Copyright © 1976 by the South Dakota State Historical Society. All Rights Reserved. Fort Manuel: Its Historical Significance I RViNG W. ANDERSON The Fort Manuel historic site lies on the west bank of the Missouri River seventy miles south of Bismarck, North Dakota, in the present state of South Dakota. Facts about the site are vague in the minds of the general public as httle has been published about this historical post. When synthesized, how- ever, the total record concerning Fort Manuel reveals that it has dual historical significance.' Established in 1812 by famous Missouri Fur Company trader, Manuel Lisa, Fort Manuel was among the first in the chain of fortified posts that ushered in the fur trading era of the upper Missouri. Although it existed for only a brief period. Fort Manuel claims historical impor- tance, first, because of its involvement in international warfare. On 5 March 1813 it was attacked by Indians and eventually destroyed, apparently upon British instigation arising out of hostilities of the War of 1812. It was reported that fifteen of Manuel Lisa's engages were massacred at the time of the Indian attack. Fort Manuel's second, and perhaps more significant, histori- cal feature lies in its distinction as the place \yhere Sacagawea, the legendary woman member of the Lewis and Clark Expedi- tion, died on 20 December 1812.^ Although records of the period of her death are conclusive as to her identity, a turn of the century theory, which purported that she died in Wyoming 1. When all historical facts are considered. Fort Manuel deserves designation as a Registered National Historic Place, as such identification would properly mark its role in the documented history of the trans-Mississippi West. 2. The Sacagawea form of the spelling of her name was adopted about 1905 by the United States Bureau of Ethnology. The Dictionary of American Biography and the United States Geographic Names Board followed suit. Copyright © 1976 by the South Dakota State Historical Society. All Rights Reserved. 132 South Dakota History in 1884, regrettably has prevailed as popular belief and distorts this event in American history. Promulgated by the late Dr. Grace Raymond Hebard, professor of Political Economy at the University of Wyoming, this theory alleged that Sacagawea died at Fort Washakie on the Wind River Indian Reservation in Wyoming on 9 April 1884. The principal objective of this paper, therefore, is to correct this long-standing error concerning the authentic place and date of Sacagawea's death. It is hoped that the integrity of the documentation supporting the 1812 event at Fort Manuel will definitively resolve the prevailing enigmatic myths concerning America's most famous Indian woman. Hebard first published her theory in 1907. However, in 1920 the Missouri Historical Society edited an 1812-1813 Missouri Fur Company journal, which documented the 20 December 1812 death of Charbonneau's Snake Indian wife at Fort Manuel. This primary reference contradicted Hebard's Wind River hypothesis and immediately raised skepticism among historians of that period concerning the validity of Hebard's research. Standing firm on her position, Hebard, for the next twelve years, sought information to corroborate that it was not Sacagawea who had died at Fort Manuel, but another of Charbonneau's Snake wives who she identified as "Otter Woman." In 1932 after three decades of effort, Hebard published her book Saeajawea, which set forth the complete text of her theory including her rationale concerning Otter Woman. Estabhshing Otter Woman as the Snake wife of Charbonneau who had died became even more vital to her theory because another record written in 1811 also documented that Charbonneau and his Snake wife were at that time on the upper Missouri in the vicinity of the Fort Manuel site. Henry M. Brackenridge, an American journalist, while en route up the Missouri in 1811, reported that "We had on board a Frenchman named Charbonneau, with his wife, an Indian woman of the Snake nation, both of whom had accompanied Lewis and Clark to the Pacific.'"* This documentation was 3. Grace Raymond Hebard, Saeajawea, A Guide and Interpreter of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, with an Account of the Travels of Toussaint Charbonneau, and of Jean Baptiste, the Expedition Papoose (1932, reprint ed., Glendale, Calif.: Arthur H.Clark Co., 1962). 4. Henry M. Brackenridge, "Journal of a Voyage Up the River Missouri," in Reuben Gold Thwaites, ed.. Early Western Travels, 1748-1846, 32 vols. (Cleveland Ohio: Arthur H. Clark Co., 1904-7), 6:32. Copyright © 1976 by the South Dakota State Historical Society. All Rights Reserved. Fort Manuel 133 reinforced by John C. Luttig, clerk of the Missouri Fur Company at Fort Manuel, who wrote in his journal on 20 December 1812, "this Evening the Wife of Charbonneau a Snake Squaw died of a putrid fever."5 Thus, to fulfill the theory that Sacagawea lived out her life in Wyoming, it was necessary for Hebard to prove that it was not Sacagawea, but another Snake wife-"Otter Woman"-who had been docu- mented by Brackenridge and Luttig. Toussaint Charbonneau was reported by Lewis and Clark to have had three wives. Two were of the Snake nation who had been kidnapped in about 1800 and had been held in virtual slavery by their captors, the Hidatsa tribe at Knife River (North Dakota), from whom Charbonneau had purchased them. One was Sacagawea, then about seventeen years old and pregnant with Charbonneau's child. The second wife, as well as the unidentified third, was not named by Lewis or Clark, or any other expedition journalist. Since the journals of the expedition left no record of the name of Charbonneau's second Snake wife. Dr. Hebard sought evidence that would establish her identity coincident with Lewis and Clark's 1804-1805 winter encampment at Fort Mandan near present Bismarck, North Dakota. She obtained this information from hearsay testimony collected through interviews, statements, and affidavits, not one of which was supported by antecedent written records or documents of any kind. Given orally by persons more than a century after the recorded death of Charbonneau's Snake wife at Fort Manuel, these assorted statements were not original experiences of the interviewees, but consisted of "remembrances of stories" told to them by persons long deceased at the time of the interviews. Moreover, much of the testimony was given by very elderly persons and, under scrutiny, is found to contain obvious inconsistencies, contradictions, and confused identities of personahties. The most critical testimony adopted by Grace Hebard, as virtually the sole basis for establishing the veracity of her theory, was that assembled by an Indian Service physician 5. John C. Luttig, Journal of a Fur-Trading Expedition to the Upper Missouri, 1812-1813, ed. Stella M. Drumm (1920, reprint ed., Argosy-Antequarian, 1964), p. 106. Copyright © 1976 by the South Dakota State Historical Society. All Rights Reserved. 134 South Dakota History and wdter. Dr. Charles A. Eastman, in a report to the commissioner of Indian Affairs dated 2 March 1925.^ Dr. Eastman's report, regardless of motive or objective, was seriously impaired by an indiscriminate use of hearsay informa- tion. Part of this evidence, provided by Mrs. Weidemann, an eighty-year-old Hidatsa Indian, 120 years after the Lewis and Clark Expedition, had been passed down to her by word of mouth from her father who had died in 1899 at the age of 102. Moreover, as explained in the interview with this woman, some of the traditions related by her father were in tum obtained through hearsay by him, as they had originated with a third party identified by her as Eagle Woman, who died in 1869. It is significant that Grace Hebard's adoption of the name Otter Woman for the second Snake wife may be traced to Mrs. Weidemann's hearsay testimony. Considering that this wife had remained nameless for over a century, it is an amazing coincidence that the_ name of Otter Woman, used by Mrs. Weidemann in 1925, was also the name of a fictional character created by James Willard Schultz in his 1918 novel. Bird Woman.'^ Except for this romantic tale, Mrs. Weidemann's designation of Otter Woman, so long after the expedition, is the earliest reference to that name found in any writings dealing with this period in history, and the name was hearsay by Mrs. Weidemann's own statement. Eastman, drawing extensively from the testimony of Mrs. Weidemann in his 2 March 1925 report, stated: "The evidence given by ... Mrs. Weidemann shows that Charbonneau did have two Shoshone wives and a Mandan wife besides. [She] clearly stated that Charbonneau took both of his Shoshone wives with him when he visited St. Louis some time in 1807 to 1808, and it is evident that he retumed with but one Shoshone wife, who died on December 20, 1812."8 6. Charles A. Eastman, "Report to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs," Annals of Wyoming 13, no. 3 (July 1941): 187-94. A typescript copy of the Eastman report with exhibits, including Mrs. Weidemann's testimony, is in the archives of the State Historical Society of North Dakota in Bismarck. 7. James WiUard Schultz, Bird Woman (Sacajawea): The Guide of Lewis and Clark (Boston; Houghton Mifflin Co., 1918), p. 74. Stella Drumm, in her 1920 biographical sketch of Sakakawea in the Luttig journal, also attributes the name Otter Woman to James Schultz (see Luttig, Journal of a Fur-Trading Expedition to the Upper Missouri, p. 133). 8. Hehdii, Sacajawea, p. 113. Copyright © 1976 by the South Dakota State Historical Society. All Rights Reserved. Fort Manuel 135 Dr. Eastman became even more emphatic concerning the vahdity of Mrs.