new buildings and school

furniture, $60,954.23; amount paid for repairs, fuel, etc.,

$61,529.53; amount paid for miscellaneous purposes,

$27,106.79, making the total expenditures for the year

$401,235.59, leaving a balance on hand at the end of the

school year of $129,413. The total bonded indebtedness for

building new schoolhouses is $297,737.84. The total

valuation of all the school property is $654,942. That is

the tabulated statement. I have here a comparative table 177 of progression, showing the progression in our schools from

1885 to the present time, which I will leave with the committee as part of my statement.

(The statement is attached as Exhibit I.)

J. C. ADAMS^®® appeared before the committee as a witness, and, first having been duly sworn, testified as follows:

Mr. ADAMS. I have only been here seven years, and after I had been here about a year and a half they elected me mayor here, and I was in a position to pretty thoroughly understand the morals and other things that happen in a

Western town. Five or six years ago in this town bawdyhouses^®® were public, and were practically licensed by the collection of fines. Women without license were allowed to sing in saloons and allowed to go around to the games and hang over the bars, and do things of that kind, without any ordinance.

IMPROVED MORAL CONDITIONS.

The bawdyhouses were driven out of town, and they located just across the border of the city limits, and I then, at the request of the citizens, got the council to expand the limits^®' of the territory of the town until we have a tremendous corporation now, so far as the limits are concerned, and they were by that means driven out of 178 existence, and to-day there are absolutely no bawdyhouses, licensed or otherwise—absolutely none—as I am informed, and I believe that my information on that is reliable. The women in the saloons were gradually gotten rid of. They used to sing in the saloons, and without any ordinance at all I, as mayor, told them—told the saloon keepers—that the women could not drink over their bars or sing in the saloons or hang about them. I says, "If you want them to sing in your saloons, you may do so by putting a platform back on the back part, and that is as far as they can go in your saloons." That was the first move, and after that an ordinance^®® was passed taking them entirely out of the saloons.

GAMBLING A LICENSED FEATURE.

As far as gambling is concerned, it is a licensed feature in the city,^®® but every bit of gambling that is done in this country is done, I think, absolutely on the square, upon the square principle, as far as they can be conducted; that is, I do not know of such a thing as a brace game 270-

-that is, in other words, the men playing faro or roulette and those things here—they are conducted on the square, so far as taking advantage of the players is concerned. I believe, as far as the licenses are concerned, that if we 179 were a State that these things here would be wiped out.

That belief is based upon some of the things that have actually occurred here.

LOCAL-OPTION LAW.

The last legislature [Twenty-first Legislature] passed a local-option law.^'^ They held an election in this county under the local-option law, which meant the wiping out of the saloons. If that law carried, the saloons would go, as such, and an election was held in a great many districts, and outside of this town, Tempe, and Mesea [Mesa] the vote was 4 to 1 to wipe out the saloons, unless petitioned for by a majority of the freeholders of that district. Now a saloon can not exist in Maricopa. There can not be a licensed saloon outside of Phoenix, Tempe, and Mesea. We have Alhambra and Peoria.Those are two other little towns that were 3 or 4 to 1 against the licensing of saloons. When I was mayor we had three policemen, two in the daytime and one at night. It was a published fact, and it was called to my attention during the last election, that only one sheriff in the last fifteen years has shot at a man and only one sheriff has been shot^^^ in the last fifteen years in this county. And I simply wanted to mention these things to the committee because they are 180 facts. I am here, planted here with what I have.

THE AVERAGE CITIZENSHIP.

I believe that the average of the citizenship of this county at least will average with the citizenship almost anywhere, and it is really the wish, I know, of 98 men out of 100 that have property here that we may have statehood.

Further hearings were here adjourned to Tucson, Ariz.

TUCSON, ARIZ., November 19. 1902

At 11 o'clock a. m., at the Orndorff Hotel^'* in the above-named city and on the above date, the committee resumed the hearing of testimony with respect to the question of admission of the above-named Territory to statehood.

JOHN E, MAGEE,^'® called as a witness, and first having

been duly sworn, testified as follows;

By Senator DILLINGHAM;

Q. You may state your name to the committee.—A. My name

is John E. Magee.

Q. Were you a census enumerator?—A. Yes, sir.

Q. What was your district?—A. The business portion of 181

Tucson. Q. And do you remember about what the enumeration of your district was, in number?—A. About 3,000; about—maybe a little over. Q. How carefully did you take the enumeration?—A. As carefully as hviman ingenuity could do it, according to the instructions given by the department; block by block and house by house.

CENSUS COMPLETE AND ACCURATE.

Q. Then I take it that your census—your enumeration— was complete and accurate?—A. Yes, sir; I think so.

And further the witness saith not.

W. L. G. SOULE,^^® called as a witness, and first having been duly sworn, testified as follows:

By Senator BURNHAM:

Q. You may state your name to the committee.—A. W. L.

G. Soule.

Q. Do you reside here?—A. I do, sir.

Q. How long have you resided here?—A. For the last four years. Q. Were you a census enumerator?—A. Yes, sir.

Q. What was your district?—A. It embraced the southwest 182 corner of this town; the southwest third. It took from

Congress street to the extreme limits of the town, and from what is called the Military Park up there, the reserve, down to the creek [Santa Cruz River]. Q. How many names were, as near as you can tell, included in your enumeration?—^A. About 2,700 I think; but I can not remember now.

AN INTERPRETER USED.

Q. How careful were you to get a full enumeration?—A. I was very careful. They were nearly all Spanish there, and I had an interpreter^^' along and I was very careful, and I think I got everybody that was living in the district.

Q. Did you have the services of an interpreter all the time?—A.. Most of the time. There are very few English- speaking people in that section. It is Spanish and half- breeds. Q. You complied with the requirements, and made a full and complete census?—A. I did.

Q. And your enumeration included everybody in the district?—A. Yes, sir; I think I took in everybody; I think I did. I had had experience before in Kansas and

Colorado in census taking, and I had always been very careful. I have been more so, more so than others would 183

be, because I have thought it would be necessary to be very careful and accurate.

And further the witness saith not.

PAUL JONES,called as a witness, and first having been duly sworn, testified as follows:

By Senator HEITFELD: Q. You may state your name to the committee.—A. My name

is Paul Jones. Q. Are you a resident of this Territory?—A. I am.

Q. How long have you lived here?—A. Over three years

and a half. Q. Were you a census enumerator?—A. I was.

Q. Did you take an oath that you would take the

enumeration carefully and accurately and to the best of

your ability before you began your work?—A. I did.

Q. Did you do so?—A. I did.

Q. What was the number of persons that you enumerated in

your district?—A. My district was above Sixth avenue; the

total number was 1,815.

Q. Where was your district?—A. It is in the east part

of the city; east of Sixth avenue. That was my district

over there. There were three districts here in Tucson. I

had that, Mr. Magee had the one next to that, and Mr. Soule 184 the next one to that. The total population, as reported to us, was 7,553.^^'

INTERPRETER GENERALLY REQUIRED.

Q. What was the nationality of the people in your district?—^A. As to the nationality of the people in my district, I at the time thought they were very nearly one- half Mexican or nearly one-half not American born—United

States born—and 200 Indians (180 Indians in the Indian school and some outsiders), and the rest were Indians or mixed Indians and Mexicans.^®®

Q. Did you use an interpreter?—A. Most all the time. I got somewhat familiar with it and got along without an interpreter a part of the time.

And further the witness saith not.

THOMAS HUGHES, JR.,^®^ called as a witness, first having

been duly sworn, testified as follows:

By the CHAIRMAN; Q. You may state your name to the committee.—A. My name

is Thomas Hughes, jr.

Q. Are you a native of Arizona?—A. Yes, sir.

Q. Do you speak the Spanish language?~A. I do; yes, sir. 185

Q. What is your business?—A. Well, I have been in the Post-office Department for the last six years until I got to be court interpreter.

DUTIES OF COURT INTERPRETER.

Q. You are the court interpreter in this district, are you?—A. Yes, sir. Q. In both the Federal and Territorial courts?—A. Yes, sir. Q. Your duties are to interpret the testimony of witnesses to the court and jury?—A. Yes, sir.

Q. And do you ever have to interpret the arguments of

counsel?—A. No, sir; I never have.

Q. Is that the full extent of your duties, just the

interpretation of the evidence of witnesses?—A. Yes, sir;

that is all.

And further the witness saith not.

Prof. FRANK YALE ADAMS,called as witness, first having

been duly sworn, testified as follows:

By the CHAIRMAN: Q. Professor, will you kindly state your name to the

conanittee?—My name is Frank Yale Adams.

Q. And what is your age?—A. I am 35. 186

Q, You are president of the university?—A. President of the University of Arizona; yes, sir.

Q. How many students have you this year?—A. We have enrolled this year thus far 176 students. Q. How many of them are girls?—A. About one-third are girls. Q. And two-thirds are boys?—A. Yes, sir.

CURRICULUM OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA.

Q. What is your curriculxim, stated in a general way?—A.

We have the different departments. We have the literary course, which carries the degree of bachelor of philosophy, and we have a scientific course, which carries the degree of bachelor of science, and we have a mining course, 283 leading to the degree of bachelor of science in mining.

Q. You do not confer those degrees, do you?—A. Yes, sir; we confer them. Q. How long is your college course?—A. Four years, the regular course; and we have a postgraduate course also.

Q. What are your requirements for entering the freshman year?—A. Practically the same as are required in the universities. Q. Do you mean that?—A. Yes, sir; I do.

Q. Well, the same as is required for entrance to the 187 freshman class at Harvard?—A. No, sir; a year less. The same as is required for Stanford, the University of

California, etc. Q. Are there any other universities in the Territory beside this?—A. No, sir; there are none; this is the only college institution in the Territory.

Q. What was your attendance last year?—A. Two hundred and fifteen. The attendance this year, on the same basis, will be 225.^®®

Q. What do you mean by that?—A. Counting the niomber in attendance this year at this time in proportion to the number in attendance last year at this time.

Q. How late do they enter?—A. They enter throughout the year. We have a short course in assaying that takes well-

-that strikes a good many. And a good many come in for that at the January semester, at the second semester. Of the 176 that we have entered at present probably 100 are taking the full course; the others are taking the various branches for special work.

Q. These students come from all over the Territory, do they?—A. Yes, sir; they do.

Q. How many do you have from Phoenix?—A. I should say that we have from Phoenix and the adjoining territory twenty-five. 188

A SCHOOL OF MINES.

Q. And how many have you from Tucson and the surrounding territory?—^A. About seventy or seventy-five. We take a special pride in our school of mines.We claim it is the most practical thing in any of the Western States because of the proximity of the mines.

And further the witness saith not.

Judge GEORGE R. DAVIS^®^ appeared before the committee and testified as follows;

By the CHAIRMAN: Q. Judge, will you please state your full name to the committee?—A. My name is George R. Davis.

Q. And your age is what?—A. Forty-one years.

Q. How long have you lived here, Judge?—A. Something over five years. Q. Have you been in this district all this time?—A.

Yes, sir. Q. Have you been over the district very much?—A. I have

been in the county seats, and in some of the suburban towns

in the counties—not all of them.

Q. What county seats?—A. I have been to Tombstone; I have held court there twice a year. 189

TOMBSTONE'S RISE AND FALL.

Q. That is quite a town now, is it not?—A. No, sir;

Tombstone^®® is not much of a town; it is but a small village. Once it was a great town, one of the great mining camps of the West; but it is a deserted village now.

However, there is an effort being made to rehabilitate the

mines and the town.^®'

LITTLE IRRIGATION LITIGATION.

Q. With reference to the civil side of your docket, I

suppose most of your cases on the civil side of your docket

are mining and irrigation cases?—A. There is a very

little irrigation litigation in my district. Phoenix is

the district in which the largest amount of irrigation

litigation is. The litigation is chiefly mining and

general commercial practice and suits in regard to titles.

Q. On the criminal side, what is the proportion of the

crimes that are charged?—A. Well, do you mean the

proportion as to the class of crimes? Q. Yes, sir; the proportion of crimes.—A. Well, we have

in every county of the district, at every term of the

court, I might say, some larceny cases, some [assault]

cases, and generally some murder cases.

Q. What proportion of those cases now are distributed 190 among the so-called "American" and so-called "Mexican" population?—A. It would be my estimate that three-fourths of the persons convicted of felonies belong to the class known as Mexicans.^'®

And further the witness saith not.

L. C. HUGHES,called as a witness, and first having been duly sworn, testified as follows:

By the CHAIRMAN; Q. You may state your name to the committee.—^A. My name is L. C. Hughes.

Q. How old are you?—A. I am 59 years old. Q. How long have you lived in the Territory?—A. Thirty- one years.

Q. Are you pretty well acquainted with the Territory?—A.

I think I am. Q. What is your business?—A. I am now the editor of the

Star [Tucson Arizona Star!.

Q. Are you pretty well acquainted with the people of the

Territory?—A. I think I am.

Q. Is the sentiment here pretty unanimous for statehood?-

-A. I believe it is. Q. Was there any meeting here yesterday, or recently, concerning that matter?—A. There was. 191

"THE PIONEER SOCIETY."

Q. What was that meeting?—A. The meeting was the meeting of "The Pioneer Society.

Q. Did they adopt any resolutions at that meeting?—A.

They did. Q. What were they; what was the purport of those resolutions?—A. The purport of those resolutions is that they are unanimously in favor of statehood, but they desire to have some amendments made in that section of the omnibus bill [H.R. 12543]^'^ Which refers to Arizona.

Q. What are the amendments which they desire to have made?—A. They desire to have a larger number of delegates to the consitutional convention; they desire to have an apportionment made between the respective counties on the basis of the census of 1900.

APPORTIONMENT A GERRYMANDER.

The present apportionment is a gerrymander. They also desire ample time from the time when the bill is passed until the meeting of the convention—plenty of time—for the holding of the election for the delegates to the convention; plenty of time—a reasonable time from the time of the election—from the time the election takes place until the convention meets, and then three or four months 192 from the time the constitution has been framed in which it can be presented and discussed before the people until it can be voted on. 29S

Q. Are they satisfied with the present omnibus bill?—A.

No, sir; they are not.

Q. Have you those resolutions with you?—A. Yes, sir.

Q. Will you have a copy filed with our secretary with your evidence?—A. Yes, sir. Now, there is another thing Q. Can you point out your objections to the bill?—A.

Yes, sir; the bill is a gerrymander. The bill does not give a just apportionment. For instance, but three delegates are given from Pima County, and three are given from Pinal County, and two from all the other counties; and

Pima County has as much population and more taxable property than all these three put together.

Q. So you are not satisfied with the apportionment made in the bill?—A. No, sir; we are not.

Q. You were governor of the Territory at one time [1893-

1896]?—A. Yes, sir.

And further the witness saith not.

The resolutions identified by the last witness and left by him as a part of his testimony here follow: 193

HALL OF ARIZONA PIONEER SOCIETY,

Tucson. Ariz». November 18. 1902.

Hon. A. J. BEVERIDGE, United States Senator. Chairman of Committee on

Territories.

SIR: By direction of the Arizona Pioneer Society I have been requested to present to you the accompanying views and sentiments of the society upon the provisions of the pending bill now before the United States Senate in regard to statehood for Oklahoma, Arizona, and New Mexico, and to respectfully ask the favorable consideration of your committee.

I have the honor to be,

Very respectfully, you obedient servant, [SEAL] SIDNEY R. DE LONG,^®®

President of the Arizona Pioneer Society.

Opinion of the Society of Arizona Pioneers, as defined at a

full meeting held at their rooms in Tucson. Ariz..

November 18. 1902. upon the steps that should be taken in

regard to the important cruestion of bringing Arizona into

the United States as a sovereign State.

It is not the intention of this society to take part as an 194 association in politics, nor is this deemed a political question, but one in which every good citizen ought to feel a deep interest. It is presumed that all citizens of

Arizona are in favor of statehood, under fair and just

conditions to all the people interested, regardless of their political or party affiliations. There has been a bill passed by the House of

Representatives at the last session, and which is now in the Senate to be acted upon soon after convening in

December next, for the admission of Oklahoma, New Mexico,

a.nd Arizona as States of the Union, sometimes spoken of as the "omnibus bill." While there is much in this bill that the society would consider beneficial to all, it would seem

in some of its provisions to have been prepared hastily and without proper consideration for the rights of the whole

people, and therefore the society would respectfully suggest that this bill be amended in these particulars

before its final passage, or a new bill substituted.

First. The representation of members for the

constitutional convention called to frame a state

constitution should be apportioned among the several

counties of the Territory according to the whole population

as declared by the census of 1900, unless a new special

census be declared and taken by due authority; and it might 195 be considered an improvement to increase the whole number of delegates to the constitutional convention from thirty- six, as fixed in the bill, to, say, sixty. In the apportionment by the "omnibus bill" the apportionment by a political legislature of Arizona for its own members was adopted and not according to the population of the different counties. Second. The society would respectfully suggest that the bill be amended so the appointment for delegates to the constitutional convention be made among the several counties of the Territory according to the population by the census of 1900. The governor of the Territory, chief justice, and secretary of the same shall declare the ntimber of delegates for said convention apportioned to each county to be voted for.^"

Third. In talcing the sense of the people in an election for the adoption or rejection of the said constitution, said election shall be in not less that four months after said convention shall adjourn, after the completion of its labors, and held for the purpose of voting upon the constitution, for or against, as framed by said constitutional convention. The vote shall be "for the constitution" or "against the constitution," and no other vote shall be taken for any 196 person or any other subject at that election.

Fourth. Should the vote taken upon the constitution be in favor of its adoption, as framed by the constitutional convention, then and in that case the election for State officers and others^'® to be elected when Arizona becomes a

State shall be at the next general election in 1904, for to call a special election would put the people to an almost useless expense to reach the same results.

Report adopted in full meeting November 18, 1902.

[SEAL] Sidney R. De Long, President of Society.

JAMES FLYNN,^®® called as a witness, and first having been duly sworn testified as follows:

By the CHAIRMAN: Q. You may state your name to the committee.—A. James

Flynn.

Q. What are your official duties?—A. City tax and license collector.

Q. From what sources does the city derive license revenue?—A. From the saloons and gambling.

Q. How much from the saloons?—A. They have changed it; they pay $25 a quarter now, license.

Q. And the next?—A. The gambling privileges, $17.50 a 197 month.

SALOONS AND GAIIBLING HOUSES NEVER CLOSE.

Q. Are both of those open on Sunday?—A. All the time. Q. Day and night?—A. As long as they want to.

MERCHANTS ALSO LICENSED.

Q. Is there any other source?—A. The merchants all pay a license. Q. How much do they pay?—A. According to the business they do. They run from $3 to $45 a quarter, merchants' license. Zexkendorf [Zeckendorfpays $45; that is the only one that pays that much.

Q. What is the total income to the city from the license revenue?—A. Well, it varies; it will be about $12,000 this year.^°^

Q. How many saloons have you?—A. Well, it varies; there is about 45 now.^°^

Q. How many gambling places?—A. There is 6 places where there is gambling done now. That varies, too. I think it is 6 now where there is gambling done now.^°*

Q. There is not a gambling place in every saloon?—A.

No, sir. Q. Does the saloon license carry the gambling privilege 198 too?—A. No, sir; they do not carry the gambling privilege, but anybody that wants to open a gambling game he can open in any saloon that he pleases, but he has got to pay a license. Q. Is there any other source of revenue?—A. Street fakirs pay, and peddlers, and things like that.

Q. This license system is under the statute of the

Territory, is it?^°®—A. Yes, sir.

And further the witness saith not.

WILLIAM ANGUS,called by the committee as a witness, and first having been duly sworn, testified as follows:

By the CHAIRMAN:

Q. You may state your name to the committee?—A. My name is William Angus. Q. How old are you?—A. Twenty-six years old.

Q. Where are you from?—A. I was born in Illinois.

Q. How long have you been here?—A. Five years and a half. Q. You are superintendent of the schools of the city and county?—A. Yes, sir. Q. How many schools have you in town?—A. There are 4

buildings; 24 teachers.

SCHOOL ATTENDANCE. 199

Q. And how many children are there enrolled?—A. There were 1,124 during the first month.

Q. And how many in attendance?—A. And the attendance is a little over 900.^°^

Q. At the present time, now?—A. Yes, sir; and that is an increase over last year of 252 for the corresponding month. Q. Are graduates from your high school admitted directly into the university, the Territorial University?—A. No, sir; we have no high school here;^°® the preparatory course in the university takes the place of a high school. I would like to make one more statement, and that is that 65 per cent of my teachers in the county and city are graduates of normals and universities.

Q. How many are graduates of normals, and how many are graduates of universities?—A. About half and half; I can not say exactly.

Q. Do you know about that?—A. Yes, sir.

Q. Do you mean graduates from the universities, such as we have in the Middle West, or Yale and Harvard?—A.

Stanford and Berkeley universities, and the normal schools of New York and Arizona.

And further the witness saith not.

M. P. FREEMAN,^®' called as a witness, and first having 200

been duly sworn, testified as follows:

By the CHAIRMAN: Q. You may state your name to the committee.—A. My name

is M. P. Freeman. Q. How long have you been here in Tucson?—A. Nearly twenty-two years. Q. What is your business?—A. I am president of the

Consolidated National Bank.^^°

Q. Is that the largest bank here?—A. It is the largest

in the Territory, so far as its deposits are concerned; not the largest as to capital.

Q. What is the extent of your deposits?—A. About

$900,000. Q. What is your capital?—A. Capital $50,000 and surplus

and profits $25,000.^^^

INTEREST RATES.

Q. What is the rate of interest here?—A. Interest

varies from 8 to 12 [percent]. Q. Never higher than 12?—A. No, sir. About here there

are some exceptional loans made as low as 7 per cent, but

that is rare; the rate is from 8 to 12.

Q. Loans are made in what proportion, what classes of

business is meant, what proportion to the merchants, what 201

proportion to the miners, and what proportion to the ranchmen?—A. That is rather a difficult question to answer.312

Q. Well, in a rough way?—A. Well, I should say that the

larger proportion is loaned to the mercantile interests.

Q. And then what proportion between miners and ranchmen?-

-A. The loans on mining properties or mining securities

are very small; they are confined to the mercantile

interests and the cattle interests.

And further the witness saith not.

(And here, at the hour of 1.30 o'clock p. m., the committee arose, to resume further hearing at the city of

Bisbee, Ariz., at 8 o'clock p. m. of said day.)

COPPER QUEEN HOTEL,BISBEE, ARIZ.,

Wednesday. November 19. 1902—8 p. m.

At the above-named place and date the coaunittee resumed

the hearing of testimony relative to the question of the

admission of said Territory to statehood.

WALTER DOUGLASS [Douglas]called as a witness, and

first having been duly sworn, testified as follows:

By the CHAIRMAN; 202 Q. Will you please state your name and age to the committee?—A. Walter Douglass, 32 years of age.

Q. How long have you been here, Mr. Douglass?—A. I have been here off and on for the last twelve years.

Q. What is your business here now?—A. I am superintendent and general manager of the Copper Queen 31.5 Consolidated Mining Company.

Q. Phelps, Dodge & Co. are the owners of that mine, are they not?—A. Yes, sir.

Q. The town of Douglass [Douglasis named after your father [Dr. James Douglas]?—A. Yes, sir.

Q. He is the president of these companies?—A. Yes, sir.

Q. Is the town of Douglass near here?—A. It is 26 miles from here, by the railroad. Q. Is that where the new smelters are being erected?—A.

Yes, sir.

Q. Will you give a brief statement to the committee of the development here of the mining properties of your company, the number of men employed, and so forth?—A.

Well, we employ approximately 1,800 men; at least there are

1,800 men on the pay roll, but some of them do not work full months. We treat from 800 to 1,000 tons of ore a day, 317 and we produced last year 20,000 tons of refined copper. 203

EMPLOYMENT IN MINES AND SMELTERS.

Q. How many of those men are employed in the mines and how many in the smelters?~A. About half and half—about

900 men underground and about 900 on the surface.

Q. You were kind enough to show the committee a map of the workings of the mine, as well as a sample of the mine itself. What is the extent of those levels?—A. Well, I can not say. That statement that I made to you I would not make under oath at all. I believe one of the engineers is supposed to have measured it up at one time, and he measured up over 100 miles, and that was a couple of years ago.318

Q. That is caused by the fact that you follow the veins as they recede?—A. Yes, sir. Well, there are no veins, as a matter of fact. There are isolated deposits in the limestone, and we have to go by guesswork to find them; but when we find them they are very large.

A MINING "CAMP"

Q. You call this town [Bisbee] a camp?—A. Yes, sir; but it is an incorporated city.

Q. What is the fact as to its being the largest mining camp in the Territory?—A. Yes, sir; it is. Q. What is the population here?—A. I believe they 204 registered 1,725 votes. It might have 1,625. We call 5 men to a vote, or 5 people to a vote here, which would run it upward of 9,000 people. We were not incorporated when the last census was taken, and it was taken with the county at large.

Q. Why do you locate your smelters at Douglass, 25 miles away instead of here?—A. Because the present smelting works were too congested to do economical work, and the water proposition is a rather difficult one here, and we think there is more water over there.

Q. Water^^° is necessary for smelting?—A. Yes, sir.

Q. What other mining properties are there in this region comparable to yours?—A. Well, the Calumet and Arizona^^^ has large ore bodies.

Q. Where is that?—A. That is joining our mines, and it erected a smelter at Douglass and blew it in two days ago.

Q. It erected its smelter there for the same reason that you did yours?—A. Yes, sir.

Q. Have you properties at Morenci?^^^—A. Yes, sir.

Q. Are they smaller or larger than here?—A. They are smaller producers. The ore is of lower grade. We treat more ore, but we do not produce more than two-thirds as much copper.

Q. How many men do you employ there?—A. Probably about 205

1,200, altogether.

Q. And how many in the mines and how many on the surface?—A. It is generally about half and half.

••MEXICAN" AND "AMERICAN*' CAMPS.

Q. What is the fact about that camp [Horenci] and this camp [Bisbee] with reference to what is known, in popular parlance down here, as to the people in the two camps being

Mexican or American—as to their being Mexican or American camps?—A. Well, Morenci and Clifton used to be essentially Mexican camps, but that don't obtain now, for a very large proportion• of them are white men.324

Q. And how is it here?—A. There are 90 per cent white here.

Q. What is the per cent of each over there [Morenci]?—

A. I could not say, but I should think they might be about half and half over there; possibly 40 per cent white and 60 per cent Mexican.

THE BOOM DAYS OF TOMBSTONE.

Q. Were you here in the boom days of Tombstone? —A.

No, sir.

Q. Was it a place of considerable consequence about that 206 time?—A. Oh, yes.

Q. What is its condition now?—A. Well, its condition is altogether dependent upon what the development will do on the lower levels, when they get the water out of the mines.326

Q. Has there been an increase or decrease in the population since the old days?—A. A very large decrease.

It used to be a place of 12,000 people,and a year ago it was a town of six or eight hundred people. Now it is a town of 1,200 people.

Q. It depends upon what, do you say?—A. On the mining operations which have been resumed there; and the future prosperity will depend upon whether the ore bodies below the water level will be profitable to operate and work.

Q. Where are the Commonwealth mines^^' located?—^A. In the Sulphur Springs Valley.

Q. Who are the owners of that mine?—A. Mr. Richard

Penrose, a brother of Senator [Boise] Penrose, of

Pennsylvania; Mr. [D. M.] Beringer [Barringer], and Mr.

[John] Brockman [Brocknow]. Q. Is that the same Mr. Penrose who is interested in the reduction works at Colorado Springs?—A. Yes, sir; the same one.

And further the witness saith not. 207

And here, at the hour of 8.30 o'clock p. m., the committee 330 arose to resume its hearings at Las Cruces, N. Mex.,

Thursday, November 20, 1902. 208

ANNOTATIONS

^The Beveridge conunittee reached Prescott by the Santa

Fe, Prescott, and Phoenix Railway from the main Santa Fe line at Ashfork on Sunday, November 16, 1902 and began hearings the'next morning. Prescott was established in

1864 (incorporated in 1881) as the Yavapai County seat and was the territorial capital from 1864-67 and again in 1877- 89. Named after historian William Hickling Prescott, the town is located in the mountains of west central Arizona at an elevation of 5,354 feet. Pauline Hensen, Founding a

Wilderness Capital. Prescott. A.T. (Flagstaff, Arizona;

Northland Press, 1965) and Robert L. Swor, "The Development of Prescott" (M.A. thesis, Arizona State University, 1952).

^The Burke Hotel, originally called the Burke and

Hickey Hotel, had reopened in 1901 after a devastating fire a year earlier. Prescott Courier Westward. January 16,

1976.

^Henry Hartin enumerated 908 people in District 62.

The 1900 census lists his pay as $6.00, presumably $6.00 per day. 1900 Census Enumeration District Descriptions 209 Alabama. Arizona. Alaska. Arkansas 10 volumes,

(Washington, D.C.: United States Census Office, 1901) also filmed as microfilm T-1210, roll 1, p. 20.

^District 62 encompassed an area to the east of

Prescott and included Camp Verde. See 1900_District

Descriptions. T-1210, roll 1 for descriptions of the census districts.

®In 1900 there were 113 mines operating in Arizona, with products valued at $11, 197,375. The number of farms

(5,809) represented a 307.4% increase from the total recorded in the 1890 census. Livestock was valued at

$15,545,687. Abstract of the Twelfth Census of the United

States, 1900 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing

Office, 1904), pp. 225, 235, 429. See also John F. Blandy,

"Mining in Yavapai County, Arizona," Engineering and Mining

Journal. vol. 66 (November 5, 1898), pp. 547-548.

®The Verde River, part of the Gila River system, is located east of Prescott. For a map of irrigated areas along the Verde and Agua Fria Rivers, see Report of the

Governor of Arizona. 1901 (Washington, D.C.: Government

Printing Office, 1901), p. 117. 210

^Roughly sixty percent of Yavapai County's irrigated land was found in the upper Verde Valley. The largest irrigation canals were the Verde Canal and Lower Verde, both 15 miles long. Ibid.. p. 135.

®14,172 individuals claimed Mexico as their country of birth. (Arizona's enumerated population was 122,931.)

Abstract of Twelfth Census, pp. 58-63.

'The Basque French were probably herders for the

36,070 sheep in Yavapai County in 1900. Report of the

Governor of Arizona. 1902 (Washington, D.C.: Government

Printing Office, 1902), p. 55.

^°Born in Wisconsin in 1860, John J. Sanders served in the Idaho Legislature before settling in Prescott in 1886.

He served as a Yavapai County Representative in the Arizona

Territorial Legislature. Twelfth Census of the United

States. 1900. 10 volumes (Washington, D.C.: United States

Census Office, 1901). See also microfilm T-623 (Arizona),

roll 47, vol. 5, sheet 12, line 23; and unidentified newsclipping, clipbook 566, Arizona Historical Society

[AHS], Tucson. 211

^^John J. Sanders was responsible for District 64.

1900 District Descriptions. T-1210. roll 1, p. 22.

^^Sanders counted 1,084 people in Southeastern Yavapai

County at a pay rate of $6.00. 1900_District Descriptions.

T-1210, roll 1, p. 22.

^^In 1900 Native Americans comprised 21.5% of

Arizona's population (26,480 people). Abstract of Twelfth

Census, p. 40.

^^The 1900 census attributes 13,799 inhabitants to

Yavapai County. The committee did not question the six other enumerators who worked in Yavapai County: Samuel C.

Rees (District 61), Charles E. Hodgden (District 63),

Charles Born Jr. (District 66), George E. Brown (District

68), G. W. Hance (District 69), and Horace P. Merrill

(District 70). 1900 District Descriptions. T-1210, roll 1, p. 20; Abstract of Twelfth Census, p. 150.

^®Richard E. Sloan (1857-1933) had held numerous legal positions in Arizona. He was district attorney for Pinal

County in 1886 and judge of the First Judicial District in 212

Tucson in 1889, and judge of the Fourth District in 1897.

As district judge, he also was associate justice of the Arizona Supreme Cotirt. Sloan served as the seventeenth and last territorial governor. J. H. McClintock, Arizona; Prehistoric. Aboriginal. Pioneer. Modern 3 vols. (Chicago:

The S. J. Clarke Publishing Co., 1916), vol. 1, p. 347, and vol. 2, pp. 357, 359, 377; Portrait and Biographical Record of Arizona (Chicago: Chapman Publishing Co., 1901), p. 32; Richard E. Sloan, Memories of an Arizona Judge (Stanford:

Stanford University Press, 1932).

^®In 1900 the value of mine products ($11,197,375) exceeded the value of farm products in 1900 ($6,997,097), but farm property was valued at $29,993,847. The value of livestock ($15,545,687) was higher than that of mine products. See footnote 5.

Abstract of Twelfth Census, pp. 225, 234-236, 429.

^^The major Iximber companies in 1902 were the Arizona

Lvunber and Timber Company of Flagstaff, owned and managed by Michael and Timothy Riordan, and the Saginaw and

Manistee Lumber Company at Williams. "Annual Report of the

Governor of Arizona, 1902," House Document THDI 5. 57

Congress, 2 Session (Serial 4461), p. 233. See also Robert 213

Lavesco Matheny, "The History of Liunbering in Arizona before World War II" (Ph.D. dissertation. University of

Arizona, 1975).

^®The witness refers to the San Francisco and Prescott

Forest Reserves, ten thousand square miles of Ponderosa pine forests. "Annual Report, 1902," HP 5. 57 Cong., 2

Sess., p. 233.

^^The principal mines in Yavapai County included the

United Verde, the Congress Consolidated Mines (gold), and the Octave Gold Mining Company. The number of patented mines jumped from 434 in 1901 (valued at $1,041,080) to 674 in 1902 (assessed for $1,810,069). Report of the Governor.

1902. pp. 48-51.

^°The Twelfth Census indicates that agriculture in

Arizona was a growing industry in 1902. The value of products per acre (not fed to livestock) was $3.19. By comparison, the value of Oklahoma products per acre was

$2.38. Abstract of Twelfth Census, p. 237.

^^In 1902 Phoenix, situated in the Salt River Valley at an elevation of 1,117 feet, was the territorial capital 214

(as of 1889) and Maricopa County seat. The town site had been selected in 1870 and incorporated in 1881. The town's nane, attributed to Lord Darrell Duppa, came from the dream of a great city rising like a Phoenix from the ruins of ancient Hohokam canals and villages. Stanley R. Mathews and Elwyn Evans, "The Father of Phoenix," Journal of

Arizona History TJAHI. vol. 29 (Autumn, 1988), pp. 225-

244; Bradford Luckingham, Phoenix; The Historv of A Southwestern Metropolis (Tuscon: University of Arizona

Press, 1989).

^^Salt River Valley residents suffered from a severe drought which began in 1897. The river's flow was the lowest in a decade—a meager 225 acre feet per day in the summer. Water users squabbled over distribution and many acres once cultivated lay fallow. In 1900 farmers irrigated 185,396 acres of land in the territory. The cost of the irrigation system ($4,438,352) far exceeded the value of irrigated crops ($2,250,519). Abstract of Twelfth

Census. p. 296; "Annual Report, 1902," HP 5. 57 Cong., 2

Sess., pp. 203-204, 252-254; Edward H. Peplow, Jr. (ed.).

The Taming of the Salt (Phoenix: Salt River Project,

1979), pp. 66-70, 89. 215

^^The bill referred to was the Reclamation Act, enacted in June of 1902. The act established the

Reclamation Service as part of the United States Geological

Survey. The act provided for construction of irrigation projects through receipts from public land sales in western territories and states. The Theodore Roosevelt Dam, completed on" the Salt River in 1911, and the Truckee-Carson project in Nevada were the Reclamation Service's first projects. Joseph M. Petulla, American Environmental

History (San Francisco; Boyd & Fraser Publishing Co., 1977), pp. 268-270. See also Earl A. Zarbin, Roosevelt

Dam; A History to 1911 (Phoenix; Salt River Project,

1984).

^^The Agua Fria Canal and Reservoir, on the Agua Fria

River west of Phoenix, were being constructed in 1902. The canal was designed to be thirty miles long and capable of irrigating 150,000 acres. Report of the Governor. 1901. p.

129.

^®The site for the Theodore Roosevelt Dam was located at the confluence of Tonto Creek and the Salt River in

August of 1899. Peplow, The Taming of the Salt, pp. 45-

46. 216

^^Educated in Massachusetts, Dwight Bancroft Heard

(1869-1929) came to the Salt River Valley in 1895 and

served as a member of the five-member Maricopa County Water

Storage Commission which developed Roosevelt Dam. A friend

of President Roosevelt, Heard lobbied hard for the

Roosevelt Dam project and helped form the Salt River Valley

Water Users' Association in 1903 which financed its

construction. Besides a career in real estate and

insurance. Heard was active in politics and civic affairs,

heading such organizations as the Citizen's Committee for

Statehood for Arizona, the Arizona Cattle Growers'

Association, and the Phoenix Board of Trade. In 1912 he

purchased the Phoenix Arizona Republican. Jo Conners.

Who's Who in Arizona (Tucson: Press of the Arizona Dailv

Star. 1913), vol. 1, p. 703; G. Wesley Johnson, Jr.,

"Dwight Heard in Phoenix," JAH. vol. 18 (Autumn, 1977), pp.

279-294; McClintock, Arizona, vol. 3, p. 434.

^'a nephew of Major John Wesley Powell, formerly of

the U.S. Geological Survey, Arthur Powell Davis (1861-

1933), a hydraulic engineer, surveyed the Tonto Basin site

(Roosevelt Dam) and submitted a report in 1902 entitled,

"Water Storage on Salt River, Arizona," to the Maricopa 217

County Water Storage Commission. Davis worked for the U.S. Geological Survey and conducted numerous explorations in

Arizona, New Mexico, and California, besides working on the

Panama Canal. He was Director of the Reclamation Service from 1914 to 1923. Albert Nelson Marquis, (ed.), Who^s Who in America. 1926-1927 (Chicago: A. N. Marquis Co., 1926), vol. 14, p. 564; Peplow, Taming of the Salt, pp. 75-79;

Karen L. Smith, The Maonificient Experiment (Tucson:

Univeristy of Arizona Press, 1986), pp. 13, 123.

^®The United States Geological Survey was established in 1879 in part to reorganize rival western surveys. John

Wesley Powell (1834-1902) served as Director from 1881-

1894. William Bridgwater and Elizabeth J. Shezvood, (ed.).

The Columbia Encyclopedia (Morningside Heights, New York:

Columbia University Press, 1956), p. 1591.

^®The Vulture Mine, west of Wickenburg, was the most important mining area in the county in 1902. "Historical" in Portrait and Biographical Record, p. lOlO; Duane A.

Smith, "The Vulture Mine: Arizona's Golden Mirage,"

Arizona and the West TAWI. vol. 14 (Autumn, 1972), pp. 231-

252. 218 ^°In 1901 Pinal County ranked third among Arizona counties in agricultural production, following Graham and

Maricopa counties. "Historical" in Portrait and Biographical Record, p. 1013.

^^The site would be to the east at the confluence of the Gila and San Carlos rivers. Florence, located halfway between Tucson and Phoenix, was founded on the Gila River in 1866 and became the Pinal County seat in 1875 when the county was created. Florence was incorporated in 1908.

Ava S. Baldwin, "The History of Florence, Arizona, 1866-

1940" (M.A. thesis, Univeristy of Arizona, 1941); Roger L.

Nichols, "A Miniature Venice: Florence, Arizona, 1866- 1910," JM, vol. 16 (Winter, 1975), pp. 335-356.

^^As early as 1893, Sacaton Indian Reservation Agent

J. R. Young complained about the diversion of Gila River water for the benefit of white ranchers at the expense of the Maricopa and Pima Indians. He pushed for a storage dam, and in 1899 J. B. Lippincott of the USGS reported in

Water Storage Paper No. 3 that a masonry dam was possible to the east at the San Carlos River junction and could impound at least 241,000 acre feet. Lippincott calculated that the reservoir could irrigate over 100,000 acres. 219 exclusive of the reservation needs. Coolidge Dam, which created the San Carlos Reservoir, was completed on November

30, 1928. Arthur P. Davis, "Report on the Irrigation

Investigation for Benefit of the Pima and Other Indians . . . .," Senate Document rSDI 27. 54 Cong., 2 Sess. (Serial

3467); David F. Myrick, Railroads of Arizona; Phoenix and

The Central Roads. 3 vol\imes (San Diego: Howell-North

Books, 1980), vol. 2, pp. 609-614; Karen L. Smith, "The

Campaign for Water in Central Arizona, 1890-1903," M/ vol.

23 (Svimmer, 1981), pp. 127-130.

^^For information on the destitute condition of Pima

Indians due to lack of irrigation, see Robert Trennert,

"John H. Stout and the Grant Peace Policy Among the Pimas,"

AW. vol. 28 (Spring, 1986), pp. 45-68.

^^In 1901 irrigation in Graham County was a private enterprise controlled by the farmers. Of the 25 canals along both sides of the River, the most important were the

San Jose (8 miles), the Montezuma (8 miles), the Central (9 miles), the Smithville (6.5 miles), and the Enterprise

Ditch (under construction). Report of the Governor. 1901. pp. 124-125. 220

^^Charles G. Mason founded the Silver King on March

22, 1875, based on the silver specimens discovered two years earlier by a soldier named Sullivan. Incorporated in

1877, the mine operated sporadically until the 1920's and produced $6,500,000 of silver. The bulk of this yield occurred before 1893. Charles H. Dunning, Rock to Riches (Phoenix: Southwest Publishing Co., 1959), pp. 83-84, 116-

118.

^®The Silver King Mine had shut down in 1896 and was inactive in 1902. Perry Wildman, "Great Days at Silver

King," JAH. vol. 18 (Winter, 1977), p. 387.

^^The Twelfth Census confiras that in 1899 Montana produced 39.6% of the United States copper, the Lake

Superior region in Michigan 25.9%, and Arizona 23.4%. By

1907, Arizona was the leading copper producer. Dunning, Rock to Riches, p. 159; Lead. Copper, and Zinc Smelting and

Refining (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office,

Census Bulletin No. 124, Jan. 4, 1902), p. 14.

^®The Copper Queen Consolidated Mining Company was formed in 1885 when Phelps Dodge & Company merged their

Atlanta claim with the Copper Queen claim of Ben Williams. 221

Robert G. Cleland, A History of Phelps Dodae. 1834-1950

(New York: Knopf, 1952), pp. 72-272; James Douglas, "Historical Sketch of the Copper Queen Mine," Mining World

(March 15, 1913); Dunning, Rock to Riches, pp. 70-72, 103-

104. See also James Byrkit, Forging the Copper Collar

(Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1982).

^'Democratic Montana Senator William Clark acquired the United Verde Mine at Jerome in the late 1880's. Dunning, Rock to Riches, p. 114; Russell Wahmann, "A

Centennial Commemoration: United Verde Copper Company,

1882-1982," JAH. vol. 23 (Aut\imn, 1982), pp. 249-266.

^°The United Verde was formed in 1883, and the United

Verde Extension was incorporated in 1894. In 1894 these mines could produce 3,500,000 pounds of copper a month.

During its operation from 1883-1936, the United Verde produced $470,000,000 in copper, gold, and silver—the latter being mined when copper prices were low. Microfilm,

4.4.364, n.d., Arizona Corporation commission Records,

Arizona Department of Library, Archives, and Public

Records, Phoenix, Arizona; Arizona Star (Tucson), December

2, 1971; Dunning, Rock to Riches, pp. 149-150. 222

*^The Arizona Copper Company of Edinburgh was incorporated in 1882 to operate the mines at Clifton (not

Bisbee). By 1902, the company was producing 14,000 tons of copper per annvim, when the price averaged 15 cents per pound. Dunning, Rock to Riches, pp. 106, 139-140;

Microfilm, 4.4.17, Arizona Corporation Commission Records; Report of the Governor. 1902. p. 43. For a technical treatment, see R. T. Hoolick and Joseph John Durek, "The

Morenci District," in Geolocrv of the Porphvrv Copper

Deposits (Tucson: Univeristy of Arizona Press, 1966), pp.

221-232.

*^James Colquhoun arrived in Clifton in 1883, held various positions with the Arizona Copper Company, and became general manager in 1892. He built a leaching plant and modern smelter in 1901 and turned a struggling company into a profitable one before his retirement in 1907.

Dunning, Rock to Riches, pp. 106-108, 137-140. See also

James Colquhoun, History of Clifton-Morenci Mining District

(London: John Murray, 1924) and W. Turrentine Jackson, The

Enterprising Scot (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press,

1968), pp. 163-185.

^^The Shannon Copper Corporation, incorporated 223

November 11, 1899, purchased the Shannon mine, located northwest of Clifton, from the Arizona Copper Company in

1901. In 1902 the mine was producing copper and flourished until the value of the ore dropped. The company resold the property to the Arizona Copper Company in 1919. Dunning,

Rock to Riches, pp. 140-141; Microfilm, 4.4.314, Arizona

Corporation Commission Records; Report of the Governor.

1902. pp. 43-44.

^^The Old Dominion, and indeed all of the Globe area, produced copper in fits and starts until the Lewisohn

Brothers of New York purchased the property in 1895 and built a rail link to the Southern Pacific in 1898 and a new smelter. The Old Dominion produced 10,094,787 pounds of copper in 1901. Because of flooding problems, the brothers sold to Phelps Dodge in 1903. Globe was an attractive mining center in the late 1870's and 1880's, and in 1902 became the county seat of Gila County. The Black Warrior in Gila County was incorporated in 1896. Dunning, Rock to

Riches. pp. 97, 147; Microfilm, 4.4.45 and 4.4.246, Arizona

Corporation Commission Records; "New Dominion Copper Co.," brochure, n.p., n.d.. Ephemera File, AHS, Tucson; Report of the Governor. 1902. p. 42; Clara T. Woody and Milton L.

Schwartz, Globe Arizona; Early Times in a Little World of 224

Copper and Cattle (Tucson; Arizona Historical Society,

1977).

*®The Twelfth Census indicated that 74 gold and silver nines operated in Arizona in 1900 with a combined product

value of $2,764,677. Abstract of Twelfth Census, p. 430.

*®The Banner Mine in Mojave County produced $350,000

in silver from 1880 to 1916, and the Elkhart Mine at Chloride produced $600,000 from 1885 to 1917. The White

Hills operation, a declining silver property in 1902, had

been the largest mining camp in the area. Dunning, Rock to

Riches. pp. 348, 357-358.

*^Gold discoveries at the turn of the century in

Mohave County included the Katherine Mine (1900), developed

by the New Comstock Mining Company, and the Vivian,

discovered by Ben Paddock in 1902. Ibid.. pp. 366, 385.

*®The federal government demonitized silver in 1893.

Silver, valued at $1.29 per ounce, dropped to an average of

78 cents per ounce. Ibid.. p. 305.

^^The Fortuna, discovered in 1895 and operated by the 225

La Fortuna Gold Mining and Milling Company, produced

$2,587/987 in gold from 1896 to 1904. Charles Eichelberger discovered the King of Arizona, located at Kofa, in 1896 and organized a company with the help of H. B. Gleason and

Epes Randolph (division manager of the Southern Pacific

Railroad). According to the Arizona Bureau of Mines

Bulletin No. 137. the King of Arizona produced $3,500,000 in gold from 1899 to 1910. Dunning, Rock to Riches, pp.

145-146, 151; Byrd H. Granger, will C. Barnes^ Arizona

Place Names (Tucson: Univeristy of Arizona Press, 1970), p. 378.

®°Following the Reclamation Act of 1902, the.

Reclamation Service organized the Yuma Project which included an Indian weir diversion dam—Laguna Dam completed in 1909—a large siphon under the river, and many miles of canals. The project eventually supplied water to about

100,000 acres. Reclamation Service, Yuma Project;

Information Compiled for Board of Army Engineers. 1910

(Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1910), pp.

1-8. See also Norris Hundley, Water and the West; The

Colorado River Compact and the Politics of Water in the

West (Berkeley, California: University of California

Press, 1975). 226

®^The value of cattle in Pima County in 1901 was approximately $1,500,000 in 1901. "Historical" in Portrait and Biographical Record, p. 1011.

®^Tombstone was established in 1879, incorporated in

1881, and momentarily became a large town (estimated 6,000 at its peak). John Pearce, a Tombstone miner, purchased a ranch in the Sulphur Springs Valley, discovered a rich gold vein on his property, and established the Commonwealth Mine in 1895. In 1877 airmy scouts found copper ore samples in Mule Pass. Here Phelps Dodge and Company developed the

Copper Queen Mine. Bisbee was named for Judge Dewitt

Bisbee, a shareholder in the Copper Queen. Incorporated on

January 9, 1902, Bisbee became the county seat of Cochise

County in 1929. Dunning, Rock to Riches, pp. 141-142;

Granger, Arizona Place Names, pp. 30, 46. See also Lynn R.

Bailey, Bisbee; Queen of the Copper Camps (Tucson:

Westernlore Press, 1983); William P. Blake, Tombstone and

Its Mines (New York: Cheltenham Press, 1902); Annie M.

Cox, "A History of Bisbee, 1877-1937" (M.A. thesis.

University of Arizona, 1938); H. P. Walker, "Arizona Land

Fraud: Model 1880 The Tombstone Townsite Company," vol. 21 (Spring, 1979), pp. 5-36. 227

copper smelter was constructed east of Bisbee in

1901, and a town, named for Dr. James Douglas, was started immediately and incorporated in 1905. Naco became a port of entry in 1899 when the Arizona and South Eastern Rail Road was built from Benson to Nacozari, Sonora. Granger,

Arizona Place Names, p.44; Robert S. Jeffrey, "The History of Douglas, Arizona" (M.A. thesis. University of Arizona,

1951); David F. Myrick, Railroads of Arizona: The Southern

Roads. 3 volumes (Berkeley, California: Howell-North

Books, 1975), vol. 1, pp. 179-180.

^^In 1880 James Douglas, a metallurgist, inspected ore-bodies at Bisbee and Jerome for the Phelps Dodge

Company, which purchased the Detroit Copper Company at

Morenci and the Atlanta Claim in Bisbee. Cleland, Phelps

Dodge, pp. 72-272; Dunning, Rock to Riches, pp. 101, 111,

139, 172.

®®There was no coal in Graham County. The Deer Creek

Field, small and unimportant, was located in Pinal County near the Graham County line. The Black Mesa coal field, encompassing 3,200 square miles in Apache, Navajo, and

Coconino counties, was the most extensive field in Arizona. 228

Paul Averitt and Robert O'Sullivan, Mineral and Water Sources of Arizona (Tucson: University of Arizona, Bureau

of Mines Bulletin 180, 1969), p. 65; H. R. Campbell and H.

E. Gregory, The Black Mesa Coal Field. Arizona (U. S.

Geological Survey Bulletin 43IB. 1911), pp. 229-238; H.

Wesley Pierce, et al., Coal. Oil. Natural Gas. Helium and Uranium in Arizona (Tucson: Univeristy of Arizona, Bureau

of Mines Bulletin 182, 1970), pp. 12-14.

®®Chapter two of Title 38 in the Revised Statutes of

Arizona. 1901 (Columbia, Missouri, n.p., 1901), pp. 737-

738 required that every juror be a male citizen, a county

resident for six months, twenty-one years old, and

"understand the English language." In 1900, 27,468

Arizonans over the age of ten could not speak English.

Abstract of Twelfth Census, p. 76

^^Exemption from jury duty was possible for men over

sixty, territorial and federal officers, ministers,

physicians, attorneys, newspaper editors, schoolteachers,

druggists, undertakers, telgraph operators, railroad

station agents and numerous classes of railroad employees,

and members of fire companies (with some restrictions).

Revised Statutes of Arizona. 1901. p. 738. 229

®®The town of Jerome served the United Verde Mines.

Located at 5,248 feet on Woodchute Mountain in the Verde

Valley, it was incorporated in 1899, and, in 1900, had

2,861 people. 1900 District Descriptions. T-1210, roll 1, p. 20. See also John C. Brogdon, "The History of Jerome,

Arizona" (M.A. thesis. University of Arizona, 1952); Herbert Young, Thev Came to Jerome (Jerome, Arizona:

Jerome Historical Society, 1972).

®'a 1901 Census Bulletin indicates that Arizona had the highest rate of homicides and deaths from gunshot wounds per capita of any state or territory in the union.

Thirty-five individuals died in 1900 from these causes.

Abstract of Twelfth Census, p. 32. See also Mortality

Statistics for the Census Year 1900 (Washington, D.C.;

Government Printing Office, Census Bulletin 83, 1901).

®°Born in Pennsylvania, Frederick A. Tritle (1833-

1906) engaged in mining in Nevada and succeeded John C.

Fremont as Arizona Territorial Governor (1881-1885). In

1899 he was appointed supervisor of the 1900 census for

Arizona. John S. Goff, Arizona Territorial Officials: The

Governors. 1863-1912 (Cave Creek, Arizona: Black Mountain 230

Press, 1978), pp. 84-95.

^^For the 1900 Census Arizona had 138 envmerators in

91 districts plus 35 assistants on reservations. (Indian

Agents usually served as enumerators.) Only four census takers in Arizona had hispanic surnames. l900_District

Descriptions, p.11; Folder "Indian Reservations, Census of

1900 . . .," Records of the Geography Division, 1889-1950,

Box 57, Records of the Assistant Director for Operations,

Records of the Census Bureau, National Archives.

®^It appears that the Commissioner of Indian Affairs in Washington, D.C. suggested reservation eniimerators to the territorial and state supervisors of the Census. Tab

Lewis, Civil Reference Branch, National Archives, to Karen

Underbill, February, 8, 1990, editor's files.

®^The Census Office employed 32 interpreters in

Arizona for enumeration on the reservations at a pay rate of $2.00 per day. How many Spanish language interpreters used is unknown. Lewis to Underbill, February 8, 1990, editor's files; "Indian Reservations, Census of 1900 . .

Records of the Census Office. 231

®®See the testimony of Phoenician Benjamin A. Fowler in this docviment (pp. 34-35).

®®German born Julius Rodenberg [Rodenburg according to census records] emigrated to the United States in 1874. He helped back the building of the Maricopa, Phoenix, and

Prescott Railroad in 1880 and had been a former head of the

Yavapai County Supervisors. Rodenburg counted 2,077 souls

in his district Number 65, at a pay rate of $6.00. 1900

District Descriptions. T-1210, roll 1, p. 22; Myrick, Railroads of Arizona, vol. 2, p. 489; Twelfth Census. T-

623, roll 17, vol. 5, sheet 5, line 67.

®®District 65 began where the Rio Santa Maria crossed the county line and continued south along the county line to the Hassayampa River, then north along the river. The district included Congress. 1900 District Descriptions. T-

1210, roll 1, p. 22.

®^In 1900 the census takers in Arizona enumerated

92,903 inhabitants as "white," or 75.6% of the population

of 122,931. Hispanics were included in this category.

Abstract of Twelfth Census, p. 40. 232

^^The Octave was located ten miles east of the

Congress Mine. Established in the late 1890's, the Octave

Gold Mining Company produced nearly $2,000,000 in gold and silver between 1900 and 1905. The Congress Mine, situated

16 miles northwest of Wickenburg, was discovered by Dennis

May in 1887. The mine produced 35,499 ounces of gold and

34,982 ounces of silver in fiscal year 1902. In 1900 30.3% of Arizona's population reported agriculture to be their occupation, while an equal 30% worked in manufacturing and mechanical positions. Ibid.. p. 88; Kevin Britz, "The

Arizona Mining Career of William F. Staunton, 1883-1931"

(M.A. thesis. University of Arizona, 1985), pp. 24-60;

Dunning, Rock to Riches, pp. 101, 109, 142-143, 152-153;

Microfilm, 4.4.246 and 4.4.77, Arizona Corporation

Commission Records; Report of the Governor. 1902. pp. 48-

49.

®'william S. Marts, listed as William S. Marks in the

1900 District Descriptions. T-1210, roll 1, p. 23, supervised district 67, which included all of Prescott within the city limits south of Gurley Street. Marks was born in 1850 in Kentucky. Great Register of Yavapai County

(Territory of Arizona: Morning Courier. 1904), no page. 233

'^William Marks counted 2,036 people at a pay rate noted only as "C". 1900 District Descriptions. T-1210, roll 1, p. 23.

^^Prescott had a population of 3,559 in 1900. The sane year 59.8% of the United States population resided in cities of 2,500 or more. In Arizona 84.1% of the population lived in county areas or in cities with less than 2,500 inhabitants. Abstract of Twelfth Census, p. 38;

Report of the Governor. 1901. p. 93.

^^Erick B. Moden, born in 1864 in California, resided at 316 Mt. Vernon (Prescott) with his wife, three sons, and one daughter. Twelfth Census. T-623, roll 13, vol. 5, sheet 11, line 72.

'^The average monthly license fee revenue in Prescott in 1903 was $1,600. Thus the $6,000 figure for three months is probably accurate. Sue Abbey, Archivist,

Sharlott Hall Museum, Prescott, to Underbill, January 20,

1990, editor's files.

^^Under the Revised Statutes of Arizona. 1887. saloons were required to pay $50.00 per quarter and gambling cost 234

$30.00 a month per table. Cited in Nancy Tisdale, "The

Prohibition Crusade in Arizona" (M.A. thesis. University of

Arizona, 1965), pp. 22-23.

'®The Revised Statutes of Arizona. 1887 regulated gambling and liquor through licenses and did not restrict the hours of operation. Cited in Tisdale, "Prohibition

Crusade," pp. 8, 22-23, 46.

^^Ordinance No. 126, adopted April 7, 1902 by the mayor and common council of the City of Prescott, required prostitutes to obtain a certificate declaring them free-of contagious infections and veneral disease. That certificate—based on an examination—had to be renewed every ten days. Marie Watson, Prescott City Clerk, to

Underbill, March 1, 1990, editor's files.

'^According to Ordinance No. 126, the fine for failure to produce a certificate was between ten and one hundred dollars with incarceration for failure to pay. Ibid.

'®The Adams Hotel, built by John C. Adams, opened for business in December of 1896. At four stories, the elegant hotel was the tallest building in Phoenix. Constructed of 235 pressed brick, the Victorian style hotel offered guests, such as the Beveridge party, a choice of 150 rooms and no less than 66 porcelain bathtubs. Famous guests included

Presidents William Howard Taft, William McKinley, and

Theodore Roosevelt. Phoenix Gazette. April 3, 1973;

Phoenix Arizona Capitol Times. May 16, 1984.

^^Benjamin Austin Fowler (1843-1921), born in

Massachusetts and educated at Andover and Yale, moved to

Phoenix in 1899 to buy a farm and retire. Instead, he became an ardent advocate for reclamation and helped prepare the articles of incorporation for the Salt River

Valley Water Users' Association—formed to help finance

Roosevelt Dam. A Republican, he put up $1,500 of his own money to bring Arthur Powell Davis to Arizona to survey the

Tonto Basin dam site. Conners, Who's Who in Arizona, p.

797; McClintock, Arizona, vol. 2, p. 353; Peplow, Taming of the Salt, pp. 66-70.

®°Democrat Marcus Aurelius Smith, elected a territorial delegate to Congress in 1896, repeatedly championed H. R. 12543 (authorizing New Mexico, Arizona, and Oklahoma to draft constitutions and apply for statehood) in the House of Representatives. Smith later 236 was one of Arizona's first senators after statehood. As an interesting aside. Smith defeated Benjamin Fowler in a 1904 congressional election. Steven Fazio, "Marcus Aurelius

Smith, Arizona Delegate and Senator," Arizona and the West, vol. 12 (Spring, 1970), pp. 23-62; McClintock, Arizona, vol. 2, pp. 345, 353, 369, 377. For a sample of Smith's rhetoric in support of H. R. 12543, see "New Statehood

Bill: Hearings of the Senate Committee on Territories June

28 and June 30, 1902 on House Bill 12543 . . SD 36. 57

Cong., 2 Sess. (Serial 4420), pp. 319-327.

®^A native of Indiana, Joseph H. Kibbey (1853-1924) arrived in Arizona in 1888 and became a judge of the Second

Judicial Court in 1889. In 1892 he authored the important

Doctrine of Prior Appropriation which settled the question of first right to Arizona water. Kibbey also drafted the articles of incorporation of the Salt River Valley Water

Users' Association in 1902-1903, and was appointed territorial governor in 1905. Goff, Arizona Territorial

Officials; The Governors, pp. 186-195; McClintock,

Arizona, p. 647; Peplow, Taming of the Salt, pp. 84-87.

®^One-time Governor of Vermont, Republican William P.

Dillingham (1843-1923) had won election to the Senate in 237

1900 and served until his death. Republican Henry Eben

Burnham (1844-1917) of New Hampshire, educated at

Dartmouth, entered the Senate in 1901. "Biographical

Directory of the American Congress, 1774-1971," SD 92-8. 92

Cong., 1 Sess. (Serial 12938), pp. 674, 863.

®^Ari2ona encompasses 113,000 square miles of land, compared to New Hampshire's 9,014 square miles or Rhode

Island's 1,058.

®*Fowler is probably referring to the present-day

Coconino National Forest (and then the San Francicso and

Prescott Forest Reserves). Ten thousand square miles of

Ponderosa pine forest blanketed Northern Arizona in 1902.

"Annual Report, 1902," HP 5. 57 Cong., 2 Sess., p. 233.

®®Granitic rocks are found in great quantities in the

Basin and Range province of Arizona. See the map in

Averitt and 0'Sullivan, Mineral and Water Resources of

Arizona, pp. 364-368.

®®The Saginaw and Manistee Lumber Company of Williams operated numerous logging railroads. The Saginaw Southern

(1898), slated for construction to Jerome, extended into 238 the pine forest for about twelve miles south of Williams in 1902. Known as the Gateway to the Grand Canyon, the town of Williams, named in honor of trapper and scout Bill

Williams, was established in 1880 and incorporated in 1901.

James R. Fuchs, A History of Williams. Arizona (Tucson:

University of Arizona, Social Science Bulletin 23, 1953), p. 79; David Myrick, Pioneer Arizona Railroads (Golden,

Colorado: Colorado Railroad Museum, 1968), p. 15.

®'ln 1900 the American-born population in Arizona was

98,698, with 66,474 people listing their state of birth as west of the Mississippi. Abstract of Twelfth Census, p.

48.

®®In 1902 Arizona had two street and electric railway companies (the Tucson Street Railway and Phoenix Railway

Company) with fifteen miles of track. Even with just seventeen passenger cars, the two lines carried 797,970 riders—each inhabitant rode an average of six times. By comparison, only one such company operated in Idaho with

3.3 miles of track. Abstract of Twelfth Census, pp. 394- 395; "Street Railroading in Arizona," Street Railwav

Review, vol. 5 (February 15, 1895), pp. 93-94. See also

Lawrence J. Fleming, Ride a Mile and Smile the While; A 239

History of the Phoenix Street Railway. 1887~1948 (Phoenix:

Swoine Publications, 1977) and John A. Haney and Cirino G.

Scavone, "Cars Stop Here: A Brief History of Street

Railways in Tucson, Arizona," The Smoke Signal, no. 23

(Spring, 1971).

®®At the turn of the century, people in the West were much less likely to be the victim of a robbery, rape, or burglary than residents of Boston. Overall, western towns had a higher rate of death by homicide than Boston. Roger D. McGrath, Gunfiahters. Highwaymen, and Vigilantes

(Berkeley: Univeristy of California Press, 1984), pp. 247-

254.

'^Arizona supported 135 churches in 1902 with 53,826 members. The majority (40,000) belonged to the Catholic

Church. The Mormon population totaled 7,033. "Annual

Report, 1902," HP 5. 57 Cong., 2 Sess., pp. 262-276;

Phoenix Arizona Republican. November 2, 1902.

'^The Beveridge Committee visited the Phoenix Indian

School and the Center Street School that morning.

According to the Twelfth_Census, Arizona had 38,868 school age children (ages 5-20). Of this number 44.1% or 17,495 240 attended school (13,642 native born and 809 foreign born).

School Superintendent Nelson G. Layton claimed in 1902 that there were 25,259 Arizona children between ages 6 and 21 and that 76% were enrolled in school. Abstact of Twelfth

Census. pp. 65, 70-71; Phoenix Arizona Gazette. November

18, 19, 1902; Phoenix Arizona Republican. November 18-20,

1902; Superintendent of Public Instruction, Biennial Reraort of the Superintendent of Public Instruction (Phoenix:

Arizona Department of Education, 1902), p. 5. Robert A. Trennert, The Phoenix Indian Schoolt Forced Assimilation in Arizona. 1891-1935 (Norman, Oklahoma: University of

Oklahoma Press, 1988). See Layton's testimony in this document.

'^The illiteracy rate in Arizona documented by the

Twelfth Census was 29% of the population over age ten.

Twelfth Census, vol. 2, p. c.

®^In 1900 approximately 19% of Arizona's population was foreign born (13% of all United States residents were foreign born in 1900). North Dakota had the highest foreign population at the time—35.4%. Twelfth Census, vol. 1, pp. clxxiii-clxxiv, ciii, civ. 241

'^For a discussion of healthseekers, see Bill Mac

Jones, Healthseekers in the Southwest. 1817-1900 (Norman,

Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press, 1967).

'®In 1900 Arizona's Mexican population numbered above

14,000. The black population was a scant 1,848

individuals. Abstract of Twelfth Census, p. 40; Twelfth

Census. vol. 1, p. cixxiv.

'®The editor has been unable to determine the number

of Mexican laborers employed by the Congress mine in 1902.

"in 1900 only one third of Arizonans came from East

of the Mississippi. Abstract of Twelfth Census, p. 48.

®®Governor Alexander Brodie's comments are in his

"Annual Report of the Governor of Arizona, 1902," HP 5. 57

Cong., 2 Sess.

''in 1902 there were 1,713 school age children (ages

6-21) in the Phoenix District. Superintendent of Public

Instruction, Biennial Report, p. 25.

^°°Arizona enumerators apparently were paid $6.00 per 242 day. Joanne Shepherd, Census History Staff, Census Bureau, to Underbill, February, 2, 1990, and Lewis, to Underbill,

February 8, 1990, editor's files.

^°^The drought began in 1897 and reduced the Salt

River to its lowest flow in a decade. "Annual Report, 1902," HP 5. 57 Cong., 2 Sess., pp. 203-204, 252-254;

Peplow, Taming of the Salt, pp. 66-70, 89.

^°^0n the morning of November 18, the Beveridge

Committee toured the capitol building and observed Judge

Edward Kent presiding over the Third District Court from

9:30 - 10:00 a.m. Phoenix Arizona Gazette. November 18,

19, 1902; Phoenix Arizona Republican. November 18-20, 1902.

^°^In 1902 Arizona's taxable wealth was estimated at

$39,083,177.57. "Annual Report, 1902," HP 5. 57 Cong., 2

Sess., p. 209.

^°^Benson, located in the San Pedro River Valley 45 miles east of Tucson, was founded in 1880 as a terminal for the Southern Pacific. Will C. Barnes, Arizona Place Names

(Tucson: University of Arizona, General Bulletin 2, 1935), p. 44. 243

^°®Naiaed after Fort Bowie (established in 1862), Bowie was and still is a small, unincorporated town located north of Apache Pass. Lordsburg, New Mexico was the eastern terminal for the Tucson Division of the Southern Pacific.

Barnes, Place Names, p. 59.

^°®The Tombstone and Fairbank limited, part of the El

Paso and Southwestern line, was completed in March of 1903.

Myrick, Railroads of Arizona, vol. 1, pp. 450-453.

^°^Eliphalet B. Gage, born in 1840, was president of the Congress Gold Company, a director of the Santa Fe,

Prescott and Phoenix Railway, president of the Phoenix

National Bank, and head of the Grand Central Mining Company in Tombstone. Brother to Arizona Territorial Governor

Nathan Oakes Murphy, Frank Morrill Murphy (1854-1917) came to Arizona in 1878, built and served as president of the

Santa Fe, Prescott, and Phoenix Railway, organized the

Development Company of America to operate the Congress Mine and others, and purchased the Phoenix Arizona Republican in

1898. Dunning, Rock to Riches, p. 88; Great Register of

Cochise County. Arizona. 1902. p. 12; McClintock, Arizona, vol. 1, p. 293; Portrait and Biographical Record of 244

Arizona, p. 865.

^°®Toinbstone declined in the mid 1880's, when water flooded the mines. Gage took control of the Grand Central

Mining Company and other local mines and in 1901 organized the Toiabstone Consolidated Mining Company. Murphy helped finance efforts to pump water out of the mines and promoted a branch of the El Paso & Southwestern Railroad to

Tombstone in 1902-1903. From 1901-1902, the mines produced

$5,539,000 in silver. Britz, "William F. Staunton," pp.

93-129; Dunning, Rock to Riches, pp. 143, 156. See also B.

S. Butler, History of the Tombstone Mine. (Tucson:

Univeristy of Arizona, January 1, Bureau of Mines Bulletin

143, 1938) and "Mining Revival in Tombstone," Engineering and Mining Journal (March 1, 1902), p. 314.

^"'situated near the confluence of the Gila and

Colorado rivers, Yuma was established in 1854, incorporated in 1871 as Arizona City, and in 1873 as Yuma became the county seat. Cora S. Nicholas, "History of Yuma Valley and

Mesa with Special Emphasis on the City of Yuma, Arizona"

(M.A. thesis. University of Southern California, 1948) and

Frank D. Robertson, "A History of Yuma, Arizona, 1540-

1920" (M.A. thesis. University of Arizona, 1942). 245

^^°Fowler probably refers to Davis's "Irrigation

Investigation in Arizona, 1898." Marquis, Who's Who in

America. p. 564. See also U.S. Congress, "Report on

Examination of the Colorado River, Arizona," HP 118. 54

Cong., 2 Sess. (Washington, D.C.; Government Printing

Office, 1896).

^^^The Yuma Project, organized by the Reclamation

Service and intended to irrigate 130,000 acres, included the building of the Laguna Dam which was completed in 1909 at a site fourteen miles above Yuma. Reclamation Service,

Yuma Project, pp. 1-8.

^^^For maps of the Hohokam canals, see Byron Cummings,

First Inhabitants of the Southwest (Tucson: Cummings

Publication Council, 1953), pp. 76-77, Omar A. Turney,

"Prehistoric Irrigation," Arizona Historical Review, vol.

2, nos. 1-4 (April, July, October, 1929, January, 1930), pp. 12-52, 11-52, 9-45, 33-73, and Rufus K. Wyllys,

Arizona: The History of a Frontier State (Phoenix: Hobson

& Herr, 1950), p. 232. For a history of irrigation in

Phoenix, see Stephen C. Shadegg, The Phoenix Story, an

Adventure in Irrigation (Phoenix; Salt River Project, 246

1958), pp. 1-39.

1885 William John Murphy completed construction of the Arizona Canal, headed one mile below the Verde River and running west on the northside of the Salt River at a cost of $700,000. Murphy worked for the Arizona Canal

Company, incorporated in 1882. He organized the Arizona

Improvement Company and gained control of the Arizona Canal

Company and three others—the Maricopa, Grand, and Salt

River Valley—to create an efficient water delivery system.

Merwin L. Murphy, "W. J. Murphy and the Arizona Canal

Company," JAH, vol. 23 (Summer, 1982), pp. 115-138; Peplow,

Taming of the Salt, pp. 18, 31, 38.

^^^This is probably Chandler's canal, located South of the Salt River. Dr. Alexander J. Chandler, a veterinarian, came to Arizona in 1887 and formed the Consolidated Canal

Company in 1892. Robert C. Stevens, A History of Chandler.

Arizona. 1912-1953 (Tucson: University of Arizona Press,

1955), pp. 5, 13-17.

^^®Twenty miles long, the Maricopa Canal was constructed in 1868 at a cost of $20,000. Located on the northside of the Salt, it was one of the four controlled 247 by the Arizona Improvement Company. Peplow, Taming of the Salt, p. 38; Report of the Governor. 1901. p. 127. See also Mildred C. Lewis, "A History of Irrigation in the

Tempe Area" (M.A. thesis, Arizona State University, 1963).

^^®This is probably the Arizona Dam on the Salt, diverting water into the Arizona Canal. It was the only dam on the Salt to survive the 1891 flood. Peplow, Taming of the Salt, pp. 38, 43.

^^'in February of 1891, the Salt River overflowed its banks, washing away the Tempe bridge and damaging property in Phoenix. The discharge equalled half that of the water flowing over Niagara Falls. Jay J. Wagoner, Arizona

Territorv 1863-1912; A Political Historv (Tucson:

University of Arizona Press, 1970), p. 422; Report of the

Governor. 1901. p. 123.

^^®As the Reclamation Act benefited only public lands and as most of the Salt River Valley was in private ownership, the Maricopa County Water Storage Commissioners lobbied Congress to pass legislation enabling the county to issue 2.25 million in bonds for construction of Roosevelt

Dam. Congress amended the Reclamation Act to apply to 248 private lands, making the bond issue unnecessary. Peplow,

Taming of the Salt, pp. 76-77.

^^^The Wachusett Reservoir was located approximately

30 miles east of Boston, Massachusetts. Rand McNally,

Cosmopolitan World Atlas (Chicago: Rand McNally & Company,

1949), p. 91.

^^°The Croton Falls Reservoir and New Croton Reservoir are in eastern New York above White Plains. McNally,

Cosmopolitan Atlas, p.79.

^^^Arthur Powell Davis estimated the cost of a major dam on the Salt at less than $2 million in his 1902 presentation to the Maricopa County Water Storage

Commission. The dam ultimately cost more than $10 million.

When finished, Roosevelt Dam impounded 1,300,000 acre feet—not 6,800,000. Rene Bache and Ralph E. Jenny, "Final

Work on the Roosevelt Dam," Technical World Magazine, n.v.

(June, 1910), pp. 385-388, Arthur Woodward Collection, AHS;

Peplow, Taming of the Salt, pp. 76, 103.

^^^Fowler lobbied long and hard in Washington for the passage of the Reclamation Act and for including an 249 amendment providing for reclamation of privately held land. Peplow, Taming of the Salt, pp. 66-70.

^^^Arizona averages 195.6 sunny days a year and 89.7 partly cloudy days. Telephone interview with staff of U.S.

Weather Service, Tucson, Arizona, December 18, 1989.

^^*In 1899 the Salt River had a drainage area of 6,260 square miles and a yearly discharge of 265,115 acre feet of water. The Verde River had a drainage area of 6,000 square miles with a yearly discharge of 206,148 acre feet. Report of the Governor. 1901. p. 126.

Republican, Fowler represented Maricopa County in the House of Representatives in the Twenty-first

Legislative Assembly of 1901. Wagoner, Arizona Territory, p. 525.

^^®In 1900 185,396 acres were irrigated in the territory according to the Twelfth Census. Governor Brodie speculated in 1902 that 10,000,000 acres of land could be irrigated with the passage of the Reclamation Act.

Abstract. p. 296; "Annual Report, 1902," HP 5. 57 Cong., 2

Sess., p. 222. 250

Maricopa County canals served 300,000 acres, of which 130,000 acres were irrigated in 1901. Report of the

Governor. 1901. p. 114.

^^®Fowler owned 400 acres in Glendale, Arizona.

Luckingham, Phoenix, p. 44.

^^'in 1900 Arizona supported 93 farms with fruit as the principal source of income. The value of this fruit was $30,725. Abstract of Twelfth Census, p. 279; Report of the Governor. 1901. p. 143.

^^°The first Rough Riders killed in Cuba were from

Troop L of the Oklahoma Unit. See Charles Herner, The

Arizona Rough Riders (Tucson: University of Arizona Press,

1970), p. 108.

^^^Officially called the Empire State Society of

Arizona, this organization consisted of over several thousand members. These former New York state residents asked Congress for "reenfranchisement" during the hearings.

In 1902 Phoenix attorney C. F. Ainsworth was the Society's president. "N^w Statehood Bill," SD 36. 57 Cong., 2 Sess., 251 p. 294; A. P. Skimmer, Publisher, Phoenix Citv Directory

(Phoenix: H. H. McNeil Printer, 1902), p. 14.

Judge Edward H. Kent (1862-1916), educated at

Harvard and Columbia, relocated to Colorado for his health.

In 1902 Theodore Roosevelt appointed Kent judge of the

Third Judicial District in Arizona, and he became Chief

Justice of the Arizona Territorial Supreme Court. Kent served until Arizona entered the union in 1912. John S.

Goff, Arizona Territorial Qfficals: The Supreme Court

Justices. 1863-1912 (Cave Creek, Arizona: Black Mountain

Press, 1975), pp. 170-175; McClintock, Arizona, pp. 376-

377;

^^^Soon after his appointment, Kent encountered the

Hurlev V. Abbot case, a suit intened to adjudicate rights to the Salt River. In 1910, after two and one-half years of testimony, Kent handed down the Kent Decree in 1910 which defined every acre in the valley's prior right to use the natural flow of the Salt River. Peplow, Taming of the

Salt, p. 104

^^^Richard E. Sloan, identified in footnote 15, in

1897 became judge of the Fourth Judicial District and 252 associate justice of the Arizona Supreme Court. Wagoner,

Arizona Territory, p. 504.

^^®Kibbey was an attorney for the Florence Canal

Company, later known as the San Carlos Canal Company. In

1902 the Pogue family of Centerville, Indiana owned and operated the Florence Canal Company. Baldwin, "History of

Florence," p. 46; Peplow, Taming of the Salt, p. 85.

^^®The majority of the white population in Arizona in

1900 were born in Western states and territories. Abstract of Twelfth Census, p. 48.

^^'in 1902 the judicial system in Arizona included a supreme court composed of a chief justice and four associate justices. They were appointed for four year terms to head district courts by the President and required to hold three sessions a year in Phoenix (review federal cases). Each federal judge presided over a district court to handle federal and territorial cases. Other courts were probate courts in each county; justice courts with one justice of the peace per precinct or two for populations over 5,000 (not courts of record); and municipal courts for incorporated cities and towns with city recorder or justice 253

Of the peace presiding (police courts for city ordinances).

Manuscript, "Judicial System in Arizona, 1864-1910," Elias

S. Clark Collection, Arizona Attorney General 1905-1909,

Arizona Department of Library, Archives, and Public

Records. See also James M. Murphy, Laws. Courts. and

Lawyers Through the Years in Arizona (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1970).

^^®The Thirteenth Legislature prohibited a judge from the lower court from sitting on the supreme court in a case heard by him in the lower court. Murphy, Laws. Courts. and

Lawyers. p. 23. See also Revised Statutes of Arizona.

1901. Part 3, Chapter 2, Section 378, p. 476 and Chapter 1,

Title 17, Section 9, p. 416.

^^^Twenty-seven of the thirty-five Arizona Supreme

Court judges appointed from 1863 to 1902 were from outside the territory. Goff, Arizona Territorial Officials, vol.

1.

^^°Arizona's first code was written by William T.

Howell in 1864, based on New Mexico's code. In 1887 John

P. Hoyt wrote a new code (The Compiled Laws of 18871, which was revised in 1901. Murphy, Laws. Courts, and Lawyers. 254 pp. 73-76.

^^^There was no bar association in Arizona in 1887.

The Compiled Laws of 1887 spelled out the requirements for practicing law in the territory. In 1895 Arizona had 139 attorneys. Murphy, Laws. Courts, and Lawyers, pp. 43, 46.

^^^Arizona's public land was subject to such laws as the First Homestead Act of 1862, the Timber Culture Act of 1873, the Desert Land Act of 1877, and the Timber and Stone

Act of 1878. Petulla, American Environmental History, pp.

70, 170-175, 228.

^^^Earlier Judge Richard E. Sloan had complained about liberal exemptions for jurors, although Sloan also believed that Arizona juries were average or better than those of the midwest. See footnote 57.

^^^Yavapai County issued $291,000 in bonds to build the Prescott and Arizona Central (1884). Pima County had issued $200,000 in bonds to build the Arizona Narrow Gauge

Railroad to Globe. The Pima County bonds went to the railroad promoters, even though they built just ten miles of track. The County Supervisors stopped paying interest. 255

Judge Sloan declard the bonds void in 1892 and the U.S. Supreme Court upheld his decision. The Territorial

Assembly, at the urging of railroad promoter Frank Murphy, memorialized Congress, and that body, by an act of June 6,

1896 authorized the Arizona Loan Commission, established in

1890, to refund the Yavapai and Pima County bonds. On

January 3, 1899, and again in 1902, the U. S. Supreme Court ruled that the Act of June 6 validated the Pima County bonds.

In 1903 the Pima County bonds became involved in the fight for statehood. Bondholders, especially in the East, feared the new state legislature would repudiate the bonds and lobbied against Arizona's admission to the union. In

1910 the Enabling Act allocated a million acres of Arizona land for sale to pay for the county bonds. Howard A.

Hubbard, A Chapter in Early Arizona Transportation History;

The Arizona Narrow Gauge Railroad Company (Tucson:

University of Arizona, Social Science Bulletin 6, 1934), pp. 8-22,39-60.

^^®The refunding act of June 6, 1898 resulted from a territorial memorial to Congress. Earlier, the Fourteenth

Legislature had authorized a funding act to refinance territorial debt. William H. Lyon, "Arizona Territory and 256 the Harrison Act of 1886," vol. 26 (Autumn, 1984), p.

218.

^^®When Pima County stopped payment on the bonds,

Charles E. Lewis of London sued and lost in a ruling by the

U.S. Supreme Court that upheld Pima County's claim that the territorial legislature had issued the bonds illegally.

Later the Supreme Court twice validated the bonds under the Funding Act of 1896 fJames L. Utter v. Benjamin J.

Franklin). Lyon, "The Harrison Act of 1886," p. 223.

^*^0n June 30, 1902 Arizona's Territorial Prison held

281 inmates: "123 Americans, 132 Mexicans, 16 Indians, 8

Negroes, 1 Chinaman, and 1 Japanese." In 1900 Arizona had the highest rate of homicide per capita in the country.

"Annual Report, 1902," HP 5. 57 Cong., 2 Sess., p. 279.

^*®In 1900 Maricopa County was by far the largest agricultural district in Arizona with 1,089 farms. Report of the Governor. 1901. p. 151.

^^'a11 of the economies of the counties mentioned were based on a mixture of mining, grazing, agriculture, and/or lumber. The witness is accurate in characterizing 257

Maricopa, Pinal, Navajo, and Graham counties as grazing and agriculture regions and Mohave and Yuma Counties as mining centers. Portrait and Biographical Record, pp. 1003-1016.

^®°Kibbey is describing the Reclamation Service's Yuma

Project. Reclamation Service, Yuma Project, pp. 1-8.

isiyirginia born, Charles T. Walters, age 40 in 1902, enumerated Phoenicians in District 28 (Ward 2 of the city). Entry 5337 in Great Register of Maricopa County. Arizona.

1902 (n.p., no pag.); 1900 District Descriptions. T-1210, roll 1, p.11.

^®^Walters enumerated 1,748 people. 1900 District

Descriptions. T-1210, roll 1, p. 11.

^®^There were four enumerators for Phoenix. The

Beveridge Committee did not question William H. Black (Ward

1) or James L. Carder (Ward 3). Ibid.

^®^Census enumerator Joseph E. Stovall was responsible for District 30 (Ward 4) in Phoenix, running south of

Washington and east of Center Street. He was paid at a rate listed as "C". Ibid.. p. 12. 258

^®®Earlier, Benjamin Fowler complained to the

Beveridge Committee that the summer migration out of

Phoenix affected the accuracy of the 1900 Census. See

Fowler's testimony in this document.

^®®Stovall enumerated 861 Phoenicians in his district.

1900 District Descriptions. T-1210, roll 1, p. 12.

^®^The average pay nationwide for a census enumerator was $3.00 per day or about $65 per month. Most Arizona enumerators' rate of pay was $6.00, presumably per day.

Neither the National Archives or Census History Staff can explain the pay rate of "C". Ibid.. roll 1; Shepherd to

Underbill, February 2, 1990 and Lewis to Underbill,

February 8, 1990, editor's files.

^®®The Director for the 1900 census (March 7, 1899 -

June 8, 1903) was William R. Merriam. The Census Office reported to the Department of the Interior. Twelfth

Census. vol. 1, p. i.

^®'a five-term Republican Congressman from Michigan,

Myron H. McCord (1840-1908) arrived in Arizona in 1893 and 259 served as Governor (1897-1898). He briefly commanded the

First Territorial Infantry in 1898, served as a U.S.

Marshal for Arizona (1901-1905), and then was a customs collector in Nogales till his death in 1908. Larry D.

Ball, The United States Marshals of New Mexico and Arizona

Territories. 1846-1912 (Albuquerque, New Mexico:

University of New Mexico Press, 1978), pp. 215-233; Goff,

Arizona Territorial Officials; The Governors, pp. 162-

173; McClintock, Arizona, vol. 3, pp. 345, 513, 524.

^®°U.S. Marshals were required to execute all processes for the territorial courts. Ball, United States Marshal. p. 15.

^®^In 1901 Governor Nathan 0. Murphy claimed that

Mexicans represented only one-half of the 22,395 Arizonans who were foreign born to disprove the Eastern assumptions that the foreign born population was largely Mexican. Report of the Governor. 1901. p. 89.

^®^In 1900 21.5% of Arizona's population (26,480) people were enumerated as Indians. Abstract of Twelfth

Census, p. 40. 260

^®^Out of 53,826 church members in 1900, the Mormon population totaled 7,033. By 1902 the power of the Mormon voting block, once strongly Democratic, was no longer an issue. The church encouraged Mormons to become bipartisan to avoid disenfranchisement. "Annual Report, 1902" HP 5.

57 Cong., 2 Sess., pp. 262-276; Edward Leo Lyman,

"Elimination of the Mormon Issue from Arizona Politics,

1889-1894," M/ vol. 24 (Autumn, 1982), p. 205; Phoenix Arizona Republican. November 2, 1902.

^®^Born in Mexico in 1866, Pedro Garcia de La Lama had been naturalized on October 11, 1894 in the New Mexico Second District. Entry 2927, Great Register of Maricopa

County. Arizona. 1902. no pag.

^®®Richard C. Simon of Washington, D.C. was the

Spanish interpreter for the Beveridge Committee. Phoenix

Arizona Republican. November 18, 1902.

^®®The El Proaresso was established in Phoenix in

1883. Pedro Garcia de la Lama also published El Democrato. a Spanish language newspaper in Phoenix. By 1902 least four and possibly eleven Spanish language papers had been published in Phoenix. Estelle Lutrelle, Newspapers and 261

Periodicals of Arizona. 1859-1911 (Tucson: University of

Arizona, General Bulletin 15, 1949), pp. 36-41.

167In 1900 Arizona• boasted 54 newspapers with• an aggregate circulation per issue of 34,054. Printing and

Publishing. (Washington D.'C.; Government Printing Office,

Census Bulletin 216, June 28, 1902), pp. 18, 20.

^®®Joe J. Otero, age 29 in 1902, was born in Arizona.

Entry 3664, B. F. McFall, County Recorder, Great Register of Maricopa County. Arizona. 1904. (Phoenix: n.p., 1904), no pag.

169The editor has been unable to locate Otero's ranch in the Tonto Basin. His father, Jesus Otero, owned a ranch near Ft. McDowell in 1895. The Tonto Basin, in Gila County sixty miles northeast of Phoenix, captured water from a 6,000 square mile drainage area. The Arizona Directory

Company's: Phoenix Directory for the Year 1895 (Phoenix:

Arizona Directory Company, 1895), p. 78; Report of the

Governor. 1901. p. 123.

^^°A biographical sketch of Dwight Bancroft Heard is in footnote 26. 262

^^^When a five-member Water Storage Commission was organized in Maricopa County, Heard was one of the first men appointed to the commission. Other early members included: Sam McCowan, John W. Evans, B. Heyman, Benjamin

Fowler, and Vernon Clark. Peplow, Taming of the Salt, p.

81; Smith, Maanificient Experiment, p. 14.

^^^The county seat of Coconino County, Flagstaff sits at 6,894 feet in the shadow of the San Franciso Peaks.

Legend abounds concerning the origin of the name, derived from a pine flagpole erected c. 1876. Flagstaff was incorporated in 1894. Granger, Arizona Place Names, p. 70.

See also Piatt Cline, Thev Came to the Mountain; The Storv of Flagstaff^s Beginnings (Flagstaff, Northern Arizona

University, 1976).

^^^At 2,390 feet, Tucson began as a Spanish settlement after 1776. The town, which grew up around a presidio, became the Pima County seat in 1864 amd was incorporated in

1877. Tucson served as territorial capitol from 1867-

1877. Granger, Arizona Place Names, pp. 284-285. See also

Charles L. Sonnichsen, Tucson: the Life and Times of an

American City (Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma 263

Press, 1982).

^'^The Allison brothers owned ditches near the Santa

Cruz in the Tucson area. The Gila Valley in Graham County was irrigated by twenty-five ditches including the

Montezuma, Central, San Jose, and Enterprise. Report of the Governor. 1901. p.125, 132. See also Douglas Edward

Kupel, "Diversity Through Adversity: Tucson Basin Water

Control since 1854" (M.A. thesis. University of Arizona,

1986) and "The Santa Cruz Canal," Arid Region, vol. 2

(April, 1892), p. 18.

"®In 1900 Arizona farmers irrigated 185,396 acres of

land. Abstract of Twelfth Census, p. 296.

"®The "general irrigation law" is the Reclamation

Act, adopted in June of 1902, which provided for

construction of irrigation projects. The "bill" refers to

the Maricopa County Water Storage Commissioners' request

that Congress approve a 2.25 million dollar bond drive for

construction of Roosevelt Dam. Peplow, Taming of the Salt,

pp. 76-77.

"^Frank Luke, Sr. (1859-1939) emigrated to the United 264

States from Germany in 1864 and took up mining and merchandizing in Prescott before moving to the Salt River

Valley in 1880. Lvike's career in public service included stints as a county supervisor and assessor and Phoenix assessor and tax collector. McClintock, Arizona, vol. 3, p. 550.

^^®The figure for saloon licenses is accurate, but the gambling license was supposed to be $30.00 per month per table. Tisdale, "Prohibition Crusade," p. 23.

^'®See the Revised Statutes of Arizona. 1887

(Prescott, Arizona: Cownes Printing, 1887), p. 396 cited in Tisdale, "Prohibition Crusade," p. 22.

^®°Frank Morrill Murphy is identified in footnote 107.

^®^Murphy began constucting the Prescott and Eastern in 1898, following the Agua Fria River southeast of

Prescott to the village of Mayer and later to the Crown

King Mine. The Bradshaw Mining district, largely a gold and silver area, included the profitable Congress and

Octave mines. Yavapai County claimed 674 patented mines in

1S02. Microfilm, 4.4.281, Arizona Corporation Commission; 265

Myrick, Railroads of Arizona, vol. 2, pp. 545-582; Report of the Governor. 1902. pp. 50-51. See also Prescott

Prospect. January 1902; Patrick C. Henderson, "A History of the Prescott-Bradshaw Mining Districts" (M.A. thesis.

University of Arizona, 1958); John W. Sayre, "Mines, Men, and Machinery; A Study of Copper Mining in the Bradshaw

Mountains, 1875-1979" (M.A. thesis. Northern Arizona

University, 1979).

^®^Frank Murphy also built the Santa Fe, Prescott and

Phoenix Railway—200 miles of track from Ash Fork to

Phoenix—as part of his plan to extend railroads east to El

Paso and south to the Gulf of California. The railroad reached Phoenix in 1895. Myrick, Railroads of Arizona, vol. 2, pp. 480, 515, 545. See also Lucille Anderson,

"Railroad Transportation through Prescott" (M.A. thesis,

University of Arizona, 1934).

^®^Murphy is probably referring to the Val Verde

Smelter, fully operational in 1902. Report of the

Governor. 1902. p. 51. See also Russell Wahmann,

"Railroading in the Verde Valley, 1894-1951," JAH. vol. 12

(Autumn, 1971), pp. 153-166. 266

^®^The Cherry Creek District consisted of a group of over forty gold mines with a combined production of less than $100,000. Dunning, Rock to Riches, p. 354.

^®®One venture was the Crown King Mine—a gold mine which produced $1,500,000 in ore by 1900. Frank Murphy constructed a branch of the Bradshaw Mountain Railroad from the Prescott and Eastern to the Crown King in 1902-1904.

The road climbed 3,000 feet with nximerous swithchbacks from

Turkey Creek to the mine. Dunning, Rock to Riches, p. 357;

Myrick, Pioneer Arizona Railroads, p. 14.

^®®The Joseph R. Walker party explored the area around

Big Bug Creek, near the head of the Hassayampa River, in

1863. The name derives from the large insects encountered by the Walker Party. A branch of the Bradshaw Mountain

Railroad reached the Poland Mine via Big Bug Creek in 1902.

Dunning, Rock to Riches, p. 57; Gold Placers and Placerinq in Arizona (Tucson: University of Arizona, Bureau of Mines

Bulletin 168, 1961), pp. 48-52; Granger, Arizona Place

Names. p. 334; Report of the Governor. 1902. p. 31.

^®^Murphy organized the Development Company of America which operated the Congress Mine. Murphy sought to connect 2ei the Walker Mining District with the Poland District via a tunnel to the Prescott and Eastern spur at the Poland Mine.

The tunnel, completed in 1904, eliminated the expensive and treacherous hauling to the Humbolt smelter. Britz, "William F. Staunton," pp. 51-53; McClintock, Arizona,

vol. 1, p. 293.

^®®Murphy refers to the Walker District, which

included the Lynx Creek area, the most productive stream

bed for gold placering in the territory. Dunning, Rock to Riches. p. 57; Gold Placers and Placerina in Arizona, p.

39.

^®®This branch line extended from Mayer to the Crown

King mine in the Bradshaws. See footnote 185.

^®°The Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe Railway acquired

the Atlantic and Pacific Railroad franchise and built a

line across northern Arizona in 1881-1883. The Santa Fe

reorganized its Arizona division in 1895 and became

interested in extensions. James L. Marshall, Santa Fe;

The Railroad that Built an Empire (New York; Random House,

1945), pp. xvi, 10, 450. 268

^'^The Santa Fe constructed the Arizona and California

Railway 1905-1910 to run from the Santa Fe, Prescott and

Phoenix at Matthie in Maricopa County to Cadiz, California, west of Needles. Myrick, Pioneer Arizona Railroads, p. 22; idem.. Railroads of Arizona, vol. 2, p. 478.

^®^John A. Church and his brother William came to

Arizona in 1874 and settled at Joy's Camp, latter Morenci.

William Church organized the Detroit Copper Company. In

1902 John Church was Superintendent of the Tombstone Mining and Milling Company. He wrote numerous articles, including

"Tombstone, Arizona Mining District," Engineering and Mining Journal (April 26, 1902), p. 584. Dunning, Rock to

Riches. p. 74; Wallace W. Elliot, History of Arizona

Territory Showing its Resources and Advantages . . . (San

Francisco: Wallace W. Elliot & Co., Publishers, 1884), p.

134.

^'^In 1902 Drake was chief engineer of the Santa Fe,

Prescott and Phoenix Railroad and later became chief engineer of the Phoenix and Eastern Railroad. By 1910, he was vice-president and general manager of the former railroad. Myrick, Railroads of Arizona, vol. 2, pp. 546,

564, 611. 269

^®*Murphy is referring to Castle Hot Springs, known as

Hot Springs until 1936. The springs were discovered in the

1870's, and a branch of the Santa Fe, Prescott and Phoenix

served the oasis. Granger, Arizona Place Names, p. 337.

^'®The closest mining district to Hot Springs was

either the Bradshaw Mountain District or Tip Top District, the latter being a silver producing area past its prime in

1902. Dunning, Rock to Riches, p. 44, 84-85.

^'®The Phoenix and Eastern Railroad, incorporated in

1901, was 95 miles in length and linked Phoenix, Tempe, and

Mesa with Florence and Winkelman along the Gila River.

Frank Murphy hoped to reach Benson. Myrick, Railroads of

Arizona, vol. 2, pp. 545-582.

^®^The projected San Carlos Reservoir and Canal did

not materialize until the completion of Coolidge Dam on

November 30, 1928. Smith, "The Campaign for Water," pp.

127-130.

^®®Tempe and Mesa were small towns outside of Phoenix.

Charles Turnbell Hayden founded Tempe in 1872. (Hayden 270 owned the Hayden Milling and Farming Ditch Company.) Mesa, a Mormon community, was founded in 1878 and incorporated in

1883. Barnes, Arizona Place Names, pp. 271-272, 439. See also Holland Melvin, "A History of Mesa" (M.A. thesis.

University of Arizona, 1933).

^'®The area described is southeast of Phoenix near San

Manuel.

^°°In 1888 A. L. Pogue of Indiana organized the

Florence Canal Company which built a main canal near

Florence on the Gila River with a 400 cubic feet per second capacity and constructed a reservoir capable of holding

8,000,000 gallons of water. In the late 1890's, the

Florence Canal Company became the San Carlos Canal Company.

Baldwin, "The History of Florence," pp. 43-46.

^°^The San Carlos Reservoir was discussed as early as

1899 when J. B. Lippincott of the U.S. Geological Survey reported favorably on a dam at San Carlos. Myrick,

Railroads of Arizona, vol. 2, pp. 609-614; Smith, "The

Campaign for Water," pp. 127-130.

^°^The Arizona and Utah Railroad was foraed in 1899 to 271 link Kingman, Arizona and Utah across the Colorado River at

Rioville. The road never ran beyond Chloride, a silver mining town, twenty-four miles north of Kingman, settled in the 1860's. Dunning, Rock to Riches, p. 155; Myrick,

Pioneer Arizona Railroads, p. 22.

^°^The Southern Pacific Railroad entered Arizona at

Yuma in 1877 and crossed the territory to El Paso in 1881.

At the turn of the century, the SP had no branch lines but did have an interest in two short lines—one to Phoenix and the other to Globe. Myrick, Railroads of Arizona, vol. 2, pp. 478-479. See also Donovan L. Hofsommer, The Southern

Pacific. 1901-1985 (College Station: Texas A & M

University Press, 1986).

^°*The Copper Queen Mining Company in 1888 subsidized the T^izona and South Eastern Railroad which became the El

Paso and Southwestern Railroad in 1901. The system grew to

encompass 1200 miles of track in three states and Mexico.

The Southern Pacific acquired the EP & SW in 1924. Myrick,

Railroads of Arizona, vol. 1, pp. 177-254.

^°®Opened in 1882, the New Mexico and Arizona

Railroad, a subsidiary of the Santa Fe, carried traffic 272 from Benson to Nogales via Fairbank. The line connected with the Sonora Railway Company in Nogales and continued to Guaymas. The Southern Pacific gained control of the New

Mexico and Arizona in 1897. Nogales began in 1882 as a railroad station for the New Mexico and Arizona in 1882 on its branch to Guaymas and was incorporated in 1893.

Fairbank, in Cochise County, bore the name of N. K. Fairbank, a stockholder in the New Mexico and Arizona

Railroad Co. and organizer of the Grand Central Mining

Company in Tombstone. Granger, Arizona Place Names, pp.

37, 320-321; Myrick, Railroads of Arizona, vol. 1, pp. 179,

263-302.

^°®In February of 1902 the El Paso and Southwestern began surveying a branch to Tombstone—the Tombstone and

Fairbank Limited—in response to the needs of the Tombstone

Consolidated Mining Company. The first EP & SW train reached Tombstone on March 25, 1903. Britz, "William F. Staunton," p. 104; Myrick, Railroads of Arizona, vol. 1, pp. 450-453.

^°^Once a Wells Fargo station, Cochise—named after the famous Chiricahua Apache chief—was a terminus for the

Arizona and Colorado Railroad which connected its parent company (the Southern Pacific) with the mining settlements of Gleeson, Courtland, and Pearce. The line arrived in

Pearce in 1903. Granger, Arizona Place Names, p.34;

Myrick, Railroads of Arizona, vol. 1, pp. 343-364.

^°®Discovered by miner and rancher John Pearce in

1895, the Commonwealth Mine was purchased by John Brocknow of Silver City, New Mexico for $250,000. Brocknow sent geologist Richard Penrose and mining engineer D. M.

Barringer to examine the property. Penrose was president of the Commonwealth Mining and Milling Company until 1903.

The mine, which survived a fire in 1900, had a new 80- stamp mill with a 200 ton per day capacity in 1902. "The

Commonwealth Mine Made Money by Millions" and "Fortunes were Found and Made in the Old Commonwealth Mine" in

Arizona Davs and Ways. December 16 and December 22, 1956;

Dunning, Rock to Riches, pp. 141-142; microfilm, 4.4.76,

Arizona Corporation Commission Records; G. W. Pittock,

"Story of the Pearce Mines," Sunset. vol. 12 (December,

1903), pp. 169-171.

^°'The Arizona and New Mexico Railway, founded in

1883, connected Clifton by narrow gauge (36") with the

Southern Pacific at Lordsburg. By 1900 the company had 274

73.6 miles of track and employed 174 workers. In 1901 standard-guage rails were installed. David Myrick,

Railroads of Arizona: Clifton. Morenci. and Metcalf Rails and Copper Mines. 3 volumes (Glendale, California: Trans-

2^glo Books, 1984), vol. 3, pp. 10, 68, 301.

^^°Part of the Copper Mountain Mining District,

Clifton and Morenci were established in east-central

Arizona near the New Mexico line in the last quarter of the nineteenth century as mining towns. Phelps Dodge owned the Morenci Mines, while the Arizona Copper Company controlled the Clifton developments. James M. Patton, The History of

Clifton (Clifton, Arizona: Greenlee County Chamber of

Commerce, 1977). Robert Watt, "The History of Morenci"

(M.A. thesis. University of Arizona, 1956).

^^^For a discussion of the El Paso and Southwestern, see Myrick, Railroads of Arizona, vol. 1, pp. 177-254.

^^^Murphy refers to the San Diego and Phoenix Railroad

Company incorporated in 1893 by two-time San Diego Mayor

William H. Carlson. Carlson financed a survey from Phoenix to San Diego via Gila Bend and awarded a contract to Fred

King of Arizona. Although the line never materialized, a 275 report reached Arizona in 1902 that Carlson still intended to build the line. The more famous "Impossible Railroad," the San Diego and Arizona Railway, was not organized until

1906. Spencer Menzel, "Paper Railroads of the 1890's,"

n.p. 1943, San Diego Historical Society, San Diego,

California.

^^^Murphy refers to mines such as the Mammoth Collins

and Silver Bell in the vicinity of Red Rock, south of

Phoenix. Dunning, Rock to Riches, p. 192.

^^^The Santa Fe and Grand Canyon Railroad, purchased

and operated by the Santa Fe as the Grand Canyon Railway

Company, made its first scheduled trip to the Grand Canyon

in September of 1901. Fuchs, "A History of Williams," p.

79; A1 Richmond, "The Grand Canyon Railway: A History,"

JAH. vol. 27 (Winter, 1986), pp. 425-438.

^^®Senator William A. Clark, owner of the United

Verde, built the United Verde and Pacific Railway in 1894,

a narrow gauge track connecting Jerome to the Prescott and

Arizona Central Railway. Myrick, Arizona Pioneer

Railroads, pp. 5, 13-14. See also Russell Wahmann, Narrow

Guaae to Jerome; The United Verde and Pacific Railway 276

(Boulder, Colorado: Pruett Publishing Co., 1988).

West Point graduate, Alexander Oswald Brodie

(1849-1918) came to Camp Apache Arizona in 1870 as a cavalry officer. Brodie served in the Arizona Rough

Riders and became Arizona Governor in 1902. In 1905 he resigned and served as assistant chief of the Penison

Bureau in Washington. Goff, Arizona Territorial Officials.

The Governors, pp. 174-185; McClintock, Arizona, vol. 1, p.

221, vol. 2, 351, 353-354. See also Larry Waite Kittell,

"The Administration of Alexander O. Brodie: Arizona

Territorial Governor, 1902-1905" (M.A. thesis. University of Arizona, 1973).

^^^Although a five-year drought had curtailed livestock raising and agricultural production, Arizona in

1902 shipped out 111,429 head of cattle, 4,587 horses, and

2,404 hogs. The total number of cattle in Arizona recorded by the Twelfth Census was 742,635 which were valued at

$11,367,466. By comparison, Idaho ranchers managed 363,534 head of cattle valued at $8,389,954. Abstract of Twelfth

Census, p. 238; "Annual Report, 1902," HP 5. 57 Cong., 2

Sess., pp. 252-254. See also Bert Haskett, "Early History of the Cattle Industry in Arizona," Arizona Historical 277

Review, vol. 6, (1935), pp. 3-42; Jay J. Wagoner, History of the Cattle Industry in Southeastern Arizona. 1540-1940

(Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1952).

Sheep raising in Arizona was a growth industry due to improved territorial sanitation legislation, which applied the practices of inspections and quarantines to sheep as well as cattle, and a climate that limited the spread of contagious diseases. In 1900 Arizona's 924,761 sheep were worth $1,901,764. Abstract of Twelfth Census, p. 243; "Annual Report, 1902," HP 5. 57 Cong., 2 Sess., pp.

252-254; Bert Haskett, "A History of the Sheep Industry in

Arizona," Arizona Historical Review, vol. 7 (1936), pp. 3-

49.

2i®Brodie is describing the Ponderosa Pine belt extending from Yavapai County southwest to the New Mexico line. "Annual Report," HP 5. 57 Cong., 2 Sess., p. 233;

Henry P. Walker and Don Bufkin, Historical Atlas of Arizona

(Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press, 1979), pp. 10, 54.

^^®The most profitable of a meager cluster of mines located in and near the Grand Canyon was the Canyon Copper 278

Mine. In addition, Ralph Cameron operated the Last Chance

Mine below Grandview Point until 1902. Dunning, Rock to

Riches. p. 352; Douglas H. Strong, "Ralph H. Cameron and the Grand Canyon," vol. 20 (Spring, 1978), pp. 43-44.

^^^See footnote 68 for the Congress and Octave Mines.

The editor has been unable to identify the Glach (?) mine.

There is a Cash Mine ten miles south of Prescott which produced gold, silver, and base metals. Dunning, Rock to

Riches. p. 352; Byrd Howell Granger, ArizonaNames (X

Marks the Place) (Tucson; The Falconer Publishing Company,

1983), p. 593.

^^^Mohave County was dependent on its numerous mines for income in 1902. The county contained important gold and silver deposits from Oatman and the river range area to

Mineral Park and the Cerbat-White Hills District. By 1901 these mines had produced more than $40 million in gold and silver. Dunning, Rock to Riches, pp. 157-158; Portrait and

Biographical Record, p. 1010. See also W. A. Mensch,

"Mohave County, Arizona," Mines and Minerals, vol. 20

(November, 1899), p. 169.

^^^Wickenburg lay on the east bank of the Hassayampa 279

River fifty-four miles northwest of Phoenix. Named after prospector Henry Wickenburg, it was settled in the mid

1860's by gold prospectors. The town was incorporated in

1909. Barnes, Arizona Place Names, p. 486. See also Helen

E. Hawkins, "A History of Wickenburg to 1875" (M.A. thesis,

Arizona State University, 1950).

^^^In 1863 Henry Wickenburg discovered gold at the

Vulture Mine, fourteen miles west of the Hassayampa River.

Incorporated in 1871, the Vulture Mining Company produced

$2,500,00 in gold in six years. The Arizona Central Mining

Company then ran the mine. The main ore body petered out in 1888, and the mine was worked sporadically until 1908.

Dunning, Rock to Riches, pp. 63, 92, 120-121; Smith, "The

Vulture Mine," pp. 231-252; Tucson Citizen. June 30, 1970.

^^®In 1901 130,000 acres were irrigated in Maricopa

County. Report of the Governor. 1901. p. 114.

^^®The Yuma Valley Land and Water Company pumped enough water from the Colorado at Yuma in 1901 to irrigate upward of 40,000 acres. Report of the Governor. 1901. p.

136. 280

County cattle had an assessed value of approximately $1,500,000. Mines in the county, such as the

Silver Bell, Helvetia, and Twin Buttes, continued to attract Eastern capital. The area of cultivated land remained unchanged from the 1900 census. Portrait and

Biographical Record, pp. 1011-1012.

^^®Tucson's official population in 1900 was 7,531 compared to Phoenix's 5,544. In 1901 the canals drawing on the Santa Cruz included the Allison Brothers' ditch (4 miles), the Santa Cruz (3 miles), and the Rillito (2 miles). Report of the Governor. 1901. pp. 92, 132.

^^'cochise County was organized in 1881. In 1902, a banner year, the Copper Queen and Calumst and Arizona shipped thousands of tons of ore to the reduction works and smelter at Douglas. Report of the Governor. 1902. pp. 39-

40. See footnote 208 for the Commonwealth Mine at Pearce.

2^°Brodie probably refers to the Irish Mag claim, purchased by Jim Hoatson of Michigan. Dunning, Rocks to

Riches. p. 137.

^^^Santa Cruz County was created in 1898 from part of 281 southeastern Pima County. Walker and Bufkin, Historical

Atlas. p. 32.

^^^Groundwater was plentiful near the Santa Cruz. The

Calabasas Irrigation, Land and Water Company owned the largest irrigation system along the Santa Cruz. Report of the Governor. 1901. p. 134.

^^^Brodie is perhaps thinking about the thriving

business community in Nogales, a center for trade with the

interior of Sonora. Portrait and Biographical Record, p.

1014.

^^^Graham County was organized in 1881. The Arizona

Copper Company at Clifton and the Detroit Copper Company at

Morenci ranked among Arizona's top four copper producers in

1902. The Shannon Mine, a new venture, had made a strong

showing. Report of the Governor. 1902. pp. 42-43.

^^®This was the Gila Valley, Globe & Northern Railway,

completed in 1898. Globe, in the Mescal Mountains,

developed as a silver-copper mining town in the 1870's.

The town became the county seat of Gila County in 1881.

Myrick, Railroads of Arizona, vol. 2, pp. 829-912; Walker 282 and Bufkln, Historical Atlas of Arizona, p. 32.

Brodie• reported to the Secretary of Interior• in•

1902 that 7,033 Mormons resided in Arizona. For a history of the Mormons in the Gila Valley, see Charles S. Peterson,

Take Up Your Mission: Mormon Colonizing along the Little

Colorado River. 1870-1900 (Tucson: University of Arizona

Press, 1973) and Oran A. Williams, "Settlement and Growth of the Gila Valley in Graham County as a Mormon Colony,

1879-1900" (M.A. thesis, University of Arizona, 1937).

^^^While alfalfa was the most lucrative crop,

Arizonans raised nxmerous types of fruits from oranges to cherries to dates. "Annual Report, 1902," HP 5. 57 Cong.,

2 Sess., pp. 287-293.

2^®Brodie estimated the population at 140,000 in 1902-

-a 15% increase from 1900. "Annual Report, 1902," HP 5. 57

Cong., 2 Sess., pp. 204-208.

A devastating fire in the summer of 1900 swept through Prescott and burned four and a half blocks of businesses, causing an estimated loss of $1,250,000. Kitty

Jo Parker Nelson, "Prescott: Sketch of a Frontier Capital, 283

1863-1900," Arizoniana. vol. 4 (Winter, 1963), pp. 25-26.

^*°In 1905 the Reclamation Service started construction of the Roosevelt Dam, located at the confluence of the

Tonto Creek and Salt River, and completed it in 1911.

Peplow, Taming of the Salt, pp. 76, 103; Smith,

Maanificient Experiment, p. 113, 123. See also Zarbin,

Roosevelt Dam.

1914 Roosevelt Dam provided water to irrigate

240,000 acres of land. Editors, "Water for Phoenix: Building the Roosevelt Dam," JAH, vol. 18 (Autumn, 1977), p. 292.

^^^When completed in 1911, Roosevelt Dam had a sluicing tunnel with hydraulic gates on the south side of the river and a 9,000 foot-long power canal for generating electricity on the north side. Smith, Maanificient

Experiment, pp. 79-82.

^^^Anson P. K. Safford was Arizona's third territorial governor (April 7, 1869 to April 5, 1877). McClintock,

Arizona. vol. 2, pp. 331, 324, 574. See also Judith E.

Tobias, "The Administration of Governor A. P. K. Safford: 284

A History of Territorial Arizona, 1869-1871" (M.A. thesis,

University of Arizona, 1965); Eugene E. Williams, "The

Territorial Governors of Arizona—Anson Peacely-Killen

Safford," Arizona Historical Review, vol. 7 (January,

1936), pp. 69-83.

^^^Territorial School Superintendent Nelson G. Layton stated that school was compulsory up to age 14. The maximum school age was raised from 18 to 21 by the

Territorial Legislature in 1901. Superintendent of Public

Instruction, Biennial Report, pp. 5, 7.

^^®The Normal School at Flagstaff, now Northern

Arizona University, opened on September 11, 1899 with one building and two faculty members. Earlier in 1885 the legislature created the a normal school at Tempe, now

Arizona State University. It admitted thirty-three students in February of 1886. Piatt Cline, Mountain Campus; The Story of Northern Arizona University

(Flagstaff: Northland Press, 1983), pp. 10-35; Ernest J.

Hopkins and Alfred Thomas, Jr., The Arizona State

University Story (Phoenix: Southwest Publishing Co.,

1960), p. viii. 285

^*®The Thirteenth Legislative Assembly authorized the establishment of a university in 1885, and the University of Arizona opened its doors in 1891. In 1901-1902, it registered 215 undergraduates and 4 graduate students. Office of the Registrar, "Statistical Record 1891/92- 1925/26," University of Arizona Archives, Special

Collections, University of Arizona, Tucson; Margaret

Mitchell, "The Founding of the University of Arizona, 1885-

1894," M, vol. 27 (Spring, 1985), pp. 5-8. For a complete history of the university, see Douglas D. Martin, The Lamp in the Desert (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1960).

^^^An Agricultural Experiment Station was established at the university under the Hatch Act of 1887. The station operated three branch farms in 1902—Phoenix Farm on Grand

Avenue, a twenty acre site in Tempe, and a farm east of

Yuma on the Gila River. Virginia E. Rice, "The

Agricultural Experiment Station: A History to 1917," vol. 20 (Summer, 1978), pp. 123, 126.

^^®Under the directorship of Professor Robert H.

Forbes, the experiment stations imported date palms in

1898. By 1900 over 400 trees were planted at the Tempe farm and 80% were still alive in 1902. Charles C. Colley, 286

"Arizona, Cradle of the American Date Growing Industry,

1890-1916," Southern California Quarterly, vol. 53 (March,

1971), pp. 55-66; idem. The Century of Robert H. Forbes

(Tucson: Arizona Historical Society, 1977), pp. 17-23.

^*®Under the Hatch Act of 1887 and the Second Morrill

Act, the university could count on $40,000 in funds in

1902. Mitchell, "Founding the University of Arizona," p.

18.

^®°In 1902 the legislature awarded $25,000 for construction of a new library and museum building at the university. Phyllis Ball, A Photographic History of the

University of Arizona. 1885-1985 (Tucson; University of

Arizona Foundation, 1987), p. 77.

2®^Brodie mistakenly locates the reform school, for boys and girls, in Tucson. On January 2, 1902, construction began on the new school at Benson. The legislature appropriated $33,000 for the project. The schcol closed about the time of statehood due to the building's poor construction. McClintock, Arizona, vol. 2, p. 353; Report of the Governor. 1902. pp. 84-86. 287

^®^The Eighth Territorial Legislature established the

Territorial Prison at Yuma in 1875. In 1910 the prisoners were transferred to a new facility at Florence. On June

30, 1902, 281 men were incarcerated in the Territorial

Prison. "Annual Report, 1902," HP 5. 57 Cong., 2 Sess., p.

279; Paul G. Hubbard, "Life in the Arizona Territorial

Prison, 1876-1910," M, vol. 1, (Winter, 1959), p. 317.

^®^The Thirteenth Legislature appropriated $100,000 to

establish an insane asylvun in 1885 in Phoenix. Before

1885, patients were sent to Stockton, California for

treatment. "Arizona Mental Health in Territorial Days and

After, Part II," Arizona Psychiatry, vol. 1 (August, 1970),

pp. 15-21; See also Milestones: A History of Seventv-

five Years of Progress at the Arizona State Hospital.

Phoenix. Arizona (Phoenix: S. N., 1962).

^®®The Legislative Assembly of Arizona met biennially.

Wagoner, Arizona Territory, pp. 525-526.

^®®The Sixteenth Territorial Legislature approved a

$30,000 bond drive to support an Arizona exhibit at the

1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago. Bruce

Hilpert, "Arizona Goes to the Fair: the World's Columbian 288

Exposition of 1893," vol. 25 (Autumn, 1983), p. 264.

^®®Brodie attributed the high tax rate to the expenses associated with constructing and maintaining territorial institutions; an inadequate method of listing and assessing property which placed the burden on the small holder; the low valuation of the mines; and the impossibility of accurately counting cattle and horses for assessment. He had proposed an equitable taxation of large mines and a revision of property listing and valuation to lower taxes.

The total internal revenue taxes collected in Arizona as of

June 30, 1902 was $38,882.38. The net bonded and floating indebtedness of Arizona amounted to $1,065,461.90. "Annual

Report, 1902," HP 5. 57 Cong., 2 Sess., pp. 208-209, 216,

222.

^®^For a history of Arizona's fight for statehood up to 1902, see K. E. Baugh, "Arizona's Struggle for

Statehood, 1882-1912" (M.A. thesis. University of Missouri,

1934); John Braeman, "Albert J. Beveridge and Statehood for the Southwest, 1902-1912," M, vol. 10 (Winter, 1968), pp.

316-317; Archa M. Farlow, "Arizona's Admission to

Statehood, 1913" (M.A. thesis. University of Southern

California, 1913); Alda Sherman, "The Admission of Arizona 289 to the Union" (M.A. thesis. University of Colorado, 1929).

^®®Statehood brought prosperity to the Western territories, economically restrained by the Harrison Act of

1886. The Act, intended to limit territorial indebtedness,

instead stunted economic growth, especially in Arizona.

Lyon, "The Harrison Act of 1886," pp. 209-210, 223-224.

^^^Report of the Governor. 1902. p. 11.

^®°In 1870 Arizona's population was 9,658. Report of

the Governor. 1901. p. 91.

^®^For a history of the boundaries of the

reservations, see Walker and Bufkin, "Historical Atlas."

pp. 44-45.

^®^Born in Indiana, Republican Nelson G. Layton (1852-

1926) migrated to Colorado in 1880 as a prospector and then

to Flagstaff in 1883, where he became involved with the

lumber industry. His career included terms as a justice of

the peace, probate judge, school superintendent for

Coconino County and latter the territory, police

magistrate, and a 1900 Census enumerator. McClintock, 290

Arizona, vol. 1, p. 93; Portrait and Biographical Record of

Arizona, p. 197.

^®^See Biennial Report of the Superintendent of Public

Instruction (Phoenix, Arizona Department of Education,

1902).

^®*Arizona libraries were poorly funded. In fact, the

Territorial Legislature granted no appropriation in 1902 for library needs. Secretary of the Territory, Public

Offices, and Officers-Governors, "Library Report of

Governor Alexander O. Brodie, 1902," Department of Library,

Archives, and Public Records, Phoenix.

OAS • A lawyer by profession, John C. Adams (1862-1926) came to Arizona in 1895 and built the Adams Hotel in

Phoenix in 1896. He became a the mayor (Republican) of

Phoenix in 1897 and served until his resignation in 1901.

Adams continued a political career as the Postmaster in

Phoenix and helped to establish the Arizona State Fair.

Luckingham, Phoenix, p. 56; Tombstone Epitaph. May 17,

1926; Tucson Arizona Star. February 15, 1944.

^®®Block 41 in South Phoenix was considered the "red 291 light district" in 1902. Luckingham, Phoenix, p. 61.

^®'see Walker and Bufkin, Historical Atlas, pp. 61-62 for the grovrth of Phoenix.

^®®In May of 1901, the Phoenix City Council approved a

statute which prevented women from being employed where

liquor was sold (a misdemeanor charge). Tisdale,

"Prohibition Crusade," p. 68.

^®®Gambling was licensed under territorial statutes.

Ibid.. pp. 8, 22-23.

^'°A brace game is a gambling euphemism for a rigged

or crooked game. Ramon F. Adams, Western Words (Norman,

Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press, 1944), p. 17.

^^^In accordance with the Revised Statutes of Arizona

Territorv for 1901. Maricopa County held a local option

election on June 24, 1902 to make prohibition possible. Of

370 votes cast, 282 were in favor of prohibition and 88

opposed. Judge Edward Kent later declared the election

fradulent. cited in Tisdale, "Prohibition Crusade," pp.

63-64. 292

^^^Alhambra, named by Josiah Harbert who also founded

Alhambra, California, and Peoria, started in 1886 by four families from Peoria, Illinois, were small towns northwest of Phoenix. Granger, Arizona Place Names, pp. 175, 190;

Luckingham, Phoenix. p. 134.

^^^No Maricopa County sheriff or deputy died on the job from 1887 to 1902, but a deputy named Prethero was shot in the arm while restraining an escaped prisoner. Lori

Davisson, Research Historian, Arizona Historical Society,

February 2, 1990, to Underbill, editor's files.

^^^The Orndorff Hotel, at Main and Pennington streets, had a colorful past. While changing owners and names until

1896, the Robert Phillips House/Stevens House/Hodges

House/Cosmopolitan Hotel once served as home to the

Territorial Legislature and court. J. Knox Corbett

acquired the Orndorff in 1902. Senator Beveridge probably stayed in Room Number 1, reserved for dignitaries. Ray

Brandes, "Guide to Historic Landmarks of Tucson,"

Arizoniana. vol. 3 (Summer, 1962), pp. 30-31; Tucson

Arizona Star. March 30, 1935 and April 11, 1943. 293

^'®Born in 1849, John E. Magee resided at 106 W. Ochoa

Street and worked as a miner. As enumerator for District No. 49 north of Ochoa Street, he recorded 3,170 individuals at the pay rate of "C". City of Tucson Business Directory.

1902 (Tucson; Charles T. Connell, 1902), p. 53; Great

Register of Pima County. A. T.. 1900. p. 12; 1900 District

Descriptions. T-1210, roll 1, p. 16.

^^®Born in 1834 in Maine, William L. Garrison Soule in

1902 resided at 44 W. Corral in Tucson and worked as a mailing clerk at the post office. He was responsible for

District No. 48, south of Ochoa Street. Soule enumerated

2,547 people for a pay rate listed as "C". City of Tucson

Business Directory. 1902. p. 84; Great Register of Pima

County. p. 17; 1900 District Descriptions. T-1210, roll 1, p. 16; Twelfth Census. T-623, roll 18, sheet 10, line 41.

^^^The Census Office employed thirty-two interpreters in Arizona for the 1900 Census. See footnote 63.

^^®Paul Jones, born in 1859, was a lawyer orginally from Minnesota. He served as enumerator for District 47 east of Sixth Avenue. Jones added 1,814 people to the census. Great Register of Pima County; p. 10; 1900 294

District Descriptions. T-1210, roll 1, p. 16; Twelfth

Census. T-623, roll 47, vol. 4, sheet 16, line 26.

^^^The Twelfth Census reported that Tucson had a

population of 7,531. A 1902 guidebook claimed a population

of 10,000, with 2,000 outside the city limits. Tucson

Chamber of Commerce, Tucson. Arizona (Tucson: Citizen

Printing and Binding House, 1902), p. 3; Twelfth Census.

1900, vol. 1, p. 64.

^®°Out of an Indian population of 26,480 in 1900 in

Arizona, 1,543 resided in Pima County. Abstract of Twelfth

Census. p. 40; Twelfth Census, vol. 1, p. xxxviii. See

also Jere Franco, "Howard Billman and the Tucson Indian

School, 1888-1894," Social Sciences Journal, vol. 26, no.

2, pp. 143-160.

^®^Thomas Hughes Jr., son of one-time Pima County

Treasurer Thomas Hughes, Sr., was a court reporter in

addition to his responsibilities as an interpreter. The

editor has been unable to discover his birth and death

dates. McClintock, Arizona. vol. 3, p. 518.

^®^Educated at St. Lawrence University, Frank Yale 295

Adams (1867-1919) was a Professor of history and pedagogy as well as commandant of cadets at the University of

Arizona before becoming its president in 1902. He resigned in 1903 and was succeeded by Charles Babcock. Ball, Photographic History of the University of Arizona, p. 77;

Martin, Lamp in the Desert, p. 78-80.

^®^In 1902 the university had thirteen professors, six instructors—including an instructor in physical culture and the art of expression—and an assistant chemist.

Superintendent of Public Instruction, Biennial Report, pp.

31-32.

^®^The university awarded two graduate degrees, subject unspecified, in 1902-1903. Office of the

Registrar, "Statistical Record, 1981/92 - 1925/26," Special

Collections, University of Arizona, Tucson, n. pag.

^®®The university had 215 undergraduate and 4 graduate students in 1901-1902. Office of the Registrar, "Statistical Record".

^®®In 1891 the Board of Regents authorized the hiring of professors of mining and engineering. Theodore B. 296

Comstock became the first head of the School of Mines. The

School of Mines faculty in 1902 consisted of Dr. William

Phipps Blake (geology, metallurgy, and mining) and Frank

Nelson Guild (mineralogy and analytical chemistry) with support from professors of chemistry and physics.

Mitchell, "The Founding of the University of Arizona," pp.

19-24; Superintendent of Public Instruction, Biennial

Report. pp. 31-32.

native of Ohio, Davis (1861-1933) practiced law in his home state before his appointment by President

McKinley in 1897 to preside over the First Judicial

District. Davis was replaced in 1905. John Goff, Arizona Territorial Officials; The Supreme Court, pp. 158-161;

McClintock, Arizona, vol. 2, p. 353; Portrait and

Biographical Record of Arizona, p. 96.

^®®In 1900 Tombstone's population was 646. Twelfth

Census. vol. 1, p. 64.

^®'ln 1902 the Tombstone Consolidated Mining Company was attempting to resucitate the Tombstone mines by pvimping water out of the lower levels. Britz, "William F.

Staunton," pp. 93-129. 297

1902 approximately fifty percent of the inmates in the Territorial Prison at Yxima were Mexican. "Annual

Report, 1902," HP 5. 57 Cong., 2 Sess., p. 279.

^'^Louis C. Hughes (1842-1915) was orphaned in

Philadelphia, served in the Union Army, and became a machinist. He came to Tucson in 1871 and established the

Arizona Star in 1878, the first daily paper in Arizona, which he managed for thirty years. A Democrat, Hughes served as Arizona governor from 1893 to 1896. He advocated, among other things, removal of Indians from the

Territory, the creation of a land claims court, woman's suffrage, statehood, irrigation and reclamation, and a territorial law prohibiting gambling. David B. Dill, Jr.,

"Removal1 The Political Downfall of Louis Hughes," JAH. vol. 29 (Autumn, 1988), pp. 257-276; Goff, Arizona

Territorial Officials. The Governors, pp. 140-151; William

H. Lyon, "Louis C. Hughes, Arizona's Editorial Gadfly,"

JAH. vol. 24 (Summer, 1983), pp. 171-200; McClintock,

Arizona, vol. 3, p. 5.

November 16, 1902, the Arizona Pioneers

Historical Society, organized in 1884 in Tucson, appointed 298 a committee to "consider what action, if any, should be taken to present to the U.S. Senate Committee on

Territories the views of the Society upon the question of statehood for Arizona." Two days later the committee presented four amendments to be added to the Omnibus bill.

Of the eleven members in attendance, only Democrat Samuel

Drachman opposed the measure. In 1902 the Society had less than 50 members. "Arizona Pioneers Historical Society Minutes and Meetings, 1893-1924," vol. 31, pp. 147-148,

Arizona Historical Society Archives, AHS; C. L. Sonnichsen,

Pioneer Heritage; The First Centurv of the Arizona

Historical Society (Tucson: Arizona Historical Society,

1984), pp. 5-13,21,48-50, 56-57; Tucson Citizen. November

21, 1902.

For H.R. 12543, see U.S. House, 57 Cong., 1 Sess.,

To Enable the People of Oklahoma. Arizona, and New Mexico to form Constitutions . . . (Washington, D.C.: Government

Printing Office, 1902).

^Gerrymandering means to divide political units for the benefit of one group or party. Webster^s New

Collegiate Dictionary (Springfield, Massachusetts; G & c

Merriam Company, 1975), p. 483. 299

^®®Under the Omnibus bill (H. R. 12543), the territorial governor of Arizona could call for an election of delegates to a constitutional convention thirty days after the bill became law. The convention would be held three weeks after the election of delegates. H. R. 12543,

U.S. House, 57 Cong., 1 Sess.; Tucson Arizona Star.

November 16, 1902.

^®®Sworn in as Arizona Pioneers Historical Society president in 1901, Sidney Randolph DeLong (1828-1914) was born in in New York, served with the First California

Volunteers during the Civil War, and in 1866 settled in

Tucson as an employee of Tully & Ochoa. An energetic

Republican, DeLong also edited the Tucson Weeklv Arizonan. was the first mayor of Tucson (1871-1872), and later was a territorial legislator. Manuscript, Sidney Randolph DeLong

Collection, AHS; McClintock, Arizona, vol. 3, p. 373;

Sonnichsen, Pioneer Heritage, pp. 69-70.

^®^H. R. 12543 decreed that the constitutional convention would include thirty-six delegates—two from each county, with the exception of Pima and Pinal Counties, which were allowed three delegates. H. R. 12543, U.S. 300

House, 57 Cong., 1 Sess.; Tucson Arizona star. November 15,

1902.

R. 12543 required that an election for state officials be held in conjuction with the vote for adoption

or rejection of the constitution. H. R. 12543, U.S. House,

57 Cong., 1 Sess.; Tucson, Arizona Star. November 15,

1902.

^"james Flynn, born in New York in 1846, resided in

Precinct # 1 in Tucson. He was married and had one child.

Great Register of Pima Countv. p. 7; Twelfth Census. T-

623, roll 47, sheet 24, line 85.

^°°According to the Revised Statutes of Arizona for

1887. saloons were required to pay $50.00 per quarter and

gambling operations $30.00 per month. Tisdale,

"Prohibition Crusade," pp. 22-23.

30iprior to the Civil War, Louis Zeckendorf (1883-

1906) left his native Germany and joined his brother Aaron,

a merchant in Santa Fe. In 1868 Louis established a branch

in Tucson and in 1882 was an incorporator of the Copper

Queen Consolidated Mining Company. Floyd S. Fireman, "The 301

Spectacular Zeckendorfs," JAH. vol. 22 (Winter, 1981), p.

414; Portrait and Biographical Record of Arizona, p. 73.

^"^Pima County raised $17,133 from licenses on saloons, gambling, and businesses in 1902. "Licenses

Collected by the Sheriff, 1899-1904," pp. 72-86, Pima

County Collection, AHS.

^°^The 1902 city directory lists exactly 45 saloons.

City of Tucson Business Directory. 1902. p. 114.

^°^Tucson had seven licensed gambling establishments in 1902. "Licenses, 1899-1904," pp. 72-86, Pima County

Collection, AHS.

^^^Revised Statutes of Arizona. 1887 (Prescott,

Arizona: Cownes Printing, 1887), p. 396.

^°®William Angus, a resident of Precinct #l in Tucson, was the son of University Professor Frank Nelson Guild. In

1902 Angus supervised twenty-four city and eighteen county teachers in thirty-six schools. Great Register of Pima

County. 1900. p. 1; G. E. P. Smith, "My Trips into the

Cordon of Mountains Surrounding Tucson" (Tucson: n.p., 302

Brochure 5, 1967); Superintendent of Public Instruction,

Biennial Report, pp. 15, 38-39.

^°'pima County's total enrollment for spring of 1902 was 1,959 pupils, with an average daily attendance of

1,022. Superintendent of Public Instruction, Biennial

Report. p. 16.

^°®Arizona had two high schools in 1902, one in

Phoenix (Union High School) and one in Mesa. Students had to be 14 to enter the university's preparatory course.

Mitchell, "Founding of the University of Arizona," p. 25;

Superintendent of Public Instruction, Biennial Report, p.

13.

^°®Born in Ohio but a resident of California by 1852,

Merrill P. Freeman (1844-1919) was educated in the East before entering a banking and mining career. He arrived in

Tucson in 1881, served as a commissioned postmaster and executive for several banks, including the Arizona National

Bank, and became president of the Consolidated National

Bank. Freeman was also on the Arizona Board of Regents and helped establish the Tucson Public Library. McClintock,

Arizona, vol. 3, p. 312. 303

Consolida'ted National Bank was incorporated in

1888 and received a national charter in 1890. It resulted from a 1887 merger of the Bank of Tucson and the assets of banker David Henderson. Caroline Mary Hughston, The Tricennial of the Consolidated National Bank of Tucson.

1890-1920 (Tucson: Consolidated National Bank, 1920), Ephemera File, AHS; Dawn Teresa Santiago, "The Banking Operations of Lionel and Barron Jacobs in Tucson, Arizona,

1867-1913" (M.A. thesis. University pf Arizona, 1988), pp.

128, 147-152.

^^^The Phoenix National Bank, Prescott National Bank, the National Bank of Arizona, and the Valley Bank all had capital stock in the amount of $100,000. The Bank of

Arizona (Prescott) had deposits of $946,862.00. Report of the Governor. 1902. p. 21.

^^^Consolidated National Bank's resources included

$439,025.97 in loans, discounts, and overdrafts in 1902. Report of the Governor. 1902. p. 20.

^^^Built by the Copper Queen Consolidated Mining

Company, the four-story brick and concrete Copper Queen 304

Hotel opened for business in 1902 with Charles Rouzer as manager. The total construction cost was $75,000 for 44 rooms, a billiard parlor, and dining hall for 78. Bisbee

Brewery Gulch Gazette, n.d., Ephemera File, AHS; Phoenix

Arizona Capitol Times. September 2, 1987.

^^%alter Douglas (1870-1946), the son of James

Douglas, attended several colleges and did postgraduate work at the Columbia School of Mines. He worked as a mining engineer and metallurgist for various companies before taking over the Copper Queen in 1902. He became president of Phelps Dodge in 1910. Cleland, History of

PhelPS Dodge, pp. 144-145, 188, 193-206; Tucson Arizona

Star. April 16, 1930. See also Hugh H. Langston, James

Douglas: A Memoir (Toronto: Privately Printed, 1940).

^^®A history of the Copper Queen Consolidated, formed in 1885, is in Cleland, History of Phelps Dodge, pp. 72-

272.

^^®The town of Douglas sprang to life in 1901 with the completion of the company's copper smelter and reduction works there. Jeffrey, "The History of Douglas, Arizona." 305

^^^During fiscal year 1901-1902, the Copper Queen

Company produced 18,313 tons of copper. The reduction works at Bisbee included a smelting and converting plant with five furnaces and could process 1,500 tons of crude ore per day. Underground workers at Bisbee received $3.50 per eight-hour shift. Report of the Governor of Arizona.

1902. pp. 39-40.

^^®For a history of the Bisbee mines, see Bailey,

Bisbee; Queen of the Copper Camps.

^^®The population of Cochise County was 9,251 in 1900.

Bisbee was incorporated in 1902. Abstract of Twelfth

Census. p. 150.

^^°The reduction works at Bisbee consumed 13,000 gallons of water per day. Report of the Governor of

Arizona. 1902. p. 40.

^^^The Calumet and Arizona Mining Company, a new corporation in 1902, worked an ore body near the Copper

Queen. The incorporators paid over $500,000 for the claim, then owned by the defunct Superior and Western Copper

Company. The company also constructed a smelter at Douglas 306 with a 600-ton, per-day capacity. Dunning, Rock to Riches, p. 136-137; Report of the Governor of Arizona. 1902. p. 39.

^^^The Phelps Dodge camp at Morenci included 4,000 people in 1902, many of whom worked for its subsidiary, the

Detroit Copper Company. The Detroit Company was the fourth largest copper producer in Arizona, with approximately

1,400,000 pounds of copper per month. Report of the

Governor of Arizona. 1902. p. 43.

^^^The Clifton area mines used leaching plants with sulphuric acid to treat low-grade oxidized ores. Dunning,

Rock to Riches, pp. 138-139.

^^^In 1901 the population of Morenci was 5,000, with a largely Mexican labor force. Of the 600 workers at the

Arizona Copper Company in 1896, black and Italian laborers outnumbered Mexican miners. Patton, History of Clifton, pp. 34-35; Watt, "History of Morenci, Arizona," p. 38.

^^®The "Boom Days" of Tombstone date from 1878 to

1886. Jeanne Devere, "The Tombstone Bonanza, 1878-188S,"

Arizoniana. vol. 2 (Fall, 1960), pp. 16-20. 307

^^®The Development Company of America gambled that therfc was a static amount of water flooding the Tombstone mines. They were wrong. In 1902 the central piuaping shaft reached the water table at a depth of 475 feet and at a cost of $29 per foot above the water line and $60 per foot below. Britz, '•William F. Staunton," pp. 93-103.

^^^According to Tombstone researcher Carl Chaffin, the peak year was 1882, when 6,000 people called Tombstone home.

^^®In 1900 Tombstone's official population was 646.

Twelfth Census, vol. 1, p. 64.

^^'Por a brief history of the Commonwealth Mine and its owners, see footnote 207.

230prom November 20 to 21, the Committee heard testimony in Las Cruces and Carlsbad, New Mexico and El

Paso, Texas. From November 22 to 24, the senators interviewed witnesses in Woodward, Oklahoma City, and

Guthrie, Oklahoma. The hearings ended on Monday, November

24 at 3:30 p.m., and the senators returned to Chicago.

"New Statehood Bill," SD 36. 57 Cong^, 2 Sess., pp. 1-225. 308

Selected Bibliography

PRIMARY SOURCES

Manuscript and Record Collections

Arizona Department of Library, Archives, and Public Records, Phoenix.

Arizona Corporation Commission Records.

Elias S. Clark Collection.

Secretary of the Territory, Public Offices, and Officers-Governors. "Library Report of Governor Alexander 0. Brodie, 1902."

Arizona Historical Society, Tucson.

Arizona Historical Society Archives.

Ephemera Files. "New Dominion Copper Co." Brochure, n.p., n.d.; Hughston, Carloine Mary. The Tricennial of the Consolidated National Bank of Tucson. 1890-1920. Tucson: Consolidated National Bank, 1920.

Sidney Randolph DeLong Collection.

Pima County Collection.

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William Field Staunton Papers.

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Correspondence

Abbey, Sue. Archivist, Sharlott Hall Museum, Prescott. Correspondence, January 20, 1990.

Davisson, Lori. Research Historian, Arizona Historical Society, Tucson. Correspondence, February 2, 1990.

Lewis, Tab. Civil Reference Branch, National Archives, Washington, D.C. Correspondence, February 8, 1990.

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Concfressional Directory, ed. by A. J. Halford. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1902.

Congressional Record. 57 Cong., 1 Sess., vol. 35, 1902; 57 Cong., 2 Sess., vol. 36, 1902; 60 Cong. 1 Sess., vol. 42, 1907; 62 Cong., 2 Sess., vol, 48, 1912.

Lead. Copper, and Zinc Smelting and Refining. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, Census Bulletin No. 124, January 4, 1902.

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U.S. Census Office. 1900 Census Enumeration District Descriptions Alabama. Arizona. Alaska. Arkansas . . .. 10 volumes. Washington, D.C.: United States Census Office, 1901. Also filmed as microfilm T-1210, roll l. U.S. Census Office. Mortality Statistics for the Census Year 1900. Washington, D. c.i Government Printing Office, Census Bulletin 83, 1901.

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U.S. Congress. Senate. "New Statehood Bill: Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Territories on House Bill 12543 . . ." Senate Document 36, 57 Cong., 2 Sess. Serial 4420. 1902.

U.S. Congress. Senate. "New Statehood Bill." Senate Report 2206, 57 Cong., 2 Sess. Serial 4410. 1902.

U.S. Congress. Senate. Report on the Irrigation Investigation for Benefit of the Pima and Other Indians by Arthur P. Davis. Senate Document 27, 54 Cong., 2 Sess. Serial 3467. 1897. 311

U.S. Congress. Senate. Senate Manual. Senate Document 227, 57 Cong., 2 Sess. Serial 4438. 1902. U.S. Congress. Senate. Senate Miscellaneous Document 34. 53 Cong., Special Session. Serial 3142. 1895.

U.S. Reclamation Service. Yuma Project: Infcirmation Compiled for Board of Army Engineers. 1910. Washington, D.C.; Government Printing Office, 1910.

Magazines

Munsev^s Magazine. December, 1900.

Newspapers

Bisbee Review. November - December, 1902. boualas Dispatch. November, 1902.

Coconino Sun (Flagstaff), November, 1902. Mohave County Miner (Kingman), November - December, 1902.

Los Angeles Times. December, 1902.

New York Times. November, 1902.

Arizona Gazette (Phoenix), November - December, 1902.

Arizona Republican (Phoenix), November - December, 1902.

Journal-Miner (Prescott), November, 1902.

Prospect (Prescott), January, 1902.

Tombstone Propsector. November - December, 1902.

Arizona Star (Tucson), October - December, 1902.

Citizen (Tucson), November - December, 1902; October 17, 1903.

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Books

The Arizona Directory Company^s; Phoenix Directory of the Year 1895. Phoenix: Arizona Directory Company, 1895.

Blake, William P. Tombstone and Its Mines. New York: Cheltenham Press, 1902. City of Tucson Business Directory. 1902. Tucson: Charles T. Connell, 1902. Elliot, Wallace W. History of Arizona Territory Showing its Resources and Advantages . . .. San Francisco: Wallace W. Elliot Publishers, 1884.

Great Register of Cochise County. 1902. n.p. Housed at the Arizona Historical Society [AHS], Tucson.

Great Register of Maricopa County. Arizona. 1902. n.p. Housed at AHS. Great Register of Maricopa County. Arizona. 1904. Phoenix: n.p. Housed at AHS.

Great Register of Pima County. A. T.. 1900. n.p. Housed at AHS.

Great Register of Yavapai County. Territory of Arizona: Morning Courier. 1904.

Langston, Hugh H. James Douglas: A Memoir. Toronto: Privately Printed, 1940.

Portrait and Biographical Record of Arizona. Chicago: Chapman Publishing Co., 1901.

Revised Statutes of Arizona. 1887. Prescott: Covnes Printing, 1887.

Revised Statutes of Arizona. 1901. Coliambia, Missouri: n.p., 1901.

Skimmer, A. P. Phoenix City Directory. Phoenix: H. H. McNeil Printer, 1902. 313

Sloan, Richard E. Memories of an Arizona Judge. Palo Alto: Stanford University Press, 1932.

Tucson Chamber of Commerce. Tucson. Arizona. Tucson: Citizen Printing and Binding House, 1902.

Journal Articles

Bache, Rene, and Jenny, Ralph E. "Final Work on the Roosevelt Dam." Technical World Magazine n.v. (June, 1910), pp. 385-388. Blandy, John F. "Mining in Yavapai County, Arizona." Engineering and Mining Journal vol. 66 (November 5, 1898), pp. 547-548. Church, John A. "Tombstone, Arizona Mining District." Engineering and Mining Journal (April 26, 1902), p. 584. Mensch, W. A. "Mohave County, Arizona." Mines and Minerals vol. 20 (November, 1899), p. 169. "Mining Revival in Tombstone." Engineering and Mining Journal (March 1, 1902), p. 314. Pittock, G. W. "Story of the Pearce Mines." Sunset vol. 12 (December, 1903), pp. 169-171.

"What Makes a Territory Fit for Statehood?" The Literary Digest (December 20, 1902), p. 829.

Reports Superintendent of Public Instruction. Biennial Report of the Superintendent of Public Instruction. Phoenix: Arizona Department of Education, 1902.

SECONDARY SOURCES

Dissertations and Theses 314

Anderson, Lucille. "Railroad Transportation through Prescott." M.A. thesis. University of Arizona, 1934.

Baldwin, Ava S. "The History of Florence, Arizona, 1866- 1940." M.A. thesis. University of Arizona, 1941.

Baugh, K. E. "Arizona's Struggle for Statehood, 1882-1912." M.A. thesis. University of Missouri, 1934.

Britz, Kevin. "The Arizona Mining Career of William F. Staunton, 1883-1931." M.A. thesis. University of Arizona, 1985. Brogdon, John C. "The History of Jerome, Arizona." M.A. thesis, University of Arizona, 1952.

Cottrell, Beatrice Arline. "Senate Action on the Omnibus Statehood Bill of 1902." M.A. thesis. University of New Mexico, 1938.

Cox, Annie M. "A History of Bisbee, 1877-1937." M.A. thesis, University of Arizona, 1938.

Farlow, Archa M. "Arizona's Admission to Statehood, 1913." M.A. thesis. University of Southern California, 1913.

Fazio, Steven. "Marcus A. Smith: Arizona Politician." M.A. thesis. University of Arizona, 1968.

Hawkins, Helen E. "A History of Wickenburg to 1875." M.A. thesis, Arizona State University, 1950.

Henderson, Patrick C. "A History of the Prescott-Bradshaw Mining Districts." M.A. thesis. University of Arizona, 1958.

Holland, Melvin. "A History of Mesa." M.A. thesis. University of Arizona, 1933.

Jeffrey, Robert S. "The History of Douglas, Arizona." M.A. thesis. University of Arizona, 1951.

Kittell, Larry Waite. "The Adminstration of Alexander O. Brodie: Territorial Governor, 1902-1905." M.A. thesis. University of Arizona, 1973.

Kupel, Douglas Edward. "Diversity Through Adversity; Tucson Basin Water Control since 1854." M.A. thesis. 315

University of Arizona, 1986. Langston, La Moine. "Arizona's Fight for Statehood in the Fifty-seventh Congress." M.A, thesis. University of New Mexico, 1939.

Lewis, Mildred C. "A History of Irrigation in the Tempe Area." M.A. thesis, Arizona State University, 1963.

Maddox, Charles Edgar. "The Statehood Policy of Albert J. Beveridge, 1901-1911." M.A. thesis. University of New Mexico, 1938.

Matheny, Robert Lavesco. "The History of Lumbering in Arizona Before World War II." Ph.D. dissertation, University of Arizona, 1975. Nicholas, Cora S. "History of the Yuma Valley and Mesa with Special Emphasis on the City of Yuma, Arizona." M.A. thesis. University of Southern California, 1948.

Robertson, Frank D. "A History of Yuma, Arizona, 1540- 1920." M.A. thesis, Univeristy of Arizona, 1942.

Santiago, Dawn Teresa. "The Banking Operations of Lionel and Barron Jacobs in Tucson, Arizona, 1867-1913." M.A. thesis. University of Arizona, 1988.

Sayre, John W. "Mines, Men, and Machinery: A Study of Copper Mining in the Bradshaw Mountains, 1875-1979." M.A. thesis. Northern Arizona University, 1979.

Sherman, Alda. "The Admission of Arizona to the Union." M.A. thesis. University of Colorado, 1929.

Swor, Robert L. "The Development of Prescott." M.A. thesis, Arizona State University, 1952.

Tisdale, Nancy. "The Prohitibion Crusade in Arizona." M.A. thesis, University of Arizona, 1965.

Tobias, Judith E. "The Administration of Governor A. P. K. Safford: A History of Territorial Arizona, 1869- 1871." M.A. thesis. University of Arizona, 1965.

Watt, Robert. "The History of Morenci." M.A. thesis. University of Arizona, 1956. 316

Williams, Oran A. "Settlement and Growth of the Gila Valley in Graham County as a Mormon Colony, 1879-1900." M.A. thesis. University of Arizona, 1937.

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"Biographical Directory of the American Congress, 1774- 1971." Senate Document 92-8. 92 Cong., 1 Sess. Serial 12938. 1971. U.S. Geological Survey. The Black Mesa Coal Field. Arizona, by M. R. Campbell and H. E. Gregory. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Geological Survey, Bulletin 4316, 1911.

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Arizona Days and Wavs. December, 1956.

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Arizona Capitol Times (Phoenix), May 16, 1984; September 2, 1987.

Arizona Gazette (Phoenix), April 3 1973.

Courier Westward (Prescott), January 16, 1976.

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Bailey, Lynn R. Bisbee: Queen of the Copper Camps. Tucson: Westernlore Press, 1983.

Ball, Larry D. The Unitad States Marshals of New Mexico and Arizona Territories. 1846-1912. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1978. 317

Braenan, John. Albert J. Severidae. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1971. Bowers, Claude G. Beveridae and the Progressive Era. Cambridge, Mass: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1932. Byrkit, James. Foroina the Copper Collar. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1982. Cleland, Robert G. A History of Phelps Dodae. 1834-1950. New York: Knopf, 1952.

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Cline, Piatt. They Came to the Mountain: The Storv of Flagstaff^s Beginnings. Flagstaff: Northern Arizona University, 1976.

Colguhoun, James. History of Clifton-Morenci Mining District. London: John Murray, 1924.

Colley, Charles C. The Century of Robert H. Forbes. Tucson: Arizona Historical Society [AHS], 1977.

Conners, Jo. Whet's Who in Arizona. Tucson: Press of the Arizona Daily Star. 1913.

Dunning, Charles H. Rock to Riches. Phoenix: Southwest Publishing Co., 1959.

Eblen, Jack Ericson. The First and Second United States Empires: Governors and Territorial Government. 1784- 1912. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1968.

Flaming, Lawrence J. Ride a Mile and Smile the While; A History of the Phoenix Street Railway. 1887-1948. Phoenix: Swoine Publications, 1977.

Goff, John S. Arizona Territorial Officials; The Governors. 1863-1912. Cave Creek, Arizona: Black Mountain Press, 1978.

Goff, John S. Arizona Territorial Officials: The Supreme Court Justices. 1863-1912. Cave Creek, Arizona: Black Mountain Press, 1975. 318

Granger, Bryd H. ArizonaNames (X Marks the Place). Tucson: The Falconer Publishing Company, 1983.

Granger, Bryd H. will C. Barnes^ Arizona Place Names. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1970.

Hensen, Pauline. Founding a Wilderness Capital. Prescott. A.T. Flagstaff, Arizona: Northland Press, 1965. Herner, Charles. The Arizona Rough Riders. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1970.

Hofsommer, Donovan L. The Southern Pacific. 1901-1985. College Station: Texas A & M University Press, 1986.

Hopkins, Ernest J., and Thomas, Alfred, Jr., The Arizona State University Story. Phoenix: Southwest Publishing Co., 1960. Hundley, Norris. Water and the West; The Colorado River Compact and the Politics of Water in the West. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1975. Jackson, W. Turrentine. The Enterprising Scot. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1968.

Jones, Bill Mac. Healthseekers in the Southwest. 1817- 1900. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press, 1967.

Kelly, George H. Legislative History. Arizona. 1864-1912. Phoenix: Manufacturing Stationers, Inc., 1926.

Lamar, Howard R. The Far Southwest. 1846-1912: A Territorial History. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1966.

Lamar, Howard R. "The Reluctant Admission: The Struggle to Admit Arizona and New Mexico to the Union." In The American West: An Appraisal, pp. 163-175. Edited by Robert G. Ferris. Santa Fe: Museiuu of New Mexico Press, 1968.

Larson, Robert W. New Mexico^s Quest for Statehood. 1846- 1912. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1968. 319 Luckingham, Bradford. Phoenix: The History of A Southwestern Metropolis. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1989.

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McClintock, J. H. Arizona: Prehistoric. Aboriginal. Pioneer. Modern. 3 vols. Chicago: The S. J. Clarke Publishing Co., 1916. McGrath, Roger D. Gunfighters. Highwaymen, and Vigilantes. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984.

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Marshall, James L. Santa Fe: The Railroad that Built an Empire. New York: Random House, 1945.

Martin, Douglas D. The Lamp in the Desert. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1960. Milestones: A History of Seventv-five Years of Progress at the Arizona State Hospital. Phoenix. Arizona. Phoenix: S. N., 1962. Murphy, James M. Laws. Courts, and Lawyers Through the Years in Arizona. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1970.

Myrick, David F. Pioneer Arizona Railroads. Golden, Colorado: Colorado Railroad Museum, 1968.

Myrick, David F. Railroads of Arizona; Clifton. Morenci. and Metcalf Rails and Copper Mines. 3 vols. Glendale, California: Trans-Anglo Books, 1984.

Myrick, David F. Railroads of Arizona; Phoenix and the Central Roads. 3 vols. San Diego: Howell-North Books, 1980.

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Patton, James M. The History of Clifton. Clifton: Greenlee County Chamber of Commerce, 1977. 320 Peplow, Edward. The Taming of the Salt. Phoenix: Salt River Project, 1979.

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"Arizona Mental Health in Territorial Days and After, Part II." Arizona Psychiatry vol. 1 (August, 1970), pp. 15- 21.

Braeman, John. "Albert J. Beveridge and Statehood for the Southwest, 1902-1912." Arizona and the West FAWI vol. 10 (Winter, 1968), pp. 313-342.

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Colley, Charles C. "Arizona, Cradle of the American Date Growing Industry, 1890-1916." Southern California Ouaterlv vol. 53 (March, 1971), pp. 55-66.

Devere, Jeanne. "The Tombstone Bonanza, 1878-1886." Arizoniana vol 2 (Fall, 1960), pp. 16-20.

Dill, David B., Jr. "Removal! The Political Downfall of Louis Hughes." Journal of Arizona History TJAHI vol. 29 (Autumn, 1988), pp. 257-276.

Editors. "Water for Phoenix; Building the Roosevelt Dam." JAH vol. 18 (Autumn, 1977), pp. 279-294.

Fazio, Steven. "Marcus Aurelius Smith, Arizona Delgate and Senator." Mi vol. 12 (Spring, 1970), pp. 23-62.

Fireman, Floyd S. "The Spectacular Zeckendorfs." JAH vol. 22 (Winter, 1981), pp. 387-414.

Franco, Jere. "Howard Billman and the Tucson Indian School, 1888-1894." Social Sciences Journal vol. 26. no. 2, pp. 143-160.

Haney, John A. and Scavone, Cirino G. "Cars Stop Here; A Brief History of Street Railways in Tucson, Arizona." 322

The Smoke Signal no. 23 (Spring, 1971), pp. 46-64.

Haskett, Bert. "Early History of the Cattle Industry in Arizona." Arizona Historical Review TAHRI vol. 6 (1935), pp. 3-42. Haskett, Bert. "A History of the Sheep Industry in Arizona." AHR vol. 7 (1936), pp. 3-49. Hilpert, Bruce. "Arizona Goes to the Fair: The World's Columbian Exposition of 1893." ^ vol. 25 (Autumn, 1983), pp. 261-276.

Hubbard, Paul G. "Life in the Arizona Territorial Prison, 1876-1910." M vol. 1 (Winter, 1959), pp. 317-330.

Johnson, G. Wesley, Jr. "Dwight Heard in Phoenix." JAH vol. 18 (Autumn, 1977), pp. 279-294.

Lyman, Edward Leo. "Elimination of the Mormon Issue from Arizona Politics, 1889-1894." ^ vol. 24 (Autumn, 1982), pp. 205-228. Lyon, William H. "Arizona Territory and the Harrison Act of 1886." ^ vol. 26 (Autumn, 1984), pp. 209-224.

Lyon, William H. "Louis C. Hughes, Arizona's Editorial Gadfly." JAH vol. 24 (Summer, 1983), pp. 171-200.

Mathews, Stanley R., and Evans, Elwyn. "The Father of Phoenix." JAH vol. 29 (Autumn, 1988), pp. 225-244.

Mitchell, Margaret. "The Founding of the University of Arizona, 1885-1894." M vol 27 (Spring, 1985), pp. 5- 36.

Murphy, Merwin L. "W. J. Murphy and the Arizona Canal Company." JAH vol. 23 (Summer, 1982), pp. 115-138.

Nelson, Kitty Jo Parker. "Prescott: Sketch of a Frontier Capital, 1863-1900." Arizoniana vol. 4 (Winter, 1963), pp. 17-38.

Nichols, Roger L. "A Miniature Venice: Florence, Arizona, 1866-1910." JM vol. 16 (Winter, 1975), pp. 335-356.

Rice, Virginia. "The Agricultural Experiiaent Station: A History to 1917." M vol. 20 (Summer, 1978), pp. 123- 323

140. Richmond, Al. "The Grand Canyon Railway: A History." JAH vol. 27 (Winter, 1986), pp. 425-438.

Smith, Duane A. "The Vultiire Mine: Arizona's Golden Mirage." M vol. 14 (Autvmn, 1972), pp. 231-252.

Smith, Karen Lo "The Campaign for Water in Central Arizona, 1890-1903." ^ vol. 23 (Summer, 1981), pp. 127-148.

Strong, Douglas H. "Ralph H. Cameron and the Grand Canyon." ^ vol. 20 (Spring, 1978), pp. 155-172.

Trennert, Robert. "John H. Stout and the Grant Peace Policy Among the Pimas." M vol. 28 (Spring, 1986), pp. 45- 68. Turney, Omar A. "Prehistoric Irrigation." AHR vol. 2 (April, July, October, 1929; January, 1930), pp. 12- 52, 11-52, 9-45, 33-73.

Wahmann, Russell. "A Centennial Commemoration: United Verde Copper Company, 1882-1982." JAH vol. 23 (Autumn, 1982), pp. 249-266. Wahmann, Russell. "Railroading in the Verde Valley, 1894- 1951." JM vol. 12 (Autumn, 1971), pp. 153-166.

Waldeman, Westergaard. "Senator Bard and the Arizona/New Mexico Statehood Controversy." Historical Society of Southern California Annual Publications, vol. 11 (1919), pp. 9-17.

Walker, H. P. "Arizona Land Fraud: Model 1880 the Tombstone Townsite Company." M vol. 21 (Spring, 1979), pp. 5- 36. Wildman, Perry. "Great Days at Silver King." JAH vol. 18 (Winter, 1977), pp. 387-404.

Williams, Eugene E. "The Territorial Governors of Arizona- -Anson Peacely-Killen Safford." AHR vol. 7 (January, 1936), pp. 69-83.

Reports I

324

Averitt, Paul, and 0'Sullivan, Robert. Mineral and Water Sources of Arizona. Tucson: University of Arizona, Bureau of Mines Bulletin 180, 1969.

Butler, B. S. Historv of the Tombstone Mine. Tucson: University of Arizona, Bureau of Mines Bulletin 143, 1938. Fuchs, James R. A History of Williams. Arizona. Tucson: University of Arizona, Social Science Bulletin 23, 1958. Gold Placer ana Lacerina in Arizona. Tucson: University of Arizon-- itrareau of Mines Bulletin 168, 1961.

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