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Potassium Permanganate

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Potassium Permanganate Potassium permanganate Potassium permanganate is an inorganic compound with the + − Potassium permanganate chemical formula KMnO4 and composed of K and MnO4. It is a purplish-black crystalline salt, that dissolves in water to give intensely pink or purple solutions. Potassium permanganate is widely used in chemical industry and laboratories as a strong oxidizing agent, and also as a medication for dermatitis, for cleaning wounds, and general disinfection. It is on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines, the safest and most effective medicines needed in a health system.[5] In 2000, worldwide production was estimated at 30,000 tonnes.[5] Contents Uses Medical uses Water treatment Synthesis of organic compounds Analytical use Fruit preservation Survival kits Fire service Other uses Names History IUPAC name Potassium manganate(VII) Preparation Other methods Other names Potassium permanganate Structure Chameleon mineral Reactions Condy's crystals Organic chemistry Permanganate of potash Reaction with acids Hypermangan Thermal decomposition Identifiers Safety and handling CAS Number 7722-64-7 (https://c References ommonchemistry.ca External links s.org/detail?cas_rn =7722-64-7) 3D model Interactive image (h Uses (JSmol) ttps://chemapps.stol Almost all applications of potassium permanganate exploit its af.edu/jmol/jmol.ph oxidizing properties.[6] As a strong oxidant that does not generate p?model=%5BK%2 B%5D.%5BO-%5 toxic byproducts, KMnO4 has many niche uses. Medical uses D%5BMn%5D%2 8%3DO%29%28%3 Potassium permanganate is used for a number of skin conditions.[7] DO%29%3DO) This includes fungal infections of the foot, impetigo, pemphigus, ChEMBL ChEMBL3833305 superficial wounds, dermatitis, and tropical ulcers.[8][7] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the safest (https://www.ebi.ac. and most effective medicines needed in a health system.[5] uk/chembldb/index. php/compound/insp ect/ChEMBL383330 Water treatment 5) Potassium permanganate is used extensively in the water treatment ChemSpider 22810 (http://www.c industry. It is used as a regeneration chemical to remove iron and hemspider.com/Che hydrogen sulfide (rotten egg smell) from well water via a "Manganese mical-Structure.228 Greensand" Filter. "Pot-Perm" is also obtainable at pool supply stores 10.html) and is used additionally to treat waste water. Historically it was used DrugBank to disinfect drinking water[9][10] and can turn the water pink.[11] It DB13831 (https://w currently finds application in the control of nuisance organisms such ww.drugbank.ca/dru as zebra mussels in fresh water collection and treatment systems.[12] gs/DB13831) ECHA 100.028.874 (http Synthesis of organic compounds InfoCard s://echa.europa.eu/ substance-informati on/-/substanceinfo/ A major application of KMnO4 is as a reagent for the synthesis of organic compounds.[13] Significant amounts are required for the 100.028.874) synthesis of ascorbic acid, chloramphenicol, saccharin, isonicotinic EC Number 231-760-3 acid, and pyrazinoic acid.[6] KEGG D02053 (https://ww KMnO4 is used in qualitative organic analysis to test for the presence w.kegg.jp/entry/D02 of unsaturation. It is sometimes referred to as Baeyer's reagent after 053) the German organic chemist Adolf von Baeyer . The reagent is an PubChem 516875 (https://pub alkaline solution of potassium permanganate. Reaction with double or CID triple bonds (-C=C- or -C≡C-) causes the color to fade from purplish- chem.ncbi.nlm.nih.g pink to brown. Aldehydes and formic acid (and formates) also give a ov/compound/5168 positive test.[14] The test is antiquated. 75) RTECS SD6475000 number UNII 00OT1QX5U4 (http s://fdasis.nlm.nih.go v/srs/srsdirect.jsp?r egno=00OT1QX5U 4) UN number 1490 CompTox DTXSID2034839 (ht Dashboard tps://comptox.epa.g (EPA) ov/dashboard/DTXS ID2034839) InChI InChI=1S/K.Mn.4O/q+1;;;;;-1 Key: VZJVWSHVAAUDKD-UHFFFAOYSA-N SMILES [K+].[O-][Mn](=O)(=O)=O Properties Chemical KMnO4 formula Molar mass 158.034 g/mol Appearance Purplish-bronze- gray needles Magenta–rose in solution[1] Odor odorless Density 2.7 g/cm3[2]:4.83 Melting point 240 °C (464 °F; 513 K) (decomposes) Solubility in 76 g/L (25 °C)[2] water 250 g/L (65 °C) Solubility decomposes in alcohol and organic solvents Magnetic +20.0·10−6 susceptibility cm3/mol[2]:4.134 (χ) Refractive 1.59 index (nD) Structure[3] Crystal Orthorhombic, oP24 structure Space group Pnma, No. 62 Lattice a = 0.909 nm, constant b = 0.572 nm, c = 0.741 nm Formula units 4 (Z) Thermochemistry Heat capacity 119.2 J/mol K (C) Std molar 171.7 J K−1 mol−1 entropy o (S 298) −813.4 kJ/mol Std enthalpy of formation ⦵ (ΔfH 298) Gibbs free -713.8 kJ/mol energy (ΔfG˚) Pharmacology ATC code D08AX06 (WHO (htt ps://www.whocc.no/ atc_ddd_index/?cod e=D08AX06)) V03AB18 (WHO (htt ps://www.whocc.no/ atc_ddd_index/?cod e=V03AB18)) Hazards GHS pictograms NFPA 704 (fire diamond) 0 2 1 OX Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC): LD50 1090 mg/kg (oral, (median rat)[4] dose) Related compounds Other anions Potassium manganate Other cations Sodium permanganate Ammonium permanganate Calcium permanganate Silver permanganate Related Manganese compounds heptoxide Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). verify (what is ?) Infobox references Potassium permanganate Clinical data License US DailyMed: Potassium_permanganate data (https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/s earch.cfm?labeltype=all&query=Potassi um_permanganate) Identifiers CompTox DTXSID2034839 (https://comptox.epa.g Dashboard (EPA) ov/dashboard/DTXSID2034839) ECHA 100.028.874 (https://echa.europa.eu/su InfoCard bstance-information/-/substanceinfo/10 0.028.874) A solution of KMnO4 in water, in a volumetric flask Analytical use Potassium permanganate can be used to quantitatively determine the total oxidizable organic material in an aqueous sample. The value determined is known as the permanganate value. In analytical chemistry, a standardized aqueous solution of KMnO4 is sometimes used as an oxidizing titrant for redox titrations (permanganometry). As potassium permanganate is titrated, the solution becomes a light shade of magenta, which darkens as excess of the titrant is added to the solution. In a related way, it is used as a reagent to determine the Kappa number of wood pulp. For the standardization of KMnO4 solutions, reduction by oxalic acid is often used.[15] Aqueous, acidic solutions of KMnO4 are used to collect gaseous mercury in flue gas during stationary source emissions testing.[16] In histology, potassium permanganate was used as a bleaching agent.[17][18] Fruit preservation Ethylene absorbents extend storage time of bananas even at high temperatures. This effect can be exploited by packing bananas in polyethylene together with potassium permanganate. By removing ethylene by oxidation, the permanganate delays the ripening, increasing the fruit's shelf life up to 4 weeks without the need for refrigeration.[19][20][21] Survival kits Potassium permanganate is sometimes included in survival kits: as a hypergolic fire starter (when mixed with glycerol antifreeze from a car radiator;[22][23][24] as a water sterilizer - and for creating distress signals on snow.[25] Fire service Potassium permanganate is added to "plastic sphere dispensers" to create backfires, burnouts, and controlled burns. Polymer spheres resembling ping-pong balls containing small amounts of permanganate are injected with ethylene glycol and projected towards the area where ignition is desired, where they spontaneously ignite seconds later.[26][27] Both handheld[27] and helicopter-[26] or boat-mounted[27] plastic sphere dispensers are used. Other uses Potassium permanganate is one of the principal chemicals used in the film and television industries to "age" props and set dressings. Its ready conversion to brown MnO2 creates "hundred-year-old" or "ancient" looks on Hessian cloth (burlap), ropes, timber, and glass.[28] Potassium permanganate can be used to oxidize cocaine paste to purify it and increase its stability. This led to the Drug Enforcement Administration launching Operation Purple in 2000, with the goal of monitoring the world supply of potassium permanganate; however, potassium permanganate derivatives and substitutes were soon used thereafter to avoid the operation.[29] In agricultural chemistry, it is used for estimation of available nitrogen in soil. History In 1659, Johann Rudolf Glauber fused a mixture of the mineral pyrolusite (manganese dioxide, MnO2) and potassium carbonate to obtain a material that, when dissolved in water, gave a green solution (potassium manganate) which slowly shifted to violet and then finally red.[30] This report represents the first description of the production of potassium permanganate.[31] Just under 200 years later, London chemist Henry Bollmann Condy had an interest in disinfectants; he found that fusing pyrolusite with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and dissolving it in water produced a solution with disinfectant properties. He patented this solution, and marketed it as 'Condy's Fluid'. Although effective, the solution was not very stable. This was overcome by using potassium hydroxide (KOH) rather than NaOH. This was more stable, and had the advantage of easy conversion to the equally effective potassium permanganate crystals. This crystalline material was known as 'Condy's crystals' or 'Condy's powder'. Potassium permanganate was comparatively easy to manufacture, so Condy was subsequently forced to spend considerable time in litigation to stop competitors
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